7ˡʼˡرѸλˡäʸˡʸåǤޤԤϻηʸʸ칶ƱνǤʰ夵ܤޤƤ꤬Ȥޤˡ
Ԥΰˤ䤬6ƤֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸(heldio) ̥ȤȤƽб餷ƤƤޤʢƱνȤƤ˴ŤޤˡˤĤƤΤ٤Ǥ10ʬ2ܤμϿȤʤäƤޤΤǡ2ܤ⤪ʹƨʤ⡤2ܤκǸ5äۤɻ֤ʤƤڤƤޤʵˡ
ܸʸˤˤʥƥޥȥۥͤϥåȤΤˤΤФơѸʸˤǤϤΤʤΤǥϥåĥ뤳ȤޤϡܿͤαѸؽԤ¿Ƥ뤳ȤǤϤʤǤ礦ܽǷ̯ʥ䥸㥰˭٤ˤ꼡餫ˤƤΤϡǤϤʤȤȤǤѸʸˤˤ⥿ƥޥȥۥͤϤȤ롥ܸʸˤΤȤϰä¸ߤƤ롤ȤȤǤ
ǤϡɤäƤΤȤСѸʸˤδפˤϡΩס֤ĤʤספؤλָȤȤǤָĿͤȤʴطݤʤĤʤפΤѸήȤȤǤ͡ΩŪ夯岼طΤĤʤŻ뤹ŪܸʸˤȯۤȤϡΤ礭ۤʤޤ
䤬ѸˤδؿϡѸŪʡΩס֤Ĥʤספؤλָϡޤ줿ΤȤȤǤޤǤϤۤɶʤä褦˻פ뤫Ǥ餯äƤǤϤʤȡҲŪ岼ط2;̾ you/thou ζ̤äƤΤ⡤17ʹߡˤä¤פФޤ
ܽ濴ơޤѸʸӤݥ饤ȥͥȤäȤȻפޤѸظԤȤƤԤοĺϡΡʸˡʸåפ˸Ƥ褦˻פޤʸˡȤŪʷʪˤ⡤ôμҲͭʸͲϩǻȿǤƤΤȤǤ
ܽϤ˻ȤѸ㤬˭٤ǡѽŪɤळȤǤޤºݡѸäꤹȤˡ®ĤθˡѤƤޤYou lost me. Ȥ Let me share with you . . . . ȤǤ˫줿Ȥ Can you tell my wife that? ֤Τϡˤϻ⤤ƸʤǤ
ФʤɤѸܤǤҤɤ
ʼرѸλˡäʸˡʸå١˼Ҥӡ2021ǯ
챺 (6) ȥꥢΥܥꥸ˼ҲθŪʽˤˤĤơեμҲؼ Durkheim ʲΤ褦˼Ƥ롥
ڥǥ륱ε
(i) ʤΡפؤ٤ϡ٤ơֵ (rites)פˤɽ롥ηȤ뤳ȤǡͤӤȤΤդޤμҲỤ̄ƱΤǶͭ뤳ȤǤ롥
(ii) εǽϡʤΤ뤳ȤΤʤ褦ˡʤΤ¯ʤΤʬΥΥ뤳ȤǤ롥ξ硤ϴŪˡ?ʤפȤǵꤵΤǡ־öŪʩ rites négatif ̥ޥޡ)פȸƤ֤ȤǤ롥
(iii) ʤΤʤȤΤȤǡüʾ郎ʤСʤΤ̤礦Ȥ롥ξ硤ϡ?Ƥ褤פȤǵꤵΤǡѶŪʩ rites positif ̥ޥޡ))פȸƤ֤ȤǤ롥
٤⡤ΰ̣Ǥεȸ뤳ȤǤ롥ˤʤΤȤϸĿͤΥץ饤Х (negative face) ΤȤǤȲ᤹С١ᵷϻٻ롥1ˡ٤Ʊ͡ĿͤλŪʹ٤ˤȤɤޤΤǤϤʤƱΤǶͭ٤ΤǤ롥2ˡ٤ˤƤϡĿ͡äʹˤΥץ饤ХȤʤ褦ջȤ˽ʬդʧΤ̤Ǥ (cf. negative politeness) 3ˡĿͤΥץ饤Хʬ˼ƤȤΤȤǡĿ̤ͤ礤ŤμʤѰդƤѤ뤳ȤƤ (cf. positive politeness)
٤ "face-work" ȤȤ館 Goffman (cf. #1564. face ([2013-08-08-1])) ⡤ Durkheim εΩӤƤˡݥ饤ȥͥ Brown and Levinson (cf. #4346. եꥹѤθ ([2021-03-21-1])) ⡤Durkheim Goffmann ξԤƶƤ
١ᵷˤСǤʤɤʤΤϡˤƤϸĿͤ "face" ȤȤˤʤ롥ƼҲŪʸѤȤ롥
챺 ͡إݥ饤ȥͥ١ҡ2008ǯ
Durkheim, É. Les formes élémentaires de la vie religieuse: le système totémique en Australie. Félix Alcan.
Goffman, Erving. "On Face-Work: An Analysis of Ritual Elements in Social Interaction." Psychiatry 18 (1955): 213--31.
ؤǤϡֿͤƤ֡פȤ٤ϡءҲء̾ؤʤ͡ʴܤƤܥ֥δؿΰǤѸˤʬǤ⡤̾ (anthroponym)ƾ (address_term)2;̾ t/v_distinction ʤɡֿͤƤ֡פȤ˴ؤͻ¿ʤƤȶŪʹ٤Ǥ뤫顤ï⤬̣פȤäƤ褤
⤽ֿͤƤ֡פȤϤɤȤʤΤ챺 (78--79) ꡤ٤Ѥ롥
ƻˤʤ뤬ȿͤƤ֡ɤȤκŪʰ̣ǧƤʸŪ˸СͤƤ֤ȤˡȿɤȤǤꡤŪʥ֡¦̤ġΤᡤ¿θʸˤơƤ֤Ȥζػߡ뤤Ϥ˵ŪƾΤȯãܸ⤳Υ֡αƶŪƾΤϡȤС͡ʡᤷ١ˡס֤ʤʡˡסָʡʪΡɤξˡס֡¡ʡʪ̾ˡסŲʡᳬʤβˡǤ뤳ȤǤ롥夲ʬޤΡȿ͡ɤƤƤ֤ϡƤ֤ȤǼʬ꤬ƤޤΤ뤿ˡȤʤ٤ƤФʤ褦ˤƸƤ֡ɤȤưŤˤʤäƤֲŪƾΤǤ롥
ȤȤ˿Ƥطˤˤϡ֡ŪưŤȿžषΡȿ͡ɤ˸Ƥӡ̤Ƨ߹Ǥ椯褦ʸƾΤȤʤ롥ϡΰƧ߹Ǥʹִط»ʤʤΤ餤2ͤδ֤ˤϳ֤ƤʤȤޤߤΡŪƾΤǤ롥ͭ̾ʤȤθƤӼΤƤ䲼̾ǸƤ֤ȡˤˤƾΡ¤줿ͤΤʤΤˤƾΤŵ̾ˤƾΤ⤽ηġ
ͤƤ֤ΤϰΥ֡ (taboo) ǤȤȡϤФˤ٤֡ǤꡤΤθƾΤ¿쾯ʤ쥪ץˤƤȤȤפǤ롥ͤƤǤϤʤƤФʤȤ̷Τʤǡ䤿Ϥ̷ˤǾ¤ޤ褦Ȥʤ顤٤ԤʤäƤΤǤ롥
챺 ͡إݥ饤ȥͥ١ҡ2008ǯ
䤿ռƤ뤫ݤˤ餺٤ϤܾۤŪʥեβǽʥեꥹˤޤǤ롥եꥹ¤ʤˤϻ¾奼ȹͤ뤫⤷ʤ塤٤κϤ˥եꥹ¸ߤƤȹͤƤ褤
Brown and Levinson (76--78) ϡեꥹ礭ȤεΥ (D)ϴط (P) (R) 3װˤäƷޤȤ꼰챺 (30--31) Ѥ뤳ȤǡҲ𤷤褦
ڥեꥹѤθ
Wx = D (S, H) + P (H, S) + Rx
Wx (weightiness): x Фեꥹ
D (distance): ä (speaker) ʹ (hearer) μҲŪΥ
P (power): ʹ (hearer) ä (speaker) Ф
Rx (rating [ranking] of imposition): ʸˤ x
Ĥޤꡤ x Υեꥹ (Wx) ϡ襳οʹִطˤäʹΡּҲŪΥ (D)סƤοʹִطˤʹäФ (P)סơx Ȥ٤ʸǤɤ٤٤ˤʤȸʤƤ뤫Ρ (R)סȤǤĻŪƯƷޤäƤȥ֥饦Ϲͤ
άȤƤϡȤƤ褯ǤǤ롥٤ȤСñʲûǤ褤ΤǤŬڤʽŤդɬפʤΤǤϤʤȤäȽϤꤦ롥3ĤǤեꥹθѤŪ˸ȤΤϡľˤQˤ⤫ʤ
3ĤǤǤ Rx ˡʸˤפȤ꤬ղäƤΤ̣ĹǤ롥챺 (31) ɾ˼褦
κǸϡʸŪʤߤǤⶽ̣ȤСιԤ˹ԤͤФơιʪäƤƤ褦ꤹ롤Ȥ٤ͤ褦ޤܤξ硤Ϥޤ굤¤ΤǤϤʤ⤷ޤ줿Ȥ빽Ѥ路ͤ¿ȤȤȤѤǤϻ𤬰ۤʤ롥ळȤʤȤͤ¿ۤʤΤǤʤϤʤƤ⤫ޤʤȹͤͤ⾯ʤʤޤ줿¦⡤ʬͤˤƤ뤳ȤξڤȤƸؤ˻פʤ٤ǤʤΤȤ
ºݤ˷Ǥ뤫ɤϤȤ⤫֥饦ȤߤϡʤȤǰŪˤϤۤȤ館Ƥ롥֥饦ФȽΤʤˤϡʸθƤʤȤΤ롥褦ˡʸɤװѥȤȤ߹ޤƤꡤȽľˤʤ̸ά͡
ʤۤɡȤƤñοƤǤ롥Ϣơ#2126. FTA FTA ά ([2015-02-21-1]) ⻲ȡ
Brown, Penelope and Stephen Levinson. Politeness: Some Universals in Language Usage. Cambridge: CUP, 1987.
챺 ͡إݥ饤ȥͥ١ҡ2008ǯ
ҲؤιֵǡɸȤѼˤߤҲŪ֥פäɤ⡤Ūʡ˸ؤθˤиߤʿǤ롥ҲŪʴ֤ߤȡź졦֤˽¸ߤΤ֤Ǥ롥βιֵǤϡʤɸ줬Τɸʤˤβ˰֤Ť뷹ΤȤФǡܸѸˤ̤DZưˤѤcf. #1786. 츢ȸλࡤλ ([2014-03-18-1])#2029. ܤ̤ץåˡ ([2014-11-16-1])#2030. ꥹ̤ץåˡ ([2014-11-17-1])ˡ
ܤǤ⡤Τơʤ뤤ϡ˺פȤۤŬڤˡɸԥååפȤȤϡʤ̸ĿͤԤʤäƤ뤳ȤȻפ뤬ϥǥƥƥμǤȤͤΤȤǡΤ褦٤ΤǤϤʤȤ⤢ʥǥåǡꥢڡѡƤäΤ鼡Τ褦ʥȤӽФ
٤ʤΤȤ䤤ФϤϰ㤦ȻפäϡޤäǤ뤿ᡤѤΤϡüáΤƱȻפ
ΥȤɤȤλȿϡ֤ȡʤδϡפȤΤäξȤϡ֤ش˰٤Υ٥ΤΤǤϤʤ
ɸȤ¸ߤݥƥª뤫ͥƥª뤫ȤȡƤ礭ѤƤޤȤϡѥǤϤʤȤݤΥȤǤ롥ΥѥꥺˤĤƹͤ餻Ƥߤ1礭ۤʤΤϡˤĤƤϰöѤƤޤȡƤ᤹ΤԲǽʾʤȤñˤϤǤʤˤˤĤƤɸδ֤ǡξǽϤݻǤƤ¤ˤơ˼ͳջ֤ΤȤڤؤǤ뤳ȤäơξˤϡĤ٤ŪȤʤ꤬ξˤϡȤǡ̤ΤȤɸǤȥ륹ڤȴƤФ褤Ȥ⤢ΤǡɬŪʵؤȯŸʤΤ⤷ʤ
ڤؤ뤫ݤȤǤСȤⲾ̤ȤΤۤŬڤ⤷ʤȡϤޤ˼ҲؤǤ face ΤΤȯۤcf. #1564. face ([2013-08-08-1])ˡ䤬γʤ餯 face Ȥǰ̤ǤϤʤȻפˤΥ餷ȿΤϡˤ face κѡʤ˶ᤤΡˤȾľŪ˵ŤƤޤäƤ餫⤷ʤ
̾ (65--72) ϡ1640--1760ǯޤǤ gentry comedy ޤॳѥǡƾ (address_term) ɽĴ
ƾΤϡ礭 negative politeness ظ "deferential type" positive politeness ظ "familiar type" ˶ʬ롥ϡ2;̾Ǥ you thou ζ̤̾ʶˤǤСȤ Lord dear ζ̤ (cf. #2131. ƾθΥݥ饤ȥͥɸ ([2015-02-26-1])) Ūʻ¤ȤƤ⤷Τϡ̾̾ʶˤθƾΤѲ˴ؤơĴ줿Ѹ顤θθѸӸѸˤơۤʤäƤ뤳Ȥ̾Ǥϡ褯ΤƤ褦 negative politeness Ż뤵줿Τ褦 thou ǤϤʤ you ̲Ȥ̾ʶˤǤϡष dear ̾ (first name) ǤθƤӤΤ褦 positive politeness Ż뤵ơߤ˻äƤ롥̾ (69) λŦȤꡤnominal address terms Ѳ pronominal address terms ѲȵդȤȡפǤ롥
2;̾˴ؤơʤ thou ǤϤʤ you ǰ̲ΤˤĤƤϡ#1127. ʤ thou ǤϤʤ you ̲ ([2012-05-28-1])#1336. ʤ thou ǤϤʤ you ̲ (2) ([2012-12-23-1]) ˤƤ˿ää褦˻פ롥Ĥޤꡤʤ̾ʶˤθƤӤɽǤϡष̩ (familiarity) ķ (solidarity) 줿Τ϶뤤ŪʥХȤȤ
̾ ҡ3ϡ˸ˤʸˡȸѲסʸˡ --- Ÿ ---ٽ ¼ݺ ƻͺԡˡĬҡ2005ǯ59--74ǡ
Ѹ˸θԤǡűѸȯù (speech_act) ȤƤ Thomas Kohnen ˤСʸˤƤϸŪʰ̣Ǥ negative politeness ϤۤȤ¸ߤʤäȤä̿ȯù٤ˤơűѸǤϸŪʥݥ饤ȥͥάѤ줺ľŪ Ic bidde eow þæt . . . (I ask you to . . . ) þu scealt . . . (thou shalt . . .) Ѥ줿ȤʸǤϡnegative politeness ϻ¾ǧʤ褦
solidarity ʤ positive politeness άϡuton (let us) ʤɤɽꥹȶŪʸ̮ʤɤǤǧ뤬ȤΩäƻѤ櫓ǤϤʤäɤ饢ʸűѸǤϡͼΥݥ饤ȥͥǤ츽٤ƱƤäȤȤ̸Ūˤ٤ŪꤵƤݥ饤ȥͥѸθŤʳˤƻ¾ԺߤäȤȤϡ̣ǥåȯǤ롥Lenker (328) ˤĤơΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥
Politeness as face work may thus not have played a major role in Anglo-Saxon society. This highlights the intrinsically culture-specific nature of phenomena like politeness and suggests in accordance with other cross-cultural studies that the universal validity or significance of politeness theory --- as devised by Brown and Levinson . . . --- is a gross mistake. Negative politeness in particular is fundamentally culture-specific, reflecting the typical patterns of today's Western, or even more particular, Anglo-American, politeness culture . . . . The study of Anglo-Saxon pragmatics thus does not only affect our understanding of the historicity of verbal interaction but also challenges issues of universality.
Lenker, Ursula. "Old English: Pragmatics and Discourse" Chapter 21 of English Historical Linguistics: An International Handbook. 2 vols. Ed. Alexander Bergs and Laurel J. Brinton. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2012. 325--340.
ƾθ (address term) ϡɸȤƥݥ饤ȥͥ٤Ĵ뵡ǽʹִطεΥĴ뵡ǽäƤ롥ƾθϡ#1564. face ([2013-08-08-1]) εǤ줿褦ˡ̻ (face) ºŤά1ĤǤ⤢롥
ƾθˤ͡ʤΤ뤬礭ʬ negative face ؤλظַɾη (derefential type) positive face ؤλظζְη (familiar type) ŪʡΩ (neutral type) 3郎롥ݥ饤ȥͥɸ¤٤ȡRaumolin-Brunberg Ȥ̾ (80) ˤȤꡤΤ褦˿Ǥ롥

鱦ؤߤƤȡɾηˤ Sir Τ褦ʷɾ (honorific) Mr. Smith Τ褦ʸ̾ʤɤ롥Ωˤ woman ʤɤ (generic) captain ʤɤο̾ (occupational) 롥ηˤ Smith Τ褦̾ (surname) John Τ褦̾ (first name)friend Τ褦ͧ (familiariser)uncle ʤɤο² (kinship term)dear ʤɤΰ (endearment) 롥
ФбѸˤϷɸ줬ʤȤ뤬ܸηɸηϤбΤʤǤꡤ#1034. ѸˤɰդŪʡ ([2012-02-25-1]) Ǥߤ褦˱ѸʤԶɽ˭٤¸ߤ롥嵭αѸθƾθ⡤ɸϢ³ΤʤƤ뤳Ȥ狼Ȥꡤ̯ʷɰդʹִطȤǽˤƤ롥ѸǤܸʾ˸ƾθäˤ˿뤬ϱѸ줬ܸȤϰۤʤάˤäƥݥ饤ȥͥƤȤȤˤۤʤʤ
ǯ˸Ω줫顤Ѹθƾθʬ̻ۤŪܤʤɤ椵ƤƤ롥̻ŪӸ䶦ŪоȸʤɡΤơޤǤ롥Ϣ뵭ȤƤϡaddress_term title ȡ
̾ ҡֽѸˡħס˸ʸˡԶɽȯù١١ʶ ҡ ԡ̾ ҡԡˡˡҤĤ˼2014ǯ77--104ǡ
ݥ饤ȥͥνפƻΩƤȤơ#1564. face ([2013-08-08-1]) ȤǰŻ뤵Ƥface work εǤϡ̻Ҥ١face-threatening act (FTA) ܤ졤͡˸椵褦ˤʤäƤ
FTA ˤϡ(1) positive face Ρ(2) negative face Ρ(3) ξΤ롥(1) ˤԻȽסΤʤɡ(2) ˤϽ̿ᡤᡤơٹʤɡ(3) ˤǡҤʤɤ롥ϼȤʹ̻Ҥ٤ä꼫̻ҤΤ⤢롥㤨С줿ꡤհդɽꡤȤ٤ϡä̻Ҥ˴ؤ٤Ǥ롥
͡ FTA 롤뤤Ϥθ̤¤餲뤿ˡ͡ʸŪŪάѤĤǤ롥Huang (117) ˷ǺܤƤ "Brown and Levinson's (1987: 60) set of FTA-avoiding strategies" οޤϡάʬषΤǤ롥Ѥޤ

̻Ҥǽ⤤٤ǤФۤɡ¤餲뤿ˤǺάᤵ롥οޤǤС˹ԤйԤ̻ۤҤٹ礤⤯¤餲뤿ά٤ˤʤ롥Сˤ5άǤⵤΤάȤʤꡤˤ1άǤ֤äܤάṲ̄Ͼ
ͧͤ˹ֵΡȤߤƤ餤Ȥꤷ褦οޤά1?5бΤϡ㤨мΤ褦ʸǤHuang 118)
1. On record, without redress, baldly:
Lend me your lecture notes.
2. On record, with positive politeness redress:
How about letting me have a look at your lecture notes?
3. On record, with negative politeness redress:
Could you please lend me your lecture notes?
4. Off record:
I didn't take any notes for the last lecture.
5. Don't perform the FTA:
[John silently looks at Mary's lecture notes.]
15˸äơ̻Ҥݤĸ̤ι⤤Τǫɽ٤ȤʤäƤΤ狼ŪˡŪɽ٤ۤFTA ¤餲̤롥դΤϡά1ɬά2ʹߤ٤ƥݥ饤ȤǤϤʤȤϸڤʤȤɤˤϡषά3Τ褦ɽϤ褽褽ά2䡤Ȥˤά1Ǥ顤դ路ɽȤʤ롥Τ褦ʾǤϡषꤢ餵ޤ᤹Ȥά˾ޤΤȤʤ롥
ͤƤߤȡͤȿͤήƤȤˤϡĤǤߤFTAԤäƤ롤Ĥޤ̻ҤƤȤäƤǤϤʤȤȤϡή߳ˤ뤿FTA롤뤤¤餲ά⡤ŸƤȤȤˤʤ롥Τ褦άϤȤ˼Ԥ뤳Ȥ⤢뤬¿ξ礽ʤΤǤꡤȤȤ˸ή߳ήƤ椯Τ褦ʿʹ֤ɤʣʹưȾ̵ռ˹ԤƤȤȤϡä٤ȤǤ롥FTAάפȤϤʤȤͥƥָߤ face ϡ (face-saving act or FSA?) ȤȤ館Сο͡αĤߤݥƥ˴롥
Huang, Yan. Pragmatics. Oxford: OUP, 2007.
Ѹˤˤ2;̾˴ؤŪꡤ T/V distinction ȯãȿϡt/v_distinction ΤĤεǼ夲ƤϡĤ˵äƥɥĸ T/V distinction ˤָ
ɥĸˤϡT/V distinction ˤĤƲַɰˡ§פιƤ롥ɥĸ du/Sie 2ʬˡϡ;ޤˤФ夤̤ȤƤ2ʬˡǤꡤ˻ޤǤˤϡȤ櫓ˤʣʳиƤ17--18ˤϡ͡ؤΤˤɤɽȤФ褤ΤפǺߡ2;̾ˡ٤餵夬³ƤҲŪʻȸƤǤ褤ʲϡ (145) ΤޤȤ֤ҤȤФɥĸƾ̾λŪȯãפɽǤʾѺѤߡˡʤˤ̾ۤɡμҲŪʬ⤤뤤ϼʬ±ʴطˤ뤳Ȥ

ɽϡɥĸˤˤ2;ñ̾ηɾΤ˼߽ФƤͺۤʪäƤ롥ޥʳǤϡűѸʤɤƱͤˡ2;ñ̾ȤƤTη֤1ĤˤʤäűѸ þū б du Ǥ롥λˤϲФƤ⾤ȤФƤ du ΤߤѤƤ
9Ⱦˤʤȡ2;ʣ̾Ǥä Ihr ɰդɽñȤѤϤ켫Τϡ#1126. 衼åѤμˤ T/V distinction ε ([2012-05-27-1]) #1552. T/V distinction face ([2013-07-27-1]) ǿ줿褦ˡѸˤեˤˤߤ줿ݤǤꡤФиϤʣȤμ (iconicity) ˤ롥ɥĸˤǤϱѸˤ٤Ƥʤˤˡ줿Ȥܤ٤Ǥ롥9Ⱦ˻Ϥޤä du/Ihr 2ʬˡϡ11ޤǤˤڤҲŪʸϤϰ̡ʤ power Ȥѥ16ޤ¸³
16ˤʤĹˤ錄äưꤷƤ du/Ihr 2ʬˡϤIhr ηɰդҲŪϰ̤ι⤯ʤͤˤޤǻȤ褦ˤʤäؼʤȤ der Herr, die Frau Ȥäʪ̾ΤѤϤ֤ȤˤĤơ̾3;ñ̾ er sie 켫ΤƾΤȤѤ褦ˤʤä˻äơ Er/Sie, Ihr, du 3ʳƥबǤä
18ȡɥĸθƾ̾ϡϩפ¤κޤǤˤϡ̤οͤ˴ιȤ Eure Majestät Ųˤ Eure Ehre ʳղˤ Eure Gnaden ʳղˤΤ褦ˡְҸס̾סֲפʤɤ̾ʤƤ̾ˤդƾΤȯãƤν̾ȱǡ3;ν̾ sie ѤƤϤޤ3;ʣ̾ƱäˡԤˤɾΤεǽܤä˻äơSie, Er/Sie, Ihr, du 4ʳƥबä
18Ⱦˤϡ4ʳƥˤǾ̤ Sie Ǥɰα¿Ȥʤꡤؼ̾ʣ Dieselben ʺǾ̤ηɾΤȤ߽Ф졤5ʳƥDieselben ̾ȾȱǤѤʤäդ˸ꤵƤˡ̲뤳ȤϤʤä
Ѥܤ˸ơƾ̾ᤰҲκϼ«˸ǤŤǤ̤ du ˡͧҡ (Freundschaftskult) ȤҲŪʲͤդ졤ѶŪɾ褦ˤʤäƤΤdu positive politeness εǽդ褦ˤʤäȤäƤ褤ҲŪ餢뤤 power ˴ŤƾηϤʹִط뤤 solidarity ˴ŤƾηϤؤȰܹԤȤߤ뤳ȤǤ (cf. #1059. ϽŻ뤫ְռŻؿܤƤ T/V distinction ([2012-03-21-1])ˡ19ʹߡdu Ūʾ徺ȡ٤ʾ̶ʬβäˤꡤߤ褦 du/Sie 2ʬˡؤ夤Ƥ椭ɥĸ϶μҲŪϩæФ뤳Ȥ
ɥĸˤδϢȤƤϡ#185. Ѹˤȥɥĸˤˤ T/V distinction ([2009-10-29-1]) ȡ#1865. Ф thou ѤΤϤʤ ([2014-06-05-1]) ǤƤΤǡ⻲Ȥ줿
ԡַɾΤū٤餵뷧18Υɥĸž̾ס˸硡Υߥ˥١ʹ ԡ̾ ҡ ŵҡˡˡ罤ۡ2011ǯ143--62ǡ
εǼ夲#1980. Ѳ ([2014-09-28-1]) ȡ#1981. ּѲ ([2014-09-29-1]) ˤĤơ롥ȥ饦åȤˤѲĤۤ (32) ˤ꼨
ΰ̣εҴŪʡϻǤϤʤäȤߥ˥ˤäʽˤΡμŪʡϻ٤֤ηвΤʤǡ沽褦ˤʤᥫ˥ (Traugott 2003: 126)
ȥ饦åȤˤּѲϡƱĤۤ (32--33) ˤȡ
äʽˤʹɤˤΡּʡפظդΤɽ뤳ȡ (Traugott 2003: 128) Ǥ롥ǤաפȤϡȯäǸƤƤФ롤ʹɤˤ٤˸աפȡʹɤˤ̻Ҥȡʹɤˤݻ褦Ȥ륤ФաפΤȤǤ롥ּѲϡְ̣ʹ˾֤Τˤʤᥫ˥פǤꡤäʽˤʹɤˤΡؼʡ٤ظդްդ֤Фơ沽ץʤǤäդϡǧŪҲŪξδؿؤˤ뤳ȤǤ롥äơּѲȤϡŪˡѲꤢȤ˵סּѲפȤפΤؤȤˤʤΤǤ (Traugott 2003: 129--130)
üŪɽСä١ʼˤɲΤѲäʹؤθʴּˤɲΤּѲȤ롥
ѲȴּѲΥץˤĤ˸ؤδŪ˺Ǥפϡ"non-subjective > subjective > intersubjective" Ȥβ⤬Ƥ뤳Ȥβ̸Ū¿λˤٻƤꡤƱ褦˰Ƥʸˡ (grammaticalisation) ȤߴطˤĤƤ蘆Ƥ롥ΰβˤϰ⤢뤬ˤ̣Ѳؤθι϶ǯ뤷
ܸ줫μѲȴּѲȤơǫ?ޤפȯã롥ȤȼĮˤƵҴŪˡֵͤκ¤פ̣Ƥָ¡̾ˡܤưˡפȤɽ16˲Ūˡ֤פȤĤŤޤȤȤ˰̣ǺɸȤƤʪɸˤѤ褦ˤʤäɸλѤüԤμŪȽǤ˴ؤΤ顤ɸ첽ȤϼѲˤۤʤʤˡ֤פϡ?ޤפȷѤߤǤмԷɸʹɸˤȤƴּŪ˵ǽƤ롥
ԡ̾ ҡ ŵҡˡ˸硡Υߥ˥١罤ۡ2011ǯ
Traugott, Elizabeth Closs. "From Subjectification to Intersubjectification." Motives for Language Change. Ed. Raymond Hickey. Cambridge: CUP, 2003. 124--39.
ϡε#1980. Ѳ ([2014-09-28-1]) ȯŸȤּѲ (intersubjectification) ˤĤƼ夲롥Traugott ϡ"nonsubjective > subjective" Ȥ̣ѲαĹ "subjective > intersubjective" Ȥ⤦1Ĥʳ뤳ȤƤƤ롥ޤּѲ (intersubjectification) ιԤ夯Ǥּ (intersubjectivity) ˤĤơTraugott (128) ߤƤߤ褦
[I]ntersubjectivity is the explicit expression of the SP/W's attention to the 'self' of addressee/reader in both an epistemic sense (paying attention to their presumed attitudes to the content of what is said), and in a more social sense (paying attention to their 'face' or 'image needs' associated with social stance and identity). (128)
ơּѲ (intersubjectification) Ȥϡ"the development of meanings that encode speaker/writers' attention to the cognitive stances and social identities of addressees" (124) 롥
Ѹ줫ּŪɽ褦Actually, I will drive you to the dentist. "Actually" ּṲ̄ƤȤ "Actually" ϡ֤ʤϤƤǤ뤫⤷ʤȤΤǤƸޤפۤɤΰ̣ޤǤꡤʹ face ФƤθɽ魯ä٤ɽ路Ƥ롥ޤĤƤαѸˤ2;̾ you thou λȤʬ (cf. t/v_distinction) ⡤ŵŪʴּŪɽǤ롥
ּѲȡLet's take our pills now, Roger. ˤ let's 롥 let's ϡlet us (allow us) Ȥ̿ʸȯãǤꡤlet's ṳ̂ʤ "I propose" ۤɤξ塦ΰդɽ魯褦ˤʤä줬˿ƤҤˤʤ褦ư¥ "care-giver register" ǤˡؤȯŸΤǤ롥塦ȯãϼѲȤߤƤ褤μȯŸʳϡäʿơˤʹʻҡˤؤΡ֤ʤ¥פ٤ɲƤȤǴּѲȤȤ館뤳ȤǤ롥̿ʸԤ please pray ʤɤˡȯã⡤Ʊͤ˴ּѲȤߤ뤳ȤǤ롥ˡ֤ޤȤǤƱդޤפۤɤ̣ɸ well ȯã⤦1ĤȤߤƤ褤
ʹ face Ťä٤Τּ뤤ϴּѲȤСѸȤϤषܸν֤ºݡּּѲθǤϡܸϰĥǤ롥Ƽηɾɽ˻Ϥޤꡤ졤ɸȤƤΡ֤ơפʤɡ¿ɽ˴ּߤ롥Traugott "nonsubjective > subjective > intersubjective" ȤѲꤹΤǤСܸϡΤɤͤޤˤޤǹԤڤäɽ¿¸ߤ롤ŪȤȤˤʤ롥ǤϡɤͤޤˤޤǹԤڤäɽΤθϤɤʤΤȯŸʳʤȤȤˤʤСɤͤޤˤϼɽѤ뤳ȤˤʤꤽѤȤʤäƤɽ¿Traugott (136) ϡΤ褦Ƥ롥
. . . by hypothesis, intersubjectification is a semasiological end-point for a particular form-meaning pair; onomasiologically, however, an intersubjective category will over time come to have more or fewer members, depending on cultural preference, register, etc.
Traugott, Elizabeth Closs. "From Subjectification to Intersubjectification." Motives for Language Change. Ed. Raymond Hickey. Cambridge: CUP, 2003. 124--39.
2;̾ you thou Ѹ˾ˤĤƤϡ¿εǼ夲Ƥ you thou personal_pronoun ȡˡѸѸޤǸ줿ɾΤ you ȿƾΤ thou λȤʬϡ#673. Burnley's you and thou ([2011-03-01-1]) ǽҤ٤褦ˡ٤ꤷ褦Ȥʣܥ롼ȤƤϡҲŪΩ줬μԤФƤϷɾΤ you Ѥ٤Ȥ롥Ȥꥹȶ̤ФƸƤӤˤϡѸǤϿƾΤ thou ѤΤǤ롥ΤȤҲŪΩ줬μԤɽΤ̯ǤϤ뤬ˤηɰդоݤȤơɾΤ you ͽۤ줽ʤȤʤʤʤΤ¤ϡѸǤϤʤΥեȥɥĸʤɤȤȡϤФƿƾΤ tu, du 줾Ѥ봷롥
Ūˤϡpoliteness ˴Ť T/V distinction ޤ¸ߤʤä塤㤨иűѸˤϡꥹȶΤͤοؤθƤӤϡʤñ thou ѤƤȤ¤롥ŪˡѸʹߤ³ȤȤϤꤽޤͣǤ뤳ȤĴ뤿ˡñǤ thou Ф줿Ȥͤ⤢롥夫ȤϤT/V distinction Ƴ夷ζŪʴФȤơФ thou ȸƤӤΤϼȤϤޤäפʤäΤѤʵ䤬襤Ƥ롥
Ф1Ĥβϡ#1564. face ([2013-08-08-1]) Ƴ positive face 뤤 solidarity-face ΩƤ褦Ȥ politeness ιͤǤ롥εǡֱѸ T/V distinction äοƤߤ thou ȷɤ you ϡۤʤ졤 face ºŤ politeness ι٤ȤȤˤʤפȽҤ٤褦ˡƾΤ thou λѤϡɾΤ you λѤȤϰۤʤäǤϤ뤬Ʊ褦˥ݥ饤ȤȤȤǤ롥Ԥʿˤ positive face ΩƤ٤Ǥꡤߤ solidarity ΤΩġʬΤȤ thou ȸƤӡƤߴäƤƤΤ顤οθդºŤƼ졤餫Ƥߤ thou ȸƤܤ褦Ȥˤʤpositive politeness negative politeness ˤĤƤϡWardhaugh (292) Τ褦Ƥ롥
Positive politeness leads to moves to achieve solidarity through offers of friendship, the use of compliments, and informal language use: we treat others as friends and allies, do not impose on them, and never threaten their face. On the other hand, negative politeness leads to deference, apologizing, indirectness, and formality in language use: we adopt a variety of strategies so as to avoid any threats to the face others are presenting to us.
(19) ϡɥĸǿɾΤ Sie ǤϤʤƾΤ du ǸƤִˤĤơpositive politeness ȤѸƳˡΤ褦˰פƤ롥
ȤСʤդ˹ͤƤϤɤǤ礦ꥹȶƤͤϡ俲ʤɡΤʾ̤ǿͤˤޤޤʤȤ䡤ʤǤȤɤƤ⤫ʤ˾Ȥ⡤ͤˤޤĤޤͤϡ͡ˤĤǤ⤤ơȶ˴Ƥ¸ߤʤΤǤϤʤǤ礦Ĥ⤽Фˤƿȶ顤֥ɥפĤΤȤ⤤ޤ
ȤȤϡɥĸǤϡ֥ɥפĤäȤäơɰդɽ路ƤʤȤˤϤʤʤΤǤƤߤɽºɤɽȤϤطʤơܸΤ褦ˡºɤɽĤȿƤߤʤʤäƤޤʤɤȤȤϤʤΤǤƤߤΤɽĤäơʤķɰդɽ魯ȤǤΤɥĸʤΤȤΤǤϤʤǤ礦
Wardhaugh, Ronald. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. 6th ed. Malden: Blackwell, 2010.
ҡܸˤϤɤƷɸ줬¿Ρ١ꥹۡ1997ǯ
#1632. communicative competence ([2013-10-15-1])#1633. ٤̱ۤ²ء ([2013-10-16-1])#1644. ٤̱ۤ² (2) ([2013-10-27-1]) εǡethnography of speaking ʬСΰָϡȯäʸȤ顤⤦1Ĥ夲롥ȯù (speech act) ΰʸӤǤ롥
ȯù٤ϡAustin θŵŪʤΤ䤽ȯŸ Searle ΤΤΤƤHuang, pp. 106--08 ȡˡΤ褦ؤδؿϡȯù٤ȤüԤ˶ͭƤ뤳ȤƤ褦ˤʹ뤬ºݤˤ¿ȯù٤ʸ˰¸롥뺧ʤɤεŪŪʾ̤Ǥȯù٤ʸˤäưۤʤ뤳ȤưפۤɴƤʤ̤ˤȯù٤ˤʸ֤ϸ롥ʲHuang (119--25) ˽äơ4夲褦
(1) ʸ¸ߤȯù٤̤ʸ¸ߤʤ硥㤨С«Ȥȯù٤ϡܸˤѸˤ⤢뤷¾¿ˤ¸ߤ롥եԥΥ² (Ilongot) ˤϤ줬ʤ²μҲǤ¤俿¤ҲŪʴطΤۤŻ뤵졤̤Ȥ«Ȥȯù٤⤽¸ߤʤΤȹͤƤ롥⤦1СȥꥢΥܥꥸˡ² (Yolngu) ǤϡդȤȯù٤ʤȤ롥
ޤ¾ˤߤʤüȯù٤ʸ⤢롥ȥꥢΥܥꥸˡWalmajarri ˤơ̴ֿط˴Ť뤤ϵ̳Ȥ᤹פȤðۤȯù٤ꡤư (performative verb) japirlyung ˤäɽ蘆롥οưϡ"I ask/request you to do X for me, and I expect you to do it simply because of how you are related to me" ۤɤΰ̣ɽ魯ϡȤʸλȤΩƤ줿ȯù٤ͭ˰ۤΤȤʤ롥
(2) ƱФơʸˤäưۤʤȯù٤ʤ硥㤨СͤƧǤޤäȤΤǤ쥢Ǥ⡤̾ϼպȤȯù٤ʤ롥ȤեꥫΥ² (Akan) ǤϡպǤϤʤƱȯù٤ʤ롥ޤ˾ԤơǸˤȤޤȤѸǤϿؤδդȻҤ٤Τܸ̾Ǥϡ֤⤤ޤפȿ٤ǧȯ롥ƱͤˡܸǤϡ£ʪäȤʤɤˤϡդ֤ߤޤפμպΤۤࡥ
(3) Ʊȯù٤Фơʸˤäưۤʤȿ硥˫դҤ٤ȡѸǤϴդʤΤ̤졤ܸ졤ݡɸʤɤǤϼݤ㡧֤ޤƤʤǤ͡ס֤ޤäƤʤΤǡסˡʤߤˡФƥΡȤʤܸüԤʬ˸줿˫դˤϥΡȤȤȤΤ⤷
ޤФФ1٤ϵŪʵݤʤ뤳Ȥ¿ΤܸŪˤŵŪȿǤ롥ֿТŪʵݢТŪʵݢפȤή (adjacency pair) ΤΤʸŪޤƤȹͤcf. ܤˡ
(4) Ʊȯù٤ǤäƤ⡤ľŪˤʤ뤫Ūˤʤ뤫ٹ礤ʸˤäưۤʤ硥ꡤպᡤʿʤɤ face-threatening act (FTA) ˤĤưۤʤ֤Ӹ椬1980ǯʹߡȤ櫓 Cross-Cultural Speech Act Realization Project (CCSARP) ̾βǿ䤷ʤƤˤĤƤС8ĤθѼ (German, Hebrew, Danish, Canadian French, Argentinian Spanish, British English, American English, Australian English) ӤȤArgentinian Spanish ǤľŪǡAustralian English ǤŪä
ܸΡ褷ޤפϡʸ̤ˤϡ֤礦˽פȤ̣ɽ魯ȤѤдŪʵݤȯù٤Ȥʤ롥ϡΰФľܥΡȸˤܸˤȤäơŪŪάʤΤǤ롥ºݤˡ줬ƤγȯŸ㤬롥1974ǯ˥ΤƣФܤݻԾμͳƣŪʰ̣礤ǡ褷ޤפ I do my best. 줿θ塤ưʤܤФƥꥫ餻Ĥ˻äޤǤˡȯù٤ ethnography of speaking 褯椵졤̤ưʸΩηäȤξǾμãƤСΤ褦ʸʤä
Huang, Yan. Pragmatics. Oxford: OUP, 2007.
#1559. в̤ΰ ([2013-08-08-1]) ǿ줿 Goffman face-work ϡǯθҲؤܤ politeness ˤͭ˾ȤߤʤƤ롥
ˤ륳ߥ˥ˤ衤¾μҲŪʸήˤ衤ͤŪŪʥͥ륮䤷ʤ餽˽Ƥ롥ʤͤϤ虜虜Τ褦ʤȤΤҲݤ¤ƤޤǡήޤΤϤʤߵˤΤȤΤǤǤ뤬㤨 phatic communion ʸŪѡˤϤɤΤ褦ˤߵ˴طȤΤꥫμҲؼ Goffman ϡͤϤߤ face ȤǰäƤꡤºŤ礦Ȥ (face-work) ˤäƼҲĤǤȼĥGoffman (213) ˤȡface ȤϼΤ褦ʤΤǤ롥
The term face may be defined as the positive social value a person effectively claims for himself by the line others assume he has taken during a particular contact. Face is an image of self delineated in terms of approved social attributes---albeit an image that others may share, as when a person makes a good showing for his profession or religion by making a good showing for himself.
ܸˤܤס̻ҤŤפʤɤɽΤ face γǰʬ䤹Ѹˤ "to lose/save face" Ȥ롥
face-work ιҤϡHudson (113--14) ʲ̤˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥
The basic idea of the theory is this: we lead unavoidably social lives, since we depend on each other, but as far as possible we try to lead our lives without losing our own face. However, our face is a very fragile thing which other people can very easily damage, so we lead our social lives according to the Golden Rule ('Do to others as you would like them to do to you!') by looking after other people's faces in the hope that they will look after ours. . . . Face is something that other people give to us, which is why we have to be so careful to give it to them (unless we consciously choose to insult them, which is exceptional behaviour).
ͤˤϼ¾Ȥǧ̻ҡפ롥ʬϤʤ褦ϤƤƱˡ¾ͤ⤽ΩơĤʤ褦ϤƤ롥줬face-work θ
Brown and Levinson politeness θ衤face ˤ positive face negative face 2ब̤ȸ롥ξԤȤ˼¾ºŤɽ魯ԤϤοͤؤºŤȡԤϤοͤθºŤ뤳Ȥб롥ζ̤ɬʬ䤹ΤǤϤʤHudson ˤ줾 solidarity-face power-face ȸƤӤƤ (114)
Solidarity-face is respect as in I respect you for . . ., i.e. the appreciation and approval that others show for the kind of person we are, for our behaviour, for our values and so on. If something threatens our solidarity-face we feel embarrassment or shame. Power-face is respect as in I respect your right to . . ., which is a 'negative' agreement not to interfere. This is the basis for most formal politeness, such as standing back to let someone else pass. When our power-face is threatened we feel offended. . . . Solidarity-politeness shows respect for the person, whereas power-politeness respects their rights.
ƤԤ˸ƤӤ mate, love, darling, Hi! ʤɤ solidarity-politeness Ǥꡤܾοͤ˸ƤӤɾΡplease ʤɤǫɽնʸˡʤɤ power-politeness Ǥ롥Ѹ T/V distinction äοƤߤ thou ȷɤ you ϡۤʤ졤 face ºŤ politeness ι٤ȤȤˤʤ롥
Ϣơ#1059. ϽŻ뤫ְռŻؿܤƤ T/V distinction ([2012-03-21-1]) ȡ#1552. T/V distinction face ([2013-07-27-1]) εӡ#1126. 衼åѤμˤ T/V distinction ε ([2012-05-27-1]) ĥäεȤ줿ִפˤĤƤܸɤߤ䤹ʸȤƤϡܿϺΡظμҲءȤΤ٤3ϤƤ
Goffman, Erving. "On Face-Work: An Analysis of Ritual Elements in Social Interaction." Psychiatry 18 (1955): 213--31.
Hudson, R. A. Sociolinguistics. 2nd ed. Cambridge: CUP, 1996.
ϺظμҲءȤΤ١ҡӡ2013ǯ.
νפʵǽ1Ĥˡphatic communion ʸŪѡˤ롥ȤϡȤδطۡݻ뤿ȯäǡĹ碌פȹͤȤ狼䤹ŵǤꡤѤϤƤŪŪȤϵΤΤȹͤۤŬڤ⤷ʤǤϡʤȤɬפʤΤ㤨Св̤ΰˤơǤդȤɬܤǤ롥ʤ͡ϵ餸ɬפΤ
¿̾Υߥ˥Ǥϡޤвΰ蘆졤ߥ˥Τ³̤ΰ蘆ƽλ롥̡в̤ΰϤνǥåȤȤƤ뤬ȯۤžơޤ̤ΰ蘆졤ߥ˥Ժߤ³вΰ蘆롤ȹͤƤߤ褦̯ʽΤ褦˻פ뤬Ǥ⤷ƶ롥ߥ˥ԺߤûͽۤȤ㤨ˤƲϤȤ̤ξ̤Ǥϡ֤㤢͡ס֥ХХפȷڤѤޤ뤳Ȥ¿ĹֲȤϤʤͽۤȤ㤨гǤǸ3ǯֲʤ⤷ʤȤ̤ǤϡڤѤޤˡդԤ̤ΰҤ٤롥դǽҤ٤ǤʤϤʤऱʤѰդꡤ̤ꤹʤɤϫ뤳Ȥ餢롥ʱ̤ʻ̡ˤ˻äƤϡĤ줿ԤϡˤƤ٤ˤƤ⡤Ȥθ¤ԤΤǤ롥
̤ˡ³Ժߴ֤Ĺ㤷ơ̤ΰ䵷ĹƱͤˡ֤Ƽ˺ƲȤԺߴ֤Ĺ㤷ơвΰ䵷ĹȤȤ⡤ïиΤäƤ롥face-work Goffman ϡΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥
Greetings provide a way of showing that a relationship is still what it was at the termination of the previous coparticipation, and, typically, that this relationship involves sufficient suppression of hostility for the participants temporarily to drop their guards and talk. Farewells sum up the effect of the encounter upon the relationship and show what the participants may expect of one another when they next meet. The enthusiasm of greetings compensates for the weakening of the relationship caused by the absence just terminated, while the enthusiasm of farewells compensates the relationship for the harm that is about to be done to it by separation. (229)
ĹԺߴˡȤδ֤ˤޤǹۤƤҲŪطζƤ椯Ȥʤθޤ븺ʬ碌ƤȤΤ̤εǤꡤºݤθʬ夫䤪ȤΤƲεʤΤǤϤʤդˤ밧ϡ̤Ƚв˺ݤεΰʤΤ褦ʸݤϡΤľʳ䡤ʤҲŪطۡݻƳǧƤǡмҲؤ°ȤäƤ褤СμҲؤȤʬǤ롥
Goffman, Erving. "On Face-Work: An Analysis of Ritual Elements in Social Interaction." Psychiatry 18 (1955): 213--31.
#1126. 衼åѤμˤ T/V distinction ε ([2012-05-27-1]) ǡT/V distinction ε˴ؤ Brown and Gilman θŵŪʳҲ𤷤Brown and Gilman 衤衼åѤμʳǤ2;ñФƾΤ T/V distinction ѻ뤳ȤΤ褦ˤʤꡤˤƤ politeness face ȤǰäƤȤǡ餳뤳ȤǤ褦ˤʤäƤƤ롥
ε[2012-05-27-1]Ǥ˼ɾ (V) ΤŪʣǫȷӤĤΤϡʣ˸Ϥǧ뤳Ȥˤʤ뤫Ȥ롥ǡƱʣϡºݤˤ1ͤǤؤλؼٹ礤ܤꤹȤȤˤʤ롥̷⤹2ĤϤƯƤΤȤСߤǤääƷɾΤѤ̤Ƥޤ褦˻פ뤬ϤɤΤ
츫̷⤹2ĤϤϡݥ饤ȥͥ face Ȥ̵ʤͻ礵뤳ȤǤ롥ʣΤġ˸ҤդȤǽ positive face ȤƤȤ館뤳ȤǤؼоݤܤַɤƱפȤˤɰդȱθȼȤʣεǽ negative face ȤƤȤ館뤳ȤǤ롥ξԤۤʤäƤ뤬ȤδΩƤ褦ȤƤǰפƤ롥Hudson (124) ϼΤ褦Ƥ롥
Their [Penelope Brown and Stephen Levinson's] explanation is based on the theory of face . . . . By using a plural pronoun for 'you', the speaker protects the other person's power-face in two ways. First, the plural pronoun picks out the other person less directly than the singular form does, because of its ambiguity. The intended reference could, in principle, be some group of people rather than the individual actually targeted. This kind of indirectness is a common strategy for giving the other person an 'out', an alternative interpretation which protects them against any threats to their face which may be in the message. The second effect of using a plural pronoun is to pretend that the person addressed is the representative of a larger group ('you and your group'), which obviously puts them in a position of greater power.
ʣѤ̣ΤܤͿȷɰդ̤Ȥƶϡ츽ݤ˱ѤǤ褦˻פ롥ܸ¿ܤɽǤ?ʤɡפ?ߤʡפϡ?פǤϤʤȤ餫ʤ⡤?פɽȤƤ̤ϰ̤ͿƤȤ⤤ΤǤ롥
Brown, R. W. and A. Gilman. "The Pronouns of Power and Solidarity." Style in Language. Ed. Thomas A. Sebeok. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT P, 1960. 253--76.
Hudson, R. A. Sociolinguistics. 2nd ed. Cambridge: CUP, 1996.
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