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language_equality - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2019-09-24 Tue

#3802. ֤٤ƤθʿǤ [language_equality][language_myth]

٤Ƥθ줬ʿǤ뤳ȤˤĤ language_equality γƵǼꤢƤäȤ⡤ʿ (equal) ȤǰԤǤ롥ŪʸʤɤȤΤϤʤȤ̣ǤʿʤΤ٤˴ؤƺϤʤȤ̣ǤʿʤΤҲŪʲͤ˴ؤʿʤΤϤäꤷʤޤºݤˤ٤Ƥθ줬ʿǤȤ¤Ҥ٤ƤΤ뤤ʿǤ٤ϤȤ˾修ǰҤ٤ƤΤۣ
Τ褦ΥեϤˤ衤¿θؼԤ٤ƤθʿǤȼĥ³Ƥ롥ȤΤϡ̿ɬŪ˼Ƥ櫓ǤϤʤCrystal (460--61) ⡤"Recognizing language equality" ꤹǡʿĥƤ롥ǫʼĥǡɤߤ䤹ʸϤǤ⤢Τǡʲ˰ѤƤ

It comes near to stating the obvious that all languages have developed in order to express the needs of their users, and that all languages are, in a real sense, equal. But this tenet of modern linguistics has often been denied, and still needs to be defended. Part of the problem is that the word equal needs to be used very carefully. It is difficult to say whether all languages are structurally equal, in the sense that they have the same 'amounts' of grammar, phonology, or semantic structure . . . . But all languages are arguably equal in the sense that there is nothing intrinsically limiting, demeaning, or disabling about any of them. All languages meet the social and psychological needs of their speakers, and can provide us with valuable information about human nature and society. . . .
   There are, however, several widely held misconceptions about languages which stem from a failure to recognize this view. The most important of these is the idea that there are such things as primitive languages --- languages with a simple grammar, a few sounds, and a vocabulary of only a few hundred words, whose speakers have to compensate for their language's deficiencies through gestures. In the 19th century, such ideas were common, and it was widely thought that it was only a matter of time before explorers would discover a genuinely primitive language.
   The fact of the matter is that every culture which has been investigated, no matter how 'primitive' it may be in cultural terms, turns out to have a fully developed language, with a complexity comparable to those of the so-called 'civilized' nations. Anthropologically speaking, the human race can be said to have evolved from primitive to civilized states, but there is no sign of language having gone through the same kind of evolution. There are no 'bronze age' or 'stone age' languages.
   At the other end of the scale from so-called 'primitive' language are opinions about the 'natural superiority' of certain languages. Latin and Greek were for centuries viewed as models of excellence in western Europe because of the literature and thought which these language expressed; and the study of modern languages is still influenced by the practices of generations of classical linguistic scholars. But all languages have a literature, even those which have never been written down. And oral performances encountered in some of these language, once transcribed, stand proudly alongside the classics of established literate societies.
   The idea that one's own language is superior to others is widespread, but the reasons given for the superiority vary greatly. A language might be viewed as the oldest, or the most logical, or the language of gods, or simply the easiest to pronounce or the best for singing. Such beliefs have no basis in linguistic fact. Some languages are of course more useful or prestigious than others, at a given period of history, but this is due to the pre-eminence of the speakers at that time, and not to any inherent linguistic characteristics. The view of modern linguistics is that a language should not be valued on the basis of the political, economic, religious, or other influence of its speakers. If it were otherwise, we would have to rate the Spanish and Portuguese spoken in the 16th century as somehow 'better' than they are today, and modern American English would be 'better' than British English. When we make such comparisons, we find only a small range of linguistic differences, and nothing to warrant such sweeping conclusions.
   At present, it is not possible to rate the excellence of languages in linguistic terms; and it is no less difficult to arrive at an evaluation in aesthetic, philosophical, literary, religious, or cultural terms. How, ultimately, could we compare the merits of Latin and Greek with the proverbial wisdom of Chinese, the extensive oral literature of the Polynesian islands, or the depth of scientific knowledge which has been expressed in English? Rather, we need to develop a mindset which recognizes languages as immensely flexible systems, capable of responding to the needs of a people and reflecting their interests and preoccupations in historically unique visions. That is why it is so important to preserve language diversity. There are only 6,000 or so visions left . . . .


Crystal, David. How Language Works. London: Penguin, 2005.

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2019-05-11 Sat

#3666. ΤƤɸѤΤΤƱ [sociolinguistics][face][language_equality]

ҲؤιֵǡɸȤѼˤߤҲŪ֥󥯡פä򤷤ɤ⡤Ūʡ˸ؤθˤиߤʿǤ롥ҲŪʴ֤ߤȡź졦֤˽¸ߤΤ֤Ǥ롥βιֵǤϡʤɸ줬Τɸʤˤβ˰֤Ť뷹ΤȤФǡܸѸˤ̤DZưˤ򳵴Ѥcf. #1786. 츢ȸλࡤλ ([2014-03-18-1])#2029. ܤ̤ץåˡ ([2014-11-16-1])#2030. ꥹ̤ץåˡ ([2014-11-17-1]
ܤǤ⡤Τơʤ뤤ϡ˺פȤۤŬڤˡɸԥååפȤȤϡʤ̸ĿͤԤʤäƤ뤳ȤȻפ뤬ϥǥƥƥμǤȤͤΤȤǡΤ褦٤ΤǤϤʤȤ⤢ʥǥå򤷤ǡꥢڡѡ񤤤ƤäΤ鼡Τ褦ʥȤӽФ

٤ʤΤȤ䤤ФϤϰ㤦ȻפäϡޤäǤ뤿ᡤѤΤϡüá򤹤ΤƱȻפ


ΥȤɤȤλȿϡ֤ȡʤδϡפȤΤäξ׷Ȥϡ֤ش˰٤Υ٥ΤΤǤϤʤ
ɸȤ¸ߤݥƥª뤫ͥƥª뤫ȤȡƤ礭ѤƤޤȤϡѥǤϤʤȤݤΥȤǤ롥ΥѥꥺˤĤƹͤ餻Ƥߤ1礭ۤʤΤϡˤĤƤϰöѤ򤷤ƤޤȡƤ᤹ΤԲǽʾʤȤñˤϤǤʤˤˤĤƤɸδ֤ǡξǽϤݻǤƤ¤ˤơ˼ͳջ֤ΤȤڤؤǤ뤳ȤäơξˤϡĤ٤ŪȤʤ꤬ξˤϡȤǡ̤ΤȤɸǤȥ륹ڤȴƤФ褤Ȥ⤢ΤǡɬŪʵؤȯŸʤΤ⤷ʤ
ڤؤ뤫ݤȤǤСȤⲾ̤ȤΤۤŬڤ⤷ʤȡϤޤ˼ҲؤǤ face ΤΤȯۤcf. #1564. face ([2013-08-08-1])ˡ䤬γʤ餯 face Ȥǰ̤ǤϤʤȻפˤΥ󥹤餷ȿΤϡˤ face κѡʤ˶ᤤΡˤȾľŪ˵ŤƤޤäƤ餫⤷ʤ

Referrer (Inside): [2023-06-28-1]

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2018-12-25 Tue

#3529. Ͽ⤷ƤΤƤΤ [language_change][language_equality]

ѲȤɾΤ Language Change: Progress or Decay 路 Aitchison ϡäѲϿʤΤ뤤ʤΤȤˤĤ͡ʳ٤Ƥ롥κǽϤǡԤϿǤǤʤȷŤ롥ͳϡʤʤȤǰˤϡܻؤ٤ʥפ¸ߤȤ뤬ˤƤ줬ʤΤˤĤưפ򤬤ʤĤޤꡤִʸפȤΤǤС¤θѲ˸äƤʤСֿפǤꡤդǤСפǤȽҤ٤뤳ȤǤִʸפʤΤˤĤƤζ̤λ򤬤ʤ¤ꡤȤȤȽǤǤʤϤ
ǤⲾˡִʸפ򡤺¤ñǸΨŪ˥ߥ˥򤳤ʤȹͤ뤳Ȥϲǽ⤷ʤξˤ礭꤬ΩϤ롥ޤäƸñ㤵ʤ뤤ʣˤ¬ΤȤ꤬cf. #293. ٤¬뤫 ([2010-02-14-1]) #1839. ñ㲽Ȥϲ ([2014-05-10-1])#2820. 񤷤ˤĤơ ([2017-01-15-1])ˡƱΨŪʥߥ˥ȤäƤ¬񤷤
ľ Aitchison (237--38) ε˼򷹤褦դλ𤬾ɽƤ롥

The term 'progress' implies a movement towards some desired endpoint. What could this be, in terms of linguistic excellence? A number of linguists are in no doubt. They endorse the view of Jespersen, who maintained that 'that language ranks highest which goes farthest in the art of accomplishing much with little means, or, in other words, which is able to express the greatest amount of meaning with the simplest mechanism'.
   If this criterion were taken seriously, we would be obliged to rank pidgins as the most advanced languages. As we have already noted, true simplicity seems to be counterbalanced by ambiguity and cumbersomeness. Darwin's confident belief in the 'inherent virtue' of shorter and easier forms must be set beside the realization that such forms often result in confusing homonyms, as in the Tok Pisin hat for 'hot', 'hard', 'hat' and 'heart'.
   A straightforward simplicity measure then will not necessarily pinpoint the 'best' language. A considerable number of other factors must be taken into account, and it is not yet clear which they are, and how they should be assessed. In brief, linguists have been unable to decide on any clear measure of excellence, even though the majority are of the opinion that a language with numerous irregularities should be less highly ranked than one which is economical and transparent. However, preliminary attempts to rank languages in this way have run into a further problem.
   A language which is simple and regular in one respect is likely to be complex and confusing in others. There seems to be a trading relationship between the different parts of the grammar which we do not fully understand. This has come out clearly in the work of one researcher who compared the progress of Turkish and Serbo-Croatian children as they acquired their respective languages. Turkish children find it exceptionally easy to learn the inflections of their language, which are remarkably straightforward, and they master the entire system by the age of two. But the youngsters struggle with relative clauses (the equivalent of English clauses beginning with who, which, that) until around the age of five. Serbo-Croatian children, on the other hand, have great problems with the inflectional system of their language, which is 'a classic Indo-European synthetic muddle', and they are not competent at manipulating it until around the age of five. Yet they have no problems with Serbo-Croatian relative clauses, which they can normally cope with by the age of two.
   Overall, we cannot yet specify satisfactorily just what we mean by a 'perfect' language, except in a very broad sense. The most we can do is to note that a certain part of one language may be simpler and therefore perhaps 'better' than that of another.


Ͽ⤷ƤʤС⤷ƤʤѲƤΤϢơ#1382. ָѲϤѲǤס ([2013-02-07-1])#2525. ָѲ롤ס ([2016-03-26-1])#2544. ѲФ뻰Ĥιͤ (3) ([2016-04-14-1])#3354. ָѲϥեǤס ([2018-07-03-1]) ε⻲ȡ

Aitchison, Jean. Language Change: Progress or Decay. 4th ed. Cambridge: CUP, 2013.

Referrer (Inside): [2018-12-31-1] [2018-12-26-1]

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2018-04-17 Tue

#3277. ֱѸפΥ [linguistic_imperialism][link][hel_education][language_equality]

ܥ֥Ǥⲿ٤̾˿Ƥ뤬ѸȽΩ줫鸽ߤαѸ¤Ҥ1ͤ¼ɤ롥2004ǯ˽Ǥ줿ؤʤֱѸפʤΤѸҲ٤Ρ֤ޤ夨ơرѸ٤Ȥϲפˤơ¼ϡֱѸפɤ߲򤯤ΥɤȤơʲ17󤲤Ƥ (13)

1. ط
2. ۤ
3. Ѹ컿ʱѸˤȹ
4. ܤˤ˱Ѹŷ
5. 층¿
6. 󥰥Ρ濴ȡȤƤΡִط
7. ̱ϼʶ
8. ο̱ϼ
9. ο̱ϲ
10. ǰ
11. ¾Դ
12. ȤФοȿβ
13. Ѹ׼
14.
15. ŪʿȼҲкŪʿ
16. ѸȱѸ˽
17. Ծ츶

ơ1ĤΥɤ󤹤СּҲŪԸˡפȤ¼Ω줬褯ʬ륭ɤ¤Ǥ뤬¿ΥɤˤѸŪˤȤǰɽ路ƤϽפǤ롥äȤСϱѸ˾ΥɤǤ⤢ΤѸ˸桦ϤФƲ󶡤Ǥ뤫ܤ˸礦٤귲Ǥ롥
¼αѸʻˡ˴ѤˤĤƤϡʲε⻲ȡ

#1067. Ѹȸܸθüѡ ([2012-03-29-1])
#1072. ѸϸȤäˤƤ櫓ǤϤʤ ([2012-04-03-1])
#1073. Ѹ줬¾άƤѥ ([2012-04-04-1])
#1194. ¼ɤαѸѤȱѸˡ ([2012-08-03-1])
#1606. Ѹ캹̡ѸƸ ([2013-09-19-1])

¼ ɡؤʤֱѸפʤΤѸҲ١ҡ2004ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2023-02-14-1] [2018-04-18-1]

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2017-01-15 Sun

#2820. 񤷤ˤĤ [history_of_linguistics][generative_grammar][language_equality]

ɸˤĤƤϡ#293. ٤¬뤫 ([2010-02-14-1]) #1839. ñ㲽Ȥϲ ([2014-05-10-1]) ʤɤǰäƤƼ夲Ƥߤ
ؤŪʸˤС٤ƤθʣǤꡤ٤ˤĤͭդʺϤʤȤƤطʤˤ20ι¤ؤȯŸꡤ˱ƶϤΤäŪŪʸοʲȤͤƤ᤿Ȥ⤢ä֤٤κʤȤ̿ꤽ켫ΤϡиŪ˼¾ڤ뤳ȤǤꡤϤˤʤΤʬʤΰ̣Ǥϡ̿ϤޤDzǤꡤäȤФοǰȤͤ롥
Baugh and Cable (400--01) ϡѸˤ̾6Ǥ "The Relative Difficulty of Languages" ꤹǡˤĤƼΤ褦˲⤷Ƥ롥

A popular and intrinsically interesting question---"Which languages are the most difficult to learn?"---was generally ignored by linguistic studies of the twentieth century beyond the claims that as a first language, all languages are of equal difficulty; and, obviously, as a second language, the degree of difficulty depends on the language the learner already knows. Until recently, the empirical evidence for assessing "difficulty" in language spread has been lacking. What has been called the the ALEC statement (All Languages are Equally Complex) or "the linguistic equi-complexity dogma" has its source in both structural linguistics reaching back to Edward Sapir and in the "universals" of Noam Chomsky's generative grammar. In a popular textbook of 1958, Charles F. Hockett crystallized an impression of languages that had been stated more cautiously by Sapir thirty years earlier, and which became the standard view for the rest of the twentieth century:

Objective measurement is difficult, but impressionistically it would seem that the total grammatical complexity of any language, counting both morphology and syntax, is about the same as that of any other. This is not surprising, since all languages have about equally complex jobs to do, and what is not done morphologically has to be done syntactically. [The Native American language] Fox, with a more complex morphology than English, thus ought to have a somewhat simpler syntax; and this is the case.


ʤǸڤƤ Hockett Hockett, Charles F. A Course in Modern Linguistics New York: 1958. (p. 180--81) ǤꡤSapir Sapir, Edward. Language: New York: 1921. (p. 219) Ǥ롥
Baugh and Cable ϤΰѤθǡ塤äͭѤȤʤ븦ʬȤơ2콬Τۤ1콬ȴϢإǥؤ󤲤Ƥ롥

Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.

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2013-07-22 Mon

#1547. μҲŪ°7 [sociolinguistics][standardisation][purism][prescriptive_grammar][language_equality]

٤ƤθϸŪˤϤۤʿȤäƤ褤ҲŪˤͥΤ¤Ǥ롥ǤϡҲŪͥϲˤäƷޤΤ㤨Сɸಽ줿ѼȡȸƤФɸŪѼȤ٤СԤΤۤͤ⤤ȤߤʤΤǡɸಽƤ٤פ餷Ȥ狼뤬Ʊ٤ɸಽƤѸȥ륺Ȥ٤˱ѸΤۤҲŪΩ줬Ϥ뤫˹⤤ΤϲˤΤüԤʤˤ⤫餺ƥ˲֤ͤƤΤϤʤȤ⡤ɸಽ٤ȤǤ¬뤳ȤǤʤ
μҲŪʲͤ˴ؤ7Ĥ°ƤƤ롥1976ǯ Bell ƤΤǡWardhaugh (31--39) ⤷ƤΤǡ󤷤褦7Ĥ°Ȥϡstandardization, vitality, historicity, autonomy, reduction, mixture, de facto norms Ǥ롥

(1) standardization: 줬ɸಽϲƤ١ɸϡ̾ʸˡ񡦼ʸؤȼäƤꡤҲŪʸŪŪξħȤƵǽ롥̾ˤѤǤ⤢롥ѸˤĤƤϡ#1396. "Standard English" Ȥϲ ([2013-02-21-1]) 򻲾ȡ
(2) vitality: ȯʸ춦ƱΤ¸ߤƤ뤫ݤѹˤ Manx Cornish Τ褦ʥȷϸϤǤ˻ȤʤäƤꡤüԶƱΤ¸ߤʤΤǡvitality ʤȤȤˤʤ롥ŵꥷƥüԤ¾夤ʤΤ vitality ϤʤȤ뤬θŵϸˤʸŪʱƶϤäƤ뤿ˡManx Cornish ξȤ϶̤٤
(3) historicity: θ춦ƱΤĹˤͭƤȴƤ١ӥνѼüԤϡĹˤͭơθ˸ҤǧϡȷӤĤ뤳ȤˤäƼҲŪʲͤӤӤ롥
(4) autonomy: ¾Ѽ狼ΩƤꡤλʤǸȤߤʤ١Ѽ郎ΩƤ뤫¸Ƥ뤫ɬҴŪʤΤǤϤʤŪʴǤ뤳Ȥ¿δˤĤƤϡ#1522. autonomy heteronomy ([2013-06-27-1]) ӡ#1523. Abstand language Ausbau language ([2013-06-28-1]) ε򻲾ȡ
(5) reduction: Ѥ䵡ǽ̾Ƥ١(4) Ω복ǰǤ heteronomy ˤᤤ㤨Сԥʤɤϲ̤쵡ǽμबɸ٤ƾʤ
(6) mixture: 줬礷ƤǤ١ŪʸѤĿ͡ˤȤäơ¾줫μѸä¿Ѽϡͤ㤤Ѽ˸롥ŵŪˤϡԥϲͤ㤯줬Ǥ롥
(7) de facto norms: üԤεϤ˽Ȥ١ˤäȸääȹͤ뵬ϼζ

ϡüԤФɾδȸƤ褤
ָפȸƤФҲŪͤι⤤ѼǤо7Ĥ°ˤĤƹäƤ롤Ȥ櫓ǤϤʤѼ老Ȥ˳°ͤϰۤʤΤ̤ʾͤ°οȼޤޤ°ͤȤ߹碌Ū˹⤤Ѽ郎ҲŪ˲ͤѼȤߤʤ䤹ָפȸƤФ䤹ȤȤȹͤ롥ʤ7°ϡ#1519. ҲŪ෿ؤƻ ([2013-06-24-1]) ˷ǤɽΤʤ󤷤μҲŪ°ȡʬŪӤǤ롥

Wardhaugh, Ronald. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. 6th ed. Malden: Blackwell, 2010.

Referrer (Inside): [2016-11-13-1]

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2012-09-29 Sat

#1251. Ѹ᥯쥪ط [creole][me][family_tree][history_of_linguistics][evolution][sociolinguistics][historiography][language_equality]

##1223,1249,1250 εǡѸ᥯쥪Ȥ벾ȽŪ˸Ƥ褽ηϤĤƤΤʾ˴ؿ󤻤ƤΤϡʤβ⤬졤ʣθԤ˻ٻ줿ΤȤطʤǤ롥
Baily and Maroldt 򳫤1970ǯʹߡ쥪츦椬ˤʤꡤȤ櫓ʲҲؤ礭ʻɷͿƤȤϡְ㤤ʤͿƤ롥
ʲȤδطǤСBaily and Maroldt ϡʪȤ˲ФƤ롥

One of the authors has for more than a half-dozen years been contending that internal language-change will result only in new subsystems, while creolization is required for the creation of a new system, i.e. a new node on a family tree. Each node on a family tree therefore has to have, like humans, at least two parents. (22)


ϡӸؤǤΩƤ the family tree model ιǤ⤢ꡤƱΤ⤦ĤηǤ⤢롥ȯۼΤŪʤΤˤ襯쥪븦ʪǤ뤳Ȥϵʤ
ˡθؤȤ⤤ҲؤȯŸȤδطǤϡκ¤˺ǤᤤҿΤǤѸ򡤼ҲŪˤĹ餯Ƹߤ⺬᡼դ줿쥪Ʊ뤵뤳ȤˤäơԤϸŪʿĥ뤳ȤǤΤǤϤʤθդ줿ͥ뤤Υ᡼ϡޤǼҲŪʲʹѤȿǤǤꡤ줽켫ΤͥϤʤʿʤΤȤåԤϤβ̤ưŤƤΤǤϤʤ
ϡΤ褦ʲΥǥȤǤ⤤褦ưطʤˤΤǤϤʤꤷʤ Bailey and Maroldt ɤǤΤ褦ꤷʤȡ[2012-09-27-1]ε#1249. Ѹϥ쥪줫 (2)פǤڤ褦ˡԤѸɤƤ creolisation λʪ˻Ωƾ夲餷ͳ狼ʤΥʵФʤ⡤ֱѸ᥯쥪פ䤷Ȥۤطʤˤϡ̣ɿŪŪʥǥΤǤϤʤȡ
ȤʸκǸǡϸ΢ڤ줿षդäΤcreolisation εʤȤȤƤαѸλΤäΤǤ롥ˤسȤɤߤŤä

A closing word on the value of creolization will not be amiss. Just as the evolution of plants and animals became vastly more adaptive, once sexual reproduction became a reality --- because then the propagation of mutations through crossing of strains became feasible --- so creolization enables languages to adapt themselves to new communicative needs in a much less restricted way than is otherwise open to most languages. Thus creolization has the same adaptive and survival value for languages as sexual cross-breeding has for the world of plants or animals. The flexibility and adaptability which have made English so valuable as a world-wide medium of communication are no doubt due to its long history of creolization. (53)


[2012-04-14-1]ε#1083. ʤѸȤʤä (2)פǼ夲 Bragg αѸ˴Ѥ⻲ȡ

Bailey, Charles James N. and Karl Maroldt. "The French Lineage of English." Langues en contact --- Pidgins --- Creoles --- Languages in contact. Ed. Jürgen M. Meisel. Tübingen: Narr, 1977. 21--51.

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2010-07-03 Sat

#432. ѲФ뻰Ĥιͤ [language_change][evolution][teleology][language_myth][language_equality]

Aitchison (6--7) ˤȡѲФ͡٤ϻʬ롥

(1) Ѳϴʾ֤δǤ
(2) ѲϤΨŪʾ֤ؤδʿǤ
(3) ѲϿǤǤʤ

Ѳ򰷤̻ؤǤ (3) QǤ롥Ѳñ˸θɽƤǤꡤǤǤʤñ㲽ǤʣǤʤ¦̤ñ㲽äƤ褦˸Ƥ¾¦̤ǤʣäƤΤǤꡤȤƤθΨϤۤѤʤ ( see [2010-02-14-1] )
(1) (2) ΰոϤޤ˿͸դƤ롥(1) Ԥϡ줬ĤƤŪʾ֤֤ƤƤꡤ˵äƤѲϤ褽Ǥȹͤ롥ܤǤ⡤Ԥθդ졤ʸФпʹʤɤˤΤܤ뤬 (1) ιͤȴطƤ롥ꥹǤϡShakespeare ɽʸͤ줿16Ⱦ Elizabeth īդ꤬ѸβǤꡤʹߤۤλѤäƤƤΤȤͤäȤߤʤΤϿ͡ξʤΤ⤷ʤ
˱ѸˤĤơBrinton and Arnovick ϡ(1) ιͤޤ˹ԤϤäƤΤϼΤ褦ͳ뤫ǤȽҤ٤Ƥ (20--21)

Ťֶۤ΢֤Сؤò
ʸؤƴʳαƶӽѸ Americanisation ؤδʤɡ
ҲŪиʤ¤λ롤ܳȯؤƴʤɡ
ƥ䥮ꥷʤɤι٤˶ŪʸΤۤͥƤȤռä˱Ѹ϶ŪǤʤظѲ뤲ƤƤΤǡ
񤭸դνŻʽ񤭸դäդ٤ƤޤѲʤΤǡͥƤȤȯۤˤĤʤ

(2) ˤĤƤϡ19ӸؼԤƤʲŪʸѤȿǤƤ롥ʪñ㤫ʣؤȿʲƤ褦ˡब̤ʸؿʲƤ褦ˡ⸶ϤΨŪʷ֤鸽θΨŪʷ֤ؤȿʲƤȤȯۤǤ롥αѸˤ֤ƤΥꥢڡѡǤ⡤Ѹˤˤޤñ㲽βʤɤؤơֱѸϸΨŪˡȤ䤹˿ʲƤȤ狼äפȤ괶ʤʤʲŪʸѤ̢䤷Ƥڵ

Aitchison, Jean. Language Change: Progress or Decay. 3rd ed. Cambridge: CUP, 2001.
Brinton, Laurel J. and Leslie K. Arnovick. The English Language: A Linguistic History. Oxford: OUP, 2006.

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2010-02-14 Sun

#293. ٤¬뤫 [pragmatics][rp][pde_characteristic][language_equality]

[2009-09-27-1]εǡĹûŪƱꤹ뤳Ȥ񤷤ˤĤƿ줿볰٤ϡؽԤǤ˳ƤȤӤˤƤٷޤ롤ȤȤϷи餤äƤ⹭줽νˤŪ٤ȤΤϸŪ¬뤳ȤǤΤ
Andersson ˤȡϡʸˡ ( grammar ) ( vocabulary ) ( rules of usage ) ̤˹ͤɬפȤǤʸˡȤϡǤʤޤ๭ΤȤؤ줾礬¬ˤɤΤ褦˹׸뤫뤤ϤʤAndersson ˴Ť󤹤롥


ɤθǤ⡤ˤäȤ֤ΤΤϸäǤ롥ǤäƤ⡤ǤΤ٤Ƥθä뤳ȤԲǽǤ롥ŪˡäξʤΤۤä¿꺤ǤȤäʤФʣʳǰɽ뤳Ȥ񤷤ʤȤߥ˥̤꤬뤿ˡäδΤߤ٤¬ȤȤϤǤˤʤ

ʸˡ
ˤĤƤϡ̤벻ǤοʤۤɰפȤ롥5첻ƥɸܸ20첻ƥıѸ RP (see [2010-01-20-1]) ȤǤϡԤۤϰפ
֡ˤĤƤϡŪŪʸ ( synthetic language ) ʬŪʸ ( analytic language ) ΤۤפȤ롥ǡʤȤäʸˡ󤬶޸ޤ줿űѸ̾ȡǤʤѸηȤǤϡԤΤۤפ


̤ˡɸλѤʤɤɽŪʵ§ʤоʤۤɸϰפȤ롥Ҳطɸ뵡ǽϤɤθˤޤƤꡤε§μ̤Ƚꤹ뤳Ȥ񤷤ǤϡEsperanto ʤɤο͹ϡ§ߤʤΤǡפȤ뤫⤷ʤ

ȤƼΤ褦ˤνˤŪ٤̤ˤ¬ǽ⤷ʤ줾Ϳ줿٤ΤΤʤǤɤΥȤƤ뤫뤳Ȥ񤷤ηƧޤǡѸħ ( see pde_characteristic ) ƸľƤߤ

Andersson, Lars-Gunnar. "Some Languages are Harder than Others." Language Myths. Ed. Laurie Bauer and Peter Trudgill. London: Penguin, 1998. 50--57.

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