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teleology - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-08-28 00:27

2021-01-12 Tue

#4278. ֥顼ΡػΤ٤Υ󥹥ԥ졼 [historiography][periodisation][speed_of_change][language_change][teleology]

ηϤˡƱŪʣλΤֽвä̡פȤȤ館븫ˤĤơؼԡ͸ųؼԤΥ֥顼 (George Kubler [1912--96]) ѡȤʤ#3911. ηϤϡƱŪʣλΤֽвä̤Ǥ ([2020-01-11-1]) εޤ֥顼ή˴ѡִѤ˿ȯơ¾ˤ#3083. ֱѸΥڥ󥰤ƲΤ褦Ǥס ([2017-10-05-1])#3874. ֱѸˡϥѥΤ褦ԲǤס ([2019-12-05-1])#3912. ʵΡ˸츻ŪֻŪɾ (1) ([2020-01-12-1])#3913. ʵΡ˸츻ŪֻŪɾ (2) ([2020-01-13-1]) ε񤤤Ƥ
󡤥֥顼ΡػΤ٤λ줬ΤʤѲƤֻ֡פˤĤơƹͤ餻Ѳ® (speed_of_change) ˤˤʬ (periodisation) ˴ؤƥ󥹥ԥ졼ʬ礭ΤǡϢʬ˺ϿŪ˰ѤƤ

ʪζ֤Ǥ褦ˡʪλ̵֤¤ˤ櫓ǤϤʤ֤μʬह뤳Ȥ񤷤Τϡ³֤˸äˡ򸫤ĤФȤ񤷤äǤ롥³򵭽Ҥ褦ȤƤ⡤򡤤餫줿٤Ƿ¬Ƥ뤦ˡεҤϽοܤȤȤѲƤޤ˳ؤˤ줿ɽʤʬʤۻȡʬˡ󡤻Τߤǡ֤ι¤ˤĤƤϰڤʤäΤǤ롥
Ϥ٤ȼʤΤʬԲǽȤ褦󸽼ŪʹͤȤ餺ˤϤʬǽȤ븶ȹͤСʬव줿ϡ̩Ѳä֤ΰȤƷƤ뤳Ȥ狼롥νΤΤʤˤϡ³ġνˤäƤ׷郎ѲƤ褦ʽФơŪʲȤƷӤĤޤޤƤ롥κݡ®Ϣ³Ф̩Ȥʤꡤ¿ǤȼϢ³Ǥ¤Ȥʤ롥ѻˤǤϤȤꡤ塤ˤϰĿͤҤȤĤΥ󥹤ˤȤɤޤ餺ϢΥΤΤʤǡ¿οϰ̤뤳Ȥ롥жˤȤơβ꤬褵ʤޤ޿塤Ȥˤϲˤ錄丳뤳Ȥ⤢롥(189--90)


ȤĹ
ơʪϤ줾˰ۤʤäǯ˵ħĤǤʤʪ֤줿夬⤿餹ħ䳰ѤȤƤΤޤȤޤäʣΤȤʤ롥ʪȿƱͤǤ롥ӮξǤСηդȿФʪˡǯŪʸϤǤˤۤʤäƤ뤷Ȥ줾ȿϤηǯȰۤʤäƤ롥
ʪλ³֤ǯȷǯȤդĤδǷ¬ǽǤ롥ΤŪ֤̤褫鸽ߤ̲ᤷƲؤ³ñǯή˲äơǯȤ¿餫鹽ƤȤߤʤȤǤ롥ϡ⡤줬Ǥ뤽Ƥˤäƻ³֤ꤵ뤿ˡسԤ¿ͤʤΤȤʤ뤬羮ΰۤʤäηϤפʬह뤳ȤǤ롥ï⼫ȤΤʤƱ԰٤νΤȸΤʤ뤳Τ褦ʥѥ¸ߤ򸫽ФȤǤ뤬ǡĿͤλ֤ˤ٤ʷˤޤΩĤϤʤϡۤοäλ³ˤ錄ΤޤǡĿͤΤи˸ФȤǤ롥䤿ܤΤϡͤΰĹŪ˻³ʣοͿʬλ֤ƤˤĤƤǤ롥ΤʤǺǾηϤǰˤĤ夲줿ǯήԤǤ롥ϡξȲ줿ǤȤˤΤǤꡤȳ̿ˤϵεˤΤǤäǤϤήԤ夳ʤȤŪ˺ǤΤʾήξڤäΤǤ롥Τ褦絬ϤʷΤޤȤϤ鷺Ǥ롥Ͽλ֤ŪˤȤ館ˤ˻פ⤫٤ΤΤǤ롥ʤʸʸ뤤ˡ̤ϤμҲʤɤǤ롥ƺȺǾ֤ˤϡ佽ˡˤȤŤŪʻ֤롥Ȥñ̤ͥϡ餯ݤˤ⡤ޤ줬Ǥ졤ͰŪʽΥꥺˤбƤʤȤˤʤΤ⤷ʤ㳰ϡǯŤȤ˽Ūʷϵ͡򽱤äȤ䡤ե󥹳̿˶Ԥ줿켷塻ǯȤñʤͤȬ塻ǯʹߤ̵ϴȤ餤Ǥ롥(193--95)


䤿ϡάͻ֤ήݤ«ꤹ뤳ȤǤ롥줾ݤϡưΤξȤɬפ˱ݤĹɬפȤФλ³˱ƤޤޤǤ롥äơʸ«ϡȤݾΤޤޤĹδ֤ǹ롥ĹϤƤĹΤûΤ¿롥ϤۤȤɶˤä¤٤졤ռŪʾؤŸ˾̩ʷײˤä¤٤뤳ȤϤäˤʤΤǤ롥(228)


ǸΰѤˤȤƤϤСηϤȤϰۤʤĹʤݤ«̤ǤȤˤʤ롥ָηϡפ򡤤ʬǤˡסֲηϡסָηϡפʤɤ֤Ƥ褤ȴϢǤ򤷤䤹ܶȤơ줫ʤû1ĤαʸͤƤߤȤ褤ιǤǤƸθ츻ͳǯˤϸߤ˰ۤʤäƤꡤθ벻ֻ䡤ӤĤƤʸˡ§⡤ơŪȯŸƤΤǤ롥ûʸϡۤʤĹλ֤ǤġʤΩäƤꡤˤνִ֤Ȥ߹蘆ơΰ̣ϽФƤΤǤ롥

֥顼硼ˡë Ρ ˡػΤʪˤᤰäơ١Dz2018ǯ

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2019-05-04 Sat

#3659. 첻ܤ5Ĥ (2) [gvs][history_of_linguistics][phonology][sound_change][teleology]

gvs 򰷤äǶܳŪʸȤơStenbrenden Long-Vowel Shifts in English, c. 1150--1700: Evidence from Spelling (2016) 롥첻ܴѤ˽ŪʸäȤ⡤Ԥˤ碌첻ܤθǤϤʤĹ첻ܤθȼĥ첻ܤȸʤȤˡԤΥݥȤ뤫
Stenbrenden ϡ#3552. 첻ܤ5Ĥ ([2019-01-17-1]) ǵ󤲤첻ܡȤʬŪ˽ʣ뤫Ǥʤ⡤ȼλ5ĤˡŦƤ (1--3)

1ܤϡ"functional explanations seem to be teleological, suggesting that languages in a sense know where they are heading and hence resort to chain-shifts to avoid mergers" (2) Ȥ¤Ūȯۤ˴ŤϢŪ (chain shift) Ū (teleology) ФܼŪȽǤ롥
2ܤϡ"push chain", "drag chain", 뤤ƱѲȤäܤν֤˴ؤ뽾ϡƲǤΰ۲Ѱۤιڻ뤷ƤȤŦǤ롥ǤȰ۲δطϤäʣʤΤǤꡤθǤñ㤹Ȥ櫓
3ܤϡ"push chain" "drag chain" Ȥ̾դϡޤǸݤ򵭽ҤƤˤθݤƤΤǤϤʤˤ⤫餺̾դˤäƤʤ줿Τ褦˺ФƤޤäƤȤ꤬롥٥뤬Žդ­Ƥޤλ׹ߤ˴٤äƤޤȤȽ
4ܤϡϡŪʴפϤäΤǡҤȤ˲ʤ෿ˤȤƤȤ館ƤȤǤ롥ĴİСΧȤäŪʥץǡƤΤǤϤʤ
5ܤϡŬ (Optimality Theory; ot) ϤȤŪʥץϡ㤤Ƥ뤳Ȥ¿ΤǤϤʤȤȽˤäθݤ򤦤ޤǤʤ硤QŪˤ¦꤬ȹͤΤ̤ФиݤΤۤΤǤϤʤȤȯŸ뤳ȤȤǤžݤǤ롥

ʤʤ긷ȽǻŦƤΤϡ첻ܤ5ĤפȤ첻5ĤפȤäۤ褤

Stenbrenden, Gjertrud Flermoen. Long-Vowel Shifts in English, c. 1150--1700: Evidence from Spelling. Cambridge: CUP, 2016.

Referrer (Inside): [2020-01-14-1]

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2018-06-23 Sat

#3344. ָǡüԤա [functionalism][language_change][systemic_regulation][teleology][invisible_hand][causation]

Aitchison (175--76) ߤ뼫ǽ (systemic_regulation) 夲ĤġˡüԤդȤƤ롥ξǡȤβλˤ3ब̤ȽҤ١⤷Ƥ롥

[L]anguage has a remarkable instinct for self-preservation. It contains inbuilt self-regulating devices which restore broken patterns and prevent disintegration. More accurately, of course, it is the speakers of the language who perform these adjustments in response to some innate need to structure the information they have to remember.
   In a sense, language can be regarded as a garden, and its speakers as gardeners who keep the garden in a good state. How do they do this? There are at least three possible versions of this garden metaphor---a strong version, a medium version, and a weak version.
   In the strong version, the gardeners tackle problems before they arise. They are so knowledgeable about potential problems that they are able to forestall them. They might, for example, put weedkiller on the grass before any weeds spring up and spoil the beauty of the lawn. In other words, they practice prophylaxis.
   In the medium version, the gardeners nip problems in the bud, as it were. They wait until they occur, but then deal with them before they get out of hand like the Little Prince in Saint-Exupéry's fairy story, who goes round his small planet every morning rooting out baobab trees when they are still seedlings, before they can do any real damage.
   In the weak version of the garden metaphor, the gardener acts only when disaster has struck, when the garden is in danger of becoming a jungle, like the lazy man, mentioned by the Little Prince, who failed to root out three baobabs when they were still a manageable size, and faced a disaster on his planet.


³ʸ̮ Aitchison ϡȤڵϸĤäƤʤȤ⤭ºݤ˼ϡ֤Υȼ夤2ĤȽҤ٤Ƥ롥ĤޤꡤդϡװͽɤˤޤǤϴؤʤβ꤬ŦǤȤȤϤ뤷뤤ޤɤޤ줿缣ŤܤȤȤ⤹롥üԡʤƸˤϡͽɰؤǤϤʤоˡȤդǤ롤ȤƤ褤⤷ʤ
ѲΡͽɡפȡּšפȤˤĤƤϡ#837. Ѳˤ therapy or pathogeny ([2011-08-12-1])#835. ǽŪʸѲѤؤȽ ([2011-08-10-1])#546. ѲϸĿͤδ˾̤˿ʤޤʤ ([2010-10-25-1])#1979. ѲŪˤĤƺƹ͡ ([2014-09-27-1])#2533. Ѳ "spaghetti junction" (2) ([2016-04-03-1])#2539. ָפˤѲ ([2016-04-09-1]) ⻲ȡ

Aitchison, Jean. Language Change: Progress or Decay. 4th ed. Cambridge: CUP, 2013.

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2018-06-07 Thu

#3328. Joseph θѲ˴ؤƶ5 [language_change][contact][linguistic_area][folk_etymology][teleology][reanalysis][analogy][diachrony][methodology][link][simplification]

ϢεǡJoseph ʸ "Diachronic Explanation: Putting Speakers Back into the Picture" 򻲾ȡѤƤ (cf. #3324. Ѳ̸Τʤ礦褦ˤƿʤǤ ([2018-06-03-1])#3326. ̻ŪȶŪ ([2018-06-05-1])#3327. ѲˤüԤ϶ŪǤ ([2018-06-06-1])) ѲˤˤĤƤκŪƹͤľƤ롤ͥ줿ͤǤ롥
ϡJoseph ŪỊ̇Ĺʲս˺Τ˲ȴƤ

[T]he contact is not really between the languages but is rather actually between speakers of the languages in question . . . . (129)


ϸƤߤФȯۤ˻פ뤬̡뤤ϸܿˤƤ顤Ф˺ƤǤ롥ʲε⻲ȡ#1549. Why does language change? or Why do speakers change their language? ([2013-07-24-1])#1168. ܿȤüܿǤ ([2012-07-08-1])#2005. üԺߤθѲؤηپ ([2014-10-23-1])#2298. Language changes, speaker innovates. ([2015-08-12-1])
ˡХ륫 (Balkan linguistic_area) ˤܿ夲ʤ顤ͿƤսꡥ

. . . an overemphasis on comparisons of standard languages rather than regional dialects, even though the contact between individuals, in certain parts of the Balkans at least, more typically involved nonstandard dialects . . . (130)


2ĤθѼܿͤݤˡξԤɸŪѼǰƬ֤뤳Ȥ¿ºݤθܿˤƤϤषɸѼɤܿʤΤˤɸѼüԤɤܿˤΤ̤ۤǤϤʤäȤʸǤ롥
Ѥäơָ̱츻 (folk_etymology) ؾ塤פǤ뤳ȤˤĤơ

Folk etymology often represents a reasonable attempt on a speaker's part to make sense of, i.e. to render transparent, a sequence that is opaque for one reason or another, e.g. because it is a borrowing and thus has no synchronic parsing in the receiving language. As such, it shows speakers actively working to give an analysis to data that confronts them, even if such a confrontation leads to a change in the input data. Moreover, folk etymology demonstrates that speakers take what the surface forms are --- an observation which becomes important later on as well --- and work with that, so that while they are creative, they are not really looking beyond the immediate phonic shape --- and, in some instances also, the meaning --- that is presented to them. (132)


Ǥ Joseph ϸѲˤüԤָ̱츻ŪȯۤΰյɾˤȤɤޤ餺ǤüԤζפָ̱츻ȤӤĤƤ롥#2174. ָ̱츻Ọ̇̄Ѳ ([2015-04-10-1])#2932. salacious ([2017-05-07-1]) ⻲ȡ
ˡüԤζȴϢơʬ (reanalysis) ñ㲽ʣˤɤؤ뤫˼1ʸ󤲤褦

[W]hen reanalyses occur, they are not always in the direction of simpler grammars overall but rather are often complicating, in a global sense, even if they are simplificatory in a local sense.


ѲΡñ㲽פ˴ؤŪȤơ#928. ޤ neutralization simplification ([2011-11-11-1])#1839. ñ㲽Ȥϲ ([2014-05-10-1])#1693. §ŪʲѲԵ§ŪʷѲ ([2013-12-15-1]) 򻲾Ȥ줿
ǸˡѲζŪˤĤƤΰѤ󤲤ƤؼԤ϶Ū˷кȤƵ뤬ɬǤϤʤȤƤ

[T]he grammars linguists construct . . . ought to be allowed to reflect uneconomical "solutions", at least in diachrony, but also, given the relation between synchrony and diachrony argued for here, in synchronic accounts as well.


Joseph, B. D. "Diachronic Explanation: Putting Speakers Back into the Picture." Explanation in Historical Linguistics. Ed. G. W. Davis and G. K. Iverson. Amsterdam: Benjamins, 1992. 123--44.

Referrer (Inside): [2018-08-23-1]

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2018-06-06 Wed

#3327. ѲˤüԤ϶ŪǤ [language_change][teleology][invisible_hand][glottochronology][drift][indo-european][inflection]

#3324. Ѳ̸Τʤ礦褦ˤƿʤǤ ([2018-06-03-1]) ǡѲˤüԤŪǤ뤳Ȥ˿줿ѲʤƤüͤθŪ϶ޤθ̤ƤʤϤʱƶηŪʾ׷ʤɤˤϵڤӤĤʤĤޤꡤѲȤüԤιưϡܴۤŪŪǤȤȤ
Joseph (128) ϤüԤζ򷫤֤ĥĤġդ˱ŪʸѲȽƤ롥㤨СĹ֤ʣˤ錄Ѳ٤ƤƤǯ (cf. #1128. glottochronology ([2012-05-29-1])) Τ褦ˡϡʤȤ롥ȤΤϡǯؤǤϡºݤüԤ褷Ƽ뤳ȤΤʤƻŪʴȤƤ뤫Ǥ롥㤨С2018ǯλƤ뤢ѸüԤǯδ֤ˡɤαñ̤ñ֤ʤиǯؤεꤹִΨãʤʤɤȤȤϡͤƤߤʤϤǤ롥ǯؤִΨϷиŪƳФ줿ͤǤϤ뤬򥴡˿ǡŪŪʸѲؤȲƤޤ
Ѹޤ˿ǯˤ錄äƤȤޤοʿȤή (drift) ˤĤƤƱͤǤ롥ˤ錄ꡤ˸줬ѲƤ褦ˤߤ뤫ȤäơġüԤŪʴѲƤȹͤΤϴְ㤤Ǥ롥ǤϤʤġüԤ϶ŪʴưʤƤˤ줬ޤǽŪ˺Ѥ̤ȤơѲؤȲʤ򤹤٤
ϡKeller ξ롤Ѳ˺Ѥָ (invisible_hand) ˤۤʤʤ#2539. ָפˤѲ ([2016-04-09-1]) ׻ȡ

Joseph, B. D. "Diachronic Explanation: Putting Speakers Back into the Picture." Explanation in Historical Linguistics. Ed. G. W. Davis and G. K. Iverson. Amsterdam: Benjamins, 1992. 123--44.
Keller, Rudi. "Invisible-Hand Theory and Language Evolution." Lingua 77 (1989): 113--27.

Referrer (Inside): [2018-06-07-1]

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2018-06-03 Sun

#3324. Ѳ̸Τʤ礦褦ˤƿʤǤ [language_change][syntax][teleology][invisible_hand][lexical_diffusion]

ѲȤ櫓ѲοʹԤλˤĤơؤʬ䤹Ҳ𤷤Ƥ뤳ȤɾΤ Aitchison (100) Τ褦󤷤Ƥ롥

Syntactic change typically creeps into a language via optional stylistic variants. Particular lexical items provide a toehold. The change tends to become widely used via ambiguous structures. One or some of these get increasingly preferred, and in the long run the dispreferred options fade away through disuse. Mostly, speakers are unaware that such changes are taking place. Overall, all changes, whether phonetic/phonological, morphological, or syntactic, take place gradually, and also spread gradually. There is always fluctuation between the old and the new. Then the changes tend to move onward and outward, becoming the norm among one group of speakers before moving on to the next.


ѲϡˤäȿʹԤ뤿ˡ줬ƤüԤˤȤäƤƳŤʤΤǤ롥ξ¸֤ˤϡ#3318. Ѳκˤ뿷Ѱ۷äơ ([2018-05-28-1]) ǽҤ٤褦ˡξԤΤ˲餫δỤ̄Ѱΰ㤤ռ뤳Ȥ⤢뤬ۤɰռ줺ˡ¾夿Ρɤ (fluctuation) ȤƸ뤳Ȥ¿Ѳϸä˥äƿʤफΤ褦ηŤƤǡ춦ƱΤǤ⤢üԤ̤üԤؤŤƤ (lexical_diffusion) Ѳ creep 礦ˤ褦˿ʤȤȤϡ̯Ǥ롥
ޤ̤βս Aitchison (107) ϡJoseph (140) Ѥʤ顤ѲΥ뤤϶˸ڤƤ롥

[S]peakers in the process of using --- and thus of changing --- their language often act as if they were in a fog, by which is meant not that they are befuddled but that they see clearly only immediately around them, so to speak, and only in a clouded manner farther afield. They thus generalize only 'locally' . . . and not globally over vast expanses of data, and they exercise their linguistic insights only through a small 'window of opportunity' over a necessarily small range of data.


ġüԤϡ礭ήΤʤˤѲṲ̄ϸƤ餺Ū˹ưƤǤ롥ѲΡָ (invisible_hand) Ū (teleology) ˤľ뤹븫Ǥ롥
ɸΤ褦ˡָѲ̸Τʤ礦褦ˤƿʤǤפΤʤΤ

Aitchison, Jean. Language Change: Progress or Decay. 4th ed. Cambridge: CUP, 2013.
Joseph, B. D. "Diachronic Explanation: Putting Speakers Back into the Picture." Explanation in Historical Linguistics. Ed. G. W. Davis and G. K. Iverson. Amsterdam: Benjamins, 1992. 123--44.

Referrer (Inside): [2018-06-07-1] [2018-06-06-1]

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2018-03-27 Tue

#3256. ήʸˡΰ [grammaticalisation][drift][unidirectionality][language_change][inflection][synthesis_to_analysis][teleology]

ˤˤή (drift) ȡʸˡ (grammaticalisation) ĥѲΰ (unidirectionality) ϸߤ˴طοǰΤ褦˻פ롥ξԤδطˤĤơ#685. ʤѲˤ drift Τ (1) ([2011-03-13-1])#1971. ʸˡˤӸݤ ([2014-09-19-1]) Ǥ⿨Ƥ Hopper and Traugott ε̤ƤͤƤߤ
Sapir ǽήȸƤȤǰƬˤäΤϡѸˤޤξüӱŪɽȯãΤȤä礫ʬϤءפȤήΤȤǤ (cf. synthesis_to_analysis) θԤϡ෿Ūʰ̣絬ϤʸѲȤƤȤ館ĤޤꡤʸˡΤȤƤɤƻڤȤƤǤ롥
ʸˡʸ̮ǤФѤȤϡˤŪѲˤĤƸ뤳ȤϤʤʸˡ¤ɤȤƻڤˤĤƤγǰѸǤꡤפˤäȶɽŪʰ̣礤ǻȤȤȤ

Drift has to do with regularization of construction types within a language . . ., unidirectionality with changes affecting particular types of construction. (Hopper and Traugott 100)


ήȰϡŪɽŪ絬ϤϤʸפε§˴ؤΤġιʸפѲ˴ؤΤȤ顤ߤ˰ۤʤΤȤƤȤ館Τ褵ְפȤѸ줬ѤȤˤϡѸȤƤǤϤʤƤʸˡȤѲνѸȤѤȤȤռƤʤȡ㤤ǽΤդǤ롥

Hopper, Paul J. and Elizabeth Closs Traugott. Grammaticalization. 2nd ed. Cambridge: CUP, 2003.

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2018-02-14 Wed

#3215. ɡ󥹤ȸѲ (1) [teleology][evolution][biology][language_change]

ɡ󥹤̾ܤλ׿͡١ʸ The Blind Watchmaker (1986)ˤϡʥͥ˥˥κDZνǤ롥ѲˤȤäʪοʲȸοʲѲȤɤޤͭȤϷŪʽäƤꡤⶽ̣šʤΤȤͭȸ³ζܤΤ񤷤
ɡ󥹤ξǽɤ뤫ꡤľܡܤ˱ѲǽʲսŦС3褦˻פ롥(1) Ū (teleology) θ(2) ʬʬࡤ(3) ̣ɺ򲽤ȸŪŶ (1) ŪˤĤƹͤƤߤ
ɡ (24--25) ϡʪʲ̵Ūʤܤλ׿͡ˤĤƼΤ褦Ƥ롥οʲѲˤĤƤ⡤ΤޤƤϤޤȹͤ롥

ͣλ׿ͤϡ̤ʤϤ餭ǤϤΤΡܤʪŪʽϤʤΤʪλ׿ͤθ̤äƤ롥ʤǾŪ򸫤ƻ֤Хͤǥ󤷡ߤˤɤȤ߹碌뤫פȤ̿ʤ¸ߤ뤫줬ʤŪäƤ褦˸뤫ΤȤơȯΤμϡܤΡռ⤿ʤưŪǤꡤŪäƤʤΤˤϿʤпʤ⤢ϤʤײʤС⡤̤⡤Ÿ˾ⲿʤ⤷λ׿ͤ餸ƤȸäƤ褤ʤ顤ܤλ׿ͤʤΤ


Ѳ⡤θüԤôäƤˤϰ㤤ʤüԤα餸ȤϤޤ̵ŪΡܤλ׿͡פǤȹͤ롥ΤˡüԤϤλκΥߥ˥Τ˻׹ͤդӡºݤȯƤ뤫⤷ʤϤ̤ʤΤˤ줬뤹뤫⤷ʤѲˤĤơǤˤʳüԤǤȤϻפʤѲϤΤ褦ͽꤵƤΤǤϤʤΰ̣ˤ̵ŪǤꡤܤʤΤǤ롥ϡġüԤϡܤλ׿͡פ餸Ƥ櫓ǤϤʤŪˡֻ׿͡פݤܤλ׿͡פݤˤʤΤ
ѲˤŪ˴ؤˤĤƤϡteleology γƵ򻲾Ȥ줿

ɡ󥹡㡼ɡˡ ͵ƣ ƣ ɥ ءˡ δʴƽˡܤλ׿͡϶١˼2004ǯ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2018-01-20 Sat

#3190. ѲζɬƱ̿ [language_change][causation][teleology][spaghetti_junction][invisible_hand][drift]

#2867. Ѳζɬ ([2017-03-03-1]) 嵴¤Ρض٤ɤǡƤˤĤƹͤƤߤ
ɬ餫Ω복ǰǤ롥䤿ϤȤˡֶɬפɬŪפʤɤΥˤ롥ʤΤ褦̷⤷ɽǽʤΤ
嵴 (74) ˤСŪɬŪŪϷӤĤ䤹ŪŪŪɬϷӤĤ䤹Ĥޤְۼפ䤹Ȥ

褽ѤϤŰ줷ˤƤϰŪɬΤߤǧʤäưŪ¸ߤ;ϤϤʤŪŪɬꤷη̤ȤơŪŪǧ롥ʳŪѤϤηɽƤ롥ȿơŪѤŰŪʷäˤϡŪŪɬˤäƤΤ߰ڤ褦Ȥ롥äŪŪ¸ߤʤˡŪɬη̤ȤơŪ¸ߤ뤳ȤǤ롥Ķؤΰջ֤ˤäƤ٤Ƥ硤Ụ̄ؤ¸ߤǧΤϤδط˴𤤤Ƥ롥ΰ̣ˤơŪɬŪŪȷ礷䤹ŪŪɬϰŪȷ礷䤹ֶɬפȤ褦ʵŪθϤβǽ˴ŤΤǤ롥


Ĥޤꡤ븽ݤɬǤ⤢Ǥ⤢פȤ1Ĥβϡ줬ŪˤɬŪŪˤ϶ǤȤȤΰۼβϡŪ (teleology) ǤϤʤ (mechanism) ΩβǤ롥äơŪ򤹤СѲޤɬǤ⤢Ǥ⤢׸ݤʤΤǤ롥
ΰۼȴϢơ嵴 (244) ̤βսǡֶȱ̿פˤĤͤƤʰʲ˵ϲ֤ˡ

ФŪðۤ̿Фðۤη뤳Ȥ롥ʹ֤μ¸ˤȤäƳ˿ŪͳỤ̄ͭĤȤϱ̿ȸƤФΤǤ롥Ʊ̿ȤƤζϡɬȤΰۼˤäơɬԡפι¤򼨤ĶŪϤäƸȤƿʹ֤¸פΤǤ롥


ιͤˤС̿ȤϡͤˤȤäơֳ˿ŪͳỤ̄פġŪˤɬŪŪˤ϶Ǥ븽ݤǤʿСͤˤȤäƤƽפʷ̤⤿餵줿硤ŪŪ˶ǤäȤƤ⡤ŪŪɬǤ뤫Τ褦ˤȤ館Ƥޤꡤ̿ȸƤӤȤȤ
ѲˤơȤ˱̿ɽ뤳Ȥ⤢ drift ήˤˤĤơδͤƤߤȤ⤷²ǤϿǯδ֡ޤοȤ drift ³ƤȤ뤬ζưϤθǤ뤫ˤĤƤΤʽФƤʤäơ򤢤α̿ǤȤȤ館Ԥ롥Τ褦Ԥϡdrift ²ˤȤäơֳ˿ŪͳỤ̄פĤΤȿƤꡤ椨ŪŪɬθݤǤ뤫Τ褦˴ơ̿ȸƤǤΤǤϤʤĤޤꡤdrift Ȥݤ¿ʲͤ򤪤Ƥ뤫餳ҤäȤȶνˤʤΤ򡤱̿ȤĤ̾ǡðۤäƸƤӤʤΤǤϤʤ
Ѳζɬ̿ˤĤƤϡinvisible_hand spaghetti_junction ιͤ⻲Ȥ줿

嵴 ¤ض١ȽŹ2012ǯ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2018-01-19 Fri

#3189. ߡȤƤθ (2) [anthropology][biology][meme][teleology]

ε ([2018-01-18-1]) ˰³ɡ󥹤ΥߡˤĤơεǸߡªƳդ٤ϡŪ (teleology) ϰڴޤޤƤʤȤɡ󥹤ŪȷӤĤΤϡŪʰҡ (selfish genes) ȤɤФаƤǤ롥Ʊ˱Ѥˤ⡤ˤϵĤƤʤФʤʤɡ󥹤ⲿ٤ȤʤǰƤ뤬ߡ˴ؤս꤫Ѥ褦 (303--04)

ߡȰҤäĴ٤Ƥߤ뤳Ȥˤ褦ܽΤ̤ƻϡҤ򡤰ռŪָŪ¸ߤȹͤƤϤʤʤȶĴƤҤϡŪʼΤϤ餭ˤäơŪäƹư¸ߤǤ뤫Τ褦˻ΩƤƤ롥ǡȤФȤΩ줫ϡŪռˤɽҤƤϤƤޤäۤȤ櫓äȤСְҤϡΰҥסˤ뼫ʬΥԡο䤽ϤƤפɽ硤ºݤΰ̣ϡ֤줬ˤƤθ̤ܤˤ뤳ȤǤҤϡΰҥסˤ뼫ʬοŪä뤳ȤΤǤ褦ʵư򼨤ҤפȤȤʤΤʤ¸ΤŪָŪˤϤ餯ǽưŪ¸ߤȤưҤͤ뤳ȤäΤȤޤäƱͤˡߡ˴ؤƤƱ褦˹ͤʤΤǤϤޤξ⡤ɽŪ˲ᤵƤϺ롥ŪδǰϤˤƤñʤȤˤʤΤҤξˤȤɤʤͭѤäϤǤ˸ȤǤ롥ϡ줬ñʤȤǤ뤳ȤʬΤǡҤФơŪʡפȤֻǦʡפȤƻ򤵤ѤۤɤǤ롥ξȤޤäƱǡŪʥߡǦʥߡʪ뤳ȤǤ


ɡ󥹤ϺǸμˡYes Ƥ롥ߡϰռ踫ǽϤ⤿ʤʣҤǤꡤޤŪŪ¸ߤǤ롥äơߡȤƤθꤹʤСޤŪŪ˿񤦤ȿ¬롥
Ѳˤ teleology ˤĤƤϡ#835. ǽŪʸѲѤؤȽ ([2011-08-10-1])#1382. ָѲϤѲǤס ([2013-02-07-1])#2525. ָѲ롤ס ([2016-03-26-1])#1979. ѲŪˤĤƺƹ͡ ([2014-09-27-1])#2837. ˤȸˤŪ ([2017-02-01-1]) ʤɤ򻲾ȡ

ɡ󥹡㡼ɡˡ δ ͳ󡦱 ҡ ͺˡŪʰҡ俷ǡԢŹ2006ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2025-01-22-1] [2018-02-16-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2018-01-18 Thu

#3188. ߡȤƤθ (1) [anthropology][biology][meme][teleology]

ʪѤ˳̿򵯤㡼ɡɡ󥹤ΡŪʰҡ (1976ǯˤϡʪˤ (gene) бΤʹ֤ʸˤ¸ߤȤơʸʳؤˤ⶯ʥѥȤͿƤʸκǤΤǤ뤫顤ɡ󥹤ϸѤˤƶڤܤƤ롥ºݡɡ󥹤ˤϸˤĤƿƤս꤬ (291--92)

ʹ֤ᤰðϡʸפȤĤΤȤФˤۤǤ롥󡤻ϡΤȤФ¯Ūʰ̣ǤϤʤʳؼԤѤ뤵ΰ̣ǻѤƤΤŪˤݼŪǤʤ顤οʲǡʸŪãϰŪãƤ롥ե꡼硼ϡϢʤ³ۤɤαѹͤΩȤơѹͤȷӤĤäƤ롥ΩȤʤäƤ뤽줾ο͡ϡȶο͡Ȥ顤©ҤƤä򤹤Τ褦˸ߤäǤϤ硼ȸѹͤȤδ֤Dzä򤹤ΤԲǽˤʤϡŪʼʤˤäơֿʲפ褦˻פ졤⡤®٤ϡŪʲʤ®ΤǤ롥


ɡ󥹤ϡȤ뤳Τ褦ʸˤŪʼʣҤߡ (meme) ̾դɡ󥹤ꡤ̾դ˴ؤפʲսѤ褦 (10)

ιͤȤǤϡμʣҤǶޤˤо줷ƤΤǤ롥䤿ϤȸɡĤ碌ƤΤϤޤ̤ȯãʾ֤ˤꡤȤƤθϥפԴѤɺäƤ롥ǤˤϤʤ®٤ǿʲŪѲãƤꡤҤȤŻμʣҤϤϤ뤫٤ƤǤ뤢ꤵޤǤ롥
оΥפϡʹ֤ʸȤפǤ롥оμʣҤˤ̾ɬפʸãñ̡뤤ñ̤Ȥǰ̾Ǥ롥륮ꥷθ캬Ȥ <mimeme> ȤȤˤʤ뤬ΤۤΤ <ʰҡ> ȤȤФȯλƤññǡΥꥷθ캬 <ߡ (meme)> Ƚ̤ƤޤȤˤ롥ͧͤθŵؼԽˤϸ洲Ƥ𤦼⤷֤᤬ȤСߡȤñ < (memory)>뤤Ϥե󥹸 <même> Ȥñ˳ݤ뤳ȤǤȤȤʤñϡ֥꡼פƱƧޤȯƤ


ʤ¾ʸݤ˰ҤƱŪˡʤŪŪˡ˼ʣƿʲΤȤ櫓ơҤʪҵ餷Ƥ褦ˡȤߡüԤǤʹ֤ߡൡ餷ƤȤȤˤʤȡϳΤ˿˾夫ʤƤߡȤäƤ褵

ɡ󥹡㡼ɡˡ δ ͳ󡦱 ҡ ͺˡŪʰҡ俷ǡԢŹ2006ǯ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2017-11-03 Fri

#3112. ȸѲ (2) [chaos_theory][language_change][teleology][invisible_hand][complex_system]

ε ([2017-11-02-1]) ˰³ƤꡥȸѲܤѸ˸Ԥ Smith 롥Smith (194) ϡѲˤĤƼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥

Change . . . is the result of the complex interaction of extralinguistic and intralinguistic developments, and any resulting change itself interacts with further developments to produce yet more change. The conception is therefore a dynamic one . . . .


Smith (195) ϡΤ褦˽Ҥ٤ǡΤ褦¿ͤ¦̤ĸѲ֥פ븽ݤȤ󼨤Ƥ롥

   Such a multifarious conception of language change . . . seems to correspond to the most recent paradigm in both the natural and human sciences: 'chaos-theory'. Chaos-theory is really about order, about the way in which order results from complex interaction. The best-known popular example of this process --- the butterfly stamping in the forest causing a storm a thousand miles away --- is really about how a tiny innovation can make a difference, by interacting with other innovations to produce a snowball effect. If language is a metastable system deployed by interacting innovative and conservative language-users, it does not, in a chaotic world, require or imply some divine plan or overall grand design. Rather, living languages are the result of what Dawkins has called a 'blind watchmaker' effect, whereby order comes out of chaos.
   Such an approach is hardly revolutionary, and . . . no claims of special newness are made here.


Smith ϡѲ򡤸˴ͿǤ "complex interaction" ΤޤΤȤƤȤ館Ƥ롥Smith θѲѤˤĤƤϡ#1123. Ѳθ˸ء ([2012-05-24-1])#1466. Smith ˤѲ3ʳ3 ([2013-05-02-1])#1928. Smith ˤ٥γإǥưŪǥ ([2014-08-07-1]) 򻲾ȡΰѤˤ⤢ "blind watchmaker" ȤȴϢơteleology invisible_hand εɤ

Smith, Jeremy J. An Historical Study of English: Function, Form and Change. London: Routledge, 1996.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2017-03-03 Fri

#2867. Ѳζɬ [language_change][causation][teleology][entropy][unidirectionality][spaghetti_junction][invisible_hand]

ʵڤӤΩȤƤɬˤȤϲȤ䤤ůؾѲθõݤˤ򤱤̤櫓ˤϤʤ׳ؼԡΨԤǤˤֶפ˴ؤ뿷ɤǤߤ
ϡֶɬŪʪ (139) Ȥɽ󤵤Ƥ褦ˡɬΩ복ǰȤϡषȤ߹蘆äƸݤϢ³ŪưǤȹͤƤ롥㤨СʪʲˤĤơѰۤεˤϤʤΰϤΤȤǡѤ߽ŤͤˤפȽҤ٤Ƥ (138) ѰۼΤϤޤǡֶפζθΤäΤˤäơΰ褬ޤꡤ褬ФΨޤ롥Τ褦˲⤫ʤǤˡǽŪˤ褬1Ĥ˹ʤ졤Ψ1ʤɬפȤʤ롥ʤֶפȯʤ⡤ˡפʤ졤ĤˤϡɬפؤϢʤ롤Ȥ櫓
̤ȹ̤2ĤλԤͤƤߤ褦ޤ1λԡˤƱ̤ȹ̤äƤȤ롥̵٤1ĤФ̤̤Ͽ᤹ȤȤ򷫤֤줫ζ̤ФΨϡˡ§ˤ1/2Ȥʤ뤳ȤϼǤ롥Ǥϼ2λԡǤϡ̵٤1ļФˡƱΤ⤦1Ĥζ̤ä᤹ȤȤ򷫤֤Ƥߤ롥ǽμФǤοФ뤫γΨ1/2㤨Фޤ̤ФȤơ᤹ݤˤϡ⤦1Ĥ̤ä᤹ΤǡμФ˺ݤƤγΨη׻ϡ̤ͭʼؤѤμ㴳ͭ椨˼ºݤ˼β̤ФȤȡμβˤϤ̤ͭȤʤŤͤ뤴Ȥ̤ͭǽŪˤ̤ФΨϸ¤ʤ1˶ŤƤϤǤ롥ǽ϶äΤǸˤϤۤɬȤʤäƤޤǤ롥
2ĤλԤ顤Ѥˡ2ढ뤳Ȥʬ롥1ܤǤϤĤޤǤäƤ1/2ȤΨѤ餺ष㲽ƤΤ褦Сȥԡ硤뤤Ͼ̤θǤ롥2ܤϡǽζˤˤФäƤǽŪɬ˶ŤƤϡȥԡθ뤤Ͼ̤Ȥ (74) ϡΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥

Τʶ̤ˤơ֥ȥԡˡ§פȡ־ˡ§פȤƯƤȻפĤޤꡤˤɬȤʤȤΤ¸ߤƶˤˡ§Ω褦ʡ˸¤ˤƴʰ⤿餹ΤΤȡѤ뤳ȤˤäƾȤƯδĶβǿФ褦ʤΤȤब롥Ԥζϥȥԡ⤿餹ԤϾ̤⤿餹ΤǤ롥ܤС˺Ф줿󥷥ƥˤäª뤳Ȥˤäơꤷݻ뤳ȤˤʤΤǤ롥


븽ݤǤ⤢ɬǤ⤢ȤΤϰ츫̷⤷Ƥ뤬Τ褦˹ͤĴ¤롥θϡѲˤ¿μͿƤ롥㤨СѲ˴ؤˡunidirectionality invisible_hand spaghetti_junction ȸƤФ벾⤬ʡ#2531. Ѳ "spaghetti junction" ([2016-04-01-1])#2533. Ѳ "spaghetti junction" (2) ([2016-04-03-1])#2539. ָפˤѲ ([2016-04-09-1]) ʤɤ򻲾ȡˡޤˤ륨ȥԡˤĤƤ entropy γƵǰäƤΤǡ⻲ȡ

ضȤϲѶỤ̄١ȽŹҴȿӡ2010ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2018-01-20-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2017-02-01 Wed

#2837. ˤȸˤŪ [historiography][teleology][anthropology][evolution][language_myth]

ǯĶؤΰռιޤ꤫顤ˡϵˡˤȤä礭ʵϤǤˤؿƤǤ롥Τ褦ʹˤߤȡθˤʤˤʤȤϡ#751. ϵ46ǯΤߤΤʤǤοȸ ([2011-05-18-1]) #1544. εȿʲǯɽ ([2013-07-19-1]) Ǥǧ̤Ǥ롥ˤˤΰǤ뤫顤礭ʿˤʤɤ򻲾Ȥ뤳ȤǡͤȤʤ뤳ȡؤ٤뤳Ȥ¿
˶ؼԥꥹСĤΡؿ20ǯʤιϩ٤ɤबζΥեꥫΦسȻƤäιϩסʸ The Incredible Human Journey) ȸƤǤ뤬ˤϤΥޥåʶ褻Ƥ롥Ԥ٤ϡºݤˤϥޥåǤʤСŪŪǤʤϡʸϤΤ (39)

褿ϲ٤⤮꤮ξ򤯤ȴǤʴĶؤ­Ƨʤ館Ƥζ˻פڤСݤȾ޻򴶤ˤϤʤեꥫޤ졤ϵΤ˽褦ˤʤޤǤοߤϡ˰ڷɤǰ򵯤ʪǤ롥
ι򡤵նΩͺŪ襤Τ褦ˤȤ館ꡤ褿˰ܽȤŪäιΩäȹͤꤹΤϡΨȸ褯ֿιפȤȤˤ褿ϤɤعԤȤ櫓ǤϤʤäιפְܽפȤդϡνĤǯˤ錄äϵưͻҤɽΤǤϤ뤬錄ѶŪ˿ŷϤ˿ʽФƤä櫓ǤϤʤϼĺν̱ǡ˱ưưƤۤȤɤδ꤫֡¾ξؤưܤ뤳ȤϤʤäǤưʪǤοмϤ˳ȻȤΤȤäΤ
ɴǯˤֿγȻŪʰ̣ˤơιפְܽפȸƤ֤ȤϤǤ褿Ϥɤܻؤ櫓ǤʤСͺƳ줿櫓ǤʤäĶѲ˲ƤǤϤäȤƤ⡤Ȥ郎ΤӤƤȤˡ錄ϰݤФ褿ȯκͤŬϤ˶ä򴶤뤬餬ʤ錄Ʊ̤οʹ֤äȤȤ˺ƤϤʤʤ


ʸϤϡֿפ򤪤褽ָפ֤ƤΩġȯŸηϩǽ餫ޤäƤ櫓ǤϤʤΤƱͤˡˤηϩϩǤϤʤҤȤȤŪŪѲ³ƤǤ롥ȤơѶŪ˿ŷϤ˿ʽФƤä櫓ǤϤʤסġθΡŬϤ˶ä򴶤פΤϳΤ̤Ρ׸äȤȤ˺ƤϤʤʤ

ꥹСġˡ ҡˡؿ20ǯʤιϩ١ʸݽս2013ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2018-01-19-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2016-04-14 Thu

#2544. ѲФ뻰Ĥιͤ (3) [language_change][evolution][language_myth][teleology][spaghetti_junction]

[2010-07-03-1], [2016-04-13-1]˰³ɸˤĤơѲФ3ĤΩˤĤơε Aitchison Brinton and Arnovick ˤ򳵴ѤƤAitchison ȤΤȤФDzơָѡסָѡס̵ָѡʡˡפҲ𤷤褦

   In theory, there are three possibilities to be considered. They could apply either to human language as a whole, or to any one language in particular. The first possibility is slow decay, as was frequently suggested in the nineteenth century. Many scholars were convinced that European languages were on the decline because they were gradually losing their old word-endings. For example, the popular German writer Max Müller asserted that, 'The history of all the Aryan languages is nothing but gradual process of decay.'
   Alternatively, languages might be slowly evolving to more efficient state. We might be witnessing the survival of the fittest, with existing languages adapting to the needs of the times. The lack of complicated word-ending system in English might be sign of streamlining and sophistication, as argued by the Danish linguist Otto Jespersen in 1922: 'In the evolution of languages the discarding of old flexions goes hand in hand with the development of simpler and more regular expedients that are rather less liable than the old ones to produce misunderstanding.'
   A third possibility is that language remains in substantially similar state from the point of view of progress or decay. It may be marking time, or treading water, as it were, with its advance or decline held in check by opposing forces. This is the view of the Belgian linguist Joseph Vendryès, who claimed that 'Progress in the absolute sense is impossible, just as it is in morality or politics. It is simply that different states exist, succeeding each other, each dominated by certain general laws imposed by the equilibrium of the forces with which they are confronted. So it is with language.'


Aitchison ϡ餫3ΩΤäƤ롥#2531. Ѳ "spaghetti junction" ([2016-04-01-1]) #2533. Ѳ "spaghetti junction" (2) ([2016-04-03-1]) Aitchison ˤѲˤ spaghetti_junction ιͤҲ𤷤褦ˡAitchison ϸѲˤϤ䷹뤳Ȥǧʤ⡤ϡפȤֿפΤ褦ƻŪʲʹѤȤ̵طǤꡤȼθˤ٤ǤȤΩΩäƤ롥ߡ¿˸ؼԤAitchison ¿쾯ʤ̤ä󥹤ѤƤ롥

Aitchison, Jean. Language Change: Progress or Decay. 3rd ed. Cambridge: CUP, 2001.

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2016-04-03 Sun

#2533. Ѳ "spaghetti junction" (2) [terminology][pidgin][creole][language_change][terminology][tok_pisin][cognitive_linguistics][communication][teleology][causation][origin_of_language][evolution][prediction_of_language_change][invisible_hand]

ε ([2016-04-01-1]) ˰³"spaghetti junction" ˤĤơϡθݤ˴ؤ Aitchison 1989ǯʸɤΤǡݡȤ롥
Aitchison ϡѥץ˥塼˥ǹä Tok Pisin λꡦˡηϤ͡ʼʤκʤäƤȤȤ˰ӤΤˤʤäƤͻҤѻ "spaghetti junction" θ̤ˤΤTok Pisin ˸뤳Τ褦ηϤѲϡϢʤ¾Υԥ䥯쥪ǤѻƤꡤΤ2ĤΩͤ󵯤ƤȤ1Ĥ Bickerton ʤɤؼԤĥ褦ˡʸˡ˶ŪƯƤꡤѲɬŪˤηϤ˽뤹롤ȤΤΩϡŪ󤬥ҥȤΰҤȤ߹ޤƤꤹ뤿ᡤ"bioprogram" ȸƤФ롥⤦1Ĥιͤϡ졤ǧΡߥ˥˴ؤ͡ʰۤʤߤ˺Ѥ̡ǽŪ˻褦ʲФȤΤΩ줬 "spaghetti junction" Ǥ롥Aitchison (152) ϡ2ܤθʲΤ褦ٻƤ롥

This second approach regards a language at any particular point in time as if it were a spaghetti junction which allows a number of possible exit routes. Given certain recurring communicative requirements, and some fairly general assumptions about language, one can sometimes see why particular options are preferred, and others passed over. In this way, one can not only map out a number of preferred pathways for language, but might also find out that some apparent 'constraints' are simply low probability outcomes. 'No way out' signs on a spaghetti junction may be rare, but only a small proportion of possible exit routes might be selected.


Aitchison (169) ϡ2ĤΩΰ㤤͡ʸɽƤ롥"innate programming" Ф "probable rediscovery" ǤȤѲ "prophylaxis" ͽɡˤФ "therapy" ʼšˤǤʡͽɡפȡּšפˤĤƤϡ#1979. ѲŪˤĤƺƹ͡ ([2014-09-27-1]) 򻲾ȡˡAitchison ϡξΩȿΤȤϡŪ⤷ʤȹͤƤ褦
"spaghetti junction" ΩĤΤǤСθѲβϡФ䤹ƻڡפ򤤤ͽ¬뤫ȤȤˤʤAitchison (170) ϡʸ򼡤Τ褦᤯äƤ롥

A number of principles combined to account for the pathways taken, principles based jointly on general linguistic capabilities, cognitive abilities, and communicative needs. The route taken is therefore the result of the rediscovery of viable options, rather than the effect of an inevitable bioprogram. At the spaghetti junctions of language, few exits are truly closed. However, a number of converging factors lead speakers to take certain recurrent routes. An overall aim in future research, then, must be to predict and explain the preferred pathways of language evolution.


Τ褦ʸ̤ϸȯȽȯãˤ⿷ʸƤƤ뤫⤷ʤ͡褬ä˽װˤФ䤹ƻڡפѤ졤ˤĤʤηǤΤǤϤʤȡ

Aitchison, Jean. "Spaghetti Junctions and Recurrent Routes: Some Preferred Pathways in Language Evolution." Lingua 77 (1989): 151--71.

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2016-03-30 Wed

#2529. evolution evolution (3) [evolution][history_of_linguistics][language_change][teleology][invisible_hand][causation][language_myth][drift][exaptation][terminology]

2֤ˤ錄ɸε ([2016-03-28-1], [2016-03-29-1]) ˤĤƤ3ơϡevolution 3θߤʪؤǼƤ˸Ѳ˱Ѥ줦뤫ˤĤƹͤ롥McMahon (334) ꡤ3θǧƤ

the development of a race, species or other group ...: the process by which through a series of changes or steps any living organism or group of organisms has acquired the morphological and physiological characters which distinguish it: the theory that the various types of animals and plants have their origin in other preexisting types, the distinguishable differences being due to modifications in successive generations.


ˤʤäƤƤˤ evolution εκüϡޤˤθǤ evolution ȤƤ롥ޤǤ2εǸƤ褦ˡ1920θȾˤơؤˤ evolution ȤѸˤϼ깤ĤƤޤäؤˤơѸϥβʳŪ򼨤ʤ⡤üʲʹѤӤӤƤ뤳ȤŪʥåƥŽƤʪʳءˤȸʳءˤ°פӤƤ椨ǤꡤǫξԤʿʿСͭѤȤǤ³ǽϻĤ롥Ӥκݤ˵äΩĤ٤ evolution Ȥϡ嵭θ evolution Ǥ롥ˤϴޤޤƤʤʪʲʬǹƤ mutation, variation, natural selection, adaptation ʤɤѸ졦ǰ򡤤˸Ѳ˱ѤǤ뤫Ǥ롥
McMahon (334--40) ϡʪʳءˤȸʳءˤΡʿˤĤƤιͻΤ褯ޤȤƤ롥ߤΰƱ褯򤷤ǤСˡ˸ؤˡʪؤؤ֤٤Ȥ¿षԤΤƤΰǤȼĥƤ롥McMahon (340) ᤯ϼ̤

[T]he Darwinian theory of biological evolution, with its interplay of mutation, variation and natural selection, has clear parallels in historical linguistics, and may be used to provide enlightening accounts of linguistic change. Having borrowed the core elements of evolutionary theory, we may then also explore novel concepts from biology, such as exaptation, and assess their relevance for linguistic change. Indeed, the establishment of parallels with historical biology may provide one of the most profitable future directions for historical linguistics.


ʪʳءˤȸʳءˤΡʿˤĤƤϡ#807. ޤʪޤ ([2011-07-13-1]) ⻲Ȥ줿

Referrer (Inside): [2020-01-05-1] [2016-03-31-1]

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2016-03-29 Tue

#2528. evolution evolution (2) [evolution][history_of_linguistics][language_change][teleology][invisible_hand][causation][language_myth][drift][terminology]

ε ([2016-03-28-1]) ˰³Ѳˤ evolution βˤĤơ evolution Ū (teleology) Ūʴްդ2θ"A series of related changes in a certain direction" ܤä (1) Ⱥθ (2) ϸѲȤˤƶ̤Ƥ뤬(1) ˥٥ˤĹŪʲʹѤȼä˴طΤФơ(2) ϲʹѤѤΤΡѲˤŪˤϱ̿Ť줿Ťȼĥ롥
üŪˤСŪȤ "effects precede (in time) their final causes" ȤȯۤǤ (qtd. in McMahon 325 from p. 312 of Lass, Roger. "Linguistic Orthogenesis? Scots Vowel Length and the English Length Conspiracy." Historical Linguistics. Volume 1: Syntax, Morphology, Internal and Comparative Reconstruction. Ed. John M. Anderson and Charles Jones. Amsterdam: North Holland, 1974. 311--43.) ̾ŪΩ X ³ Y Ȥ̴طʪ򤹤뤬ŪˤƤϡ Y 뤳ȤǤ褦 X 롤롥2ϸȿФ1ĤθѲФȤƻȤƤޤȤפǤ롥㤨СΤʳ [mb], [md], [mg], [nb], [nd], [ng], [ŋb], [ŋd], [ŋg] λҲϢ³ƤƤΤʳǤ [mb], [nd], [ŋg] 3路ƤʤʤäȤ롥̾βŪˤСƱﴱƱ (homorganic assimilation) פȤʤ뤬ŪŪѤȡĴ䤹뤿ƱﴱλҲϢ³ȤʤäפȤʤ롥
ػˤˤƤϡ͡ԤŪȤäƤȿԤƱ餤Ƥ㤨 Jakobson ŪԤäθѤŪοǻBloomfield Lass ϡŪΩ˸ȿФƤ롥McMahon (330--31) ⡤ŪŪŪ (teleology of purpose) ȡֵǽŪ (teleology of function) ʬˤ뤳ȤŪŪܤƤơΥˤĤŪŪƱ˲ǽǤȿMcMahon ηѤơ2ΰ̣ evolution ƹͤȤ

There is a useful verdict of Not Proven in the Scottish courts, and this seems the best judgement on teleology. We cannot prove teleological explanations wrong (although this in itself may be an indictment, in a discipline where many regard potentially falsifiable hypotheses as the only valid ones), but nor can we prove them right; they rest on faith in predestination and the omniscient guiding hand. More pragmatically, alleged cases of teleology tend to have equally plausible alternative explanations, and there are valid arguments against the teleological position. Even the weaker teleology of function is flawed because of the numerous cases where it simply does not seem to be applicable. However, this rejection does not make the concept of conspiracy, synchronic or diachronic, any less intriguing, or the perception of directionality . . . any less real.


McMahon, April M. S. Understanding Language Change. Cambridge: CUP, 1994.

Referrer (Inside): [2016-03-31-1] [2016-03-30-1]

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2016-03-28 Mon

#2527. evolution evolution (1) [evolution][history_of_linguistics][language_change][teleology][language_myth][terminology]

ʪؤˤѸ evolution ƱˡؤǻȤƤ evolution ȤѸΰ̣ˤơֿʲפƤİ뤳ȤοǤ롥McMahon 12 "Linguistic evolution?" Τ褯Ҳ𤷤ƤʤξϤˤĤƤϡ#2260. ʲβ ([2015-07-05-1]) Ǥ⿨ƤΤǻȡˡ
McMahon evolution ˤ3ĤθǧȽҤ٤Ƥ롥ʲϤ Web3 äƤ1ܤ19Ūʥ (pre-Darwinian) 2ܤŪŪ (teleological) ްդä3ܤϸߤʪؾθɽ

(1) Evolution 1 (McMahon 315)

a process of continuous change from a lower, simpler, or worse condition to a higher, more complex, or better state: progressive development.


(2) Evolution 2 (McMahon 325)

A series of related changes in a certain direction.


(3) Evolution 3 (McMahon 334)

the development of a race, species or other group ...: the process by which through a series of changes or steps any living organism or group of organisms has acquired the morphological and physiological characters which distinguish it: the theory that the various types of animals and plants have their origin in other preexisting types, the distinguishable differences being due to modifications in successive generations.


ϡǤŤ (1) ˤĤƹͤƤߤΰ̣Ǥ "evolution" ϡȯۤޤʳŪʳǰɽʪΤ줾μϡˤ¤ (creation) ǤϤʤž (transformation) ФȯƤȤŪʹͤѤƤ뤬ηžθˤĤƤϡֿפפȤäʹּҲβʹѤȿǤΤȤƤ롥19θسǤ̤äͤ󼫿ȤʪʲˤƤΤ褦ʲʹѤޤƤʤĤޤꡤθؼԤʤΤ٤ƤǤϤʤˤϥοʲɸ֤ʤ⡤θؤαѤ˺ݤƤϡ˴Ѥ˴ѤǻȿǤΤǤꡤǤϥθѲѤȤäƤ褤
ΰ̣Ǥ evolution ؼԤɽȤСAugust Schleicher (1821--68) Ǥ롥Schleicher Hegel (1770--1831) αƶϰʲνȯãƤȹͤ (McMahon 320)

a. The physical evolution of man.
b. The evolution of language.
c. History.


a b c ȡֿפƤc ˻äƤޤȡɤͤޤʳǤ뤫顤Τ߽ФʤäơȤϡפʤȤͤǤ롥ޤơߤϤ٤ƤΰӤ򤿤ɤäƤȤΤSchleicher λۤä
ͤ180ٰۤʤ뤬Ʊ褦˲ʹѤ򤳤ƸѲߤΤ Otto Jespersen (1860--1943) Ǥ롥Jespersen ϰˤ٤äŽĤΩ줫顤ޤñ㲽Ρֿפȸ (see #1728. Jespersen θѡ ([2014-01-19-1]), #432. ѲФ뻰Ĥιͤ ([2010-07-03-1]))
#2525. ָѲ롤ס ([2016-03-26-1]) McMahon ѤʸϤǤŦƤȤꡤߡ¿˸ؼԤϡ1ΰ̣Ǥ evolution ȤƤʤΰ̣ϡǤ˸ػŪʤΤȤʤäƤ롥

McMahon, April M. S. Understanding Language Change. Cambridge: CUP, 1994.

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2016-03-26 Sat

#2525. ָѲ롤 [language_change][evolution][teleology][language_myth][unidirectionality][history_of_linguistics]

ؼԤǤʤ̤¿ο͡ˤϡѲȤȤ館ꡤդȤߤʤߤ롥ʲʹѤäƲ᤹봷ԤθˤĤƤϡ#432. ѲФ뻰Ĥιͤ ([2010-07-03-1]) #1728. Jespersen θѡ ([2014-01-19-1]) ˤ
θؼԡä˸ؼԤϡϤΤ褦ʲʹѤȤ̵طˡѲΤȤ򤷤ƤꡤʾǤʲǤʤȼĥ롥ΩˤĤƤϡ#448. Vendryes ۩ָѲϿǤϤʤס ([2010-07-19-1]) #1382. ָѲϤѲǤס ([2013-02-07-1]) ǾҲ𤷤θŪΩ򤺤Ф󤷤Ƥ1 McMahon (324) ˸ĤΤǡѤƤ

The modern view, at least of historical linguists if not the general public, is simply that languages change; we may try to describe and explain the processes of change, and we may set up a complementary typology which will include a classification of languages as isolating, agglutinating or inflecting; but this morphological typology has no special status and certainly does not represent an evolutionary scale. In general, we have no right to attack change as decay or to exalt it as progress. It is true . . . that individual changes may aid or impair communication to a limited extent, but there is no justification for seeing change as cumulative progress or decline: modern languages, attested extinct ones, and even reconstructed ones are all at much the same level of structural complexity or communicative efficiency. We cannot argue that some languages, or stages of languages, are better than others . . . .


ǤϡѲΤȤä˿Ȥ褦ʲʹѤȼäܻؤƤ櫓ǤϤʤġѲˤĤƤϡ¤줿٤ˤƥߥ˥νˤʤä˸ˤʤäꤹ뤳Ȥ⤢ȽҤ٤Ƥܤͤ롥ϡ#2513. Samuels "linguistic evolution" ([2016-03-14-1]) ǰѤ Samuels (1) "every language is of approximately equal value for the purposes for which it has evolved" Ρ֤褽פȤɽȸƱƤ褦˻פ롥
ѲѲȤڤäƤڤΥʤѲˤˤϡλĬΰܤѤռػŪʴäܶᤷƤʤФʤʤ

McMahon, April M. S. Understanding Language Change. Cambridge: CUP, 1994.
Samuels, M. L. Linguistic Evolution with Special Reference to English. London: CUP, 1972.

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