ؤȡ֥ߡ (meme) ˤĤơޥδ#3188. ߡȤƤθ (1) ([2018-01-18-1]) #3189. ߡȤƤθ (2) ([2018-01-19-1]) ˤƤ
ϥͥåȾǡߥʰ̣ǤθΡ֥ߡפήԤäƤ褦˥ͥåȥǥǷ֤Ѥ졤ѥǥʤ饦륹Τ褦̢䤷Ƥư衤ûʸƥȤǤ롥ŪˤϤûʸƥȤȤƤΥߡबȤʤ롥
Ȥ meme Ȥñϡ嵭βǾҲ𤷤Ƥ褦˥ꥹοʲʪؼ Richard Dawkins ¤Ǥ롥OED ˤ1976ǯ˽ФƤ롥ʪѸȤƤ meme ʸŪФơ2Ȥơʤ "An image, video, piece of text, etc., typically humorous in nature, that is copied and spread rapidly by internet users, often with slight variations. Also with modifying word, as internet meme, etc." ȤѤ줿1998ǯμʸǤ롥
1998 The next thing you know, his friends have forwarded it [sc. an animation of a dancing baby] on and it's become a net meme. (Sci. & Technol. Week (transcript of CNN TV programme) (Nexis) 24 January)
ǤϡͥåȾǿΥߡब̢䤷ƤϻǤƤäƤ롥Crystal (97) ꡤlinguistic memes βɤǤߤ褦
LINGUISTIC MEMES
The word meme was introduced in 1976 by evolutionary biologist Richard Dawkins in Chapter 11 of The Selfish Gene as a shortened form of mimeme, from a Greek word meaning 'that which is imitated'. As Dawkins put it: 'I want a monosyllable that sounds a bit like "gene". I hope my classicist friends will forgive me if I abbreviate mimeme to meme.' The word echoes the -eme suffix used in linguistics (phoneme, morpheme, etc), but lacks its notion of minimal contrastivity. A meme is a unit of cultural transmission which spreads throughout a population and which can persist for a considerable time. Dawkins illustrated from tunes, ideas, fashions in clothing, ways of making pots or of building arches, and --- of relevance to this book --- catch phrases.
The notion has achieved great prominence as a result of the Internet, which promotes the rapid spread of images and text, while at the same time allowing a potentially infinite number of variations. Most are photos with superimposed captions (similar to speech bubbles) that have humorous or satirical intent, though many convey messages of political or social seriousness, and some try to express notions of philosophy.
For a meme to work, it has to be unique, distinctive, and consistent --- something that is easily achievable using language. The chief linguistic feature is the use of nonstandard forms --- in earlier developments such as text messaging, chiefly deviant spelling; in more recent varieties, deviant grammar. Among the best-known inventions are Leetspeak, LOLcats, Doge, and Doggolingo (pp. 458--9). But standard English can also be a fruitful memic source, as the examples below illustrate.
No language domain is sacrosanct, and political correctness is conspicuous by its absence. Y U NO uses upper-case textese (p. 455) to parody the simplified speech of foreign learners, using a sketch of a character from a Japanese manga series: its memic origin began with I TXT U / Y U NO TXT BAK!? Ermahgerd shows a young woman holding several books from the children's horror fiction series Goosebumps; the name is a version of 'Oh my God', as spoken by someone with a speech impediment; it is also known as Gersberms and Berks (books).
There are hundreds of meme wannabes on the Internet now, all hoping (but few achieving) a permanent place in language history. Some sites provide instruction in 'how to create your own meme'. We must expect a significant increase in the amount of linguistic idiosyncrasy both on and off the web now, srsly.
ߡήԤϱѸ˸¤ʤܡʸˤǤ⡤¿Ρ֡ʸפ߽ФƤ뤬ΥߡΰȤäƤ褤
Crystal, D. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language. 3rd ed. CUP, 2018.
ɸϡѸǤʤȤܸǤⲿǤ褤ΤѤǤʤǤ롥ֻ֤ФƸűѸ줬ѸˤʤäסŪ˸űѸ줫鸽ѸؤѲƤפȤΤŪʸջȤȤƼŪ˲ѤäΤȡΩߤޤäƹͤʤѸ줬ѤäΤȤäƤ⡤ѸβѤäȤΤѸʸˡäȯѤäΤȸ뤫⤷ʤѤäƤʤܤ¿롥⤽ѤäƤʤʬʤСʳȸʳѸȤƱθȤ¸ߤ³Ƥȼĥ뤳ȤϤǤʤѸˤѤäƤʬѤʤäʬΤȤȡָűѸ줬ѸˤʤäѤäפȤϡѤäʬˤΤܤȤȤˤʤΤ
ѸʸˡäȯѤäΤǤϤʤѤäΤϱѸäüԽĤθѤǤ롤Ȳ᤹뤳ȤǤ롥θϡ줽ΤΤǤϤʤüԤΤ֤ѲѤȤäƤ伫ȤϡθԤθ˿ƶᴶФƤ롥
ɤΤȤɸϡѸȤϲѲȤϲȤŪ䤤ؤȴԸ졤ԤϼθѲ˴Ѥ˽äƲ餫ФȤˤʤΤ
Ritt (37--38) ϡʪĤͤʤ "selfish sounds" θѤ˴ŤơѲΤ褦˲⤷Ƥ롥ǫʲǤϤ롥
What is usually called 'Old English' represents a heterogeneous (yet most probably inherently ordered) pool of competences 'in' Old English. These competences will each have been different from one another, but will have shared a sufficient number of properties for making communication among 'Old English' speakers possible. 'Present Day English' represents another pool of competences, once again heterogeneous in an orderly way. Importantly, the mix of competence properties that characterises the pool constituting 'Present Day English' differs considerably from the mix of properties that characterises the 'Old English' competence pool. Some properties that can be found in one pool are absent in the other, and of those which are present in both some will be distributed differently. We assume that these differences are due to 'language change'. This implies that some causal link can be established between the 'Old English' competence pool on the one hand and the 'Present Day English' pool on the other. Most probably, such a link is established via behavioural and textual manifestations of language, as well as by competences of 'intermediate' stages of English. It is supposed that temporally later competences assume their characteristic properties by interpreting the textual output produced on the basis of earlier competences. Linguistic change happens because later competences do not always appear to assume quite the same properties as earlier competences. Thereby, the mix of properties that characterises the competence pool of a speech community is continually altered --- albeit only slightly --- as one new competence after the other assumes first its adult, and ultimately its final state. At the same time earlier competences are continually removed from the pool as the speakers who host them die. Over time, these processes may amount to such differences as those which distinguish 'Present Day English' from 'Old English'. This, then, is what we refer to when we say that 'Old English' has become, or changed into 'Present Day English'.
Ritt ϡָǽǤΰίޤ꤬ɼǤüԤ˴ƤפȤѤäƤ롥顤ѲˤĤƤäʸĤ˻ä "meme" ˸ΩƤ Neo-Darwinian ŪʸѤˤĤƤϡʲε⻲ͤˤ줿
#1402. Ѹ줬ǯ֡첻Ҳ岽Ƥͳ ([2013-02-27-1])
#1403. drift Ū Ritt λߡ ([2013-02-28-1])
#3215. ɡȸѲ (1) ([2018-02-14-1])
#3216. ɡȸѲ (2) ([2018-02-15-1])
#3217. ɡȸѲ (3) ([2018-02-16-1])
Ritt, Nikolaus. Selfish Sounds and Linguistic Evolution: A Darwinian Approach to Language Change. Cambridge: CUP, 2004.
2֤ε ([2018-02-14-1], [2018-02-15-1]) ³ɡΡܤλ͡٤ꡤʪʲȸѲˤĤƹͤ롥Ʊˤϡ֤ȤȤ˶ո줫鶯դƤ碌뿷ʶո줬ޤ븽ݡʤֶˡ§פȸƤ֤٤ꤢƤս꤬ (349--50) ֲַԡפ̣ñ star ˤޤĤ붯˿Ƥ롥
̸ˤϡͽŪDzʹѤʤ̣ŪʡʲΤ褦ʷõƤ뤳ȤǤ롥ợΥ졼Ȥǡʤ뤤̤γ٤餽СಽȤȤˤʤΥեɥХåξڵ줵ȤС֥פȤñϡޤäޤ̾DẓͥΤȤƻȤƤ줫餽ñϡDzǼоʪΰͤ餸뤯餤̤̣ͥ褦ಽäơޤ̾ȤȤΰ̣᤹ˡñϡ֥ѡפ˥졼ȤʤФʤʤäΤDz襹֥ѡפȤñߤʤʹȤʤ褦ͥˤޤǻȤΤǡ֥ᥬפؤΤʤ륨졼äƤޤǤϡ¿ФΡ֥ᥬפ뤬ʤȤ䤬ޤʹȤʤʪʤΤǡ֤Υ졼Ϥ⤦֥ϥѡפαʹȤˤʤΤȻ褦ΥեɥХåϡ֥աפȤñβͤȤƤޤäñϥեΥաɡ奤̤Ƥꡤ˼Υդ뤤Ḷ́Ƥ롥ϥåեɼŵ˺ܤäƤ̣Ǥ롥ĤޤϿ˼ͤΥդʤϤȤ餯̤ݤĤ̾ΡˤΡ˥å䤫ΥϥС֤Ǥ⤬ʬΤȤ֥աפȸƤӽФη̡ޤǤϡ֥ĹפʤƱȿŪʸޤ路Фʹ褦ˤʤäƤ롥
ɡϡǡ֥פ֥աפΤȤȤΰ̣ߡ (meme) ȤƤȤ館ƤΤ⤷ʤʴϢơ#3188. ߡȤƤθ (1) ([2018-01-18-1])#3189. ߡȤƤθ (2) ([2018-01-19-1])ˡˤ衤Ѳ˲ʹѤޤʤȤǡɡŰƬŰ˥ȤǤ롥
դ˴ؤȤƤϡ#992. ոȡָ³ˡ§ס ([2012-01-14-1]) #1219. ոϤʤब˭٤ ([2012-08-28-1])#2190. μޤäո ([2015-04-26-1]) ʤɤȤ줿
ɡ㡼ɡˡ ͵ƣ ƣ ɥ ءˡ δʴƽˡܤλ͡϶١˼2004ǯ
ε ([2018-01-18-1]) ˰³ɡΥߡˤĤơεǸߡªƳդ٤ϡŪ (teleology) ϰڴޤޤƤʤȤɡŪȷӤĤΤϡŪʰҡ (selfish genes) ȤɤФаƤǤ롥Ʊ˱Ѥˤ⡤ˤϵĤƤʤФʤʤɡⲿ٤ȤʤǰƤ뤬ߡ˴ؤս꤫Ѥ褦 (303--04)
ߡȰҤäĴ٤Ƥߤ뤳Ȥˤ褦ܽΤ̤ƻϡҤռŪָŪ¸ߤȹͤƤϤʤʤȶĴƤҤϡŪʼΤϤ餭ˤäơŪäƹư¸ߤǤ뤫Τ褦˻ΩƤƤ롥ǡȤФȤΩ줫ϡŪռˤɽҤƤϤƤޤäۤȤ櫓äȤСְҤϡΰҥסˤ뼫ʬΥԡο䤽ϤƤפɽ硤ºݤΰ̣ϡ֤줬ˤƤθ̤ܤˤ뤳ȤǤҤϡΰҥסˤ뼫ʬοŪä뤳ȤΤǤ褦ʵưҤפȤȤʤΤʤ¸ΤŪָŪˤϤ餯ǽưŪ¸ߤȤưҤͤ뤳ȤäΤȤޤäƱͤˡߡ˴ؤƤƱ褦˹ͤʤΤǤϤޤξ⡤ɽŪ˲ᤵƤϺ롥ŪδǰϤˤƤñʤȤˤʤΤҤξˤȤɤʤͭѤäϤǤ˸ȤǤ롥ϡ줬ñʤȤǤ뤳ȤʬΤǡҤФơŪʡפȤֻǦʡפȤƻѤۤɤǤ롥ξȤޤäƱǡŪʥߡǦʥߡʪ뤳ȤǤ
ɡϺǸμˡYes Ƥ롥ߡϰռ踫ǽϤ⤿ʤʣҤǤꡤޤŪŪ¸ߤǤ롥äơߡȤƤθꤹʤСޤŪŪ˿ȿ¬롥
Ѳˤ teleology ˤĤƤϡ#835. ǽŪʸѲѤؤȽ ([2011-08-10-1])#1382. ָѲϤѲǤס ([2013-02-07-1])#2525. ָѲ롤ס ([2016-03-26-1])#1979. ѲŪˤĤƺƹ͡ ([2014-09-27-1])#2837. ˤȸˤŪ ([2017-02-01-1]) ʤɤȡ
ɡ㡼ɡˡ δ ͳ ҡ ͺˡŪʰҡ俷ǡԢŹ2006ǯ
ʪѤ˳̿㡼ɡɡΡŪʰҡ (1976ǯˤϡʪˤ (gene) бΤʹ֤ʸˤ¸ߤȤơʸʳؤˤʥѥȤͿƤʸκǤΤǤ뤫顤ɡϸѤˤƶڤܤƤ롥ºݡɡˤϸˤĤƿƤս꤬ (291--92)
ʹ֤ᤰðϡʸפȤĤΤȤФˤۤǤ롥ϡΤȤФ¯Ūʰ̣ǤϤʤʳؼԤѤ뤵ΰ̣ǻѤƤΤŪˤݼŪǤʤ顤οʲǡʸŪãϰŪãƤ롥ե硼ϡϢʤ³ۤɤαѹͤΩȤơѹͤȷӤĤäƤ롥ΩȤʤäƤ뤽줾ο͡ϡȶο͡Ȥ顤©ҤƤäΤ褦˸ߤäǤϤ硼ȸѹͤȤδ֤DzäΤԲǽˤʤϡŪʼʤˤäơֿʲפ褦˻פ졤⡤®٤ϡŪʲʤ®ΤǤ롥
ɡϡȤ뤳Τ褦ʸˤŪʼʣҤߡ (meme) ̾դɡꡤ̾դ˴ؤפʲսѤ褦 (10)
ιͤȤǤϡμʣҤǶޤˤо줷ƤΤǤ롥䤿ϤȸɡĤ碌ƤΤϤޤ̤ȯãʾ֤ˤꡤȤƤθϥפԴѤɺäƤ롥ǤˤϤʤ®٤ǿʲŪѲãƤꡤҤȤŻμʣҤϤϤ뤫٤ƤǤ뤢ꤵޤǤ롥
оΥפϡʹ֤ʸȤפǤ롥оμʣҤˤ̾ɬפʸãñ̡뤤ñ̤Ȥǰ̾Ǥ롥륮ꥷθ캬Ȥ <mimeme> ȤȤˤʤ뤬ΤۤΤ <ʰҡ> ȤȤФȯλƤññǡΥꥷθ캬 <ߡ (meme)> Ƚ̤ƤޤȤˤ롥ͧͤθŵؼԽˤϸ洲Ƥ𤦼⤷֤ȤСߡȤñ < (memory)>뤤Ϥե <même> Ȥñ˳ݤ뤳ȤǤȤȤʤñϡ֥פƱƧޤȯƤ
ʤ¾ʸݤ˰ҤƱŪˡʤŪŪˡ˼ʣƿʲΤȤ櫓ơҤʪҵ餷Ƥ褦ˡȤߡüԤǤʹ֤ߡൡ餷ƤȤȤˤʤȡϳΤ˿˾夫ʤƤߡȤäƤ褵
ɡ㡼ɡˡ δ ͳ ҡ ͺˡŪʰҡ俷ǡԢŹ2006ǯ
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