ؤȡ֥ߡ (meme) ˤĤơޥδ#3188. ߡȤƤθ (1) ([2018-01-18-1]) #3189. ߡȤƤθ (2) ([2018-01-19-1]) ˤƤ
ϥͥåȾǡߥʰ̣ǤθΡ֥ߡפήԤäƤ褦˥ͥåȥǥǷ֤Ѥ졤ѥǥʤ饦륹Τ褦̢䤷Ƥư衤ûʸƥȤǤ롥ŪˤϤûʸƥȤȤƤΥߡबȤʤ롥
Ȥ meme Ȥñϡ嵭βǾҲ𤷤Ƥ褦˥ꥹοʲʪؼ Richard Dawkins ¤Ǥ롥OED ˤ1976ǯ˽ФƤ롥ʪѸȤƤ meme ʸŪФơ2Ȥơʤ "An image, video, piece of text, etc., typically humorous in nature, that is copied and spread rapidly by internet users, often with slight variations. Also with modifying word, as internet meme, etc." ȤѤ줿1998ǯμʸǤ롥
1998 The next thing you know, his friends have forwarded it [sc. an animation of a dancing baby] on and it's become a net meme. (Sci. & Technol. Week (transcript of CNN TV programme) (Nexis) 24 January)
ǤϡͥåȾǿΥߡब̢䤷ƤϻǤƤäƤ롥Crystal (97) ꡤlinguistic memes βɤǤߤ褦
LINGUISTIC MEMES
The word meme was introduced in 1976 by evolutionary biologist Richard Dawkins in Chapter 11 of The Selfish Gene as a shortened form of mimeme, from a Greek word meaning 'that which is imitated'. As Dawkins put it: 'I want a monosyllable that sounds a bit like "gene". I hope my classicist friends will forgive me if I abbreviate mimeme to meme.' The word echoes the -eme suffix used in linguistics (phoneme, morpheme, etc), but lacks its notion of minimal contrastivity. A meme is a unit of cultural transmission which spreads throughout a population and which can persist for a considerable time. Dawkins illustrated from tunes, ideas, fashions in clothing, ways of making pots or of building arches, and --- of relevance to this book --- catch phrases.
The notion has achieved great prominence as a result of the Internet, which promotes the rapid spread of images and text, while at the same time allowing a potentially infinite number of variations. Most are photos with superimposed captions (similar to speech bubbles) that have humorous or satirical intent, though many convey messages of political or social seriousness, and some try to express notions of philosophy.
For a meme to work, it has to be unique, distinctive, and consistent --- something that is easily achievable using language. The chief linguistic feature is the use of nonstandard forms --- in earlier developments such as text messaging, chiefly deviant spelling; in more recent varieties, deviant grammar. Among the best-known inventions are Leetspeak, LOLcats, Doge, and Doggolingo (pp. 458--9). But standard English can also be a fruitful memic source, as the examples below illustrate.
No language domain is sacrosanct, and political correctness is conspicuous by its absence. Y U NO uses upper-case textese (p. 455) to parody the simplified speech of foreign learners, using a sketch of a character from a Japanese manga series: its memic origin began with I TXT U / Y U NO TXT BAK!? Ermahgerd shows a young woman holding several books from the children's horror fiction series Goosebumps; the name is a version of 'Oh my God', as spoken by someone with a speech impediment; it is also known as Gersberms and Berks (books).
There are hundreds of meme wannabes on the Internet now, all hoping (but few achieving) a permanent place in language history. Some sites provide instruction in 'how to create your own meme'. We must expect a significant increase in the amount of linguistic idiosyncrasy both on and off the web now, srsly.
ߡήԤϱѸ˸¤ʤܡʸˤǤ⡤¿Ρ֡ʸפ߽ФƤ뤬ΥߡΰȤäƤ褤
Crystal, D. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language. 3rd ed. CUP, 2018.
ǯ11ΤȤˤʤ뤬Joe Gilbert ˤ20ʬΥɥ "English 3.0 on Vimeo" 줿饤ǴվޤǤ롥Tom Chatfield, David Crystal, Robert McCrum, Fiona McPherson, Simon Horobin Ȥä̾ΩбؤˤꡤͥåȻαѸθ⤵롥
netspeak ɽ롤ͥåȾѤαѸäơ֤ˤ͡ʤȤ館롥ѸϤȤŪʸΩĤ嵭νбԤϸ·ơǤϤʤˤˤƤĤλˤ֤ⷫƤѲˤʤȸڤ롥ͥåȤоˤѲ®ȤȤ䡤#1664. CMC (computer-mediated communication) ([2013-11-16-1]) Τ褦ʿ (medium) ȤϳΤΤ褦ʤȤ˾¾εѳκݤˤ⤪褽ƤȤǤꡤˤȤ鸫̤ǤϤʤȡ
μĥϡ褽4
(1) ͥåȤоˤѲ®Ƥ
(2) ͥåȱѸ˸άɽˤѸꤶƤ뤬ºݤˤϱѸڵϤʤ
(3) 礭ʵѳλˤϸ䤹ºݤƤ뤳Ȥϡ˿ʼդäȤȤǤꡤѶŪɾ٤
(4) 塤ŪʵϼȡޤĤĤ꼫ͳʸѤȤΤ襤
⤳μĥˤϤܻۤ롥1ĵˤʤΤϡ(1) θѲβ®ȤˤĤƤǤ롥ƱδѻԤȤơŪˤߤƤѸѲ® (speed_of_change) ȤľϤ뤬Ѳ®٤ȤϤ⤽ɤΤ褦˵ҴŪ˷¬ǤΤʤΤ®٤Ȥñ̻դѲ̤ΤȤǤ뤫顤ޤѲ̤¬뤳ȤǤʤФʤʤǤϡѲ̤¬ȤäȤˡ¬оݤϲˤʤΤѸθѲȰˤäƤ⡤ѸȤñ̤ɤɤޤǤʤΤɸѼ˸¤ΤԥޤǴޤΤҲŪƬˤ꤬뤷ޤѲɶäʤΤʤΤʸˡʤΤȤ⤢롥ˡѲ®٤ޤäƤʤɤȷ뤿ˤϡӤΤ˲ΤĤλˤѲ®٤˳ФƤʤФʤʤ
ƱǤ뤫餳ľäƤϤʤȤΤǤСˤѲβ®Ȥ̿ϡ䤹ȤƼƤϤʤʤΤ⤷ʤƱɥФ Wordorigins.org Υӥ塼Ǥ⡤̤γ٤Ѳ®٤ˤĤȽŪ˹ͻƤΤǡȤ줿
Map of the World Ȥ͡ϿޤɥȤĤõƤߤȡѸ䤽¾θ˴ؤϿޤ奢ˤ˭٤ǡܥ֥ȤƾҲ𤹤ͤȻפäΤǡʲ˥ĥäƤϿޤΰŪӤˤ˻Ȥ롥
English Language --- Facts & Infographic: ѸħѸˤ绨Ĥ˲⡥Τʤ English Speaking Countries Ͽޤͭѡ
Should English Be The Official Language Of The World --- Facts & Infographic: ȤƤθѸϰ̤ҴŪ˵ҡǡŵϤ狼ʤ The Web of Words Ǥϡ־ΥƥĤαѸΨ56%ʰŪ̡ˡ־Υߥ˥αѸΨ26.8%ˤĤ2̡ˤȤʤäƤ롥Ѹ줬ѸȤʤäƤ56ιƤ롥ե٥åȽ˵ȡAntigua and Barbuda, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Botswana, Cameroon, Canada, Dominica, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Federated States of Micronesia, Fiji, Gambia, Ghana, Grenada, Guyana, India, Ireland, Jamaica, Kenya, Kiribati, Lesotho, Liberia, Malawi, Malta, Marshall Islands, Mauritius, Namibia, Nauru, New Zealand, Nigeria, Pakistan, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Rwanda, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Samoa, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Solomon Islands, South Africa, South Sudan, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tuvalu, Uganda, Vanuatu, Zambia, ZimbabweϢơ#177. ENL, ESL, EFL ϰΥꥹȡ ([2009-10-21-1]) #376. ˤѸιϿޤǤߤ ([2010-05-08-1]) ⻲ȡ
Top Ten English Speaking Countries: ϿޤDZѸüԡüԤȤϸ¤ʤ˿ȥå10ιƤ롥ǡ뤬ե٥åȽ˵ȡAustralia, Canada, France, Germany, India, Italy, Nigeria, Philippines, United Kingdom, United States
Top Ten Daily Newspapers in English: ϿޤǼ뤬ƤȥɤΤߡ1ʿȯˡThe Sun (UK), USA Today (USA), The Daily Mail (UK), The Mirror (UK), Times of India (India), Wall Street Journal (USA), New York Times (USA), The Daily Telegraph (UK), Daily Express (UK), Los Angeles Times (USA)
Language Map of the World: 25Ȥ¾ȤǿʬϿޤ롥
UK Map --- United Kingdom: ꥹϿޤäȼȤ˻Ȥ롥Physical Map *
USA Map: ꥫϿޤäȼȤ˻Ȥ롥Physical Map *
Europe Map: 衼åϿޤäȼȤ˻Ȥ롥Physical Map *
Map of the World: ϿޤäȼȤ˻Ȥ롥 * * *
ۤ˥饤θϿޤȤƤϡ#715. Britannica Online ǻȤǤϿޡ ([2011-04-12-1]) ĥä䡤Ethnologue Browse by Map Title ȡ
ΥͥåȻѤȯŪäƤ롥Miniwatts Marketing Group ˤ Internet World Stats: Usage and Population Statistics Internet World Users by Language: Top 10 Languages ΥǡȤȡ2000--2011ǯΤǤλѼԿ5𤵤Ƥ롥ǤϡͥåȤλѸʬۤˤĤƤϤɤƱڡꡤͥåȤˤȥå10ͤƷǤ褦2011ǯ531ߤοͤǤ롥
| TOP TEN LANGUAGES IN THE INTERNET | Internet Users by Language | Internet Penetration by Language | Growth in Internet (2000--2011) | Internet Users% of Total | World Population for this Language (2011 Estimate) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | 565,004,126 | 43.4% | 301.4% | 26.8% | 1,302,275,670 |
| Chinese | 509,965,013 | 37.2% | 1,478.7% | 24.2% | 1,372,226,042 |
| Spanish | 164,968,742 | 39.0% | 807.4% | 7.8% | 423,085,806 |
| Japanese | 99,182,000 | 78.4% | 110.7% | 4.7% | 126,475,664 |
| Portuguese | 82,586,600 | 32.5% | 990.1% | 3.9% | 253,947,594 |
| German | 75,422,674 | 79.5% | 174.1% | 3.6% | 94,842,656 |
| Arabic | 65,365,400 | 18.8% | 2,501.2% | 3.3% | 347,002,991 |
| French | 59,779,525 | 17.2% | 398.2% | 3.0% | 347,932,305 |
| Russian | 59,700,000 | 42.8% | 1,825.8% | 3.0% | 139,390,205 |
| Korean | 39,440,000 | 55.2% | 107.1% | 2.0% | 71,393,343 |
| TOP 10 LANGUAGES | 1,615,957,333 | 36.4% | 421.2% | 82.2% | 4,442,056,069 |
| Rest of the Languages | 350,557,483 | 14.6% | 588.5% | 17.8% | 2,403,553,891 |
| WORLD TOTAL | 2,099,926,965 | 30.3% | 481.7% | 100.0% | 6,930,055,154 |
ˤѸν¤פˤĤƤϡelf γƵ䡤Ȥ櫓 statistics elf γƵǼ夲ƤѸϸ߿ʹǤꡤѸ˴ؤ¤פѲκˤ뤿ˡǿξΤª뤳Ȥǯ٤졤ˤäƤϿǯ٤ξȤ˸䤷̤ȤȤˤʤ꤬Ǥ롥ޤ¿θԤ䵡ؤ¤פĴƤΤΡ̤ξ̤˸ɽˤȤɤޤ뤳Ȥ¿뤳Ȥ
ʲΰϡ2006ǯ˽Ǥ줿 Schmitt and Marsden (2--3) ˵ƤѸν¤פνܤԤ⤤褦 "In many cases, the most current information available dates from the 1990s, or even the 1980s." (2) Ǥ롥ޤǻͻΤ褦˰ƤǤϤ롥ʤʸǤϡƹܤŵƤꡤɬפ˱ƻȤ뤳ȤǤ롥
English is the principal language of intercontinental telephone communication.
Perhaps as much as 75 percent of mail around the world is written in English.
About half of the world's newspapers are published in English.
Twenty-eight percent of the books published annually are in English.
The majority of academic journals with international readership are in English.
The majority, and perhaps even more than two-thirds, of international scientists write in English. For example, nearly two-thirds of the publications produced by French scientists were in English in the early 1980s. Likewise, English was the major working language for German academics surveyed in the early 1990s. In 13 out of 20 disciplines, at least 40 percent claimed to work in English, and for psychology, biology, chemistry, and physics, the figures ranged from 81 to 98 percent. One can only suspect that these figures are even higher today.
Ninety percent of Internet hosts were based in English-speaking countries in the mid-1998s.
Close to 80 percent of the world's computer data available on the Internet was stored in English in the 1990s, which is not surprising considering that English-speaking countries took the lead in developing the Internet. However, as other countries rapidly increase their use of the Internet, the use of non-English languages is rising. Still, English sites on the Internet continue to attract a disproportionately high percentage of hits.
Forty percent of the people online on the Internet speak English (228 million people), though this may eventually drop to around 30 percent. The next highest language is Chinese at 9.8 percent (55.5 million people).
The most influential software company, Microsoft, is based in an English-speaking country: the United States.
Most of the largest advertising agencies are based in the United States.
Eighty-five percent of world institutions use English as their language, or as one of their languages; for example, it is the official language of the Olympics and the World Council of Churches.
The official international language for both aviation and maritime use is English.
English is the dominant language of international trade, with about 40 percent of the business deals made in English.
The most influential movies and modern music come from English-speaking countries.
In 1994, 80 percent of all feature films that were shown in cinemas worldwide were in English.
About 85 percent of the global movie market was controlled by the United States in 1995.
The fact that large numbers of people are learning English as a second language is reflected by the large number of people taking the TOEFL® Test (about 689,000 people in 215 countries) and University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES) tests (more than 1 million people in more than 130 countries) every year.
1997ǯ˽Ǥ Graddol 2003ǯ˽Ǥ Crystal ʤϤŤˤμƤ롥Ϣơ#48. Ū˱Ѹ줬Ѥפʬ ([2009-06-15-1]) #716. ѸˤΥȥ2011ǯǡˤȤβ ([2011-04-13-1]) ⻲ȡ
ϸ̤˾åץǡȤǤФ褤Τ˾ѤΤǡǤե륿ǤλŻˤʤäƤޤΤ褦ʹܰϡŤȤǧĤġ˻ȤäƤ椯Τ褤
Schmitt, Norbert, and Richard Marsden. Why Is English Like That? Ann Arbor, Mich.: U of Michigan P, 2006.
Graddol, David. The Future of English? The British Council, 1997. Digital version available at http://www.britishcouncil.org/learning-research-futureofenglish.htm
Crystal, David. English As a Global Language. 2nd ed. Cambridge: CUP, 2003.
[2011-05-15-1], [2011-08-24-1]˰³ɸꡥξΤκۤŪʤΤǤϤʤȤˤĤƤϡ[2009-12-13-1]ε#230. äȤФȽȤФΩŪפǵŪȤƤϡξԤ֤ȤƤϤʤѸΩ⡤äդȽաʸ졤ƬȽ졤Ƭʸϸ졤äʸϤʤɹǧ졤䤿ΰռΤʤǤĤΤΤ˶̤Ƥ롥
[2011-08-24-1]εξΤħΰ㤤ܤŪħλŦФäƤ餤Τǡϸħ˾Ƥơۤ餫ˤͤˤΤϡܸ쳵(204--06) ǡܸ줫뤬¿ιܤϱѸˤ⤽¾θˤбΤǧ

Ʊ (p. 206) ǤΤޤȤϡäȤФߥ˥ΥԡɤȼڤͥҲǤʤСȤФϹ٤ʻۤ俼ʸŪ̯̣Ĥ˽ǤɽȤơʹ֤٤Ƥ롤ȸǤ
롤ĥååȤʤɤοΥߥ˥ˤϡäȤФȽȤФξħߤƤȤ뤬嵭ħ٤Ƥ椯ȡΤˤΤȤäȤФԶɽˤϵ¦̤⤢뤷ȤäƸߤƱˤ櫓ǤϤʤΤǡȤФΤ褦ˡؼλѤϹ뤳Ȥ¿ʸŪɽɬȤ鷺Ȥ⡤Ʊ۵ƱѤ뤳ȤϤ֤ǤϤʤ
ƣ ɧ ɹ ԡܸ쳵١դ1989ǯ
ͥåȤˤꡤλѤΤ뼡ˤ봷ѲĤĤ롥ϢäϤȤꡤNetSpeak ͭνȯãάʸˡ¿ѡѴϺʤɡǯ̿ѤȯŸˤȤʤѲβžΨϡθ˾塤ǤΤȤ롥ơεѳˤȤ櫓礭ʱƶƤΤѸǤ뤳ȤϵƤʤ
¿θѲĹ餯¸³뤳ȤˤʤΤ뤤ϰΤΤǤ꼡褿뿷ѲִΤϸǤʬʤäơѲΨ˾äȤǤ뤫ɤ̤ΤʤȤѲβžΨʤ̡ˤȤǤϡ餯˾ʤȤơ⤳βžΨϤäƤ椯Τͽۤ롥
ĹCrystal, The English Language 8 "The Effect of Technology" κǽѤ롥
The speed with which Internet usages are taken up is unprecedented in language change --- another manifestation of the influence of the technology on English. Traditionally, a new word entering the language would take an appreciable time --- typically a decade or two --- before it became so widely used that it would be noted in dictionaries. But in the case of the Internet, a new usage can travel the world and receive repeated exposure within a few days. It is likely that the pace of language change will be much increased through this process. Moreover, as word-inventors all over the world now have a global audience at their disposal, it is also likely that the amount of linguistic innovation will increase. Not by any means all innovations will become a permanent feature of the English language; but the turnover of candidates for entry at any one time is certainly going to be greater than at any stage in the past. Nor is it solely a matter of new vocabulary, new spellings, grammatical constructions, patterns of discourse, and regional preferences (intranational and international) can also be circulated at an unprecedented rate, with consequences that as yet cannot be anticipated. (140)
ߥ˥Ѥγλˤϡ礭Ѳ롥ʸ桤ѡץ饤á饸Dz衤ƥӡԥ塼ͥåȡȯθˤϡбѲȸѴѲ³ǯΥͥåȴϢѤϢΥߥ˥ѳκǽϤäƤȤϹͤ줺ߤǤͽۤΤĤʤѤλȤϴְ㤤ʤʤȤ⸽ߤ˻뵻ѳˤΤʤǤϡΥͥåȤۤ絬Ϥ˸ѲͶѳϤʤ
Crystal, David. The English Language. 2nd ed. London: Penguin, 2002.
ǯͥåȤǻѤȤƱѸΥŪƤƤ롥ͥåȾΥƥĤɤθǵƤ뤫ˤĤƤפΤ褦ѸλѤʤʤäƤƤ뷹ϴְ㤤ʤ褦
衤ͥåȤĤʤΤäϤͭϤ줿Ѹ줬ȤʤʤäƤȤΤϡ츫̷Τ褦˻פ롥β߷ˤϺ롥
Graddol ˤȡʲΤ褦װȤ
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ͥåȤΥ춦ƱΤĤʤ̤Ƥ
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ͥåȤϡŪˤΩʤؤֿͤˤȤäͭפʾȤʤäƤ
ʾįȡΤȤơѸؼ̤Ƥ椯Ѹ첽ǤϤʤ̸첽¿첽Ƥ褦˻פ롥
ͥåȤ鸽¤μҲܤܤȡƤ뤳Ȥϼ¤ƱǤ롥θ춦ƱΤˤơѸؽǮ⤤⤷ʤѸ줬ϸ֤ȤȤˤˤϵäƤʤषѤ餺̸Ȥ³褦Ȥ䡤Ѹޤ¿Ҳž褦ȤΤۤΩġ
ˤѸμҲؤǤϡvirtual real κϤۤ礭ʤ褦
Graddol, David. English Next. British Council, 2006. Digital version available at http://www.britishcouncil.org/learning-research-englishnext.htm44--45.
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