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ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2013-05-11 Sat

#1475. Ѹȸ˴ؤϿޤΥ [internet][link][timeline][hel_education][map][global_language][elf][vexillology]

Map of the World Ȥ͡Ͽޤ󶡤ɥȤ򸫤ĤõƤߤȡѸ䤽¾θ˴ؤϿޤ奢ˤ˭٤ǡܥ֥ȤƾҲ𤹤ͤȻפäΤǡʲ˥󥯤ĥäƤϿޤΰŪӤˤ˻Ȥ롥

English Language --- Facts & Infographic: ѸħѸˤ绨Ĥ˲⡥Τʤ English Speaking Countries Ͽޤͭѡ
Should English Be The Official Language Of The World --- Facts & Infographic: ȤƤθѸϰ̤ҴŪ˵ҡǡŵϤ狼ʤ The Web of Words Ǥϡ־ΥƥĤαѸΨ56%ʰŪ̡ˡ־Υߥ˥αѸΨ26.8%ˤĤ2̡ˤȤʤäƤ롥Ѹ줬ѸȤʤäƤ56ιƤ롥ե٥åȽ˵󤲤ȡAntigua and Barbuda, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Botswana, Cameroon, Canada, Dominica, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Federated States of Micronesia, Fiji, Gambia, Ghana, Grenada, Guyana, India, Ireland, Jamaica, Kenya, Kiribati, Lesotho, Liberia, Malawi, Malta, Marshall Islands, Mauritius, Namibia, Nauru, New Zealand, Nigeria, Pakistan, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Rwanda, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Samoa, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Solomon Islands, South Africa, South Sudan, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tuvalu, Uganda, Vanuatu, Zambia, ZimbabweϢơ#177. ENL, ESL, EFL ϰΥꥹȡ ([2009-10-21-1]) #376. ˤѸιϿޤǤߤ ([2010-05-08-1]) ⻲ȡ
Top Ten English Speaking Countries: ϿޤDZѸüԡüԤȤϸ¤ʤ˿͸ȥå10ι񤬼Ƥ롥ǡ뤬ե٥åȽ˵󤲤ȡAustralia, Canada, France, Germany, India, Italy, Nigeria, Philippines, United Kingdom, United States
Top Ten Daily Newspapers in English: ϿޤǼ뤬ƤȥɤΤߡ1ʿȯˡThe Sun (UK), USA Today (USA), The Daily Mail (UK), The Mirror (UK), Times of India (India), Wall Street Journal (USA), New York Times (USA), The Daily Telegraph (UK), Daily Express (UK), Los Angeles Times (USA)

Language Map of the World: 25Ȥ¾ȤǿʬϿޤ롥

UK Map --- United Kingdom: ꥹϿޤ򤶤äȼȤ˻Ȥ롥Physical Map   *  
USA Map: ꥫϿޤ򤶤äȼȤ˻Ȥ롥Physical Map   *  
Europe Map: 衼åϿޤ򤶤äȼȤ˻Ȥ롥Physical Map   *  
Map of the World: Ͽޤ򤶤äȼȤ˻Ȥ롥  *  *  *

ۤ˥饤θϿޤȤƤϡ#715. Britannica Online ǻȤǤϿޡ ([2011-04-12-1]) ĥä󥯤䡤Ethnologue Browse by Map Title 򻲾ȡ

Referrer (Inside): [2014-02-07-1]

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2013-02-16 Sat

#1391. lingua franca (4) [elf][global_language][pidgin][creole][esperanto][artificial_language][basic_english][contact][sociolinguistics][koine]

ѸȥڥȸζϲŪˤϡʬŪǤȤޥ󥹷ϸθ캬ĸä¿ȤġθܤˤĤƻŦ뤳ȤǤŤߤ˶1ĵ󤲤ȤΤ񤷤ҲŪˤСñǤ롥θ lingua franca Ǥ롤ȤȤѸȥԥζҥ¯ƥζˤƤƱǤ롥
[2012-04-17-1], [2012-04-18-1], [2012-04-19-1]ε lingua franca ȤѸˤĤĴ٤ҲŪʸϤ餳Ѹȳǰˤ⤦ꤿWardhaugh (55) ˤСUNESCO lingua franca "a language which is used habitually by people whose mother tongues are different in order to facilitate communication between them" Ƥ롥Ǥϡθ줬ѤϰϤιˤĤƤϸڤƤʤΤǡʶƱΤǤΤѤƤ褦ʸξ lingua franca ȤȤˤʤ롥"used habitually" ˤ᤹Сǵ󤲤ϳΤˤ lingua franca ̾ͤ
lingua franca ϤĤμʬ뤳ȤǤ (Wardhaugh 56)

(1) եꥫΥϥ쥢եꥫΥҥΤ褦˸ŪѤ "trade language"
(2) 奮ꥷˤ koiné ʥ͡ˤ衼åѤˤ¯ƥΤ褦˽̤ܿȤƤ "contact language"
(3) ѸΤ褦˹ŪѤ "international language"
(4) Esperanto ([2011-12-15-1]) Basic English ([2011-12-13-1]) Τ褦ʿ͹ˤ "auxiliary language"
(5) ʥξƱΤäƤ롤꡼ʸˡȥե󥹸θäͻ礵̱²Ūǥƥƥôä Michif Τ褦 "mixed language"

ۤˤ嵭ƤϤޤ󤲤С泤θ׶̸Ȥʤä SabirγϰDZƶؤ Arabic, Mandarin, Hindi γƸ졤19Ⱦ British Columbia Alaska ˤƹѤ Chinook Jargon ʤɤ롥

Wardhaugh, Ronald. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. 6th ed. Malden: Blackwell, 2010.

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2012-07-17 Tue

#1177. EU ʩĬ [french][global_language][elf][statistics]

715ˤ俷ʹī6̤Ρ֥ɥӥ塼פɸεäEU ϱʩȤ3ȸ˻ꤷƤ뤬Ϥޤǽ˱ѸǽǤΤ֤ȤʤäƤ롥
2粤ˤ򿶤֤СϡѸȴ߻Ϥ᤿ˡʩλŪϰ̤ФäѸε®ȼʩŪϰ̤ϡȾ˸Ƥää2004ǯEUǤϡʩѸդ첤ʤ10񤬰쵤˲ȤˤꡤʩĬ֤äѰˤȡ1997ǯ˵𤵤줿ʸΤʸʩäΤ40.5%ǤꡤѸ45%äȤ2010ǯˤϡ7%77%ȤʤꡤѸΰŪͥ줿
ǶβͻƻǤ⡤ѸǥͥΩäƤ롥ԾؤαƶϤ礭θEUνѸǥ˾ήƤȤΤͳΤ褦
줬ФۤɡϤδĶ岡뤿ˡѥʹԤ롥ǸǤС2004ǯEU丽ߤEUƻʬŪ˱Ѹ岡ҲŪװȤʤäƤ롥
ۤ ELF (English as a Lingua Franca) פ˴ؤƤϡstatistics elf γƵ򻲾ȡ

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2012-04-19 Thu

#1088. lingua franca (3) [elf][model_of_englishes][global_language][bnc]

2֤ε[2012-04-17-1], [2012-04-18-1]˰³lingua franca Ȥΰ̣ˡˤĤƤꡥϼ˼򻲹ͤˤϥѥ˸㤫 lingua franca θԤΰ̣ꤿ
BNCWeb "lingua franca" ñ㸡ȡ34㤬ҥåȤKWICϤįƤߤȡѸ줬ȤʤäƤʸͽۤۤ¿ʤԥѸʤɤޤȱѸΥŪ˹⤤Ȥǧˤ衤ƥ졤ꥷ졤ե󥹸졤ҥʤɤν˴ؤʸ褷ƾʤʤϳؽѱѱѼ񤬡lingua franca ʸˤƱѸӤǤ뤳Ȥ򸫤Ԥ lingua franca λѤǤϡΤ褦ʱѸؤΥХäˤʤȤѥ㤫餫ޤlingua franca ФơפȤĤ뤳ȤŬڤǤ뤳Ȥ⡤Ǥ
ѥϡΤ褦ŪǹΡְջã̤Ρפ⸫줿

Mr Tsurumaki was successful at 315 million francs, generally translated into lingua franca dollars at $51.4 million.
. . . the user has to resort to good old ASCII, the lingua franca of all computer systems . . . .


Τ褦줫̸ؤžȤ¤˿ʤǤ褦Ǥ롥ΰ̣ŪˤʤȤȤϡ줬äƤ̣ζ̤򼺤ȤȤǤ롥μΰ̣ѲӻǤꡤŪˤоݤȤ侩оݤȤʤʤѸȤƤ lingua franca Τ٤ʴߤݤIJͤ褦˻פϡŦlingua franca ΡüԤΥ᡼򴭵ʤǤ롥ELF (English as a Lingua Franca) ˡüԤϴؤäƤʤǡüԤλä̵ͭˤ狼餺ŪѤ붦̸ȤƤαѸˤˤ EIL (English as an International Language) ȤѸ줬Ŭڤ餹٤ƤĶۤѸȤ (English as a) Global Language ȤѸˤʹ褦ˤʤäƤ
̩פʤŪʸ̮ǸߤαѸϰ̤˸ڤˤϡlingua franca global language 纹ʤȤƤ褦˻פ뤬嵭Τ褦ˡξԤζ̤ϤĤƤΤ褤ȹͤ롥üԤԴͿ򲡤Ф lingua franca ȡüԤδͿԴͿĶۤ global language Ωˤϡñʤζ̤Τߤʤ餺طʤˤѸѤΰ㤤ѸΤɤ¦̤֤ΰ㤤ȿǤƤ褦˻פ롥

Referrer (Inside): [2021-11-04-1] [2013-02-16-1]

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2012-04-18 Wed

#1087. lingua franca (2) [elf][model_of_englishes][global_language][koine]

ε[2012-04-17-1]ơlingua franca ȤѸˤĤƾܤĴ٤Ƥ椯Ȥˤ롥ޤϡؽױѱѼʸįƤߤ褦

OALD8: a shared language of communication used between people whose main languages are different: English has become a lingua franca in many parts of the world.
LDOCE5: a language used between people whose main languages are different: English is the lingua franca in many countries.
LAAD2: a language used between people whose main languages are different: Swahili is the lingua franca of East Africa.
COBUILD English Dictionary: A lingua franca is a language or way of communicating which is used between people who do not speak one another's native language: English is rapidly becoming the lingua franca of Asia.
CALD3: a language which is used for communication between groups of people who speak different languages but which is not used between members of the same group: The international business community sees English as a lingua franca.
MED2: a language that people use to communicate when they have different first languages: German is a useful lingua franca for tourists in the Czech Republic.
MWALED: a language that is used among people who speak various different languages: English is used as a lingua franca among many airline pilots.


äǡ׸줬ߤ˰ۤʤԤɤδ֤ǥߥ˥ʤȤѤפۤɤΰ̣Ǥ롥ؽԱѱѼˡʸǤϰŪ˱ѸȤΤ¿LAAD2 MED2 Ǥ Swahili German Ǥ롥ѸǰƬ֤ƤޤȡˤäƤ lingua franca ѹݸȤä᡼ªƤޤΤ褦˱Ѹʳθ줬ȤƤʸ򸫤ȡθ򤹤ǥХ󥹤Ȥ롥ˡ̤αѱѼεҤ򸫤Ƥߤ褦

OED2: 2b. lingua franca [It., = 'Frankish tongue']: a mixed language or jargon used in the Levant, consisting largely of Italian words deprived of their inflexions. Also transf. any mixed jargon formed as a medium of intercourse between people speaking different languages.
Web3: 2. any of various hybrid or other languages that are used over a wide area as common or commercial tongues among peoples of diverse speech (as Hindustani, Swahili).
AHD4: 1. A medium of communication between peoples of different languages.
WordNet 2.0: a common language used by speakers of different languages: Koine is a dialect of ancient Greek that was the lingua franca of the empire of Alexander the Great and was widely spoken throughout the eastern Mediterranean area in Roman times.


ǤϡɬѸӤǤϤʤŪ̩ΩġOED θȾǰŪžѤ줿Ȥ "any mixed jargon . . ." ͿƤΤϡԤˡȿǤƤʤŤҤȤ٤Web3 μݤźäơ"any language or (mixed) jargon . . ." դ꤬ŬΤ褦˻פ롥
ơlingua franca ΰ̣⤭ĦˤʤäƤǤפϡlingua franca üԤˤϡȤüԤޤޤƤʤȤȤǤ롥ĤޤꡤѸ줬󥬥ե󥫤ȤƸڤʸ̮ǤϡѸüԤΥ᡼ʤΰ̣ǤϡELF (English as a Lingua Franca) Ȥ ENL (English as a Native Language) ФѸȤʤ롥ơαѸѤ ELF δ鸫ȡlingua franca ϡֱѸüԳפȤꤹӤӤ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥䤬ŬڤɾפפȤ϶䤫lingua franca ϡǫɤäƹԤȡΤ褦ʶĥˤĤʤꤦ롥ѸüԳĬήˤĤƤϡ[2009-10-07-1]ε#163. ɤαѸΤäȤ깽!?פ[2010-01-24-1]ε#272. ݸȤƤαѸüԤʬ뿷ǥפ򻲾Ȥ줿

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2011-04-25 Mon

#728. 줬Ϳƶ [global_language][elf]

ޤǤʤѸ (a global language or world language) 뤤󥬡ե (a lingua franca) ȾΤθ1ĤǤ롥˾塤ۤ¿ξǤۤ¿οͤäƤϤʤäǤäȤ٤ι⤤Ǥꡤ¾ "the global language" 괧ĤƸƤФ줿ȤƤ⡤¿ܿͤˤȤäư´ʤȤƤθѸݤˤϡ괧 "a global language" 뤤ʣδĶ "one of the global languages" ȤѤΤŬڤǤ롥
¿θؼԤѸ1ġפȹɽƤ뤬1ĤˤϾŪʱѸѤδްդ򤱤ȤŪ롥äȶŪˤСȿѸԤռΩŪʸոǤȤͤ롥äȤƤαѸˤݤˤɬŪˤʤˤŪ󥹤ȼ虜ʤŪްդʤ٤ʤ뤿Ρʤ켫Τ̣Ūʡ˥ȥå1ĤȤߤʤȤǤ롥
ʾˡ1ġפȤɽˤϳŪʸ롥ˤ⸽ߤˤ⡤٤κϤפȸƤӤʣä⡤Ʊ褦ʣ¸ߤǽ롥ȤƤαѸ򤹤뤿ˤϡ¾оȤƱ뤳ȤɬפǤ롥ȤƤαѸθϡȤ "global languages" Ȥ pluralist ʸ̮ǤʤʤФʤʤ
Ѹʤ餺ȤΩˤϡ褽褦ʱƶ˵ڤܤȲǤ롥Crystal, The English Language 10--11 򻲹ͤˡߡȤƤαѸ줬˵ڤܤƤƶΤĤŦ

(1) ̤ͭξܺ٤äƳؽ졤椵롥η̤ȤơŪʸˡ伭񤬽񤫤졤ضػߤ¤츦椬ȯŸ롥
(2) ʤ䤽¾θˤФ͡ΰռޤꡤ˴ؤҤ仨饸ȤƥȤ̤ơŪ˷ȯ롥
(3) ʤ䤽¾θˤФռޤꡤŪ˷ȯǡ͡ϵդ˸ˤĤȽŪǿˤʤ롥ѲȤߤʤ԰¤Фꡤ¾θѼФ¾ŪԴƤ٤뤳Ȥ⤢롥

Ūʱƶϡ¾ˤ⤤ĤŦǤ롥

ΤȤʤ顤Υߥ˥ưפˤȯˤ
γؽ˼Ĥ줿Ԥ "linguistic divide" μҲŪ亹̤˶줷ȤȤ뤫⤷ʤ
ΰϤˤꡤξǤ뷹®ʤˤϰ⤢롥㤨 Crystal, English as a Global Language 20--25 򻲾ȡ
Ѽʥԥ䥯쥪ޤˤϤޤ졤˸ߤǽθؤʬƤ椯

嵭ιܤ¿ĤƤ1ĤǤƥˤƤϤޤפεϤϡǤѸȰۤʤ뤬Ωˤ줬ıƶϤˤϡ̤ħ뤳Ȥʬ롥ˤפϡѸͭħǤ롥Τ뤿ˤϡƸߤ¾ʤθˤȤоȤ礫ʤ
ELF (English as a Lingua Franca) ˤĤƤϡelf γƵǼ夲Ƥä˰ʲε򻲾ȡ

#177. ENL, ESL, EFL ϰΥꥹ: [2009-10-21-1]
#272. ݸȤƤαѸüԤʬ뿷ǥ: [2010-01-24-1]
#372. ݸȤƤαѸοˤĤƤεˤʤ¡2005ǯǡ: [2010-05-04-1]
#376. ˤѸιϿޤǤߤ: [2010-05-08-1]

Crystal, David. The English Language. 2nd ed. London: Penguin, 2002.
Crystal, David. English As a Global Language. 2nd ed. Cambridge: CUP, 2003.

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