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esperanto - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2022-11-25 Fri

#4960. ϸͰ¤ Basic English [basic_english][esperanto][english_in_japan]

ϸͰ¤ (1862--1933) ʹơפ⤫٤ȶʤȤǤ5߻δäعǥ顼Τ˳ؤͤȤƤ⵭Ƥ뤷ʿΤζפǤ⤢ꡤˤϡƻ٤ԤǤ⤢롥ĿŪˤϡĤйֻդȤؤǶȤ⤢ΤǿƤߤͯϸͤƱؤνĹǤ⤢ä
ѸȤδϢǤϡƣˡˡرѸãäѤ졤ܿͤαѸ٤δƬѸãͤ1ͤȤΤƤ롥ϸͤϾҤƻ٤Τ뤬Ȥब񤤤ΤϱѸ Bushido, the Soul of Japan ǤꡤܸΡƻ٤ǤϤʤդɬפ롥Bushido ãդαʸǤ롥
ϸͤϡΤ褦ܱѳػˤ礭­פĤƤ뤬 (cf. #4587. ܱѸƻάǯɽס ([2021-11-17-1])ˡϢ̳Ĺ̳ƤǯˤϹݸ˶ؿ󤻤褦ˤʤäºݡϡ#962. Esperanto ([2011-12-15-1]) Ǥ⿨줿褦˥ڥƥȤ⤢äBasic English λٻԤǤ⤢äƣ (24--25) Ѥ롥

Ϣ̳ɼĹ̳뤳鿷ϸͤɬ˴褦ˤʤ롥ǯϱѹθؼCKǥIA㡼ѸؽѤ˳ȯִܱѸʥ١å󥰥åˡפ˴ؿ󤻤Ƥ褦ʡԽ;Ͽٸ޻Ȭˡ
ˡ̾פθưȬޡαñǺѤޤ뤿ΤŪʥƥϡθѸˤʤǤȤοߤȯɽ줿顤बȤƤεǽԤΤ̵ϤʤΨŻ뤷ηϤ˴Ԥ󤻤뤳ȼΡѸ춵ФƳڤäͤ򤻤򤨤ʤ褿Ȥʪä롥ܤλؤȤޤäͤʤǤ塤Ʊѳؤ˴ΰӤéǤä


ѸãͤǤ뿷ϸͤϡΤ褦ʱѸãͤθڤܤ̻뤳ȤԲǽȸäƤ˰㤤ʤǰۤʤϩ뤳ȤˤڥȤ Basic English ָΤȻפ롥ȤƤŬʤäϰ㤨ɡɸ⿶֤äƤߤۼŪǤ뤳ȤϰפƤϿϸͤʤäȤۤʤ褦˻פ롥
Basic English ˤĤƤϡ#959. Ūʹݿ͹줬٤ ([2011-12-12-1])#960. Basic English ([2011-12-13-1]) ⻲Ȥ줿

ƣ ˡرѸãäѤ졤ܿͤαѸ12ǡ2017ǯ

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2018-02-20 Tue

#3221. ̣ѲԲ [semantic_change][semantics][esperanto][artificial_language][onomasiology]

Algeo and Pyles ϡΰ̣ѲϤκǸạ̇̄ѲԲƳǧƤ롥ǰŪʤΤϡEsperanto ʤɤο͹Фʤ顤Τ褦ʸŪ۶Ọ̇̄ѲԲƤʤȤǮäƤĹ"SEMANTIC CHANGE IS INEVITABLE" ꤹѤ褦 (243--44)

   It is a great pity that language cannot be the exact, finely attuned instrument that deep thinkers wish it to be. But the facts are, as we have seen, that the meaning of practically any word is susceptible to change of one sort or another, and some words have so many individual meanings that we cannot really hope to be absolutely certain of the sum of these meanings. But it is probably quite safe to predict that the members of the human race, homines sapientes more or less, will go on making absurd noises with their mouths at one another in what idealists among them will go on considering a deplorably sloppy and inadequate manner, and yet manage to understand one another well enough for their own purposes.
   The idealists may, if they wish, settle upon Esperanto, Ido, Ro, Volapük, or any other of the excellent scientific languages that have been laboriously constructed. The game of construction such languages is still going on. Some naively suppose that, should one of these ever become generally used, there would be an end to misunderstanding, followed by an age of universal brotherhood---the assumption being that we always agree with and love those whom we understand, though the fact is that we frequently disagree violently with those whom we understand very well. (Cain doubtless understood Abel well enough.)
   But be that as it may, it should be obvious, if such an artificial language were by some miracle ever to be accepted and generally used, it would be susceptible to precisely the kind of changes in meaning that have been our concern in this chapter as well as to such change in structure as have been our concern throughout---the kind of changes undergone by those natural languages that have evolved over the eons. And most of the manifold phenomena of life---hatred, disease, famine, birth, death, sex, war, atoms, isms, and people, to name only a few---would remain as messy and hence as unsatisfactory to those unwilling to accept them as they have always been, no matter what words we use in referring to them.


ιʥפʸϤǤ롥ʤѤκǸ "no matter what words we use in referring to them" ȽҤ٤ƤΤϡonomasiological change/variation ˴ؤ뤳ȤAlgeo and Pyles ϡsemasiological change onomasiological change 碌ợְѲפȤȤ館Ƥ뤳Ȥ狼롥
͹̣ˤĤƤϡ#961. ͹ ([2011-12-14-1]) (4) 򻲾ȡϢơ#963. Ѹˤȿ͹ ([2011-12-16-1]) ɤޤ#1955. ̣ѲΰŪ ([2014-09-03-1]) ⤴

Algeo, John, and Thomas Pyles. The Origins and Development of the English Language. 5th ed. Thomson Wadsworth, 2005.

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2016-08-29 Mon

#2681. ͹λٻϥŪ [artificial_language][language_myth][standardisation][esperanto][language_planning]

#2675. ͹ȸѲ ([2016-08-23-1]) ǡJones and Singh μҲŪѲŪʴο͹ؤδؿˤĤƹͤEsperanto Τ褦ʿ͹ФȡʿԤ⤢СɡǾФ⤢С͸ζ̸ʤƲȤʤ⤷ȴؿ򼨤Ԥ⤢롥ˤ衤üȿ륱¿褦˻פ롥
ĿͤȤƤϡʤȤᤤ衤͡˼븽ϤʤȻפäƤ뤷δ϶ؿäƤ櫓ǤϤʤJones and Singh εɤʤǡʤʤΡ˿͡Ͽ͹򿿷Ƥ˻ΤȤ˴ؿͯƤ鸽ߤˤơϾ˿͹ФƾƴƤǤ (cf. #958. 19Ⱦ³Ƚи͹ ([2011-12-11-1])) Jones and Singh (154--55) ϡEco 礤˽Фʤ顤ʤȤ衼åѤˤ뤳δؿˤĤʬϤ褦ȤƤ롥

[F]or many, deliberate creation still smacks of the quasi-academic and the 'geeky'; a fringe and fantasy-based pastime that produces 'eccentricities' such as Klingon and Esperanto. . . .
   Yet while deliberate invention has long been nothing more than a game for many, it has also been seriously considered as an ideal solution to what have been characterised by some as (linked) linguistic and social 'problems'. Eco (1995: 1) [= Eco, U. The Search for the Perfect Language. Oxford: Blackwell, 1995.], for example, argues that the perception of linguistic diversity and difference has long been current in practically every culture, as has been the notion that this 'Babel' can be redeemed through 'the rediscovery or invention of a language common to all humanity'. In European thought, this has prompted various linguistic projects throughout the centuries, such as those listed in 7.2.a (adapted from Eco 1995: 2--3):

7.2.a Typology of 'language projects' in European scholarship
1. The rediscovery of languages postulated as original or as mystically perfect, such as Hebrew, Egyptian or Chinese.
2. The reconstruction of languages postulated, either fancifully or not, as original or mother tongues.
3. Languages constructed artificially for one of thee ends:
   (a) Perfection in terms of either function or structure, such as the a-priori philosophical languages of the seventeenth century, designed to express ideas perfectly.
   (b) Perfection in terms of universality, such as the a-posteriori international languages of the nineteenth century.
   (c) Perfection in terms of practicality, if only presumed, such as the so-called polygraphies.
4. Magic languages, discovered or invented, whose perfection is extolled on account of either their mystic effability or their initiatic secrecy.


Ǥϡ衼åѤǤι̣ǤΡָײ (language_planning) λƤˤʤäƤ뤬 Eco ΥꥹȤˤ⤦1IJäΤ롥ϡʹߡνʵڤܡˤǤɸŪǤ롥19ʹߤο͹ƤϤǤΡֹŪ׶̸ָΤǤΤФγƹˤɸಽȵϲϤޤǡֹŪ׶̸κܻؤƤˤʤξԤȯۤϺŪˤ礭ۤʤäƤʤνѼ¿1ĤѼ֤뤳Ȥȡν¿1Ĥθ֤뤳ȤϡϤˤʤȤ⤤뤫ΤˡԤˤϿ͹줬ؤ뤬ԤϼΤʤǤäǤȤ礭ʰ㤤롥ԤɸѼˤ⾯ʤ̿ͰäƤ뤳Ȥդ٤Ǥ롥ʹߡˤɸѼɬ˺ꤷμͤȤγưϡŪ˳ɾƤȤäƤ褤ιǤǤ Esperanto Volapük 򿿷Ƥ꿮ꤹԤȤγư "geeky" ȤߤΤϡԻ׵ĤȤԻ׵ĤǤ롥͹ξȤ "geeky" ǥŪǤȤСɸˤŪ˼ꡤʤɸ餷Ƥ֤⡤ "geeky" ǥŪȤΤ⤷ʤ

Jones, Mari C. and Ishtla Singh. Exploring Language Change. Abingdon: Routledge, 2005.

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2016-08-23 Tue

#2675. ͹ȸѲ [language_change][artificial_language][esperanto][linguistics][sociolinguistics][language_planning]

Esperanto ɽ͹ (artificial_language) ήɤθؤˤƿ˵뤳ȤϤۤȤɤʤ⤽ΤϤǤ롥ؤδؿϡħηϡSaussure "langue" 뤤 Chomsky "competence"ˤ餫ˤ뤳ȤˤꡤͰŪˤǤäˤ뤳ȤϤǤʤѲΩ줫⡤͹ϾʤȤ¤Ф줿ˤüԤ⤤ʤ̾ߤϤθѲˤ˳뤿ᡤޤȤ˰٤ͳʤȰ콳롥
˼ҲŪʴѲ Johns and Singh ϡ1Ϥ䤤 Language invention ˴ؤͤƤ롥ͳ˼򷹤褦

We have . . . included select discussion of such [invented] systems here primarily because invention constitutes part of the natural and normal spectrum of human linguistic ability and behaviour and, as such, merits acknowledgement in our general discussion of language use and language change. At the most obvious level, linguistic inventions are, despite their tag of artificiality, ultimately products of the human linguistic competence and, indeed, creativity, that produces their natural counterparts. In many cases, they are also often born of the arguably human impulse to influence and change linguistic behaviour, an impulse which . . . fundamentally underlies strategies of natural language planning. Thus . . . languages may be invented to reflect particular world views, promote and foster solidarity among certain groups or even potentially for the purpose of preserving natural linguistic obsolescence as a result of the domination of one particular language. It is in such real-life purposes that our interest in linguistic invention lies . . . .


ˤϸǽϤؤθڤ⤢뤬ȤƼҲŪʴؿˤռȤäƤ褤͹ȯѡηϤѻưŤͻ뤳Ȥǡ͡ȤΤ˲ƤΤΤɤʬ򴶤ƤΤʤʹưˤѤ褦ȤΤʤΤȤŪʸФҥȤ뤫⤷ʤȤ櫓ѲȤδϢǤϡʤײȤäͰŪʸѲߤƤΤȤˤĤʤ롥ĤޤȤ͹ϡεǽȤϲʤ͡ϸѲѰۤΤȤˤˤĤƹͻݤˡ1Ĥκ׸ǤȤȤѲˤ񤹤Ȥ
Jones and Singh (182) ϡξ "as a linguistic exercise, the processes of invention, as well as its concomitant problems and issues, have the potential to complement our general understanding of how human language functions as successfully as it does" ȸڤƤ롥츫Τ褦˻פʤºݤ˱꤫⤷ʤˤŪ꤫ϤŪʵäƤ椯礬⤷Ϣơ#963. Ѹˤȿ͹ ([2011-12-16-1]) ⻲Ȥ줿
ۤˡ͹ȤƤϡ#958. 19Ⱦ³Ƚи͹ ([2011-12-11-1])#959. Ūʹݿ͹줬٤ ([2011-12-12-1])#961. ͹ ([2011-12-14-1]) ⻲ȡ

Jones, Mari C. and Ishtla Singh. Exploring Language Change. Abingdon: Routledge, 2005.

Referrer (Inside): [2016-08-29-1]

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2013-02-16 Sat

#1391. lingua franca (4) [elf][global_language][pidgin][creole][esperanto][artificial_language][basic_english][contact][sociolinguistics][koine]

ѸȥڥȸζϲŪˤϡʬŪǤȤޥ󥹷ϸθ캬ĸä¿ȤġθܤˤĤƻŦ뤳ȤǤŤߤ˶1ĵ󤲤ȤΤ񤷤ҲŪˤСñǤ롥θ lingua franca Ǥ롤ȤȤѸȥԥζҥ¯ƥζˤƤƱǤ롥
[2012-04-17-1], [2012-04-18-1], [2012-04-19-1]ε lingua franca ȤѸˤĤĴ٤ҲŪʸϤ餳Ѹȳǰˤ⤦ꤿWardhaugh (55) ˤСUNESCO lingua franca "a language which is used habitually by people whose mother tongues are different in order to facilitate communication between them" Ƥ롥Ǥϡθ줬ѤϰϤιˤĤƤϸڤƤʤΤǡʶƱΤǤΤѤƤ褦ʸξ lingua franca ȤȤˤʤ롥"used habitually" ˤ᤹Сǵ󤲤ϳΤˤ lingua franca ̾ͤ
lingua franca ϤĤμʬ뤳ȤǤ (Wardhaugh 56)

(1) եꥫΥϥ쥢եꥫΥҥΤ褦˸ŪѤ "trade language"
(2) 奮ꥷˤ koiné ʥ͡ˤ衼åѤˤ¯ƥΤ褦˽̤ܿȤƤ "contact language"
(3) ѸΤ褦˹ŪѤ "international language"
(4) Esperanto ([2011-12-15-1]) Basic English ([2011-12-13-1]) Τ褦ʿ͹ˤ "auxiliary language"
(5) ʥξƱΤäƤ롤꡼ʸˡȥե󥹸θäͻ礵̱²Ūǥƥƥôä Michif Τ褦 "mixed language"

ۤˤ嵭ƤϤޤ󤲤С泤θ׶̸Ȥʤä SabirγϰDZƶؤ Arabic, Mandarin, Hindi γƸ졤19Ⱦ British Columbia Alaska ˤƹѤ Chinook Jargon ʤɤ롥

Wardhaugh, Ronald. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. 6th ed. Malden: Blackwell, 2010.

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2011-12-15 Thu

#962. Esperanto [artificial_language][esperanto]

4ε (##958,959,960,961) ǿ͹ˤĤƼ夲Ƥ19Ⱦ͹ؤǮdzˡǡưӤڥȸ (Esperanto) ˤĤƸʤ櫓ˤϤʤ
ڥȸߤο Ludwig Lazarus Zamenhof (1859--1917) ϡΤˤäݡɤ Białystok ޤ줿ͤβȷϤޤ줿ϥȤ̱²֤ΤʤĹʰȤʤ롥ʣ¿̱²¿δĶǡबϤޤƤ Yiddish, Hebrew, Polish, German, Russian, Lithuanian ¿Ǥ롥Τ褦ʴĶݤ줿ƤǦѤ˻٤졤Zamenhof ϹݸȯȤۤ褦ˤʤꡤǯμ¸θ塤1887ǯDoktoro Esperanto ʥڥȸǡִ˾ԡפΰաˤɮ̾Dz Lingvo Internacia 路ɮ̾ˤʤǸ˥ڥȸȸƤФ뤳ȤˤʤκǽλǤ롥
1889ǯǽΥڥȸλ La Esperantisto ԡ1893ǯˤϡڥȸθȿΩ夬äZamenhof ϵ񡤡إϥåȡ١ǥ륻Ƹáꥨηࡤơʤɤ꤬ڥȸƤä1905ǯBoulogne Ǻǽιݥڥȸ񤬳졤20񤫤700ͤɽáϤθ帽ߤ˻ޤǯŤƤ롥1905ǯ˽Ǥ줿 Fundamento de Esperanto ϥڥȸʸˡθޤȤ᤿ΤǤꡤڥƥ (Esperantist) ΥХ֥Ȥ⤤Ǥ롥
1921ǯˤϡϢ̳ĹǤäϸͰ¤ڥȸλۤ˶ĤϢǥڥȸʤȤ̤⤢äڥȸκѤˤϻʤäθŪ˰ݤŤ뵡ˤϤʤäθ塤Ūʴޤߤդ줿ڥȸϡλٻԤȤȤˡʥ䥹ư줿˳ư褵1954ǯˤϥͥ The Uiversala Esperanto-Asocio ڥȶ 1908ǯΩˤΤȤǧꡥ1966ǯˤϡ100Ͱʾν̾ȤȤ˹ϢθѸؤƤʤ줿ϼʤä
ߡ50ιⶨ22ιݶ¸ߤ100Ķʪ3Ķ񤬥ڥȸǴԤƤ롥륷̵ʤɤǤϥ饸¸ߤ롥üԿ͸οפξȤơڥȸüԿ͸ˤĤƤΤʤȤϤ狼ʤʤפǿ͡¿פ1500ͰʾȤ (Crystal 356) Ūˤäơ˾塤Ǥ͹ȤäƤ褤
ǡ衼åѽСܤϥڥȸڳưʹǤ롥1919ǯΩܥڥȳزγư濴Ǥ롥ҤοϸͤΤۤ¡¼Сʸؼԡˤʤɤؿ󤻤ƤȤˤ⤢롥衼åǤϡեɡǥ󡤥ǥޡǤγưΩġŪ微ʸȤǤꡤڥȸǰ򤵤䤹
ǡڥȸФƤϡȿȯ¸ߤ뤳ȤΤǤ롥ݶ̸ȤƤϼä˱ѸˤѤ٤ȤԤ⤢뤷¾ο͹λٻԤ⤢롥ޤڥȸ줬ŪץѥȷӤĤ뷹뤳Ȥ⡤󤯤򶯤Ƥ褦
ϥڥƥȤǤϤʤػ¿ؤؤμȤȤơ֥ڥȸפäˡߤǤؤμȤȤƤɤΤ餤֤ƤΤȵˤʤäȤǤΥڥȸʤHP򸫤Ĥ١Ȥ褦Ǥ롥

Crystal, David. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language. 2nd ed. Cambridge: CUP, 1997. 199--205.

Referrer (Inside): [2022-11-25-1] [2013-02-16-1]

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2011-12-14 Wed

#961. ͹ [artificial_language][esperanto][spelling_reform]

ݶ̸ȤƤλѤǰƬƤ줿͹βϡΤȤʤ顤Ū˹ǧΤ졤ƤȤȤ19ȾʹߤξįƤߤȡβϤޤäƤʤȤäƤ褤طʤˤϡ͹ˤޤĤŪҲŪŪ꤬롥Crystal (357) ꡤΤĤվ񤭤褦

(1) ưŤФο͹ǤСüԿϤۤܥǤ롥üԿ䤷Ƥ椯ˤϤɤФ褤ΤϡҲפľ̤ڥȸȯƼ Zamenhof ⤳Ǻޤ졤κǸ "I, the undersigned, promise to learn the international language proposed by Dr Esperanto, if it appears that 10 million people have publicly given the same promise." Ȥ«ɼԤ׵᤹ȤƤǤФ̤ȤƤոʤä褦
(2) ǥƥƥꡥߥ˥¤ǡνפ1ĤˡüԤΥǥƥƥɸȤǽ롥üԤϡϰҲѰκۤѤƾ˼ɽ򤷤ƤΤǤꡤΤεǽϤȤΤۤפȤΤҲؤθǤ롥͹ϡ[2011-12-12-1]ε (4) Ǽ̤ꡤʤɸŪǤ뤳ȤۤȤƷǤ롥β̤פʵǽ1Ĥ͹ǤåƤޤȤˤʤ롥̱²ֶȿ͹ǮѤ˾18Ⱦ20ȾФ2ˤ錄äơƱߥ󥰤Ǵѻ줿Ȥϡܤ٤Ǥ롥
(3) ŪжƤƤ͹ϸ¤ߥ衼åѤθפȤƤ롥ŪŪΩܻؤˤϡХꤹƤΤǤϤʤ͹ϡθ¿ڻ뤹뷹롥
(4) ̣㡥͹ɾȤƤϡ֡δפɤμ֤Ƥ뤫ʤɡܤޤ꤬̣ؤδؿϾʤ֤ǡ֤б뤬̣ϰۤʤ뤿դפ false friends ( F "faux amis" ) ȤΤ뤬͹ȼδ֤ǤƱ꤬ͤꤦ롥Ǥ̣Ȥϡdenotation Ǥʤ connotation ޤࡥ㤨СѸ "capitalism" ͹ñˤĤ򤵤̣ϡꥫͤξȡͤξǤϰۤʤäƤǽ롥
(5) ȿ¿οͤŪ̸ȤƤο͹μݤˤϻƱΤΡ͹ǮŪʻٻԤƤŪŪˤδ򴶤Ƥ롥ٻΤˤäƤϽŪʿ̤ӤӤƤꡤɤưоݤˤʤ礹餢롥1930ǯ塤ɥĤ䥽ϢǡڥȸüԤưԤʤ줿㤬롥

͹˸¤餺ݶ̸εˤƤϡޤ (4) ΰ̣Ūʴä˷ڻ뤵Ƥ褦˻פΰ̣ʸˤ̩ܤ˷ӤĤƤ뤳Ȥͤȡ(2) ȤϢƤ
͹ڤ񤷤äƤϡֻפ񤷤ε۵ˤʤ2ĤβױưۤʤäƤϤ뤬פȤ¦̤¿롥[2010-12-24-1]ε#606. ѸֻפԤͳס[2011-01-21-1]ε#634. ǯֻ (1)פ碌ƻȤ줿

Crystal, David. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language. 2nd ed. Cambridge: CUP, 1997. 199--205.

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2011-12-12 Mon

#959. Ūʹݿ͹줬٤ [artificial_language][esperanto][basic_english]

ε#957. 19Ⱦ³Ƚи͹ ([2011-12-11-1]) ǿ͹ (artificial language) ˤڤϼ˱󤯵ڤǤʤΤ¤Ǥ롥ΤˡǤͭ̾ʿ͹ȤäƤ褤ڥȸ (Esperanto) ϡʤפǤ͡¿פǤ1500ͰʾüԡʼȤ2üԡˤʤȤ졤¤μ٤ڤƤȤߤʤȤϲǽ⤷ʤʴϢ[2010-01-26-1]ε#274. üԿפ򻲾ȡʤ衼åѰʳǥڥȸüԤ¿ΤܤǤˡ
Ūʿ͹ȤưտޤƤϤȤϤڥȶβȾ첤ͤǤꡤŪʡʤŪʡФθ뤳ȤǤʤڡפˤ뤬ڥȸǤŪ˹ԤʤƤȤϸ񤤤Τ顤¾ο͹ڤ٤Ͽ䤷Τ٤Ǥ롥
ǤϡŪڤ٤Ūʿ͹ȤϤɤΤ褦ʤΤɤΤ褦ʾƤС¿οͤǼ褦ۤο͹ȤʤΤ͹ϰƼԤٻԤϡΤ褦ʾŦƤ (Crystal 357)

(1) ؤӤ䤹ȡʸˡ§ŪñǤꡤỌ̇̄δطƩǤꡤֻɸŪǤꡤȯưפǤ뤳ȤɬפǤ롥
(2) ȴϢƤ뤳ȡȤưפǤɬפ롥ʹ¤äƤꡤΥǥȿǤ뤳ȤǤŪħ¿ƤꡤŪ˻ѤƤŪפΤ캬äƤ뤳Ȥ˾ޤ
(3) ˭٤ʵǽ̤뤳ȡäդ񤭸դΤߤʤ餺ʳء̾ݡġʤɤŪΰǤⵡǽ̤ɬפ롥ݥߥ˥ΥǥǤλѤˤѤ褦ǤʤФʤʤ
(4) ɸŪǤ뤳ȡˤѰۤäƤϤʤʤ뤿ˤϡҤ뵡ؤˤƻ뤬ɬפ
(5) ŪŪΩǤ뤳ȡ٤Ƥι˼뤿ˤϡΩγݤפǤ롥¿ο͹λٻԤϡʿ¶¸ΤԲķʾȹͤƤ롥
(6) ƶ¥ΤǤ뤳ȡŪʿ͹ϡñ˹ݥߥ˥μʤȤƤǤʤŪʻ׹ͤ¥ƻȤƤͭǤ뤳Ȥ˾ޤϡä17 a priori ʿ͹줬ܻؤƤůŪۤǤ롥

ξ⤽줾Ȥ񤷤ƱΤϤʤ񤷤ŪŪůŪ郎Ʊ路Ƥꡤ̤ͥͿ뤫ˤäԤδ֤ΩͤʤȤϼǤ롥ơºݤˤΤ褦ͳԤδ֤ΩƤä (2) (5) ʤɤϡȴϢƤʤ顤Ʊ˸ŪΩǤȤ̷⤹׵ᤷƤΤ顤κϿ
ŪʾΤʤˡѸʤɤιŪʱƶϤļؤȿȯõ뤳ȤưפǤ롥ȽǼΤѤӤӤʤȤϤ嵭ξΤ㤨бѸ줬Ƥ (3) 餤ǤϤʤ
Τ褦Ūʾ򤿤ŪįƤǤŪǤϤʤˤȤ⡤ݥߥ˥ΤˤϤǤɤȤɸȤªΤǤСذǤŤȤͭפǤѸä˸ä˴ؤ (1) δɤ褦Ȥߤ1ĤˡCharles Kay Ogden (1889--1857) ιͰƤ Basic English 롥ˤĤƤεǡ

Crystal, David. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language. 2nd ed. Cambridge: CUP, 1997. 199--205.

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2011-12-11 Sun

#958. 19Ⱦ³Ƚи͹ [artificial_language][esperanto]

ѸܸʤɤμȯФơտŪ߷פ줿͹ (artificial language) ȤΤ롥[2009-05-09-1]ε#10. Ͽ͹פǿ줿̤ꡤ͹ȤƾΤ꤬ʤ櫓ǤϤʤѤƤѸǤ롥 (auxiliary language) ȤѸ줬Ѥ뤳Ȥ⤢뤬ΤΤ褦ˡѸʤɤμ줬ݥߥ˥ΤŪ˻ѤƤ¤ꡤθƾΤϤǤ롥Ǥϡ깭ή̤Ƥ͹ȤѸѤ롥
ۤʤüԤɤδ֤ǥߥ˥Ȥ뤿ζ̸ (lingua franca) ȤơŪʸ᤹פ켫ΤϡΤǤϸŵ夫鸫줿ߤޤǤ˿ɴˤΤܤ͹줬ƤƤȤä͹ɵ᤬ܳŪ˻ϤޤäΤϡοͤõۤʤʸؤܤϤ᤿17ΤȤȤäƤ褤λϡlingua franca ȤƤΥƥ줬षϤ᤿Ǥ⤢롥Francis Bacon (1561--1626), René Descartes (1596--1650), Gottfried Wilhelm Leibnitz (1646--1716) ʤɤůŪʵηϤȤƤο͹ƤϥäλߤϡǤϤʤůؤ˴Ťۼθ졤拾ԥ塼פ碌¤Ǥꡤa priori ʿ͹ȸƤ֤ȤǤ롥
17˻Ϥޤä͹Ǯϡ18ȾˤϤäƤŪʸιۤϡ18Ⱦ̱²ιޤȿ㤷ơФˤʤäƤäΤǤ롥Ƥӿ͹ǮޤäΤϡ19κǸλȾǤ롥٤ϡ¸μʻ¾夹٤ΤθˤϤ a posteriori ʿ͹줬͡ʷǺꤵ줿Ǯطʤˤϡݥߥ˥ɬȤ٤ʤۤƤȡѸʤɤ줬ݶ̸ȤʤݱʤŪʿʤɤääơѸȤѸ˾μפȡ19Ⱦ͹ǮȤϡ̵طǤϤʤ
Ǥͭ̾ǡǤ͹ڥȸ (Esperanto) ʳˤ¿ο͹줬ƤƤCrystal (355) 顤ΰǯ̤¤٤褦פʤΤˤĤƤϡֻǼǮι⤵狼
뤬1ϡ̱²ιޤȤȤˡƤӿ͹ؤǮƤäơ¤ξˡѸȤ줬̸ؤƻҤ뤳ȤȤʤäΤǤ롥

DateLanguageInventorComment
1880Volapük ("World Language")Johann Martin Schleyer8 vowels, 20 consonants; based largely on English and German.
1887Esperanto ("Lingvo Internacia")Ludwig Lazarus Zamenhof5 vowels, 23 consonants, mainly West European lexicon; Slavonic influence on syntax and spelling.
1902Idiom NeutralV. K. RosenbergerA former supporter of Volapük; strongly influenced by Romance.
1903Latino Sine Flexione (Interlingua)Giuseppe PeanoLatin without inflections; vocabulary mainly from Latin words.
1904Perio  
1905Lingua Internacional  
1906Ekselsioro  
1906Ulla  
1906Mondlingvo  
1907Lingwo Internaciona (Antido)  
1907IdoLouis de Beaufront or Louis CouturatA modified version of Esperanto (the name means "derived from" in Esperanto).
1908Mez-Voio  
1908Romanizat  
1909Romanal  
1911Latin-Esperanto  
1914Europeo  
1915Nepo  
1921Hom Idyomo  
1922OccidentalEdgar von WahlDevised for the western world only; largely based on Romance.
1923Espido  
1928NovialOtto JespersenMainly Ido vocabulary and Occidental grammar. Novial = New + International Auxiliary Language.
1937Néo  
1943InterglossaLancelot HogbenPublished only in draft form.
1951InterlinguaInternational Auxiliary Language AssociationA Romance-based grammar, with a standardized vocabulary based on the main Western European languages.
1955Esperantuisho  
1956Globaqo  
1958Modern Esperanto  
1960Delmondo  
1962Utoki  
1972Eurolengo  
1981GlosaW. Ashby and R. ClarkA modified version of Interglossa. Contains a basic 1,000-word vocabulary, derived from Latin and Greek roots.
1986Uropi  


Crystal, David. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language. 2nd ed. Cambridge: CUP, 1997. 199--205.

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2009-05-09 Sat

#10. Ͽ͹ [esperanto][language_change][invisible_hand][artificial_language][causation]

ڥ ( Esperanto )Ȥ줬롥1887ǯ˥ݡɤΰեۥ(Zamenhof)ˤäƹȤʤ٤ͰƤ줿Ǥ롥λˤϡEsperantoޤʣι줬³ȹͰƤ줿ǺǤ͹Ǥꡤ10ͰʾüԤȤ롥ʸˡäϥ衼åѤθ졤ä˥ޥ󥹸ϤƤ뤬ñ㲽Ƥꡤ⤫ĤƤäȤΤưפǤʢޤƤʤȤȤ򼨤ˡܤǤܥڥȳزȤɽؤΤǡؿΤϻȤ줿
Esperantoֿ͹(artificial language)ȸƤФ뤳Ȥ˰ϤʤǤܸѸʤɤ̾θϡּ(natural language)ȸƤǤ褤Τ˿ؤιֵȤΤ褦˸äƤΤפФֿʹ֤ФΤǤʾ塤ʤɤȤΤϤꤨʤϤ٤ƿ͹Ǥ롥
EsperantoȱѸֿ͹פȤư勞ˤˤϡϤ񹳤롥ʤΤ
ǡ[2009-05-07-1]ˡָ̽ڤȸѲפȤƼ夲KellerƤӰ礤˽ФΤˤϼʪȿ͹ʪ뤬ԤˤϿ͹Ū͹ʪȼŪ͹ʪबȤ򡤶ȤȤ˿޼Ƥߤ롥

	                    things
	                      
	  
	                                
	natural                      artificial(?)
	                                  
	                      
	                                        
	                 artificial             natural
	
	
	the Alps         Esperanto              English
	flowers          paper flowers          traffic jam
	waterfalls       euro                   'grown' towns
	bee language     satellite cities       the Latin alphabet
	                 the Morse alphabet     Buddhism

ȡΤʬˡǤϤʤʬˡǹͤɬפ뤳Ȥ狼롥Ǥϡartificial(?) β̶ʬȤƤ artificial natural ƤʬѸ줬ʤѸܸʤɤϡֱΡ artificial(?) natural פ°͹Ǥ⤢꼫Ǥ⤢ȤԻ׵ĤӤӤƤΤǤ롥°븽ݤϡŬѸ줬ʤΤǡ phenomena of the third kind 軰θ ˤȸƤФƤ롥
̽ڤѸѲ⡤ġλüԤΩտޤƤ櫓ǤϤʤΤΡġιưޤ ( invisible hand ) ƳΤȤΩ˸Esperantoʤɤξ㳰ơ˸ؤϸ§Ȥ軰θݤ갷äƤȹͤƤ褤ȯѲϡïˤäƤ⤿餵ΤǤϤʤġοʹ֤ΰտޤʤŪʱĤߤη̤ȤợǡּˡΤʤΤ
ʹּҲˤ軰θݡפ¾ˤõƤߤƤ

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