ϸͰ¤ (1862--1933) ʹơפ⤫٤ȶʤȤǤ5δäعǥ顼Τ˳ؤͤȤƤƤ뤷ʿΤζפǤ⤢ꡤˤϡƻ٤ԤǤ⤢롥ĿŪˤϡĤйֻդȤؤǶȤ⤢ΤǿƤߤͯϸͤƱؤνĹǤ⤢ä
ѸȤδϢǤϡƣˡˡرѸãäѤ졤ܿͤαѸ٤δƬѸãͤ1ͤȤΤƤ롥ϸͤϾҤƻ٤Τ뤬ȤबΤϱѸ Bushido, the Soul of Japan ǤꡤܸΡƻ٤ǤϤʤդɬפ롥Bushido ãդαʸǤ롥
ϸͤϡΤ褦ܱѳػˤ礭פĤƤ뤬 (cf. #4587. ܱѸƻάǯɽס ([2021-11-17-1])ˡϢ̳Ĺ̳ƤǯˤϹݸ˶ؿ褦ˤʤäºݡϡ#962. Esperanto ([2011-12-15-1]) Ǥ줿褦˥ڥƥȤ⤢äBasic English λٻԤǤ⤢äƣ (24--25) Ѥ롥
Ϣ̳ɼĹ̳뤳鿷ϸͤɬ˴褦ˤʤ롥ǯϱѹθؼCKǥIA㡼ѸؽѤ˳ȯִܱѸʥ١ååˡפ˴ؿƤ褦ʡԽ;ϿٸȬˡ
ˡ̾פθưȬޡαñǺѤޤ뤿ΤŪʥƥϡθѸˤʤǤȤοߤȯɽ줿顤बȤƤεǽԤΤ̵ϤʤΨŻ뤷ηϤ˴Ԥ뤳ȼΡѸ춵ФƳڤäͤʤ褿Ȥʪä롥ܤλؤȤޤäͤʤǤ塤Ʊѳؤ˴ΰӤéǤä
ѸãͤǤ뿷ϸͤϡΤ褦ʱѸãͤθڤܤ̻뤳ȤԲǽȸäƤ˰㤤ʤǰۤʤϩ뤳ȤˤڥȤ Basic English ָΤȻפ롥ȤƤŬʤäϰ㤨ɡɸ⿶֤äƤߤۼŪǤ뤳ȤϰפƤϿϸͤʤäȤۤʤ褦˻פ롥
Basic English ˤĤƤϡ#959. Ūʹݿ줬٤ ([2011-12-12-1])#960. Basic English ([2011-12-13-1]) ⻲Ȥ줿
ƣ ˡرѸãäѤ졤ܿͤαѸ12ǡ2017ǯ
Algeo and Pyles ϡΰ̣ѲϤκǸạ̇̄ѲԲƳǧƤ롥ǰŪʤΤϡEsperanto ʤɤοФʤ顤Τ褦ʸŪ۶Ọ̇̄ѲԲƤʤȤǮäƤĹ"SEMANTIC CHANGE IS INEVITABLE" ꤹѤ褦 (243--44)
It is a great pity that language cannot be the exact, finely attuned instrument that deep thinkers wish it to be. But the facts are, as we have seen, that the meaning of practically any word is susceptible to change of one sort or another, and some words have so many individual meanings that we cannot really hope to be absolutely certain of the sum of these meanings. But it is probably quite safe to predict that the members of the human race, homines sapientes more or less, will go on making absurd noises with their mouths at one another in what idealists among them will go on considering a deplorably sloppy and inadequate manner, and yet manage to understand one another well enough for their own purposes.
The idealists may, if they wish, settle upon Esperanto, Ido, Ro, Volapük, or any other of the excellent scientific languages that have been laboriously constructed. The game of construction such languages is still going on. Some naively suppose that, should one of these ever become generally used, there would be an end to misunderstanding, followed by an age of universal brotherhood---the assumption being that we always agree with and love those whom we understand, though the fact is that we frequently disagree violently with those whom we understand very well. (Cain doubtless understood Abel well enough.)
But be that as it may, it should be obvious, if such an artificial language were by some miracle ever to be accepted and generally used, it would be susceptible to precisely the kind of changes in meaning that have been our concern in this chapter as well as to such change in structure as have been our concern throughout---the kind of changes undergone by those natural languages that have evolved over the eons. And most of the manifold phenomena of life---hatred, disease, famine, birth, death, sex, war, atoms, isms, and people, to name only a few---would remain as messy and hence as unsatisfactory to those unwilling to accept them as they have always been, no matter what words we use in referring to them.
ιʥפʸϤǤ롥ʤѤκǸ "no matter what words we use in referring to them" ȽҤ٤ƤΤϡonomasiological change/variation ˴ؤ뤳ȤAlgeo and Pyles ϡsemasiological change onomasiological change 碌ợְѲפȤȤ館Ƥ뤳Ȥ狼롥
̣ˤĤƤϡ#961. ([2011-12-14-1]) (4) ȡϢơ#963. Ѹˤȿ ([2011-12-16-1]) ɤޤ#1955. ̣ѲΰŪ ([2014-09-03-1]) ⤴
Algeo, John, and Thomas Pyles. The Origins and Development of the English Language. 5th ed. Thomson Wadsworth, 2005.
#2675. ȸѲ ([2016-08-23-1]) ǡJones and Singh μҲŪѲŪʴοؤδؿˤĤƹͤEsperanto Τ褦ʿФȡʿԤ⤢СɡǾФ⤢Сζ̸ʤƲȤʤ⤷ȴؿԤ⤢롥ˤ衤üȿ륱¿褦˻פ롥
ĿͤȤƤϡʤȤᤤ衤͡˼븽ϤʤȻפäƤ뤷δ϶ؿäƤ櫓ǤϤʤJones and Singh εɤʤǡʤʤΡ˿͡ϿƤ˻ΤȤ˴ؿͯƤ鸽ߤˤơϾ˿ФƾƴƤǤ (cf. #958. 19Ⱦ³Ƚи ([2011-12-11-1])) Jones and Singh (154--55) ϡEco 礤˽Фʤ顤ʤȤ衼åѤˤ뤳δؿˤĤʬϤ褦ȤƤ롥
[F]or many, deliberate creation still smacks of the quasi-academic and the 'geeky'; a fringe and fantasy-based pastime that produces 'eccentricities' such as Klingon and Esperanto. . . .
Yet while deliberate invention has long been nothing more than a game for many, it has also been seriously considered as an ideal solution to what have been characterised by some as (linked) linguistic and social 'problems'. Eco (1995: 1) [= Eco, U. The Search for the Perfect Language. Oxford: Blackwell, 1995.], for example, argues that the perception of linguistic diversity and difference has long been current in practically every culture, as has been the notion that this 'Babel' can be redeemed through 'the rediscovery or invention of a language common to all humanity'. In European thought, this has prompted various linguistic projects throughout the centuries, such as those listed in 7.2.a (adapted from Eco 1995: 2--3):
7.2.a Typology of 'language projects' in European scholarship
1. The rediscovery of languages postulated as original or as mystically perfect, such as Hebrew, Egyptian or Chinese.
2. The reconstruction of languages postulated, either fancifully or not, as original or mother tongues.
3. Languages constructed artificially for one of thee ends:
(a) Perfection in terms of either function or structure, such as the a-priori philosophical languages of the seventeenth century, designed to express ideas perfectly.
(b) Perfection in terms of universality, such as the a-posteriori international languages of the nineteenth century.
(c) Perfection in terms of practicality, if only presumed, such as the so-called polygraphies.
4. Magic languages, discovered or invented, whose perfection is extolled on account of either their mystic effability or their initiatic secrecy.
Ǥϡ衼åѤǤι̣ǤΡָײ (language_planning) λƤˤʤäƤ뤬 Eco ΥꥹȤˤ⤦1IJäΤ롥ϡʹߡνʵڤܡˤǤɸŪǤ롥19ʹߤοƤϤǤΡֹŪ̸ָΤǤΤФγƹˤɸಽȵϲϤޤǡֹŪ̸κܻؤƤˤʤξԤȯۤϺŪˤ礭ۤʤäƤʤνѼ¿1ĤѼ֤뤳Ȥȡν¿1Ĥθ֤뤳ȤϡϤˤʤȤ⤤뤫ΤˡԤˤϿ줬ؤ뤬ԤϼΤʤǤäǤȤ礭ʰ㤤롥ԤɸѼˤ⾯ʤ̿ͰäƤ뤳Ȥդ٤Ǥ롥ʹߡˤɸѼɬ˺ꤷμͤȤγưϡŪ˳ɾƤȤäƤ褤ιǤǤ Esperanto Volapük Ƥ꿮ꤹԤȤγư "geeky" ȤߤΤϡԻĤȤԻĤǤ롥ξȤ "geeky" ǥŪǤȤСɸˤŪ˼ꡤʤɸ餷Ƥ֤⡤ "geeky" ǥŪȤΤ⤷ʤ
Jones, Mari C. and Ishtla Singh. Exploring Language Change. Abingdon: Routledge, 2005.
Esperanto ɽ (artificial_language) ήɤθؤˤƿ˵뤳ȤϤۤȤɤʤ⤽ΤϤǤ롥ؤδؿϡħηϡSaussure "langue" 뤤 Chomsky "competence"ˤ餫ˤ뤳ȤˤꡤͰŪˤǤäˤ뤳ȤϤǤʤѲΩ줫⡤ϾʤȤ¤Ф줿ˤüԤ⤤ʤ̾ߤϤθѲˤ˳뤿ᡤޤȤ˰٤ͳʤȰ콳롥
˼ҲŪʴѲ Johns and Singh ϡ1Ϥ䤤 Language invention ˴ؤͤƤ롥ͳ˼褦
We have . . . included select discussion of such [invented] systems here primarily because invention constitutes part of the natural and normal spectrum of human linguistic ability and behaviour and, as such, merits acknowledgement in our general discussion of language use and language change. At the most obvious level, linguistic inventions are, despite their tag of artificiality, ultimately products of the human linguistic competence and, indeed, creativity, that produces their natural counterparts. In many cases, they are also often born of the arguably human impulse to influence and change linguistic behaviour, an impulse which . . . fundamentally underlies strategies of natural language planning. Thus . . . languages may be invented to reflect particular world views, promote and foster solidarity among certain groups or even potentially for the purpose of preserving natural linguistic obsolescence as a result of the domination of one particular language. It is in such real-life purposes that our interest in linguistic invention lies . . . .
ˤϸǽϤؤθڤ⤢뤬ȤƼҲŪʴؿˤռȤäƤ褤ȯѡηϤѻưŤͻ뤳Ȥǡ͡ȤΤ˲ƤΤΤɤʬƤΤʤʹưˤѤ褦ȤΤʤΤȤŪʸФҥȤ뤫⤷ʤȤ櫓ѲȤδϢǤϡʤײȤäͰŪʸѲߤƤΤȤˤĤʤ롥ĤޤȤϡεǽȤϲʤ͡ϸѲѰۤΤȤˤˤĤƹͻݤˡ1ĤκǤȤȤѲˤȤ
Jones and Singh (182) ϡξ "as a linguistic exercise, the processes of invention, as well as its concomitant problems and issues, have the potential to complement our general understanding of how human language functions as successfully as it does" ȸڤƤ롥츫Τ褦˻פʤºݤ˱꤫⤷ʤˤŪ꤫ϤŪʵäƤ椯礬⤷Ϣơ#963. Ѹˤȿ ([2011-12-16-1]) ⻲Ȥ줿
ۤˡȤƤϡ#958. 19Ⱦ³Ƚи ([2011-12-11-1])#959. Ūʹݿ줬٤ ([2011-12-12-1])#961. ([2011-12-14-1]) ⻲ȡ
Jones, Mari C. and Ishtla Singh. Exploring Language Change. Abingdon: Routledge, 2005.
ѸȥڥȸζϲŪˤϡʬŪǤȤޥϸθ캬ĸä¿ȤġθܤˤĤƻŦ뤳ȤǤŤߤ˶1ĵȤΤҲŪˤСñǤ롥θ lingua franca Ǥ롤ȤȤѸȥԥζҥ¯ƥζˤƤƱǤ롥
[2012-04-17-1], [2012-04-18-1], [2012-04-19-1]ε lingua franca ȤѸˤĤĴ٤ҲŪʸϤ餳Ѹȳǰˤ⤦ꤿWardhaugh (55) ˤСUNESCO lingua franca "a language which is used habitually by people whose mother tongues are different in order to facilitate communication between them" Ƥ롥Ǥϡθ줬ѤϰϤιˤĤƤϸڤƤʤΤǡʶƱΤǤΤѤƤ褦ʸξ lingua franca ȤȤˤʤ롥"used habitually" ˤ᤹СǵϳΤˤ lingua franca ̾ͤ
lingua franca ϤĤμʬ뤳ȤǤ (Wardhaugh 56)
(1) եꥫΥϥ쥢եꥫΥҥΤ褦˸ŪѤ "trade language"
(2) 奮ꥷˤ koiné ʥ͡ˤ衼åѤˤ¯ƥΤ褦˽̤ܿȤƤ "contact language"
(3) ѸΤ褦˹ŪѤ "international language"
(4) Esperanto ([2011-12-15-1]) Basic English ([2011-12-13-1]) Τ褦ʿˤ "auxiliary language"
(5) ʥξƱΤäƤ롤ʸˡȥեθäͻ礵̱²Ūǥƥƥôä Michif Τ褦 "mixed language"
ۤˤ嵭ƤϤޤС泤θ̸Ȥʤä SabirγϰDZƶؤ Arabic, Mandarin, Hindi γƸ졤19Ⱦ British Columbia Alaska ˤƹѤ Chinook Jargon ʤɤ롥
Wardhaugh, Ronald. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. 6th ed. Malden: Blackwell, 2010.
4ε (##958,959,960,961) ǿˤĤƼ夲Ƥ19ȾؤǮdzˡǡưӤڥȸ (Esperanto) ˤĤƸʤ櫓ˤϤʤ
ڥȸߤο Ludwig Lazarus Zamenhof (1859--1917) ϡΤˤäݡɤ Białystok ޤ줿ͤβȷϤޤ줿ϥȤ̱²֤ΤʤĹʰȤʤ롥ʣ¿̱²¿δĶǡबϤޤƤ Yiddish, Hebrew, Polish, German, Russian, Lithuanian ¿Ǥ롥Τ褦ʴĶݤ줿ƤǦѤ˻٤졤Zamenhof ϹݸȯȤۤ褦ˤʤꡤǯμ¸θ塤1887ǯDoktoro Esperanto ʥڥȸǡִ˾ԡפΰաˤɮ̾Dz Lingvo Internacia 路ɮ̾ˤʤǸ˥ڥȸȸƤФ뤳ȤˤʤκǽλǤ롥
1889ǯǽΥڥȸλ La Esperantisto ԡ1893ǯˤϡڥȸθȿΩ夬äZamenhof ϵإϥåȡ١ǥ륻Ƹáꥨηࡤơʤɤ꤬ڥȸƤä1905ǯBoulogne Ǻǽιݥڥȸ졤20700ͤɽáϤθ帽ߤ˻ޤǯŤƤ롥1905ǯ˽Ǥ줿 Fundamento de Esperanto ϥڥȸʸˡθޤȤΤǤꡤڥƥ (Esperantist) ΥХ֥Ȥ⤤Ǥ롥
1921ǯˤϡϢ̳ĹǤäϸͰ¤ڥȸλۤ˶ĤϢǥڥȸʤȤ̤⤢äڥȸκѤˤϻʤäθŪ˰ݤŤ뵡ˤϤʤäθ塤Ūʴޤߤդ줿ڥȸϡλٻԤȤȤˡʥ䥹ư줿˳ư褵1954ǯˤϥͥ The Uiversala Esperanto-Asocio ڥȶ 1908ǯΩˤΤȤǧꡥ1966ǯˤϡ100Ͱʾν̾ȤȤ˹ϢθѸؤƤʤ줿ϼʤä
ߡ50ιⶨ22ιݶ¸ߤ100Ķʪ3ĶڥȸǴԤƤ롥륷̵ʤɤǤϥ饸¸ߤ롥üԿοפξȤơڥȸüԿˤĤƤΤʤȤϤ狼ʤʤפǿ͡¿פ1500ͰʾȤ (Crystal 356) Ūˤäơ˾塤ǤȤäƤ褤
ǡ衼åѽСܤϥڥȸڳưʹǤ롥1919ǯΩܥڥȳزγư濴Ǥ롥ҤοϸͤΤۤ¡¼СʸؼԡˤʤɤؿƤȤˤ⤢롥衼åǤϡեɡǥǥޡǤγưΩġŪ微ʸȤǤꡤڥȸǰ䤹
ǡڥȸФƤϡȿȯ¸ߤ뤳ȤΤǤ롥ݶ̸ȤƤϼä˱ѸˤѤ٤ȤԤ⤢뤷¾ολٻԤ⤢롥ޤڥȸ줬ŪץѥȷӤĤ뷹뤳Ȥ⡤Ƥ褦
ϥڥƥȤǤϤʤػ¿ؤؤμȤȤơ֥ڥȸפäˡߤǤؤμȤȤƤɤΤ餤֤ƤΤȵˤʤäȤǤΥڥȸʤHPĤ١Ȥ褦Ǥ롥
Crystal, David. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language. 2nd ed. Cambridge: CUP, 1997. 199--205.
ݶ̸ȤƤλѤǰƬƤ줿βϡΤȤʤ顤Ū˹ǧΤ졤ƤȤȤ19ȾʹߤξįƤߤȡβϤޤäƤʤȤäƤ褤طʤˤϡˤޤĤŪҲŪŪ꤬롥Crystal (357) ꡤΤĤվ褦
(1) ưŤФοǤСüԿϤۤܥǤ롥üԿ䤷Ƥ椯ˤϤɤФ褤ΤϡҲפľ̤ڥȸȯƼ Zamenhof ⤳Ǻޤ졤κǸ "I, the undersigned, promise to learn the international language proposed by Dr Esperanto, if it appears that 10 million people have publicly given the same promise." Ȥ«ɼԤ᤹ȤƤǤФ̤ȤƤոʤä褦
(2) ǥƥƥꡥߥ˥¤ǡνפ1ĤˡüԤΥǥƥƥɸȤǽ롥üԤϡϰҲѰκۤѤƾ˼ɽƤΤǤꡤΤεǽϤȤΤۤפȤΤҲؤθǤ롥ϡ[2011-12-12-1]ε (4) Ǽ̤ꡤʤɸŪǤ뤳ȤۤȤƷǤ롥β̤פʵǽ1ĤǤåƤޤȤˤʤ롥̱²ֶȿǮѤ˾18Ⱦ20ȾФ2ˤ錄äơƱߥǴѻ줿Ȥϡܤ٤Ǥ롥
(3) ŪжƤƤϸ¤ߥ衼åѤθפȤƤ롥ŪŪΩܻؤˤϡХꤹƤΤǤϤʤϡθ¿ڻ뤹뷹롥
(4) ̣㡥ɾȤƤϡ֡δפɤμ֤Ƥ뤫ʤɡܤޤ꤬̣ؤδؿϾʤ֤ǡ֤б뤬̣ϰۤʤ뤿դפ false friends ( F "faux amis" ) ȤΤ뤬ȼδ֤ǤƱ꤬ͤꤦ롥Ǥ̣Ȥϡdenotation Ǥʤ connotation ޤࡥ㤨СѸ "capitalism" ñˤḤ̂ϡꥫͤξȡͤξǤϰۤʤäƤǽ롥
(5) ȿ¿οͤŪ̸ȤƤομݤˤϻƱΤΡǮŪʻٻԤƤŪŪˤδƤ롥ٻΤˤäƤϽŪʿ̤ӤӤƤꡤɤưоݤˤʤ礹餢롥1930ǯ塤ɥĤ䥽ϢǡڥȸüԤưԤʤ줿㤬롥
˸¤餺ݶ̸εˤƤϡޤ (4) ΰ̣Ūʴä˷ڻ뤵Ƥ褦˻פΰ̣ʸˤ̩ܤ˷ӤĤƤ뤳Ȥͤȡ(2) ȤϢƤ
ڤäƤϡֻפε۵ˤʤ2ĤβױưۤʤäƤϤ뤬פȤ¦̤¿롥[2010-12-24-1]ε#606. ѸֻפԤͳס[2011-01-21-1]ε#634. ǯֻ (1)פ碌ƻȤ줿
Crystal, David. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language. 2nd ed. Cambridge: CUP, 1997. 199--205.
ε#957. 19Ⱦ³Ƚи ([2011-12-11-1]) ǿ (artificial language) ˤڤϼ˱ڤǤʤΤ¤Ǥ롥ΤˡǤͭ̾ʿȤäƤ褤ڥȸ (Esperanto) ϡʤפǤ͡¿פǤ1500ͰʾüԡʼȤ2üԡˤʤȤ졤¤μ٤ڤƤȤߤʤȤϲǽ⤷ʤʴϢ[2010-01-26-1]ε#274. üԿפȡʤ衼åѰʳǥڥȸüԤ¿ΤܤǤˡ
ŪʿȤưտޤƤϤȤϤڥȶβȾ첤ͤǤꡤŪʡʤŪʡФθ뤳ȤǤʤڡפˤ뤬ڥȸǤŪ˹ԤʤƤȤϸΤ顤¾οڤ٤Ͽ䤷Τ٤Ǥ롥
ǤϡŪڤ٤ŪʿȤϤɤΤ褦ʤΤɤΤ褦ʾƤС¿οͤǼ褦ۤοȤʤΤϰƼԤٻԤϡΤ褦ʾŦƤ (Crystal 357)
(1) ؤӤ䤹ȡʸˡ§ŪñǤꡤỌ̇̄δطƩǤꡤֻɸŪǤꡤȯưפǤ뤳ȤɬפǤ롥
(2) ȴϢƤ뤳ȡȤưפǤɬפ롥ʹ¤äƤꡤΥǥȿǤ뤳ȤǤŪħ¿ƤꡤŪ˻ѤƤŪפΤ캬äƤ뤳Ȥ˾ޤ
(3) ˭٤ʵǽ̤뤳ȡäդդΤߤʤ餺ʳء̾ݡġʤɤŪΰǤⵡǽ̤ɬפ롥ݥߥ˥ΥǥǤλѤˤѤ褦ǤʤФʤʤ
(4) ɸŪǤ뤳ȡˤѰۤäƤϤʤʤ뤿ˤϡҤ뵡ؤˤƻ뤬ɬפ
(5) ŪŪΩǤ뤳ȡ٤Ƥι˼뤿ˤϡΩγݤפǤ롥¿ολٻԤϡʿ¶¸ΤԲķʾȹͤƤ롥
(6) ƶ¥ΤǤ뤳ȡŪʿϡñ˹ݥߥ˥μʤȤƤǤʤŪʻͤ¥ƻȤƤͭǤ뤳Ȥ˾ޤϡä17 a priori ʿ줬ܻؤƤůŪۤǤ롥
ξ⤽줾ȤƱΤϤʤŪŪůŪ郎Ʊ路Ƥꡤ̤ͥͿ뤫ˤäԤδ֤ΩͤʤȤϼǤ롥ơºݤˤΤ褦ͳԤδ֤ΩƤä (2) (5) ʤɤϡȴϢƤʤ顤Ʊ˸ŪΩǤȤ̷⤹ᤷƤΤ顤κϿ
ŪʾΤʤˡѸʤɤιŪʱƶϤļؤȿȯõ뤳ȤưפǤ롥ȽǼΤѤӤӤʤȤϤ嵭ξΤ㤨бѸ줬Ƥ (3) 餤ǤϤʤ
Τ褦ŪʾŪįƤǤŪǤϤʤˤȤ⡤ݥߥ˥ΤˤϤǤɤȤɸȤªΤǤСذǤŤȤͭפǤѸä˸ä˴ؤ (1) δɤ褦Ȥߤ1ĤˡCharles Kay Ogden (1889--1857) ιͰƤ Basic English 롥ˤĤƤεǡ
Crystal, David. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language. 2nd ed. Cambridge: CUP, 1997. 199--205.
ѸܸʤɤμȯФơտŪ߷פ줿 (artificial language) ȤΤ롥[2009-05-09-1]ε#10. Ͽפǿ줿̤ꡤȤƾΤ꤬ʤ櫓ǤϤʤѤƤѸǤ롥 (auxiliary language) ȤѸ줬Ѥ뤳Ȥ⤢뤬ΤΤ褦ˡѸʤɤμ줬ݥߥ˥ΤŪ˻ѤƤ¤ꡤθƾΤϤǤ롥Ǥϡ깭ή̤ƤȤѸѤ롥
ۤʤüԤɤδ֤ǥߥ˥Ȥ뤿ζ̸ (lingua franca) ȤơŪʸ᤹פ켫ΤϡΤǤϸŵ夫鸫줿ߤޤǤ˿ɴˤΤܤ줬ƤƤȤäɵܳŪ˻ϤޤäΤϡοͤõۤʤʸؤܤϤ17ΤȤȤäƤ褤λϡlingua franca ȤƤΥƥ줬षϤǤ⤢롥Francis Bacon (1561--1626), René Descartes (1596--1650), Gottfried Wilhelm Leibnitz (1646--1716) ʤɤůŪʵηϤȤƤοƤϥäλߤϡǤϤʤůؤ˴Ťۼθ졤拾ԥ塼פ碌¤Ǥꡤa priori ʿȸƤ֤ȤǤ롥
17˻ϤޤäǮϡ18ȾˤϤäƤŪʸιۤϡ18Ⱦ̱²ιޤȿ㤷ơФˤʤäƤäΤǤ롥ƤӿǮޤäΤϡ19κǸλȾǤ롥٤ϡ¸μʻ¾夹٤ΤθˤϤ a posteriori ʿ줬͡ʷǺꤵ줿Ǯطʤˤϡݥߥ˥ɬȤ٤ʤۤƤȡѸʤɤ줬ݶ̸ȤʤݱʤŪʿʤɤääơѸȤѸ˾μפȡ19ȾǮȤϡ̵طǤϤʤ
Ǥͭ̾ǡǤڥȸ (Esperanto) ʳˤ¿ο줬ƤƤCrystal (355) 顤ΰǯ̤¤٤褦פʤΤˤĤƤϡֻǼǮι⤵狼
뤬1ϡ̱²ιޤȤȤˡƤӿؤǮƤäơ¤ξˡѸȤ줬̸ؤƻҤ뤳ȤȤʤäΤǤ롥
| Date | Language | Inventor | Comment |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1880 | Volapük ("World Language") | Johann Martin Schleyer | 8 vowels, 20 consonants; based largely on English and German. |
| 1887 | Esperanto ("Lingvo Internacia") | Ludwig Lazarus Zamenhof | 5 vowels, 23 consonants, mainly West European lexicon; Slavonic influence on syntax and spelling. |
| 1902 | Idiom Neutral | V. K. Rosenberger | A former supporter of Volapük; strongly influenced by Romance. |
| 1903 | Latino Sine Flexione (Interlingua) | Giuseppe Peano | Latin without inflections; vocabulary mainly from Latin words. |
| 1904 | Perio | ||
| 1905 | Lingua Internacional | ||
| 1906 | Ekselsioro | ||
| 1906 | Ulla | ||
| 1906 | Mondlingvo | ||
| 1907 | Lingwo Internaciona (Antido) | ||
| 1907 | Ido | Louis de Beaufront or Louis Couturat | A modified version of Esperanto (the name means "derived from" in Esperanto). |
| 1908 | Mez-Voio | ||
| 1908 | Romanizat | ||
| 1909 | Romanal | ||
| 1911 | Latin-Esperanto | ||
| 1914 | Europeo | ||
| 1915 | Nepo | ||
| 1921 | Hom Idyomo | ||
| 1922 | Occidental | Edgar von Wahl | Devised for the western world only; largely based on Romance. |
| 1923 | Espido | ||
| 1928 | Novial | Otto Jespersen | Mainly Ido vocabulary and Occidental grammar. Novial = New + International Auxiliary Language. |
| 1937 | Néo | ||
| 1943 | Interglossa | Lancelot Hogben | Published only in draft form. |
| 1951 | Interlingua | International Auxiliary Language Association | A Romance-based grammar, with a standardized vocabulary based on the main Western European languages. |
| 1955 | Esperantuisho | ||
| 1956 | Globaqo | ||
| 1958 | Modern Esperanto | ||
| 1960 | Delmondo | ||
| 1962 | Utoki | ||
| 1972 | Eurolengo | ||
| 1981 | Glosa | W. Ashby and R. Clark | A modified version of Interglossa. Contains a basic 1,000-word vocabulary, derived from Latin and Greek roots. |
| 1986 | Uropi |
ڥ ( Esperanto )Ȥ줬롥1887ǯ˥ݡɤΰեۥ(Zamenhof)ˤäƹȤʤ٤ͰƤ줿Ǥ롥λˤϡEsperantoޤʣι줬³ȹͰƤ줿ǺǤǤꡤ10ͰʾüԤȤ롥ʸˡäϥ衼åѤθ졤ä˥ޥϤƤ뤬ñ㲽Ƥꡤ⤫ĤƤäȤΤưפǤʢޤƤʤȤȤˡܤǤܥڥȳزȤɽؤΤǡؿΤϻȤ줿
Esperantoֿ(artificial language)ȸƤФ뤳Ȥ˰ϤʤǤܸѸʤɤ̾θϡּ(natural language)ȸƤǤ褤Τ˿ؤιֵȤΤ褦˸äƤΤפФֿʹ֤ФΤǤʾ塤ʤɤȤΤϤꤨʤϤ٤ƿǤ롥
EsperantoȱѸֿפȤư勞ˤˤϡϤ롥ʤΤ
ǡ[2009-05-07-1]ˡָ̽ڤȸѲפȤƼ夲KellerƤӰ礤˽ФΤˤϼʪȿʪ뤬ԤˤϿŪʪȼŪʪबȤȤȤ˿Ƥߤ롥
things natural artificial(?) artificial natural the Alps Esperanto English flowers paper flowers traffic jam waterfalls euro 'grown' towns bee language satellite cities the Latin alphabet the Morse alphabet Buddhism
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