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koine - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2026-04-26 Sun

#6208. Doric Ѹʸ̮ Scottish ¤ˤˤʤΤϤ⤷ [hellenic][greek][koine][scottish_english][scots][dialect][variety][oed]

Ѹˤ Doric Ȥꥷ Doris ʥɡꥹˤ˴Ťƻ줬롥֥ɡꥹΡɡꥹΡɡꥹפʤɤ򸶵Ȥ롥Doric ˤϡȤơΡļ¤ΡʤȤ櫓˥åȥ¤Ρפ⤢롥åȥ¤αѸ줬 Doric ȷƤ뤳ȤΤ˺٤Сä˥åȥAberdeen ʤɤŵŪ Doric Ȥ롥طʤˤϡɤʻ𤬤Τ
#1454. ꥷɡʰ²ˡ ([2013-04-20-1]) ǿ줿褦ˡ奮ꥷθˤ򿶤֤ȡ͡ʥꥷϤǡƳƥѤƤƥͤ濴˹Ԥʤ졤ؽѡʸؤôθդȤʤä Attic ˥ꥷΤߤʤ餺إ˥ koiné ȤƹäƤäаޤ롥 Doric ޤऽ¾ϡҲŪˡ̤ˤߤʤ褦ˤʤä
Doric ˽ɤ뤳Ȥˤʤäļ¤פθꥷ˸¤餺ŪѤ褦ˤʤä麣٤ϱѸʸ̮òơȤ櫓֥åȥ¤פθӤӤ褦ˤʤäΤ϶̣
OED Doric (ADJECTIVE & NOUN) ˤȡꥷΥɡꥹؤ̾ˡȤơǤѵȤʤäƤ뤬˻ȤƤΤ롥

1.b. † Speech or writing likened to the Doric dialect of ancient Greek for its apparent simplistic, unrefined, antiquated, or rustic character. Obsolete. 1657-1888


Τ褦ˡŪˤߤʤ̾졦ƻȤƤˡ17Ⱦ鸫뤬줬Ѹʸ̮ǡ֥åȥ¤פؤ褦ˤʤäΤϡ19äƤǤ롥ޤ֥åȥ¤Ρפ̣ƻȤƤˡƤߤ褦

1.c. Of or relating to Scots, a variety of English used in (esp. lowland) Scotland (see Scots n. B.1), esp. when regarded as rural or working-class; (now usually) spec. of or relating to the variety of Scots spoken in the north-east of Scotland, esp. Aberdeenshire. 1809-

   1809 Were she to stay much in the country, she would acquire some knowledge of our Doric dialect which (I mean in books) is too much neglected by a fastidious generation. (J. Ramsay, Letter 28 September (1966) 263)
   1840 The Scottish dialect of low life as first employed in novels by Sir Walter Scott:..it furnished the benefit of a Doric dialect. (T. De Quincey, Style: No. II in Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine September 398/1)
   1933 She has no difficulty in carrying on a conversation, frequently utilising Doric words and phrases. (Scotsman 14 September 10/6)
   1993 The North East Scotland Heritage Trust, formed last year to promote the Doric language and culture, is facing an uncertain financial future. (Scotsman 6 April 5)
   2023 Flora Garry, one of the most important Doric writers of the 20th Century. (Press & Journal (Aberdeen) (Nexis) 13 September 7)


ˡ֥åȥ¤פ̣̾ȤƤˡˤĤƤ⡤ʸ󤲤褦

1.c. Scots (see Scots n. B.1), esp. when regarded as rural or working-class; (now usually) spec. the variety of Scots spoken in the north-east of Scotland, esp. Aberdeenshire. 1832-

   1832 He returned thanks in the Doric of his native hills. (Gentleman's Magazine February 159/1)
   1870 'My Lord,' commenced John, in his purest Doric..'I wad hae thocht naething o't.' (E. B. Ramsay, Reminiscences of Scottish Life v. 127)
   1872 The good doctor dropped into the broadest Doric. (C. Gibbon, For the King vol. I. iii. 22)
   1933 He fell readily into the Doric,..using it pithily and with humour. (N. Shepherd, Pass in Grampians iii. 15 in Grampian Quartet (2001))
   1966 As one, who has for years fought for the proper recognition of our North-east dialect, the Doric, I welcomed the gesture of the latest report on the problem. (Aberdeen Evening Express 7 September)
   2023 A book written and published in Doric by pupils from an Aberdeenshire school has been nominated for this year's Scots Language Awards. (Aberdeen Evening Express (Nexis) 5 September 3)


ܲ Aberdeen ںߤƤ뤬Doric Ȥܤˤ꼪ˤꤹ뵡񤬤ޤˤ롥
Ϣơ#5505. 奮ꥷѡ ([2024-05-23-1])#2752. dialect ȤѸˤĤơ ([2016-11-08-1]) ε⻲ȡ

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2024-05-23 Thu

#5505. 奮ꥷ [greek][dialect][dialectology][hellenic][koine][lingua_franca]

褯ΤƤ褦ˡ奮ꥷͤϥꥷʳθ졦̱²ˤĤƤϡ֥ХХפλ뤹򼨤ꥷˤĤƤϤɤΤ褦˸ƤΤRobins (15) ˡ奮ꥷ¾Ф٤䥮ꥷνؤδ㺹⤷Ƥս꤬롥ä˸Ԥ򰷤äƤսѤ褦

. . . . the Greek designation of alien speakers as bárbaroi (βάρβαροι, whence our word barbarian), i.e. people who speak a language other than Greek, is probably indicative of their attitude.
   Quite different was the Greek awareness of their own dialectal divisions. The Greek language in Antiquity was more markedly divided into fairly sharply differentiated dialects than many other languages were. This was due both to the settlement of the Greek-speaking areas by successive waves of invaders, and to the separation into relatively small and independent communities that the mountainous configuration of much of the Greek mainland and the scattered islands of the adjoining seas forced on them. But that these dialects were dialects of a single language and that the possession of this language united the Greeks as a whole people, despite the almost incessant wars waged between the different 'city states' of the Greek world, is attested by at least one historian: Herodotus, in his account of the major achievement of a temporarily united Greece against the invading Persians at the beginning of the fifth century B.C., puts into the mouths of the Greek delegates a statement that among the bonds of unity among the Greeks in resisting the barbarians was 'the whole Greek community, being of one blood and one tongue'.


ѺǸΥإɥȥ (8.114.2) ؤθڤ̣餯奮ꥷͤΤʬƤꥷ¸ߤߤǧƤơۤʤȤªƤϤۤʤȤªƤʤäʤ륮ꥷϡꥷ̱²ʥڥ륷йơˤޤȤ夲̤ƤȤȤ
ͤƤߤСꥷ dialect Ȥñ߽ФΤǤꡤ֤ʿಽ̸ (koine) ؤäǤ⤢äϢơʲε⻲Ȥ줿

#1454. ꥷɡʰ²ˡ ([2013-04-20-1])
#2752. dialect ȤѸˤĤơ ([2016-11-08-1])
#1671. dialect contact, dialect mixture, dialect levelling, koineization ([2013-11-23-1])
#1391. lingua franca (4) ([2013-02-16-1])

Robins, R. H. A Short History of Linguistics. 4th ed. Longman: London and New York, 1997.

Referrer (Inside): [2026-04-26-1] [2025-01-01-1]

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2021-09-25 Sat

#4534. űѸȸťΥɸܿη̤ koineisation (3) [old_norse][contact][koine][koineisation][borrowing][language_shift][simplification][inflection][substratum_theory]

8Ⱦ11ˤƥ󥰥αѸϸťΥɸǻܿθܿ (contact) ϸαѸη˿ʱƶڤܤѸ˾ΰյ礭ˡ¿θ椬ʤ졤ѤƤܥ֥Ǥ⡤ťΥɸ˴ؤ old_norse ¿εǼ夲Ƥ
θܿħϡñʤüѤˤȤɤޤ餺٥ˤƶڤǤˤ롥˶޸ñ㲽 (simplification) ʿ (levelling) ˴ؤơܿι׸äȤŦƤ롥θܿܿΥݥΤʤǤɤΤ褦ʰ֤ŤˤΤ͡ʵ롥
ʬ˱ƶϤΤ Thomason and Kaufman (97, 281) θΩƤǤϡθܿοϡ (borrowing) 뤤ϸ (language_shift) ˤƶȤäˤȤϡξθüԤǤϤʤθüԤǤȤ
ξüԤȤ˼餸Ƥ륿פθܿǤȤ򤬤롥2ʤ뤤2ˤüԤߤŶ򸫤Ĥ֤ʿƤ͡ (koineisation) βǤϤʤȤΩˤĤƤϡǤˡ#3972. űѸȸťΥɸܿη̤ koineisation ([2020-03-12-1]) ȡ#3980. űѸȸťΥɸܿη̤ koineisation (2) ([2020-03-20-1]) ǤҲ𤷤Ƥ Winford (82--83) Dawson ˰͵򤷤ĤIJ⤷ƤʬѤ

Hope Dawson (2001) suggests that the variety of Northern English that emerged from the contact between Viking Norse and Northern Old English was in fact a koiné --- a blend of elements from the two languages. The formation of this compromise variety involved selections from both varieties, with gradual elimination of competition between variants through leveling (selection of one option). This suggestion is attractive, since it explains the retention of Norse grammatical features more satisfactorily than a borrowing scenario does. We saw . . . that the direct borrowing of structural features (under RL [= recipient language] agentivity) is rather rare. The massive diffusion of Norse grammatical features into Northern Old English is therefore not what we would expect if the agents of change were speakers of Old English importing Norse features into their speech. A more feasible explanation is that both Norse and English speakers continued to use their own varieties to each other, and that later generations of bilingual or bidialectal speakers (especially children) forged a compromise language, as tends to happen in so many situations of contact.


ܿؤγǤϡ͡ΩԤƤƤ褦˻פ롥

Thomason, Sarah Grey and Terrence Kaufman. Language Contact, Creolization, and Genetic Linguistics. Berkeley: U of California P, 1988.
Dawson, Hope. "The Linguistic Effects of the Norse Invasion of England." Unpublished ms, Dept of Linguistics, Ohio State U, 2001.
Winford, Donald. An Introduction to Contact Linguistics. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2003.

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2020-12-30 Wed

#4265. ʤꥫǤϱѸ줬礿ȤäƤΤǤ --- hellog 饸 [hellog-radio][sobokunagimon][sociolinguistics][history][ame][official_language][history][koine][dialect_levelling][sociolinguistics]

ɸϡ䤦ޤǤʤȻפ褦ʵ䤫⤷ޤ󤬡λ¤طʤõ뤳Ȥ˰̣롤ȤϾʤޤ󡥸ߤǤϡѸȤбѹƹΤȤפ⤫٤ͤ¿ȻפޤŪˤƹϸȯαѸǤ17Ƭ˥ꥹο̱ϤȤƥȤѸѤϰȤƤˤǤ
ƹ̱ιǤ뤳ȤϤ褯ΤƤޤɤޤ।ꥹ礫ΰ̱ˤȤɤޤ餺17ȾϥɥĤʤɥ衼åѽ񤫤ΰ̱¿äƤޤ19Ⱦϥ䥢եꥫ20ˤ椫͡󤻤ޤΰۤʤä͡ꥫɥ꡼ƹܻؤΤǤ
ȤȡѸɮƬȤĤĤʣΰۤʤ줬¤Ω̾¤Ȥ¿ȤȤʤǽ⤢äϤǤ¡ƹǤ¿ѤǧƤޤԤʤƤ⤤ޤŪˤСѸ줬ŪͭϤͣθǤȤǤ礦ϤʤʤΤǤ礦Ū˹ͤƤߤޤ礦



͡ʸüԤƹ˰̱ȤƤäƤȤϳΤǤǽ˰̱ʸβߤäΤϡȤäƤ⥤󥰥ɡåȥɡɤʤɥꥹпȤο͡ĤޤѸüԤǤǽߤ줿Ѹ쥤ե餬塹ޤDZƶڤܤȤȤǤޤˡλ¤Ƥޤ
⤦1ġɽѥ˥΢դ줿̱ΰưư (mobility) ƤޤҲΤʤǹư͡ȤΤϡޤʸʿಽ͡Ǥ⤢ޤΤ褦ʼҲǤϡơϤ˸ͭθȯãˤषΤȤʿIJƤޤȤ¿ΥäƤѸϤΤ褦ʿIJΥޥͥåȤȤƵǽФ¾νϳȻ뵡ʤäΤǤ
ˤС¾ν¸ߴĤıѸݤμҲؼ̤ƤˤơѸʿIJƤޤ (dialect_levelling) ꥹѸ٤ƥꥫѸϰˤʤΤ⡤̱ҲȤ𤬴ͿƤޤ
դϡ˼ҲŪˤؤ󤪤⤷Ǥؿäϡ##2784,158,591εå

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2020-03-20 Fri

#3980. űѸȸťΥɸܿη̤ koineisation (2) [contact][old_norse][koine][sociolinguistics][simplification][accommodation]

[2020-03-12-1]˰³Ƥꡥkoineisation ȤϡűѸȸťΥɸθ᤹ܿ뿷Ǥ롥᡼ȤƤϡײŪ˷Ƥ줿˥塼ξͤƤߤȤ褤ܤΤ˥˥塼󤬺졤ϤサԤäƤ롥ܸ͡餳ʹ뤬֤ФĤˤĤ (mixing) ġ¤Ρ֤ɤĤʬʿಽդȤñ㲽Ƥ椯ΰϢβ koineisation Ǥcf. #1671. dialect contact, dialect mixture, dialect levelling, koineization ([2013-11-23-1])#3150. ܿϸñˤ뤫ʣˤ뤫 ([2017-12-11-1]
koineisation ȤܤΤϡܿˤ礭ʱƶϤ Thomason and Kaufman ̤2ܿסʤ shift-induced interference contact-induced changes ΤȤۤʤ륿פȤ󼨤Ƥ뤫ʤ2ζ̤ˤĤƤϡ#1780. ܿȼѤμ١ ([2014-03-12-1])#1781. ܿ෿ ([2014-03-13-1])#1985. Ѥܿˤ봳Ĥζ֡ ([2014-10-03-1])#3968. ܿ2סimitation adaptation ([2020-03-08-1]) 򻲾ȡˡ
űѸȸťΥɸܿ koineisation פǤܳŪƤ Warner ʸɤ󥰤Ϥ빥Ǥ롥Warner koineisation 򾧤ꡤξüԤưפˤȤϤʤ˸ߤ˽ʬǽäȤˤƤ롥ξǡߥ˥ˤüԤɤ accommodation selection Ż뤷 (344)

In ... koineization, English and Norse were both used in the same conversation. Speakers tend to accommodate to their interlocutors, so situations developed in which there was mixing of forms with considerable variation. Over time particular forms were selected, and they survived.


ϥԡɴȤǼ㴳ĤȤΤ⡤Kerswill ˤСkoineisation 2--3Τ˴λΤŵȤ뤫űѸȸťΥɸܿˤѲϰ̤ˤϤʤꥹԡǥ˵äȤ뤬ͿѲ¿ϡˤޤǤ®٤ˤϵڤФʤ
˴ؤơWarner ϸܿξˤäƤ koineisation λ֤뤳ȤƤ롥ĤޤꡤűѸ졦ťΥɸΥ̤ʣǴʥפ koineisation ʤΤǤϤʤȤͻ (351)

The speed of koineization depends on interaction within groups, and can also be slow .... Examples from new towns involve dialects which are quite close to one another, and groups that are relatively compact. Norse and OE are at the limits of mutual comprehension, which means that change is a much bigger job linguistically, and the English-Norse situation will have involved considerable socio-geographical variation and complexity across a period of time, reinforced by continuing inmigration of speakers of Norse in particular area, but as a series of situations involving communities of different sizes and cultural mix, speaking a series of koines which are at various removes from OE and ON, and which become dialects while still containing variation. All this took time.


Warner λ¾ΤޤȤȤʤäƤ1Ƥ (385)

So I believe that there is a coherent interpretation of the history of contact between English and Norse in which they are adequately mutually comprehensible. A (perhaps considerable) period of rudimentary dialect mixing and leveling was followed by an increase in interaction, by the weakening of distinctive elements of cultural identities of speakers of Norse and OE, and by a general willingness to disregard linguistic boundaries .... Then koineization, in which child peer groups especially in larger villages and urban areas may have played a focusing role in stabilizing variation, led to the amalgamation of English and Norse. This will have taken place at different times in different places: early in the Lindisfarne glosses, but considerably later in areas with a denser Norse population reinforced by immigration. Notice that this account includes a mechanism for simplificatory change and selection in the largely automatic accommodation which attends face-to-face interaction between speakers of similar linguistic systems, given appropriate social and psychological circumstances. So there is an apparently motivated connection between the linguistic situation (with its social and psychological components) and the overall type of outcome, and if my interpretation of this situation is appropriate, inflectional simplification at some level should reasonably (but not certainly) be anticipated.


Ǹ Warner ˤ koineisation Ȥ "a process of koineization (dialect mixing, levelling and simplification, driven by mutual accommodation and selection)" (393) ѤƤ

Thomason, Sarah Grey and Terrence Kaufman. Language Contact, Creolization, and Genetic Linguistics. Berkeley: U of California P, 1988.
Warner, Anthony. "English-Norse Contact, Simplification, and Sociolinguistic Typology." Neuphilologische Mitteilungen 118 (2017): 317--404.
Kerswill, P. "Koineization and Accommodation." The Handbook of Language Variation and Change. Ed. J. K. Chambers, P. Trudgill, and N. Schilling-Estes. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2004. 668--702.

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2020-03-12 Thu

#3972. űѸȸťΥɸܿη̤ koineisation [contact][old_norse][koine][prestige][sociolinguistics][simplification][semantic_borrowing][ilame][koineisation]

űѸȸťΥɸܿˤĤơܥ֥ǤϤطʤħ򤿤ӤӵƤ1ĤƶȤơθܿ koineisation ǤϤʤȤ롥koine koineisation ϤȤơϢܿɽ魯Ѹ졦ǰγˤϰƤꡤϲä koineisation ȸƤ֤ȤȤϤʤФʤʤʲδϢ뵭򻲹ͤޤǤ˵󤲤ƤΤΡϤΤ䤳ˤĤƤϿꤷʤǤ

#1671. dialect contact, dialect mixture, dialect levelling, koineization ([2013-11-23-1])
#3150. ܿϸñˤ뤫ʣˤ뤫 ([2017-12-11-1])
#3178. ȳ̿ԻѼء ([2018-01-08-1])
#3499. "Standard English" "General English" ([2018-11-25-1])
#1391. lingua franca (4) ([2013-02-16-1])
#1690. pidgin ȤδϢ ([2013-12-12-1])
#3207. ɸѸȸɸಽ˴ؤ뤤ĤνѸ ([2018-02-06-1])

Fischer et al. (67--68) koineisation ˤĤƤ Kerswill 򻲾Ȥά˲⤷ƤȤޤȤƤݥȤ4Ĥ롥

(1) 23Τ˴λΤŵǤꡤȤ1Ǥⴰλ뤳Ȥ
(2) (mixing)ʿ (levelling)ñ㲽 (simplification) 3ʤ
(3) ܿ2ѼŵŪ˷³ʤ pidgin creole Ȱۤʤ
(4) 줫Ѽ郎ŪȤȤʤҿ櫓Ǥʤ

űѸȸťΥɸܿǰƬˡ(2) ˵󤲤Ƥ3ĤβˤĤ­Ƥ1βǤ뺮 (mixing) ͡ʥ٥Ǥߤ뤬űѸο;̾ΥѥΤʤ they, their, them ʤɤθťΥɸǤƤʤɤŵǤ롥dream Τ褦˷֤ϱѸỤ̄ϸťΥɸŪȤ̣ (semantic_borrowing) λʤɤ󤲤롥Ѹäδؤ¿θťΥɸñ줬ǤȤΤ⺮Ȥ롥
2βǤʿ (levelling) ϡʣä۷֤μबꡤ1Ĥη֤˼̤ƤѲؤűѸǤϷ se sēo, þæt ʤɳƼη֤˶ޤѸˤ þe ؿʿƤäǵäƤ뤳Ȥϡkoineisation 1ȤƤȤ館뤳ȤǤ롥
3βǤñ㲽 (simplification) ϡƻޤζ̤줿ꡤưѲ2饹̤ʤɡʸˡƥ꡼ζ̤ʤʤ褦ʥؤʸˡ (gender) ξü⤳ˤ롥
Τ褦ˤߤƤȡΤ˸űѸȸťΥɸܿˤϡ̣ħĤ롥 koineisation ȸƤ֤٤ɤѸȤȤʤ뤬ŦƤħˤǼǤȤ¿
Ϣơ#3969. ƥ졤ťΥɸ졤ȸ졤ե󥹸줬Ѹ˵ڤܤƶӤ ([2020-03-09-1]) ⻲ȡ

Kerswill, P. "Koineization and Accommodation." The Handbook of Language Variation and Change. Ed. J. K. Chambers, P. Trudgill, and N. Schilling-Estes. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2004. 668--702.
Fischer, Olga, Hendrik De Smet, and Wim van der Wurff. A Brief History of English Syntax. Cambridge: CUP, 2017.

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2019-11-23 Sat

#3862. ֥쥯ɥפΰյκɾ [history][writing][greek][koine][lingua_franca]

ε#3861. ֥󥴥פȡ֥֤פʸ˾ΰյΰ㤤 ([2019-11-22-1]) ˰³ʸˤδˤ (73--75) ꡤϡ֥쥯ɥפΰյˤĤƿƤսѤ롥

쥯ɥαϤФСֶפȤ졤ֶפȤ롥
Τ˥ޥɥ˥ꥷ¦ߤСֶפ⤷ʤڥ륷¦ߤСͥīڥ륷ǿޤˤ鷺˥ޥɥ˥ȥꥷää˲᤮ʤΡפδܤϡޤˡ־ݤפȤˤʤΤǤ

ά

ơ쥯ɥΡ̡פˤĤƤ⡤إ˥ʸ߽ФϤǥꥷʸڤαƶϤڤޤǵڤȤƤ롥
Τ˥쥯ɥǤϡĤΥ쥯ɥꥢϤᡤ¿ΥꥷԻԤߤ졤ꥷŪǤʸޤ졤ʤȤϥꥷ⺯פĤޤͻ礷ʸޤ졤Ȥ櫓ǰʤΤ¤Ǥ롥
Dz桹Ρʸפȡʸפγǰ˾Ȥ餷ƤߤСʸפΤǤ˳Τ˹Ĥαƶ³夷ȤϤΤǤϤʤ
ʸפˤĤƤߤСΥꥷοʹ֤ܡޤ֥إ˥פγǰϰƤͤܤäƤȡꥷΡʸפ礭ʱƶͿ礭ȯŸΩäȤߤ⤷ʤ
ϡꥷΡʸפΡʸפФڤ˹⤤ΤǤȤθǰˤȤǤä褦˻פ롥ºݤˤϡʸΡפ⤵뤳Ȥʤ顤ʸΡפȤ٤ǤϤʤ


֥쥯ɥפˤǤŪ˥ꥷΥ͡󥬡ե󥫤ȤƵǽȤϻ¤θؤαƶɤ³ȤߤȡΰյϸƤۤΤǤϤʤȤɾǤ롥
εǼ夲2Ĥȹ碌ƹͤȡʸ˾ΰյȤ˴ؤƤϡ֥֤ס֥쥯ɥס֥󥴥פȤȤˤʤ

ơʸȿˡʸˡפΥå١Ǽҡ2018ǯ

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2018-11-25 Sun

#3499. "Standard English" "General English" [standardisation][koine][sociolinguistics][terminology][writing][speech]

ε#3498. hybrid Englishes ([2018-11-24-1]) ǿ줿"Standard English" "General English" Ȥ2ĤѸ̤ʥ褦˻פ롥ξԤɬΤ˶̤Ǥ櫓ǤϤʤǰȤƤΩΤ򤷤ƤGramley (129) ϡѸΥɥŸѸɸಽ (standardisation) 䶦̲ (koinéisation) ưȴϢơ2ĤѸ˸ڤƤ롥

Although the written standard differed from the spoken language of the capital, the two together provided two national models, a highly prescriptive one, Standard English (StE), for writing and a colloquial one, which may be called General English (GenE) (cf. Wells 1982: 2ff), which is considerably less rigid. The latter was not the overt, publicly recognized standard, but the covert norm of group solidarity. It was GenE which would evolve into a supra-regional, nationwide covert standard. Both it and StE would eventually also be valid for Scotland, then Ireland, and then the English-using world beyond the British Isles.


ξԤȰʲΤ褦ˤʤ

 Standard EnglishGeneral English
Normsovertcovert
Mediawritingspeech
Prescriptionmore rigidless rigid
Fixing/focusingfixedfocused
Related processstandardisationkoinéisation


ɸಽ˴ϢƼѸˤĤƤϡ#3207. ɸѸȸɸಽ˴ؤ뤤ĤνѸ ([2018-02-06-1]) 򻲾ȡ

Gramley, Stephan. The History of English: An Introduction. Abingdon: Routledge, 2012.
Wells, J. C. Accents of English. Vol. 1. An Introduction. Cambridge: CUP, 1982.

Referrer (Inside): [2022-05-26-1] [2020-03-12-1]

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2018-02-13 Tue

#3214. 1410ǯ夫30ǯˤƤ Chancery English ˨ [standardisation][chancery_standard][reestablishment_of_english][monarch][hundred_years_war][spelling][koine]

1410ǯ夫30ǯˤơɸѸľܤĤʤäƤȤ Chancery English ˨꤬Ф롥ɸѸηͤǡ̵뤹뤳ȤΤǤʤפʻǤ롥
ѸδȿɸѼηĬήϡ1413ǯ Henry IV 󥰥ɷȤƽƱѸǰĤȤϤޤ롥1417ǯˤ϶̼ (Signet Office) Henry V μѸȯԤϤ᤿1422ǯˡǤϥɥξ¤ȹ礬׾θȤƱѸѤ褦ˤʤäεĻϿѸǽ񤫤褦ˤʤΤ⡤ۤƱ1423ǯǤ롥ơ1430ǯˡˡģ̼ɤαѸѼήǡEast Midland ˴פĥ͡ (koine) Ūʽ񤭸դ˺ѤΤǤLancaster īηαѸѤˤĤƤϡ#1207. Ѹν񤭸դ ([2012-08-16-1]) ⻲ȡˡ
λĬήˤơ Chancery Standard ȸƤФ뤳ȤˤʤѼʤˤѤΤҲŪƶϤķ缫Ȥ䤽μդǤä礭Nevalainen and Tieken-Boon van Ostade (274) ⼡Τ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥

Chancery English has a precursor in the form of English used by Henry V's Signet Office, the king's private secretariat which travelled with him on his foreign campaigns. It is significant that the selection of the variety which was to develop into what is generally referred to as the Chancery Standard originated with the king and his secretariat: the implementation of a standard variety can only be successful when it has institutional support.


⤦1ġHenry V ѶŪ˱ѸѤطʤˡŪäΤǤϤʤȤܤ٤Ǥ (Nevalainen and Tieken-Boon van Ostade 274)

. . . the case of Henry V possibly reflects not so much a decision made by an enlightened monarch and his council as political and practical motives: by writing in English, Henry first and foremost identified himself as an Englishman at war with France, while at the same time seeking to curry favour with the the English-speaking merchants, who might be prevailed upon to finance his campaigns.


1410ǯ夫1430ǯˤƤαѸθѲˤɸѸطʤˤϡҲŪϤư餯ͿƤȻפ롥λɸŪʤΤȤƺѤƤȤˤʤ¿ֻ֤嵭Τ褦˺̤ƤǽȤȤΤäƤɬפ
ֻ󤲤Сlight knight ˤߤ <gh> 2Ż (digraph)ʬ˷θȤ <t> ǤϤʤ <d> Ѥ뽬1;ñ̾ˤߤ I ʸѡ¾ which, should, such, much, but, ask ʤɤ Chancery English ħݻƤ롥֤ˤĤƤϡ2;ñ̾ȤƤ ye/you3;ʣ̾ȤƤ they, them, theirƵ̾ȤƤ self/selvesؼ̾ʣ thosetho ˡˡ -ly-liche ˡˡʬ -n λѤ䡤ưθʣ̵-n ˡˤʤɡ¿󤲤뤳ȤǤ롥

Nevalainen, Terttu and Ingrid Tieken-Boon van Ostade. "Standardisation." Chapter 5 of A History of the English Language. Ed. Richard Hogg and David Denison. Cambridge: CUP, 2006. 271--311.

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2018-02-06 Tue

#3207. ɸѸȸɸಽ˴ؤ뤤ĤνѸ [terminology][sociolinguistics][standardisation][koine][dialect_levelling][language_planning][variety]

ΤȤѸɸಽ (standardisation) ˤΤߤʤ餺ɸಽˤĤưŪ˹ͤ뵡¿äƤ롥˴ϢѸȳǰ褦ȡҲؤѸ콸 (Trudgill) 򳫤Ƥߤ齸᤿ĤνѸȤ˺Τ˵Ƥ
ޤϡѸ˴ؤƤФ "Standard English" ȤѸ줫ʡ#1396. "Standard English" Ȥϲ ([2013-02-21-1])#2116. ֱѸפεۣ ([2015-02-11-1]) ⻲ȡˡ

Standard English The dialect of English which is normally used in writing, is spoken by educated native speakers, and is taught to non-native speakers studying the language. There is no single accent associated with this dialect, but the lexicon and grammar of the dialect have been subject to codification in numerous dictionaries and grammars of the English language. Standard English is a polycentric standard variety, with English, Scottish, American, Australian and other standard varieties differing somewhat from one another. All other dialects can be referred to collectively as nonstandard English.


ǻȤƤ "polycentric" ȤѸˤĤƤϡ#2384. polycentric language ([2015-11-06-1]) ȡ#2402. polycentric language (2) ([2015-11-24-1]) ⻲ȡ
ˡ"standardisation" ȤѸ줫Ť뼰ˤĤѸ򤿤ɤäƤߤ

standardisation The process by which a particular variety of a language is subject to language determination, codification and stabilisation. These processes, which lead to the development of a standard language, may be the result of deliberate language planning activities, as with the standardisation of Indonesia, or not, as with the standardisation of English.


status planning [language determination] In language planning, status planning refers to decisions which have to be taken concerning the selection of particular languages or varieties of language for particular purposes in the society or nation in question. Decisions about which language or languages are to be the national or official languages of particular nation-states are among the more important of status planning issues. Status planning is often contrasted with corpus planning or language development. In the use of most writers, status planning is not significantly different from language determination.


codification The process whereby a variety of a language, often as part of a standardisation process, acquires a publicly recognised and fixed form in which norms are laid down for 'correct' usage as far as grammar, vocabulary, spelling and perhaps pronunciation are concerned. This codification can take place over time without involvement of official bodies, as happened with Standard English, or it can take place quite rapidly, as a result of conscious decisions by governmental or other official planning agencies, as happened with Swahili in Tanzania. The results of codification are usually enshrined in dictionaries and grammar books, as well as, sometimes, in government publications.


stabilisation A process whereby a formerly diffuse language variety that has been in a state of flux undergoes focusing . . . and takes on a more fixed and stable form that is shared by all its speakers. Pidginised jargons become pidgins through the process of stabilisation. Dialect mixtures may become koinés as a result of stabilisation. Stabilisation is also a component of language standardisation.


focused According to a typology of language varieties developed by the British sociolinguist Robert B. LePage, some language communities and thus language varieties are relatively more diffuse, while others are relatively more focused. Any speech act performed by an individual constitutes an act of identity. If only a narrow range of identities is available for enactment in a speech community, that community can be regarded as focused. Focused linguistic communities tend to be those where considerable standardisation and codification have taken place, where there is a high degree of agreement about norms of usage, where speakers tend to show concern for 'purity' and marking their language variety off from other varieties, and where everyone agrees about what the language is called. European language communities tend to be heavily focused. LePage points out that notions such as admixture, code-mixing, code-switching, semilingualism and multilingualism depend on a focused-language-centred point of view of the separate status of language varieties.


diffuse According to a typology of language varieties developed by the British sociolinguist Robert B. LePage, a characteristic of certain language communities, and thus language varieties. Some communities are relatively more diffuse, while others are relatively more focused. Any speech act performed by an individual constitutes an act of identity. If a wide range of identities is available for enactment in a speech community, that community can be regarded as diffuse. Diffuse linguistic communities tend to be those where little standardisation or codification have taken place, where there is relatively little agreement about norms of usage, where speakers show little concern for marking off their language variety from other varieties, and where they may accord relatively little importance even to what their language is called.


Ǹ˵󤲤2 "focused" "diffuse" ϸ춦ƱΤѼˤĤѤеηƻǡ¤ʳǰȴȿͤȤȻȤľŪɽǡɸಽ٤ιؤƤ롥Ѹˤʸ̮ǤСѸ a diffuse variety Ǥꡤʶ˸ѸűѸ focused varieties ǤȳɽǤ롥"focused" ΤʤǤ٤ꡤ٤ι⤤Τ "fixed"㤤Τ򶹤̣Ǥ "focused" ȤʤСʶ˸ѸԡűѸϸԤɽǤfixed focused ζ̤ˤĤƤϡ#929. Ѹ󥰥ɸδפȤʤäͳ ([2011-11-12-1]) ⻲ȡ

Trudgill, Peter. A Glossary of Sociolinguistics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003.

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2018-01-08 Mon

#3178. ȳ̿ԻѼ [lmode][industrial_revolution][history][sociolinguistics][dialect][dialectology][variety][koine][dialect_levelling][bre]

18--19 Industrial Revolution ʻȳ̿ˤϡѹҲι¤礭ѤμҲŪʵϡüŪˤ (traditional dialects) ԻѼ (urban varieties) ؤΰܹԤȤäƤ褤̡͢ʤȯãˤꡤ͡ιưͼҲŪͥåȥѤꤷϰˤŪʿʹִطλޤꡤοʿ (dialect_levelling) ȶ̸첽 (koinéization) ʹԤǡϤ˸줿巿ԻԤϰҲεῴϤȤʤꡤʤԻѼ郎ޤƤԻѼϰ°Ҳ񳬵궯ȿǤ뷹ǡȤϰۤʤ¸ߤǤ롥
Gramley (181) դλʲΤ褦Ƥ롥

[The Industrial Revolution and the transportation revolution] were among the most significant social changes of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Partly as a prerequisite for and partly as an effect of industrialization there were fundamental changes in transportation. First, in the period after 1750 there was the establishment of turnpikes, then canals, and finally railroads. Among their consequences was the development of regional and supra-regional markets and, concomitant with this, greater labor force mobility in a money rather than barter economy with the potential for consumption. It hardly seems necessary to point out that this led to a weakening of the rural traditional dialects and an upsurge of new urban varieties in the process of dialect leveling or koinéization.
   As industrialization continued, new centers in the Northeast (mining) and in the Western Midlands (textiles in Manchester and Birmingham and commerce in Liverpool) began to emerge. Immigration of labor from "abroad" also ensured further language and dialect contact as Irish workers found jobs in the major projects of canal building in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries and then in the building of the railways. Enclaves of Irish came into being, especially in Liverpool. Despite linguistic leveling the general distinctions were retained between the North (now divided more clearly than ever between the English North and Scotland), the East Midlands and the now industrializing West Midlands, and the South. The emergence of a new, mostly working-class, urban population in the North in the nineteenth century was accompanied by a literature of its own. Pamphlets, broadsides, and almanacs showed local consciousness and pride in vernacular culture and language. As the novels of Elizabeth Gaskel demonstrate, language --- be it traditional dialect or working-class koiné --- was a marker of class solidarity.


Τ褦ˡѹζḽŪʼҲŪѼΤϡȤƻȳ̿λʪȤäƤ褤
ϢȤơ#1671. dialect contact, dialect mixture, dialect levelling, koineization ([2013-11-23-1])#2028. ܤȥ󥰥ɤˤξ ([2014-11-15-1])#2023. England θѸʬ (3) --- Modern Dialects ([2014-11-10-1]) ⻲ȡ

Gramley, Stephan. The History of English: An Introduction. Abingdon: Routledge, 2012.

Referrer (Inside): [2020-03-12-1]

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2016-11-08 Tue

#2752. dialect ȤѸˤĤ [greek][terminology][dialect][standardisation][koine][literature][register][language_or_dialect][dialect_levelling]

Haugen (922--23) ˤСdialect Ȥñϡͥ󥹴˥ꥷ줫ؽѸȤƼѤ줿Ǥ롥OED ΡפθǤν1566ǯȤʤäƤꡤǤϱѸޤΡפɽ魯ȤѤƤ롥ե󥹸ؤϤΩ16ǯۤä褦ǡǤϥꥷɾ abondante en dialectes ɽƤ롥1577ǯαѸǤϡ"Certeyne Hebrue dialectes" ȸŵ˴ؤΤǤꡤ1614ǯ Sir Walter Raleigh The History of the World Ǥϡꥷ "Æeolic Dialect" ڤƤ롥ѸǤλȤȤƤϡΤ褦˸ŵΡפؤ dialect ȤѸ줬Ȥ뤳Ȥ¿ä褦顤ˤбѼñ̤ˤѤ褦ˤʤäΤ
ꥷä᤹ȡŵˤ줷ɸ८ꥷʤΤϤʤɸŪʽפνΤΤߤäդ٤ϡΡפϡäդȤƤФƤǤϤʤ񤭸դȤƤФͿ줿̾äȤǤ롥Τˤ̾̾ˤ䤫äΤǤϤäºݾϡˤäƻȤʬ񤭸դζʬɽ魯Τä㤨С˽ˤ Ionicβλˤ Doricˤ Attic ʤɤȤäǤ (see #1454. ꥷɡʰ²ˡ ([2013-04-20-1]))
Υꥷν񤭸դνϡϡäդν˴פäƤ˰㤤ʤԤϡӸŪ˺ƷǤŤʳ "Common Greek" ʬ줷̤νǤ롥ŵ᤮ȡäդνϾäꡤܼŪ˥ƥͤǤꡤ٤ä koiné ˤä֤Ƥä (= koinéization; see #1671. dialect contact, dialect mixture, dialect levelling, koineization ([2013-11-23-1])) ơ줬ꥷ줽Τ (the Greek language) ǧ褦ˤʤä
ĤޤꡤŵˤޤȤȡ"several Greek dialects" "the Greek language" ȿܤȤˤʤ롥פΰ㤤äơƸŪ줷Ρ줬ָפʤΤǤ롥褳Ūʰ̣򤵤٤ dialect ʤ languageˤȤѸ줬˱ѤڤӡѸ츯ʣ⤿餹ȤˤʤäʣˤĤƤϡεǡ

Haugen, Einar. "Dialect, Language, Nation." American Anthropologist. 68 (1966): 922--35.

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2014-10-03 Fri

#1985. Ѥܿˤ봳Ĥζ [contact][loan_word][borrowing][sociolinguistics][language_change][causation][substratum_theory][code-switching][pidgin][creole][koine][koineisation]

#1780. ܿȼѤμ١ ([2014-03-12-1]) ȡ#1781. ܿ෿ ([2014-03-13-1]) Ǥ줾츫褦ˡ̤ܿ1ĤȤ contact-induced language change 롥Ϥ˼ (borrowing) ܿˤ봳 (shift-induced interference) ʬ롥Ԥ L2 θŪ L1 ذư븽ݡԤ L1 θŪ L2 ذư븽ݤǤ롥shift-induced interference ϡ2콬World Englishesظƶ (substratum_theory) ʤɤ˴طܿβȤ䤹⤷ʤ
2ĤۤʤΤdzǰ̤뤳Ȥưפ¤θܿλˤƤꤹΤ񤷤¿뤳ȤΤäƤɬפ롥Meeuwis and Östman (41) ꡤվ񤭤ǵ

(1) code-switching Ǥϡɤθ줫ɤθظबưƤȤߤʤФ褤ΤȽȤʤȤ¿#1661. Ѥ code-switching ζ֡ ([2013-11-13-1]) 褦ˡborrowing shift-induced interference ʬˡδ֤ˤϥ졼󤬳ȤäƤ롥
(2) (mixed language) ˤƤϡͿξθ줬褽Ʊ٤Ϳ¦Ǥ⤢ꡤ¦Ǥ⤢롥ŵŪˤϡ#1717. dual-source κ ([2014-01-08-1]) ǾҲ𤷤 Russenorsk Michif ʤɤ pidgin creole/creoloid 롥Thomason ϡμθܿ contact-induced language change ȤܤǤϤʤextreme language mixture ȤܤΤȤǰäƤꡤüʤΤȤƶ̤Ƥ (cf. [2014-03-13-1])
(3) ߤ򤷹礨ۤɤѼ郎ܿȤˤ⡤ΰưꤹ뤳Ȥ񤷤ŵŪΤϡɤκʤ koineization Ǥ롥#1671. dialect contact, dialect mixture, dialect levelling, koineization ([2013-11-23-1]) ȡ#1690. pidgin ȤδϢ ([2013-12-12-1]) 򻲾ȡ
(4) "false friends" (Fr. "faux amis") ꡥL2 dzؤħL1 ˤǤϤʤ̤˽褦ȤƤ L3 ˱ѤƤޤȤ롥㤨СܸüԤ L2 ȤƤαѸ magazine ʻˤˡL3 ȤƤΥե󥹸 magasin ʾŹˤֻפΰ̣dzФƤޤ褦3Ȥ٤ǤꡤʬˡǤϰȤǤʤ
(5) ⤽⡤ĿͤˤȤäƲ L1 Dz L2 ȽȤʤ롥Х󥬥θĿͤˤäƤϡ2Ĥθ줬ۤƱ1ǤȤߤʤ礬롥Ϣơ#1537. פˤޤĤ3Ĥ ([2013-07-12-1]) ⻲ȡ

borrowing shift-induced interference ʬˡϡζʬǤ뤳ȡƤޤǤθ¤ˤͭǤ뤳Ȥ򲡤Ƥ

Meeuwis, Michael and Jan-Ola Östman. "Contact Linguistics." Variation and Change. Ed. Mirjam Fried et al. Amsterdam: Benjamins, 2010. 36--45.

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2013-12-12 Thu

#1690. pidgin ȤδϢ [pidgin][creole][lingua_franca][dialect][koine][terminology]

#444. ԥȥ쥪ζܡ ([2010-07-15-1]) εǡpidgin creole ζ̤٤Ǥ뤳Ȥߤǡpidgin creole ⡤#1671. dialect contact, dialect mixture, dialect levelling, koineization ([2013-11-23-1]) ˤ koiné ȤȤˡlingua_franca ȤƵǽ뤳Ȥ򡤡#1391. lingua franca (4) ([2013-02-16-1]) εdzǧǤϡlingua franca ϡtrade language, contact language, international language, auxiliary language, mixed language ʤʣμ˶̤ȤäGramley ϤѸλؼоݤδ֤˰ۤʤطꤷƤ褦Gramley (219) ϥԥȤδϢѸȤζ̤contact, marginal, mixed, non-native, reduced Ȥ5ĤΥѥ᡼ѤưʲΤ褦˼Ƥ롥


contactmarginalmixednon-nativereduced
trade jargonyesyesyesyesyes
pidginyesyesyesyesyes/no
lingua francayesyesnoyes/noyes
koinéyesnoyesnoyes/no
dialectnoyes/nononono
creolenonononono


줾Υѥ᡼⤹ȡcontact ܿѼȤȯãƤɤmarginal ϻѤ¤Ƥ뤫ɤmixed ʣѼǤäƤ뤫non-native ϼȤüԤˤääƤ뤫reduced ϸŪ˴άƤ뤫ȤȤǤ롥
ʤ餽줾ͤ yes ʤΤ no ʤΤפȤʤäƤ뤬꤬ؤäƤ롥㤨Сpidgin ιԤ򲣤˸ȡyes, yes, yes, yes, yes/no Ȥͤ¤ӤȤʤäƤ뤬 pidgin Ƥ뤳ȤˤʤΤȤ pidgin 򵭽ҤƤ뤳ȤˤʤΤyes ʤ trade jargon üꤷno ʤ creole ⤦üꤷơδ֤͡ʥפ֤ŤȤȤʤΤ⤷ʤ
嵭ε䤬ΤȤꤢϲ֤ƤȤơ#1681. Ѹ "creole" ǤϤʤ "creoloid" ([2013-12-03-1]) Ǽ夲 "creoloid" ȤפѼ򤳤ɽ˰֤ŤȤȡɤ˼ޤȹͤƤߤͤйͤۤɡ줾Υѥ᡼λؤƤʬʤʤäƤ⤽⡤creole contact mixed no ͤȤȤϤɤȤʤΤ줾Υפˡѥ᡼ȤʤäƤޤ褦Ǥ롥
줾ѸȤλؼоݤˤäƤޤڤʬΤǤФ褤ޤʤ褦˻פ롥pidgin ȤδϢ񤷤

Gramley, Stephan. The History of English: An Introduction. Abingdon: Routledge, 2012.

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2013-11-23 Sat

#1671. dialect contact, dialect mixture, dialect levelling, koineization [koine][dialect][accommodation_theory][terminology][variation][geography][demography][me_dialect][koineisation][dialect_mixture][dialect_levelling][dialect_contact]

ߤ̤뤬ۤʤäԤɤܿˤϡФиߤ˼ħ¤ܤߴ餻 accommodation κѤѻ롥Τ褦ʸήĿͥ٥ǤϤʤ礭ʽĥ٥褦ˤʤȡdialect contact ܿ) ȸƤ֤٤ݤȤʤ롥dialect contact ϡŵŪˤϡǤθήˤơޤԻԲ̱ϲ̱Ȥäˤ롥
dialect contact η̡ܤϤѤ̤θܤϤѤȤä˸ʤ dialect mixture Фơ͡δ֤κΤޤ롥
κΤ1--2ФȡƸܤμѰ۷졤ΡŵŪˤ1ĤΡ˷֤ؤ夯ꥨ󤬸Ƥ椯οʿϡdialect levelling ȸƤФ롥
dialect levelling ʤʿԤ뤳Ȥ¿ά (simplification) βˤФơο koiné ȤȯŸ뤫⤷ʤ (koinéization) ˡ koiné ϡɸδפˤʤ뤳Ȥ⤢롥
ơdialect contact koinéization ޤǤΰϢήTrudgill (157) ˤ꺣ɤäƤߤ褦

The dialect mixture situation would not have lasted more than a generation or possibly two, and in the end everybody in a given location would have ended up levelling out the original dialect difference brought from across the Atlantic and speaking the same dialect. This new dialect would have been 'mixed' with respect to its origins, but uniform in its current characteristics throughout the community. Where dialect levelling occurs in a colonial situation of this type --- or in the growth of a new town, for instance --- and that leads to the development of a whole new dialect, the process is known as koinéization (from the Ancient Greek word koiné meaning 'general, common').


Ū˳ǧ koinéization 󤲤ƤѸεȤʤäƤ뤬奮ꥷ Attic ŵŪ koiné Ǥ롥ƥ¯ƥ⡤koinéization ˤޤ17˥ꥹ饢ꥫغǽο̱ʤ줿塤δ֤˿̱ϤΤ⡤koinéization Ǥ롥Ʊ͡ʱѸüԤˤ륪ȥꥢ̱˥塼ɿ̱ΤȤˤˡԻԲη̤ȤԻ⡤¿ koiné Ǥ롥
Ѹ˾ dialect contact, dialect mixture, dialect levelling, koinéization βꤵΤϡ14ȾΥɥѸˤƤ͡üԤԻԥɥ˽ޤꡤdialect mixture dialect levelling äη̤ȤơɸؤȯŸѼθΩΤǤϤʤѸ busy, bury, merry ֻȯδط𤷤Ƥطʤˤ⡤嵭ΰϢβͿƤΤ
busy, bury, merry ˤĤƤϡ#562. busy ֻȯ ([2010-11-10-1])#563. Chaucer merry ([2010-11-11-1])#570. bury 첻ʬۡ ([2010-11-18-1])#1245. ʣŪβȤƤν񤭤ȤɸѸȯŸ ([2012-09-23-1])#1434. left hemlock Kentish ([2013-03-31-1])#1561. 14Norfolk ̱μҲŪ ([2013-08-05-1]) 򻲾ȡ

Trudgill, Peter. Sociolinguistics: An Introduction to Language and Society. 4th ed. London: Penguin, 2000.

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2013-04-20 Sat

#1454. ꥷɡʰ² [indo-european][family_tree][hellenic][greek][map][indo-european_sub-family][diglossia][koine]

#1447. ɸɡʰ²ˡ ([2013-04-13-1]) ȡ#1452. ɡʰ²ˡ ([2013-04-18-1]) ³²θɤҲ𤹤륷꡼3ơ Baugh and Cable (26--27) 򻲾ȤơꥷɡHellenicˤҲ𤹤롥
ꥷɤϡƤΰޤǤϸɥ٥ Hellenic ʲ Greek ȤΤߤǡ٤ʬƤʤȤ顤ŪΩɤǤȤ롥˻νꡤϿͼȸΤĤܤäΥ硤ץ硤쥿硤ꥷڡϡ²ʸ²ʸߤƸĤäƤꡤʣ¿̱²¿ҲäƤ褦
2000ǯ᤮դ꤫顤ΤĤܤءꥷɤθô꤬̤鿯οϲ٤Ȥˤäƽ˿ʤߡʳǰۤʤ⤿餵줿ˡꥷڡ硹αߤʤɤǽ٤ʬ̤ۤȤʤäǸŤʸؾηϡܻ Homer ˤ뵪8ȿꤵ Illiad Odyssey Ǥ롥ꥷˤ5Ĥμ̤롥(1) Ionic ϡפʲǤ Attic ޤۤ䥨硹ʬۤ(2) Aeolic ϡʬۡ(3) Arcadian-Cyprian ϡڥݥͥȥץʬۤ(4) Doric ϡ˥ڥݥͥ Arcadian ֤(5) Northwest ϡʬۤ
ΤȤ櫓פʤΤ Attic Ǥ롥Attic ϥƥͤȤƱɤۡĦʳءůءʸؤθȤ Pericles (495--29 B.C.) Ѥ줿ۤÆschulus, Euripides, Sophocles Ȥäȡ Aristophanes˲ Herodotus, Thucydides, ͺ۲ Demosthenesůؼ Plato, Aristotle ˤäƤѤ줿ΰҿ Attic ϡ4ʹߡꥷξ˷פ koiné ȤδˤᡤAlexander 粦 (336--23 B.C.) ˤƱϾꥢ᥽ݥߥץȤˤƤݶ̸Ȥƺդkoiné ˤĤƤϡ[2013-02-16-1]ε#1391. lingua franca (4)פ򻲾ȡˡθȤơޤΥӥʸؤθȤƤפǤ롥
Υꥷϡ嵭 koiné ΤǤ롥ߡꥷϡȯ㯠(demotic or Romaic) ȸ奮ꥷϤäʸ (Katharevusa) ΤɤѤȤ뤫ҲŪƤ롥
奮ꥷϡѸˤľܡܤ¿μѸ󶡤ƤǤꡤߤǤ neo-classical compounds ʤȤ櫓ʳؤʬˤƬ򶡵뤷³ƤפʸǤ롥greek γƵ򻲾ȡ

Map of Greece

Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 5th ed. London: Routledge, 2002.

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2013-02-16 Sat

#1391. lingua franca (4) [elf][global_language][pidgin][creole][esperanto][artificial_language][basic_english][contact][sociolinguistics][koine]

ѸȥڥȸζϲŪˤϡʬŪǤȤޥ󥹷ϸθ캬ĸä¿ȤġθܤˤĤƻŦ뤳ȤǤŤߤ˶1ĵ󤲤ȤΤ񤷤ҲŪˤСñǤ롥θ lingua franca Ǥ롤ȤȤѸȥԥζҥ¯ƥζˤƤƱǤ롥
[2012-04-17-1], [2012-04-18-1], [2012-04-19-1]ε lingua franca ȤѸˤĤĴ٤ҲŪʸϤ餳Ѹȳǰˤ⤦ꤿWardhaugh (55) ˤСUNESCO lingua franca "a language which is used habitually by people whose mother tongues are different in order to facilitate communication between them" Ƥ롥Ǥϡθ줬ѤϰϤιˤĤƤϸڤƤʤΤǡʶƱΤǤΤѤƤ褦ʸξ lingua franca ȤȤˤʤ롥"used habitually" ˤ᤹Сǵ󤲤ϳΤˤ lingua franca ̾ͤ
lingua franca ϤĤμʬ뤳ȤǤ (Wardhaugh 56)

(1) եꥫΥϥ쥢եꥫΥҥΤ褦˸ŪѤ "trade language"
(2) 奮ꥷˤ koiné ʥ͡ˤ衼åѤˤ¯ƥΤ褦˽̤ܿȤƤ "contact language"
(3) ѸΤ褦˹ŪѤ "international language"
(4) Esperanto ([2011-12-15-1]) Basic English ([2011-12-13-1]) Τ褦ʿ͹ˤ "auxiliary language"
(5) ʥξƱΤäƤ롤꡼ʸˡȥե󥹸θäͻ礵̱²Ūǥƥƥôä Michif Τ褦 "mixed language"

ۤˤ嵭ƤϤޤ󤲤С泤θ׶̸Ȥʤä SabirγϰDZƶؤ Arabic, Mandarin, Hindi γƸ졤19Ⱦ British Columbia Alaska ˤƹѤ Chinook Jargon ʤɤ롥

Wardhaugh, Ronald. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. 6th ed. Malden: Blackwell, 2010.

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2012-10-02 Tue

#1254. ѸäդθѲϽ񤭸դߤäƤ뤫 [writing][standardisation][creole][celtic][contact][reestablishment_of_english][scribe][koine][do-periphrasis][celtic_hypothesis]

äդˤƤѲŪݼŪʽ񤭸դȿǤ줺ˡδѻԤܤ˸ƤʤȤǽϡʸؾ塤򤱤뤳ȤΤǤʤΤǤ롥㤨С줬ν񤭸դȿǤƤʤȤäơäդȤѤƤ⤷ʤȤǽǤOED νǯΰ˴ؤ뿵ʤɤϻʹ롥ΤʿǤϤ뤬򤢤ޤ˿䤷ʤȡʸ˳ǧʤǡʤ뤳Ȥ⡤äդǤϤ⤷ʤ󵯤Ǥ뤳ȤˤʤäƤޤޤϢȤơ񤭸վǡȤ礭Ѳä褦˸ˡϽ񤭸դڤؤ˵븫ѲˤбäդǤϡޤѲ˿ʹԤƤϤȤ롥
Ѹ᥯쥪βǤ⡤ˡ¤ѤƤ롥Poussa ϡ14ˤ Samuels ν񤭸դʬǤ Type II Type III ǡڤؤϡбäդεѲ򼨤ΤǤϤʤȤ񤭸դ˸ʤ̲äդˤƤϡKnut 衤쥪벽 koiné ³ƤϤȹͤƤ롥ơType III оϡ14Ūʥե󥹸ϰ̤βȡѸϰ̤θưŤ줿ѸɸಽĬήȿǤΤȽҤ٤Ƥ롥

. . . if we take the view that the English speech of London had, since the time of Knut, been a continuum of regional and social varieties of which the Midland koiné was one, then it is easier to explain the changes in the written language [from Type II to Type III] as jerky adjustments to a gradual rise in social status of the spoken Midland variety. (80)


褦ʵϡǯ褦ˤʤäƤȸαѸ˵ڤܤƶˤĤƤʹ㤨С[2011-03-17-1]ε#689. Northern Personal Pronoun Rule ȱʸˡˤ륱ȸαƶפ򻲾ȡˡűѸɸ񤭸աLate West-Saxon Schriftsprache ߤäƤޤäƤΤΡűѸѸäդˤΥȸŪǤޤޤƤϤȤѸ줬ե󥹸ΤӤѸʹߤˡ褦䤯äդ񤭸դξ¤ȿǤ褦ˤʤꡤǤ˥ȸαƶƤ do-periphrasis ʹԷʸ塤Ƴǧ褦ˤʤäΤ롥
εϡʸؤˤƼֻܸѤƤ scribal error show-through Ȥäޤ餺äդƩƸƤޤ褦ʽ񵭾λ̵뤷Ƥ褦˻פ롥̻ʹ֤Ǥ롥񵭤˺ݤơäդȤȤʤɤǤ꡹ǻפ鷺äդϪ褷ƤޤΤȤΤǤϤʤ
äդ١񤭸դߤäƤȤΤϻ¤񤭸սڤؤˤäơ礭ʸѲä褦˸ȤΤˤ񤭸դ˸ʤȤǤäդǤϵäƤ⤷ʤ䵯äƤ˰㤤ʤȡѶŪƤƤ褤ͳˤϤʤʤƤѸ᥯쥪βȶǯΥȸƶδ֤˻褦򴶤Ǥ롥

Poussa, Patricia. "The Evolution of Early Standard English: The Creolization Hypothesis." Studia Anglica Posnaniensia 14 (1982): 69--85.

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2012-04-18 Wed

#1087. lingua franca (2) [elf][model_of_englishes][global_language][koine]

ε[2012-04-17-1]ơlingua franca ȤѸˤĤƾܤĴ٤Ƥ椯Ȥˤ롥ޤϡؽױѱѼʸįƤߤ褦

OALD8: a shared language of communication used between people whose main languages are different: English has become a lingua franca in many parts of the world.
LDOCE5: a language used between people whose main languages are different: English is the lingua franca in many countries.
LAAD2: a language used between people whose main languages are different: Swahili is the lingua franca of East Africa.
COBUILD English Dictionary: A lingua franca is a language or way of communicating which is used between people who do not speak one another's native language: English is rapidly becoming the lingua franca of Asia.
CALD3: a language which is used for communication between groups of people who speak different languages but which is not used between members of the same group: The international business community sees English as a lingua franca.
MED2: a language that people use to communicate when they have different first languages: German is a useful lingua franca for tourists in the Czech Republic.
MWALED: a language that is used among people who speak various different languages: English is used as a lingua franca among many airline pilots.


äǡ׸줬ߤ˰ۤʤԤɤδ֤ǥߥ˥ʤȤѤפۤɤΰ̣Ǥ롥ؽԱѱѼˡʸǤϰŪ˱ѸȤΤ¿LAAD2 MED2 Ǥ Swahili German Ǥ롥ѸǰƬ֤ƤޤȡˤäƤ lingua franca ѹݸȤä᡼ªƤޤΤ褦˱Ѹʳθ줬ȤƤʸ򸫤ȡθ򤹤ǥХ󥹤Ȥ롥ˡ̤αѱѼεҤ򸫤Ƥߤ褦

OED2: 2b. lingua franca [It., = 'Frankish tongue']: a mixed language or jargon used in the Levant, consisting largely of Italian words deprived of their inflexions. Also transf. any mixed jargon formed as a medium of intercourse between people speaking different languages.
Web3: 2. any of various hybrid or other languages that are used over a wide area as common or commercial tongues among peoples of diverse speech (as Hindustani, Swahili).
AHD4: 1. A medium of communication between peoples of different languages.
WordNet 2.0: a common language used by speakers of different languages: Koine is a dialect of ancient Greek that was the lingua franca of the empire of Alexander the Great and was widely spoken throughout the eastern Mediterranean area in Roman times.


ǤϡɬѸӤǤϤʤŪ̩ΩġOED θȾǰŪžѤ줿Ȥ "any mixed jargon . . ." ͿƤΤϡԤˡȿǤƤʤŤҤȤ٤Web3 μݤźäơ"any language or (mixed) jargon . . ." դ꤬ŬΤ褦˻פ롥
ơlingua franca ΰ̣⤭ĦˤʤäƤǤפϡlingua franca üԤˤϡȤüԤޤޤƤʤȤȤǤ롥ĤޤꡤѸ줬󥬥ե󥫤ȤƸڤʸ̮ǤϡѸüԤΥ᡼ʤΰ̣ǤϡELF (English as a Lingua Franca) Ȥ ENL (English as a Native Language) ФѸȤʤ롥ơαѸѤ ELF δ鸫ȡlingua franca ϡֱѸüԳפȤꤹӤӤ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥䤬ŬڤɾפפȤ϶䤫lingua franca ϡǫɤäƹԤȡΤ褦ʶĥˤĤʤꤦ롥ѸüԳĬήˤĤƤϡ[2009-10-07-1]ε#163. ɤαѸΤäȤ깽!?פ[2010-01-24-1]ε#272. ݸȤƤαѸüԤʬ뿷ǥפ򻲾Ȥ줿

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