¤ءˤˡƱؤdz֤ƤҲμȤˤޤ꤬Ȥޤ˼ֳγʤɤνǡ֤ܥΥå (senbonknock) Ԥޤꤵ2ͤǤΥ饤Τ褦ܥΥåȤʤޤ䤬ӽФ80ʬۤɤΥƥʥåȤʤޤ
μȤΰϽ Voicy heldio ǼϿޤΤȾȸȾʬơۿޤʲ˳Ƽ䤪бץʬäޤ
Ⱦ48ʬ #1284. Ѹ˴ؤѤʵ䡡ܥΥå at --- Part 1
(1) Chapter 2, 03:55 --- ȯΥȤʤΤǤĤϤޤʸˤ륢Ȥ¸߰յϡ
(2) Chapter 3, 04:58 --- ʤܸˤϡֻס͡סֲפʤ1;Τ¿θΤǤ
(3) Chapter 4, 00:03 --- ܸˤ褦ϱѸˤ¸ߤΤǤʡּפء
(4) Chapter 4, 04:40 --- ʤ you ˤϡ֤ʤפȡ֤ʤפξΰ̣ΤǤ
(5) Chapter 5, 02:57 --- ʤ3ñ -s ĤΤǤ
(6) Chapter 5, 01:26 --- 㤦²ʤΤ˻ƤϤޤʸζ̡θοء
ڸȾ35ʬ #1287. ؤܥΥå with (2)
(7) Chapter 2, 00:05 --- ǽ2Ĥθʹ֤ïǤ
(8) Chapter 2, 02:57 --- ζ̸뤳Ȥϼ¸ǽǤ
(9) Chapter 3, 03:35 --- ǽ˱Ѹ줬ܤäƤȤɤΤ褦ǤΤǤ
(10) Chapter 3, 02:51 --- ѸΤ褦ʤΤ¾ˤ⤢ΤǤ
(11) Chapter 4, 00:46 --- ܸΥХȷɸΤ褦ʤΤϱѸˤ⤢ޤ
(12) Chapter 5, 00:00 --- ʤѸˤ say, speak, tell ʤɡָפ̣ñ줬¿ΤǤ
ȤȤ⡤ꤵȤ heldio ۿ٥ȤȤʤޤ꤬Ȥޤ
Algeo and Pyles ϡΰ̣ѲϤκǸạ̇̄ѲԲƳǧƤ롥ǰŪʤΤϡEsperanto ʤɤοФʤ顤Τ褦ʸŪ۶Ọ̇̄ѲԲƤʤȤǮäƤĹ"SEMANTIC CHANGE IS INEVITABLE" ꤹѤ褦 (243--44)
It is a great pity that language cannot be the exact, finely attuned instrument that deep thinkers wish it to be. But the facts are, as we have seen, that the meaning of practically any word is susceptible to change of one sort or another, and some words have so many individual meanings that we cannot really hope to be absolutely certain of the sum of these meanings. But it is probably quite safe to predict that the members of the human race, homines sapientes more or less, will go on making absurd noises with their mouths at one another in what idealists among them will go on considering a deplorably sloppy and inadequate manner, and yet manage to understand one another well enough for their own purposes.
The idealists may, if they wish, settle upon Esperanto, Ido, Ro, Volapük, or any other of the excellent scientific languages that have been laboriously constructed. The game of construction such languages is still going on. Some naively suppose that, should one of these ever become generally used, there would be an end to misunderstanding, followed by an age of universal brotherhood---the assumption being that we always agree with and love those whom we understand, though the fact is that we frequently disagree violently with those whom we understand very well. (Cain doubtless understood Abel well enough.)
But be that as it may, it should be obvious, if such an artificial language were by some miracle ever to be accepted and generally used, it would be susceptible to precisely the kind of changes in meaning that have been our concern in this chapter as well as to such change in structure as have been our concern throughout---the kind of changes undergone by those natural languages that have evolved over the eons. And most of the manifold phenomena of life---hatred, disease, famine, birth, death, sex, war, atoms, isms, and people, to name only a few---would remain as messy and hence as unsatisfactory to those unwilling to accept them as they have always been, no matter what words we use in referring to them.
ιʥפʸϤǤ롥ʤѤκǸ "no matter what words we use in referring to them" ȽҤ٤ƤΤϡonomasiological change/variation ˴ؤ뤳ȤAlgeo and Pyles ϡsemasiological change onomasiological change 碌ợְѲפȤȤ館Ƥ뤳Ȥ狼롥
̣ˤĤƤϡ#961. ([2011-12-14-1]) (4) ȡϢơ#963. Ѹˤȿ ([2011-12-16-1]) ɤޤ#1955. ̣ѲΰŪ ([2014-09-03-1]) ⤴
Algeo, John, and Thomas Pyles. The Origins and Development of the English Language. 5th ed. Thomson Wadsworth, 2005.
#2675. ȸѲ ([2016-08-23-1]) ǡJones and Singh μҲŪѲŪʴοؤδؿˤĤƹͤEsperanto Τ褦ʿФȡʿԤ⤢СɡǾФ⤢Сζ̸ʤƲȤʤ⤷ȴؿԤ⤢롥ˤ衤üȿ륱¿褦˻פ롥
ĿͤȤƤϡʤȤᤤ衤͡˼븽ϤʤȻפäƤ뤷δ϶ؿäƤ櫓ǤϤʤJones and Singh εɤʤǡʤʤΡ˿͡ϿƤ˻ΤȤ˴ؿͯƤ鸽ߤˤơϾ˿ФƾƴƤǤ (cf. #958. 19Ⱦ³Ƚи ([2011-12-11-1])) Jones and Singh (154--55) ϡEco 礤˽Фʤ顤ʤȤ衼åѤˤ뤳δؿˤĤʬϤ褦ȤƤ롥
[F]or many, deliberate creation still smacks of the quasi-academic and the 'geeky'; a fringe and fantasy-based pastime that produces 'eccentricities' such as Klingon and Esperanto. . . .
Yet while deliberate invention has long been nothing more than a game for many, it has also been seriously considered as an ideal solution to what have been characterised by some as (linked) linguistic and social 'problems'. Eco (1995: 1) [= Eco, U. The Search for the Perfect Language. Oxford: Blackwell, 1995.], for example, argues that the perception of linguistic diversity and difference has long been current in practically every culture, as has been the notion that this 'Babel' can be redeemed through 'the rediscovery or invention of a language common to all humanity'. In European thought, this has prompted various linguistic projects throughout the centuries, such as those listed in 7.2.a (adapted from Eco 1995: 2--3):
7.2.a Typology of 'language projects' in European scholarship
1. The rediscovery of languages postulated as original or as mystically perfect, such as Hebrew, Egyptian or Chinese.
2. The reconstruction of languages postulated, either fancifully or not, as original or mother tongues.
3. Languages constructed artificially for one of thee ends:
(a) Perfection in terms of either function or structure, such as the a-priori philosophical languages of the seventeenth century, designed to express ideas perfectly.
(b) Perfection in terms of universality, such as the a-posteriori international languages of the nineteenth century.
(c) Perfection in terms of practicality, if only presumed, such as the so-called polygraphies.
4. Magic languages, discovered or invented, whose perfection is extolled on account of either their mystic effability or their initiatic secrecy.
Ǥϡ衼åѤǤι̣ǤΡָײ (language_planning) λƤˤʤäƤ뤬 Eco ΥꥹȤˤ⤦1IJäΤ롥ϡʹߡνʵڤܡˤǤɸŪǤ롥19ʹߤοƤϤǤΡֹŪ̸ָΤǤΤФγƹˤɸಽȵϲϤޤǡֹŪ̸κܻؤƤˤʤξԤȯۤϺŪˤ礭ۤʤäƤʤνѼ¿1ĤѼ֤뤳Ȥȡν¿1Ĥθ֤뤳ȤϡϤˤʤȤ⤤뤫ΤˡԤˤϿ줬ؤ뤬ԤϼΤʤǤäǤȤ礭ʰ㤤롥ԤɸѼˤ⾯ʤ̿ͰäƤ뤳Ȥդ٤Ǥ롥ʹߡˤɸѼɬ˺ꤷμͤȤγưϡŪ˳ɾƤȤäƤ褤ιǤǤ Esperanto Volapük Ƥ꿮ꤹԤȤγư "geeky" ȤߤΤϡԻĤȤԻĤǤ롥ξȤ "geeky" ǥŪǤȤСɸˤŪ˼ꡤʤɸ餷Ƥ֤⡤ "geeky" ǥŪȤΤ⤷ʤ
Jones, Mari C. and Ishtla Singh. Exploring Language Change. Abingdon: Routledge, 2005.
Esperanto ɽ (artificial_language) ήɤθؤˤƿ˵뤳ȤϤۤȤɤʤ⤽ΤϤǤ롥ؤδؿϡħηϡSaussure "langue" 뤤 Chomsky "competence"ˤ餫ˤ뤳ȤˤꡤͰŪˤǤäˤ뤳ȤϤǤʤѲΩ줫⡤ϾʤȤ¤Ф줿ˤüԤ⤤ʤ̾ߤϤθѲˤ˳뤿ᡤޤȤ˰٤ͳʤȰ콳롥
˼ҲŪʴѲ Johns and Singh ϡ1Ϥ䤤 Language invention ˴ؤͤƤ롥ͳ˼褦
We have . . . included select discussion of such [invented] systems here primarily because invention constitutes part of the natural and normal spectrum of human linguistic ability and behaviour and, as such, merits acknowledgement in our general discussion of language use and language change. At the most obvious level, linguistic inventions are, despite their tag of artificiality, ultimately products of the human linguistic competence and, indeed, creativity, that produces their natural counterparts. In many cases, they are also often born of the arguably human impulse to influence and change linguistic behaviour, an impulse which . . . fundamentally underlies strategies of natural language planning. Thus . . . languages may be invented to reflect particular world views, promote and foster solidarity among certain groups or even potentially for the purpose of preserving natural linguistic obsolescence as a result of the domination of one particular language. It is in such real-life purposes that our interest in linguistic invention lies . . . .
ˤϸǽϤؤθڤ⤢뤬ȤƼҲŪʴؿˤռȤäƤ褤ȯѡηϤѻưŤͻ뤳Ȥǡ͡ȤΤ˲ƤΤΤɤʬƤΤʤʹưˤѤ褦ȤΤʤΤȤŪʸФҥȤ뤫⤷ʤȤ櫓ѲȤδϢǤϡʤײȤäͰŪʸѲߤƤΤȤˤĤʤ롥ĤޤȤϡεǽȤϲʤ͡ϸѲѰۤΤȤˤˤĤƹͻݤˡ1ĤκǤȤȤѲˤȤ
Jones and Singh (182) ϡξ "as a linguistic exercise, the processes of invention, as well as its concomitant problems and issues, have the potential to complement our general understanding of how human language functions as successfully as it does" ȸڤƤ롥츫Τ褦˻פʤºݤ˱꤫⤷ʤˤŪ꤫ϤŪʵäƤ椯礬⤷Ϣơ#963. Ѹˤȿ ([2011-12-16-1]) ⻲Ȥ줿
ۤˡȤƤϡ#958. 19Ⱦ³Ƚи ([2011-12-11-1])#959. Ūʹݿ줬٤ ([2011-12-12-1])#961. ([2011-12-14-1]) ⻲ȡ
Jones, Mari C. and Ishtla Singh. Exploring Language Change. Abingdon: Routledge, 2005.
ѸˤμȤDZѸ줬ФƤѲ⤹ȡָϤɤɤѲƤƤפȤȿȤΤۤ¿ϡ#432. ѲФ뻰Ĥιͤ ([2010-07-03-1]) (2) ˵ָѲϤΨŪʾ֤ؤδʿǤפƱΤǤꡤѤȤǤƤ֤٤Τ⤷ʤεǤҤ٤ȤꡤѲϿǤǤʤȤΤθؼԤθǤ롥ȤĤƤϡ̾ʸؼԤΤʤˤ⡤ѤȾԤǥޡαѸؼ Otto Jespersen (1860--1943) ⤽1ͤǤ롥
. . . in all those instances in which we are able to examine the history of any language for a sufficient length of time, we find that languages have a progressive tendency. But if languages progress towards greater perfection, it is not in a bee-line, nor are all the changes we witness to be considered steps in the right direction. The only thing I maintain is that the sum total of these changes, when we compare a remote period with the present time, shows a surplus of progressive over retrogressive or indifferent changes, so that the structure of modern languages is nearer perfection than that of ancient languages, if we take them as wholes instead of picking out at random some one or other more or less significant detail. And of course it must not be imagined that progress has been achieved through deliberate acts of men conscious that they were improving their mother-tongue. On the contrary, many a step in advance has at first been a slip or even a blunder, and, as in other fields of human activity, good results have only been won after a good deal of bungling and 'muddling along.' (326)
. . . we cannot be blind to the fact that modern languages as wholes are more practical than ancient ones, and that the latter present so many more anomalies and irregularities than our present-day languages that we may feel inclined, if not to apply to them Shakespeare's line, "Misshapen chaos of well-seeming forms," yet to think that the development has been from something nearer chaos to something nearer kosmos. (366)
Jespersen ɤΤ褦ˤƸѤĤ˻äΤࡼʥ (84--85) ϡJespersen 1928ǯ Novial ȤФطʤʬϤΤ褦ɾƤNovial ˤĤƤϡ#958. 19Ⱦ³Ƚи ([2011-12-11-1]) ȡˡ
बؤɤ夤ΤϤۤοͤξ⤤äߤΤǤꡤޤΤʤˤäȤŤ顤äȤƤΰĤΤǤäȤΤϡθΨ֤ηкӤƤߤФ褤ȤͤǤ롥ˤĤŤΤϡʿŪˤϡǤդΰˤĤƤߤƤ⤢ȤˤĤƤߤƤ⡤鸫ȡθѲ¤Ԥθ¤꾡äƤΤȤͤǤ롽ϡäȤŪ˳ǧƤȾΤ뤽Τ褦ʡֿפȤƼΤ褦ʤΤƤ롥ʤŪȤñ㲽뤳ȡɽǽͤû̡ʬŪĤޤŪ¤ȯãμͳʥˤ֤ε§ζŪʿ̴ˤǤ롥ʡظο⡤ä˱Ѹȹ礷ơ١ˡޥƥͤߤȤ˸ƤȤäȤΤˤϤԤΤʤˤ桼ȥԥָΤ뤷Ȥ⸫ʤħ¤ȿФˡɥĤʸˡˤäƹƤäФȤƤϤäѤ襤äΤȹͤƸȡ¤˶ŪǼ襤ȤΤϡδʲϤޤäƤ˻ĺ˰֤ƤꡤˤϤĤͤ˷֤ȹ¤ѻˤǤ롤Ȥäʡָθס
ĤޤꡤJespersen ϡʤƾʤ餺ߤˤϤäƤָѲϴʾ֤δǤפȤѤйơѤǤФȤȤˤʤ롥ػŪˤ Jespersen ɾǤϤʤ
ˤҤ٤褦ˡJespersen ήθѤϡߤθؤǤϰŪ˼ƤʤˤĤơ#448. Vendryes ۩ָѲϿǤϤʤס ([2010-07-19-1]) ڤӡ#1382. ָѲϤѲǤס ([2013-02-07-1]) ȡ
Jespersen, Otto. Language: Its Nature, Development, and Origin. 1922. London: Routledge, 2007.
른塦ࡼʥƣ θء١ҡ2001ǯ
Gramley (354--55) Ȥʤ顤#960. Basic English ([2011-12-13-1]) ˤĤѸ춵Ѥ Basic English ǽ줿ä1ĵ
Basic English ϡ1930ǯ C. K. Ogden ˤäƺꤵ졤 I. A. Richards ˤäƲ졤1990ǯ Bill Templer ˤäƺƲ줿衤EFL Τᡤ뤤ϹȤƷײ褵줿ΤαƶϤϾä850δܸäʤꡤư be, do, have, may, will, come, get, give, go, keep, let, make, put, say, see, seem, send, take 18ĤΤߤ˸ꤵƤ롥ºݤˤϡؽԤϰŪ100ȡƼˤȤä濴ŪʬŪ50ɲäƳؤ֤褦ԤƤꡤ1000θäɸȤʤ롥1000ϸФȤƿοǤꡤ㤨 be 1ȥȤ뤬ʤѷbeen, being, was, were, am, are, is ϶̤ƳФʤФʤʤޤOgden ɸŪʥ٥ãˤϡŪ˻Ѥ (ex. geography, gram, hotel) ޤơ2000ϽɬפȹͤƤꡤBasic English Ρ850פȤʸϡޤǺǾ¤ΤΤȤȤ館Ƥɬפ롥
ʸˡˤĤƤϡ٤ܤϸ¤Ƥꡤ̤ϰʲ10ܤƤФ褤10ܤ British English ؤΤʤɤϡ21θߤǤϴۤ˴뤬ȯˤ륤ꥹѸΰ֤Ť褯Ƥ롥
1. Use an "S" to make a noun plural.
2. Adjectives can be extended using "-ER" and "-EST."
3. Verb can end in "-ING" and "-ED."
4. Adjectives become adverbs by adding "-LY."
5. "MORE" and "MOST" are used to talk about amounts.
6. "Opposite" adjectival meaning is expressed using "UN-."
7. To make questions use opposite word order and "DO."
8. Operators and pronouns conjugate as in normal English.
9. Two nouns (e.g. milkman) or a noun and a directive (sundown) make combined words (compounds).
10. Measures, numbers, money, days, months, years, clock time, and international words are in the British form, for example Date/Time: 20 May 1972 at 21:00.
Ǥϡä1ġ
One day last May there was a rat in a hole. It was a good rat which took care of its little ones and kept them out of the way of men, dogs, and poison. About sundown a farmer who was walking that way put his foot into the hole and had a bad fall. "Oh," was his thought, when he got on his legs again, "a rat for my dog, Caesar!" Naturally the rat had the same idea and kept very quiet. After an hour or two, Caesar got tired of waiting, and the farmer put his spade over the top of the hole, so that the rat was shut up till the morning when there might be some sport. But the farmer's daughter, May, had seen him from her window. "What a shame," said May, "Poor rat! there is no sport in letting cruel dogs loose on good mothers! I will take the spade away. There --- the rat may go." Then she took the spade to her father: "See! your spade was out there in the field, and I went to get it for you. Here it is." "You foolish girl," was his answer, "I put that spade over a rat-hole till the morning and now --- the rat may go."
äϳΤ basic ⤷ʤˡʸˡɬ basic ǤϤʤȤݤ롥
¾ˤ⥵ץƥȤϡReadings in Basic English ˭٤Ǥ롥Bible in Basic English ⻲ȡ
Gramley, Stephan. The History of English: An Introduction. Abingdon: Routledge, 2012.
ѸȥڥȸζϲŪˤϡʬŪǤȤޥϸθ캬ĸä¿ȤġθܤˤĤƻŦ뤳ȤǤŤߤ˶1ĵȤΤҲŪˤСñǤ롥θ lingua franca Ǥ롤ȤȤѸȥԥζҥ¯ƥζˤƤƱǤ롥
[2012-04-17-1], [2012-04-18-1], [2012-04-19-1]ε lingua franca ȤѸˤĤĴ٤ҲŪʸϤ餳Ѹȳǰˤ⤦ꤿWardhaugh (55) ˤСUNESCO lingua franca "a language which is used habitually by people whose mother tongues are different in order to facilitate communication between them" Ƥ롥Ǥϡθ줬ѤϰϤιˤĤƤϸڤƤʤΤǡʶƱΤǤΤѤƤ褦ʸξ lingua franca ȤȤˤʤ롥"used habitually" ˤ᤹СǵϳΤˤ lingua franca ̾ͤ
lingua franca ϤĤμʬ뤳ȤǤ (Wardhaugh 56)
(1) եꥫΥϥ쥢եꥫΥҥΤ褦˸ŪѤ "trade language"
(2) 奮ꥷˤ koiné ʥ͡ˤ衼åѤˤ¯ƥΤ褦˽̤ܿȤƤ "contact language"
(3) ѸΤ褦˹ŪѤ "international language"
(4) Esperanto ([2011-12-15-1]) Basic English ([2011-12-13-1]) Τ褦ʿˤ "auxiliary language"
(5) ʥξƱΤäƤ롤ʸˡȥեθäͻ礵̱²Ūǥƥƥôä Michif Τ褦 "mixed language"
ۤˤ嵭ƤϤޤС泤θ̸Ȥʤä SabirγϰDZƶؤ Arabic, Mandarin, Hindi γƸ졤19Ⱦ British Columbia Alaska ˤƹѤ Chinook Jargon ʤɤ롥
Wardhaugh, Ronald. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. 6th ed. Malden: Blackwell, 2010.
5֡ˤĤƤεƤ (##958,959,960,961,962) ʤͤƤȤʤΤˤؤ֤ȤϡħѸˤͻǡ⤿餷Ƥ褦Ǥ롥줬ɬƤʤ¤ȱѸμ¼ŪŪŸȤΤ˲餫δطȤСõ뤳Ȥͭյʲο줽ʻ˴Ϣơ5ۤɲվǥ⤷Ƥ
(1) ħ⤭Ħˤʤ
Ф뻿ξϡΤޤޡѸΤ褦ʼ줬̸ȤƵǽƤؤο͡͡ȿȿǤƤ롥ĹûϼûĹбƤ뤳Ȥ¿㤨С[2011-12-14-1]ε#961. פ (2) ˼ǥƥɸǽϡˤɬŪäƤ뤬ˤϷ礱Ƥ롥̱²ζδȿڱưȤŪȿδطˤʤ䤹äȤ⡤ȴطƤǡ٤κϤȤƤ⤢롥㤨СƱ (3) Ūж (5) ȿϡȤȤƤȤϤ
(2) ̸ȤƤαѸ꤬⤭Ħˤʤ
Ѹ˸¤餺ξǤϤ뤬ŪԵ§ؽΨ˸ƤȤĥФпٻԤʤ롥ˤ뤽βƤȤС¿οͤѸθŪ꤬ɤΤ褦ˤȹͤƤ뤫䤷̤뤳ȤǤֻȯЪΥ<th> ǥˡޤٻԤФмѸؤȿκõ뤳ȤǡѸ줽ΤΤǤ¦̤ȡѸ줬ɽƤ뼫̤Ǥ¦̤Ȥ̤Ǥ뤫⤷ʤ
(3) ѸؤβǤ
(2) Ǽ褦ʱѸФȤơɤΤ褦ʺ¸ǽǤ뤫Ǥ褦ˤʤ롥[2011-12-13-1]εǼ夲 Basic English 䡤ǰŪˤαĹˤȹͤ뼭 defining vocabulary ʤɡѸ줽ΤΤפ褦ʺǤϤʤѸؽ˱Ѥ̤褦ʸŪʺƤǤ褦ˤʤΤǤϤʤ
(4) ̸͡ؤδԤ礭ǧ
ʱѸ˻ٻԤȿٻԤΩϰ㤨ɡ̤ܻؤƤ롥˹ޤݥߥ˥μפ˱뤳ȤΤǤ̸δȴԤǤ롥ξԤΩϾˤäƤ180ٰۤʤȤ⤤뤬ŪɤƤΤƱۤǤ롥̸̤˴ƤԤ礭ϡۤɤޤǤ礭ϤơѸϡ뤤ϥڥȸϡνŰѤΤ
(5) ԥ䥯쥪κƲ¥
Basic English ˾ħѸθäñ㲽䡤ײŪ˿ޤ줿ؤʸˡʤɤظƤΤϡؽưפǤ롥Basic English ϤޤǿͰŪʿ¤ʪ꼫ʷdzؽưפ¸ƤȲǤΤˡԥ䥯쥪줬롥ԥѸ䥯쥪Ѹϰ̤ˤäȤª뤳Ȥ¿̸ؤδԤȤʸ̮˰֤ŤСñȤƺɾ뤳ȤǤ뤫⤷ʤԥ줢뤤ϥ쥪¨̸ε˷ӤĤ뤳ȤϤʤȤ Basic English ¤٤Ӥ뤳Ȥˤϰ̣ΤǤϤʤ
4ε (##958,959,960,961) ǿˤĤƼ夲Ƥ19ȾؤǮdzˡǡưӤڥȸ (Esperanto) ˤĤƸʤ櫓ˤϤʤ
ڥȸߤο Ludwig Lazarus Zamenhof (1859--1917) ϡΤˤäݡɤ Białystok ޤ줿ͤβȷϤޤ줿ϥȤ̱²֤ΤʤĹʰȤʤ롥ʣ¿̱²¿δĶǡबϤޤƤ Yiddish, Hebrew, Polish, German, Russian, Lithuanian ¿Ǥ롥Τ褦ʴĶݤ줿ƤǦѤ˻٤졤Zamenhof ϹݸȯȤۤ褦ˤʤꡤǯμ¸θ塤1887ǯDoktoro Esperanto ʥڥȸǡִ˾ԡפΰաˤɮ̾Dz Lingvo Internacia 路ɮ̾ˤʤǸ˥ڥȸȸƤФ뤳ȤˤʤκǽλǤ롥
1889ǯǽΥڥȸλ La Esperantisto ԡ1893ǯˤϡڥȸθȿΩ夬äZamenhof ϵإϥåȡ١ǥ륻Ƹáꥨηࡤơʤɤ꤬ڥȸƤä1905ǯBoulogne Ǻǽιݥڥȸ졤20700ͤɽáϤθ帽ߤ˻ޤǯŤƤ롥1905ǯ˽Ǥ줿 Fundamento de Esperanto ϥڥȸʸˡθޤȤΤǤꡤڥƥ (Esperantist) ΥХ֥Ȥ⤤Ǥ롥
1921ǯˤϡϢ̳ĹǤäϸͰ¤ڥȸλۤ˶ĤϢǥڥȸʤȤ̤⤢äڥȸκѤˤϻʤäθŪ˰ݤŤ뵡ˤϤʤäθ塤Ūʴޤߤդ줿ڥȸϡλٻԤȤȤˡʥ䥹ư줿˳ư褵1954ǯˤϥͥ The Uiversala Esperanto-Asocio ڥȶ 1908ǯΩˤΤȤǧꡥ1966ǯˤϡ100Ͱʾν̾ȤȤ˹ϢθѸؤƤʤ줿ϼʤä
ߡ50ιⶨ22ιݶ¸ߤ100Ķʪ3ĶڥȸǴԤƤ롥륷̵ʤɤǤϥ饸¸ߤ롥üԿοפξȤơڥȸüԿˤĤƤΤʤȤϤ狼ʤʤפǿ͡¿פ1500ͰʾȤ (Crystal 356) Ūˤäơ˾塤ǤȤäƤ褤
ǡ衼åѽСܤϥڥȸڳưʹǤ롥1919ǯΩܥڥȳزγư濴Ǥ롥ҤοϸͤΤۤ¡¼СʸؼԡˤʤɤؿƤȤˤ⤢롥衼åǤϡեɡǥǥޡǤγưΩġŪ微ʸȤǤꡤڥȸǰ䤹
ǡڥȸФƤϡȿȯ¸ߤ뤳ȤΤǤ롥ݶ̸ȤƤϼä˱ѸˤѤ٤ȤԤ⤢뤷¾ολٻԤ⤢롥ޤڥȸ줬ŪץѥȷӤĤ뷹뤳Ȥ⡤Ƥ褦
ϥڥƥȤǤϤʤػ¿ؤؤμȤȤơ֥ڥȸפäˡߤǤؤμȤȤƤɤΤ餤֤ƤΤȵˤʤäȤǤΥڥȸʤHPĤ١Ȥ褦Ǥ롥
Crystal, David. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language. 2nd ed. Cambridge: CUP, 1997. 199--205.
ݶ̸ȤƤλѤǰƬƤ줿βϡΤȤʤ顤Ū˹ǧΤ졤ƤȤȤ19ȾʹߤξįƤߤȡβϤޤäƤʤȤäƤ褤طʤˤϡˤޤĤŪҲŪŪ꤬롥Crystal (357) ꡤΤĤվ褦
(1) ưŤФοǤСüԿϤۤܥǤ롥üԿ䤷Ƥ椯ˤϤɤФ褤ΤϡҲפľ̤ڥȸȯƼ Zamenhof ⤳Ǻޤ졤κǸ "I, the undersigned, promise to learn the international language proposed by Dr Esperanto, if it appears that 10 million people have publicly given the same promise." Ȥ«ɼԤ᤹ȤƤǤФ̤ȤƤոʤä褦
(2) ǥƥƥꡥߥ˥¤ǡνפ1ĤˡüԤΥǥƥƥɸȤǽ롥üԤϡϰҲѰκۤѤƾ˼ɽƤΤǤꡤΤεǽϤȤΤۤפȤΤҲؤθǤ롥ϡ[2011-12-12-1]ε (4) Ǽ̤ꡤʤɸŪǤ뤳ȤۤȤƷǤ롥β̤פʵǽ1ĤǤåƤޤȤˤʤ롥̱²ֶȿǮѤ˾18Ⱦ20ȾФ2ˤ錄äơƱߥǴѻ줿Ȥϡܤ٤Ǥ롥
(3) ŪжƤƤϸ¤ߥ衼åѤθפȤƤ롥ŪŪΩܻؤˤϡХꤹƤΤǤϤʤϡθ¿ڻ뤹뷹롥
(4) ̣㡥ɾȤƤϡ֡δפɤμ֤Ƥ뤫ʤɡܤޤ꤬̣ؤδؿϾʤ֤ǡ֤б뤬̣ϰۤʤ뤿դפ false friends ( F "faux amis" ) ȤΤ뤬ȼδ֤ǤƱ꤬ͤꤦ롥Ǥ̣Ȥϡdenotation Ǥʤ connotation ޤࡥ㤨СѸ "capitalism" ñˤḤ̂ϡꥫͤξȡͤξǤϰۤʤäƤǽ롥
(5) ȿ¿οͤŪ̸ȤƤομݤˤϻƱΤΡǮŪʻٻԤƤŪŪˤδƤ롥ٻΤˤäƤϽŪʿ̤ӤӤƤꡤɤưоݤˤʤ礹餢롥1930ǯ塤ɥĤ䥽ϢǡڥȸüԤưԤʤ줿㤬롥
˸¤餺ݶ̸εˤƤϡޤ (4) ΰ̣Ūʴä˷ڻ뤵Ƥ褦˻פΰ̣ʸˤ̩ܤ˷ӤĤƤ뤳Ȥͤȡ(2) ȤϢƤ
ڤäƤϡֻפε۵ˤʤ2ĤβױưۤʤäƤϤ뤬פȤ¦̤¿롥[2010-12-24-1]ε#606. ѸֻפԤͳס[2011-01-21-1]ε#634. ǯֻ (1)פ碌ƻȤ줿
Crystal, David. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language. 2nd ed. Cambridge: CUP, 1997. 199--205.
ε#958. Ūʹݿ줬٤ ([2011-12-12-1]) κǸ˿줿Charles Kay Ogden (1889--1857) ˤ Basic English ˤĤƼ夲롥
19ȾϤޤäݿؤǮ ([2011-12-11-1]) ϡ͡ʸ¤ˤ뤽ۤܺäȤȤˡ20ʤˤĤƤݥߥ˥μפϷƤꡤݶ̸ɬפȯŪ˹ޤäƤϰƤ˼ä٤ǥϡԤʤƤ¸μñ㲽ȤΤäפθϤ٤ơΤ褦˴ά줿 "modified natural language" ƤߤΤʤǺǤͭ̾ʻߤ"British American Scientific International Commercial" acronym ƬˤȤä Basic English Ǥ롥
ѹκȡؼ Ogden ˤä1926--30ǯˤƹͰƤ줿δάǤαѸϡ850θ600̾졤150ηƻ졤100ˤäƤ롥ư18Ĥʤ¾θȤηӤĤˤꡤɸѸ4,000ưȤʤ뤳ȤǤ롥assemble 夨 put together, invent 夨 make up, photograph 夨 take pictures ǡǤ롥
1940ǯˤϡChurchill Roosevelt ʤɤȤ̾ͤˤäƤٻ줿äʤʬʣ칽¤ʤФʤʤäȡǥबʤäȤʤɤͳ⤢ꡤ䤬ƿषȤä٤ñ㲽ȤƤ⡤Τˤạ̈ؤηΤȤƤϤषԷкѤȤʤ뤳Ȥ¤˴줿ΤʴϢơ[2010-02-14-1]ε#293. ٤¬뤫פȡˡ
Basic English ϸߤǤŪʰյĤΤߤȤʤäƤ뤬αѸ춵ΤʤȿǤƤ롥¤줿ΤäƤȤ߹碌ˤʣʳǰɽǽϤ䡤ܸʿפɽ뵻̤ȤˤĤ뤳Ȥϡ춵ˤƤϽפʲǤ롥ǯγؽѱѱѼŵؽˤƺѤƤ "defining vocabulary" ιͤ⡤Basic English λۤαĹˤȤ롥ELF (English as a Lingua Franca) ɸѸȤƾΤʹ褦ˤʤäƤBasic English ȤߤΤΤǤϤʤˤ衤ιͤϡͭȤʤäƤΤǤϤʤ
ʾεϡCrystal (358) Basic-English Institute εҤͤˤƼɮ
Crystal, David. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language. 2nd ed. Cambridge: CUP, 1997. 199--205.
ε#957. 19Ⱦ³Ƚи ([2011-12-11-1]) ǿ (artificial language) ˤڤϼ˱ڤǤʤΤ¤Ǥ롥ΤˡǤͭ̾ʿȤäƤ褤ڥȸ (Esperanto) ϡʤפǤ͡¿פǤ1500ͰʾüԡʼȤ2üԡˤʤȤ졤¤μ٤ڤƤȤߤʤȤϲǽ⤷ʤʴϢ[2010-01-26-1]ε#274. üԿפȡʤ衼åѰʳǥڥȸüԤ¿ΤܤǤˡ
ŪʿȤưտޤƤϤȤϤڥȶβȾ첤ͤǤꡤŪʡʤŪʡФθ뤳ȤǤʤڡפˤ뤬ڥȸǤŪ˹ԤʤƤȤϸΤ顤¾οڤ٤Ͽ䤷Τ٤Ǥ롥
ǤϡŪڤ٤ŪʿȤϤɤΤ褦ʤΤɤΤ褦ʾƤС¿οͤǼ褦ۤοȤʤΤϰƼԤٻԤϡΤ褦ʾŦƤ (Crystal 357)
(1) ؤӤ䤹ȡʸˡ§ŪñǤꡤỌ̇̄δطƩǤꡤֻɸŪǤꡤȯưפǤ뤳ȤɬפǤ롥
(2) ȴϢƤ뤳ȡȤưפǤɬפ롥ʹ¤äƤꡤΥǥȿǤ뤳ȤǤŪħ¿ƤꡤŪ˻ѤƤŪפΤ캬äƤ뤳Ȥ˾ޤ
(3) ˭٤ʵǽ̤뤳ȡäդդΤߤʤ餺ʳء̾ݡġʤɤŪΰǤⵡǽ̤ɬפ롥ݥߥ˥ΥǥǤλѤˤѤ褦ǤʤФʤʤ
(4) ɸŪǤ뤳ȡˤѰۤäƤϤʤʤ뤿ˤϡҤ뵡ؤˤƻ뤬ɬפ
(5) ŪŪΩǤ뤳ȡ٤Ƥι˼뤿ˤϡΩγݤפǤ롥¿ολٻԤϡʿ¶¸ΤԲķʾȹͤƤ롥
(6) ƶ¥ΤǤ뤳ȡŪʿϡñ˹ݥߥ˥μʤȤƤǤʤŪʻͤ¥ƻȤƤͭǤ뤳Ȥ˾ޤϡä17 a priori ʿ줬ܻؤƤůŪۤǤ롥
ξ⤽줾ȤƱΤϤʤŪŪůŪ郎Ʊ路Ƥꡤ̤ͥͿ뤫ˤäԤδ֤ΩͤʤȤϼǤ롥ơºݤˤΤ褦ͳԤδ֤ΩƤä (2) (5) ʤɤϡȴϢƤʤ顤Ʊ˸ŪΩǤȤ̷⤹ᤷƤΤ顤κϿ
ŪʾΤʤˡѸʤɤιŪʱƶϤļؤȿȯõ뤳ȤưפǤ롥ȽǼΤѤӤӤʤȤϤ嵭ξΤ㤨бѸ줬Ƥ (3) 餤ǤϤʤ
Τ褦ŪʾŪįƤǤŪǤϤʤˤȤ⡤ݥߥ˥ΤˤϤǤɤȤɸȤªΤǤСذǤŤȤͭפǤѸä˸ä˴ؤ (1) δɤ褦Ȥߤ1ĤˡCharles Kay Ogden (1889--1857) ιͰƤ Basic English 롥ˤĤƤεǡ
Crystal, David. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language. 2nd ed. Cambridge: CUP, 1997. 199--205.
ѸܸʤɤμȯФơտŪ߷פ줿 (artificial language) ȤΤ롥[2009-05-09-1]ε#10. Ͽפǿ줿̤ꡤȤƾΤ꤬ʤ櫓ǤϤʤѤƤѸǤ롥 (auxiliary language) ȤѸ줬Ѥ뤳Ȥ⤢뤬ΤΤ褦ˡѸʤɤμ줬ݥߥ˥ΤŪ˻ѤƤ¤ꡤθƾΤϤǤ롥Ǥϡ깭ή̤ƤȤѸѤ롥
ۤʤüԤɤδ֤ǥߥ˥Ȥ뤿ζ̸ (lingua franca) ȤơŪʸ᤹פ켫ΤϡΤǤϸŵ夫鸫줿ߤޤǤ˿ɴˤΤܤ줬ƤƤȤäɵܳŪ˻ϤޤäΤϡοͤõۤʤʸؤܤϤ17ΤȤȤäƤ褤λϡlingua franca ȤƤΥƥ줬षϤǤ⤢롥Francis Bacon (1561--1626), René Descartes (1596--1650), Gottfried Wilhelm Leibnitz (1646--1716) ʤɤůŪʵηϤȤƤοƤϥäλߤϡǤϤʤůؤ˴Ťۼθ졤拾ԥ塼פ碌¤Ǥꡤa priori ʿȸƤ֤ȤǤ롥
17˻ϤޤäǮϡ18ȾˤϤäƤŪʸιۤϡ18Ⱦ̱²ιޤȿ㤷ơФˤʤäƤäΤǤ롥ƤӿǮޤäΤϡ19κǸλȾǤ롥٤ϡ¸μʻ¾夹٤ΤθˤϤ a posteriori ʿ줬͡ʷǺꤵ줿Ǯطʤˤϡݥߥ˥ɬȤ٤ʤۤƤȡѸʤɤ줬ݶ̸ȤʤݱʤŪʿʤɤääơѸȤѸ˾μפȡ19ȾǮȤϡ̵طǤϤʤ
Ǥͭ̾ǡǤڥȸ (Esperanto) ʳˤ¿ο줬ƤƤCrystal (355) 顤ΰǯ̤¤٤褦פʤΤˤĤƤϡֻǼǮι⤵狼
뤬1ϡ̱²ιޤȤȤˡƤӿؤǮƤäơ¤ξˡѸȤ줬̸ؤƻҤ뤳ȤȤʤäΤǤ롥
| Date | Language | Inventor | Comment |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1880 | Volapük ("World Language") | Johann Martin Schleyer | 8 vowels, 20 consonants; based largely on English and German. |
| 1887 | Esperanto ("Lingvo Internacia") | Ludwig Lazarus Zamenhof | 5 vowels, 23 consonants, mainly West European lexicon; Slavonic influence on syntax and spelling. |
| 1902 | Idiom Neutral | V. K. Rosenberger | A former supporter of Volapük; strongly influenced by Romance. |
| 1903 | Latino Sine Flexione (Interlingua) | Giuseppe Peano | Latin without inflections; vocabulary mainly from Latin words. |
| 1904 | Perio | ||
| 1905 | Lingua Internacional | ||
| 1906 | Ekselsioro | ||
| 1906 | Ulla | ||
| 1906 | Mondlingvo | ||
| 1907 | Lingwo Internaciona (Antido) | ||
| 1907 | Ido | Louis de Beaufront or Louis Couturat | A modified version of Esperanto (the name means "derived from" in Esperanto). |
| 1908 | Mez-Voio | ||
| 1908 | Romanizat | ||
| 1909 | Romanal | ||
| 1911 | Latin-Esperanto | ||
| 1914 | Europeo | ||
| 1915 | Nepo | ||
| 1921 | Hom Idyomo | ||
| 1922 | Occidental | Edgar von Wahl | Devised for the western world only; largely based on Romance. |
| 1923 | Espido | ||
| 1928 | Novial | Otto Jespersen | Mainly Ido vocabulary and Occidental grammar. Novial = New + International Auxiliary Language. |
| 1937 | Néo | ||
| 1943 | Interglossa | Lancelot Hogben | Published only in draft form. |
| 1951 | Interlingua | International Auxiliary Language Association | A Romance-based grammar, with a standardized vocabulary based on the main Western European languages. |
| 1955 | Esperantuisho | ||
| 1956 | Globaqo | ||
| 1958 | Modern Esperanto | ||
| 1960 | Delmondo | ||
| 1962 | Utoki | ||
| 1972 | Eurolengo | ||
| 1981 | Glosa | W. Ashby and R. Clark | A modified version of Interglossa. Contains a basic 1,000-word vocabulary, derived from Latin and Greek roots. |
| 1986 | Uropi |
ڥ ( Esperanto )Ȥ줬롥1887ǯ˥ݡɤΰեۥ(Zamenhof)ˤäƹȤʤ٤ͰƤ줿Ǥ롥λˤϡEsperantoޤʣι줬³ȹͰƤ줿ǺǤǤꡤ10ͰʾüԤȤ롥ʸˡäϥ衼åѤθ졤ä˥ޥϤƤ뤬ñ㲽Ƥꡤ⤫ĤƤäȤΤưפǤʢޤƤʤȤȤˡܤǤܥڥȳزȤɽؤΤǡؿΤϻȤ줿
Esperantoֿ(artificial language)ȸƤФ뤳Ȥ˰ϤʤǤܸѸʤɤ̾θϡּ(natural language)ȸƤǤ褤Τ˿ؤιֵȤΤ褦˸äƤΤפФֿʹ֤ФΤǤʾ塤ʤɤȤΤϤꤨʤϤ٤ƿǤ롥
EsperantoȱѸֿפȤư勞ˤˤϡϤ롥ʤΤ
ǡ[2009-05-07-1]ˡָ̽ڤȸѲפȤƼ夲KellerƤӰ礤˽ФΤˤϼʪȿʪ뤬ԤˤϿŪʪȼŪʪबȤȤȤ˿Ƥߤ롥
things natural artificial(?) artificial natural the Alps Esperanto English flowers paper flowers traffic jam waterfalls euro 'grown' towns bee language satellite cities the Latin alphabet the Morse alphabet Buddhism
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