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basic_english - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2022-11-25 Fri

#4960. ϸͰ¤ Basic English [basic_english][esperanto][english_in_japan]

ϸͰ¤ (1862--1933) ʹơפ⤫٤ȶʤȤǤ5߻δäعǥ顼Τ˳ؤͤȤƤ⵭Ƥ뤷ʿΤζפǤ⤢ꡤˤϡƻ٤ԤǤ⤢롥ĿŪˤϡĤйֻդȤؤǶȤ⤢ΤǿƤߤͯϸͤƱؤνĹǤ⤢ä
ѸȤδϢǤϡƣˡˡرѸãäѤ졤ܿͤαѸ٤δƬѸãͤ1ͤȤΤƤ롥ϸͤϾҤƻ٤Τ뤬Ȥब񤤤ΤϱѸ Bushido, the Soul of Japan ǤꡤܸΡƻ٤ǤϤʤդɬפ롥Bushido ãդαʸǤ롥
ϸͤϡΤ褦ܱѳػˤ礭­פĤƤ뤬 (cf. #4587. ܱѸƻάǯɽס ([2021-11-17-1])ˡϢ̳Ĺ̳ƤǯˤϹݸ˶ؿ󤻤褦ˤʤäºݡϡ#962. Esperanto ([2011-12-15-1]) Ǥ⿨줿褦˥ڥƥȤ⤢äBasic English λٻԤǤ⤢äƣ (24--25) Ѥ롥

Ϣ̳ɼĹ̳뤳鿷ϸͤɬ˴褦ˤʤ롥ǯϱѹθؼCKǥIA㡼ѸؽѤ˳ȯִܱѸʥ١å󥰥åˡפ˴ؿ󤻤Ƥ褦ʡԽ;Ͽٸ޻Ȭˡ
ˡ̾פθưȬޡαñǺѤޤ뤿ΤŪʥƥϡθѸˤʤǤȤοߤȯɽ줿顤बȤƤεǽԤΤ̵ϤʤΨŻ뤷ηϤ˴Ԥ󤻤뤳ȼΡѸ춵ФƳڤäͤ򤻤򤨤ʤ褿Ȥʪä롥ܤλؤȤޤäͤʤǤ塤Ʊѳؤ˴ΰӤéǤä


ѸãͤǤ뿷ϸͤϡΤ褦ʱѸãͤθڤܤ̻뤳ȤԲǽȸäƤ˰㤤ʤǰۤʤϩ뤳ȤˤڥȤ Basic English ָΤȻפ롥ȤƤŬʤäϰ㤨ɡɸ⿶֤äƤߤۼŪǤ뤳ȤϰפƤϿϸͤʤäȤۤʤ褦˻פ롥
Basic English ˤĤƤϡ#959. Ūʹݿ͹줬٤ ([2011-12-12-1])#960. Basic English ([2011-12-13-1]) ⻲Ȥ줿

ƣ ˡرѸãäѤ졤ܿͤαѸ12ǡ2017ǯ

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2017-05-04 Thu

#2929. 11:1--9 ʡ֥Х٥סˤ7ɤ [bible][popular_passage][hel_education][oe_text][basic_english][popular_passage]

ε#2928. űѸǡ11:1--9 ʡ֥Х٥סˤɤ ([2017-05-03-1]) ǡ֥Х٥פθűѸǤɤ#1870. 2:18--25 7ɤ١ ([2014-06-10-1]) ˤʤäѸʹߤΥƥȤޤ᤿7¤٤Ƥߤ(1), (2), (3), (4), (7) 5Ĥϻ߷8Ϥꡤ(5), (6) 񥵥ȤäƤѸǤǤ롥

(1) 1000ǯθűѸ Old English Heptateuch

Wæs þā ān gereord on eorþan, and heora ealre ān sprǣc. Hī fērdon fram ēastdēle oð þæt hī cōmon tō ānum felde on þām lande Sennar, and þēr wunedon. Ðā cwǣdon hī him betwȳnan, “Vton wyrcean ūs tigelan and ǣlan hī on fȳre.” Witodlīce hī hæfdon tigelan for stān and tyrwan for weall-līm. And cwǣdon, “Cumað and utan wircan ūs āne burh and ǣnne stȳpel swā hēahne ðæt his rōf ātille þā heofonan, and uton mǣrsian ūrne namon, ǣr þan wē bēon tōdǣlede tō eallum landum.” God þā nyþer āstāh, þæt hē gesēga þā burh and þone stȳpel þe Adames sunus getimbroden. God cwæð þā, “Efne þis his ān folc and gereord him ealum, and hī ongunnon þis tō wircenne; ne hī ne geswīcað heora geþōhta, ǣr þan þe hī mid weorce hī gefyllan. Cumað nū eornostlīce and uton niþer āstīgan and heora gereord þēr tōwendon, þæt heora nān ne tōcnāwe his nēxtan stemne.” And God þā hī tōdǣlde swā of þǣre stōwe tō eallum landum, and hī geswicon tō wyrcenne þā buruh. And for þī wæs sēo burh gehāten Babel, for þan þe ðǣr wæs tōdǣled þæt gereord ealre eorþan. God þā hī sende þanon ofer brādnesse ealra eorðan.


(2) 1388--95ǯ Wycliffite Bible (Later Version) ꡥ

Forsothe the lond was of o langage, and of the same speche. And whanne thei ȝeden forth fro the eest, they fonden a feeld in the lond of Sennaar, and dwelliden ther ynne. And oon seide to his neiȝbore, "Come ȝe, and make we tiel stonys, and bake we tho with fier," and thei hadden tiel for stonus, and pitche for morter; and seiden, "Come ȝe, and make we to vs a citee and tour, whos hiȝnesse stretche `til to heuene; and make we solempne oure name bifor that we be departid in to alle londis." Forsothe the Lord cam down to se the citee and tour, which the sones of Adam bildiden. And he seide, "Lo! the puple is oon, and o langage is to alle, and thei han bigunne to make this, nethir thei schulen ceesse of her thouȝtis, til thei fillen tho in werk; therfor come ȝe, go we doun, and scheende we there the tunge of hem, that ech man here not the voys of his neiȝbore." And so the Lord departide hem fro that place in to alle londis; and thei cessiden to bielde a cytee. And therfor the name therof was clepid Babel, for the langage of al erthe was confoundide there; and fro thennus the Lord scaterede hem on the face of alle cuntrees.


(3) 1611ǯ The Authorised Version (The King James Versionˤꡥ

And the whole earth was of one language, and of one speach. And it came to passe as they iourneyed from the East, that they found a plaine in the land of Shinar, and they dwelt there. And they sayd one to another; Goe to, let vs make bricke, and burne them thorowly. And they had bricke for stone, and slime had they for morter. And they said; Goe to, let vs build vs a city and a tower, whose top may reach vnto heauen, and let vs make vs a name, lest we be scattered abroad vpon the face of the whole earth. And the LORD came downe to see the city and the tower, which the children of men builded. And the LORD said; Behold, the people is one, and they have all one language: and this they begin to doe: and now nothing will be restrained from them, which they haue imagined to doe. Goed to, let vs go downe, and there cōfound their language, that they may not vnderstand one anothers speech. So the LORD scattered them abroad from thence, vpon the face of all the earth: and they left off to build the Citie. Therefore is the name of it called Babel, because the LORD did there confound the language of all the earth: and from thence did the LORD scatter them abroad vpon the face of all the earth.


(4) 1989ǯ The New Revised Standard Version

Now the whole earth had one language and the same words. And as they migrated from the east, they came upon a plain in the land of Shinar and settled there. And they said to one another, "Come, let us make bricks, and burn them thoroughly." And they had brick for stone, and bitumen for mortar. Then they said, "Come, let us build ourselves a city, and a tower with its top in the heavens, and let us make a name for ourselves; otherwise we shall be scattered abroad upon the face of the whole earth." The Lord came down to see the city and the tower, which mortals had built. And the Lord said, "Look, they are one people, and they have all one language; and this is only the beginning of what they will do; nothing that they propose to do will now be impossible for them. Come, let us go down, and confuse their language there, so that they will not understand one another's speech." So the Lord scattered them abroad from there over the face of all the earth, and they left off building the city. Therefore it was called Babel, because there the Lord confused the language of all the earth; and from there the Lord scattered them abroad over the face of all the earth.


(5) øäΤߤѤ Basic EnglishThe Holy Bible --- Bible in Basic English) ꡥ

And all the earth had one language and one tongue. And it came about that in their wandering from the east, they came to a stretch of flat country in the land of Shinar, and there they made their living-place. And they said one to another, Come, let us make bricks, burning them well. And they had bricks for stone, putting them together with sticky earth. And they said, Come, let us make a town, and a tower whose top will go up as high as heaven; and let us make a great name for ourselves, so that we may not be wanderers over the face of the earth. And the Lord came down to see the town and the tower which the children of men were building. And the Lord said, See, they are all one people and have all one language; and this is only the start of what they may do: and now it will not be possible to keep them from any purpose of theirs. Come, let us go down and take away the sense of their language, so that they will not be able to make themselves clear to one another. So the Lord God sent them away into every part of the earth: and they gave up building their town. So it was named Babel, because there the Lord took away the sense of all languages and from there the Lord sent them away over all the face of the earth.


(6) ʿפƸ Good News Translation (BibleGateway.com) ꡥ

At first, the people of the whole world had only one language and used the same words. As they wandered about in the East, they came to a plain in Babylonia and settled there. They said to one another, "Come on! Let's make bricks and bake them hard." So they had bricks to build with and tar to hold them together. They said, "Now let's build a city with a tower that reaches the sky, so that we can make a name for ourselves and not be scattered all over the earth." Then the Lord came down to see the city and the tower which they had built, and he said, "Now then, these are all one people and they speak one language; this is just the beginning of what they are going to do. Soon they will be able to do anything they want! Let us go down and mix up their language so that they will not understand each other." So the Lord scattered them all over the earth, and they stopped building the city. The city was called Babylon, because there the Lord mixed up the language of all the people, and from there he scattered them all over the earth.


(7) Ʊꡥ

ƱդȤäơƱ褦äƤưƤ͡ϡ󥢥Ϥʿ򸫤Ĥ˽夤ϡ֤󤬤ꡤ褯ƤפääФˤ󤬤򡤤ä˥եȤѤϡ֤ŷޤϤΤĮơͭ̾ˤʤơϤ˻餵뤳ȤΤʤ褦ˤ褦פȸäϹߤäơͤλҤ餬ƤΤ뤳Į򸫤ơ줿ϰĤ̱ǡĤθդäƤ뤫顤Τ褦ʤȤ򤷻Ϥ᤿ΤǤϡ餬ƤƤ⡤˸뤳ȤϤǤʤ桹ϹߤäƹԤäơľθդ𤵤ߤθդʹʬ̤褦ˤƤޤ׼򤽤Ϥ˻餵줿ΤǡϤĮηߤ᤿櫓ǡĮ̾ϥХ٥ȸƤФ줿礬ϤθդʥХˤޤ礬Ϥ˻餵줿Ǥ롥


߷ ⡡ǤɤѸˡ١罤۽Ź2013ǯ

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2014-09-09 Tue

#1961. ܥ٥ [lexicology][semantics][cognitive_linguistics][prototype][glottochronology][basic_english][hyponymy][terminology][semantic_field]

ε#1960. ѸäΥԥߥåɹ¤ ([2014-09-08-1]) κǸǡָóؤϡʸŪҿ㤵١̣ˡιȤäشطˤפȽҤ٤ؤǤϡФСִŪʸáפˤʤ뤬äƴŪȤ뤫ˤĤƤ͡Ω줬롥ľŪˤϡŪʸäȤϡŪѤ졤٤ǡҶˤ˽äǤȺѤޤ뤳ȤǤΤˤ礭ƤʤȻפɤޤǤܸäǧ뤫Ȥ䡤̸줴Ȥ˰ۤʤΤʤΤ뤤̸Ūˤ٤ŪʤΤʤΤȤ⤢ꡤפ褦񤷤ơޤǤ롥㤨СػŪˤϡ#1128. glottochronology ([2012-05-29-1]) 󾧤 Swadesh ֻøäФơȽä줿Ȥ⤢äŪŪǾ줿 Basic English (cf. #960. Basic English ([2011-12-13-1])#1705. Basic English ǽ񤫤줿ä ([2013-12-27-1])) ȤδܸäˤĤƤ⡤ǰܤ줿Ȥä
ŪʸäȤȤǤ⤦1۵Τϡǧΰ̣ǤФм夲ܥ٥ (Basic Level Category) Ǥ롥Ūʴط1Ĥˡǰ (conceptual hierarchy) 뤤ݴط (hyponymy) ȤΤ롥㤨СֲȶפȤ̣ (semantic_field) ͤƤߤ롥ֲȶפȤŪʥƥ꡼βˡ֤פִפΥƥ꡼ꡤ줾βˡɪݤס֥ǥåפٶס֥ѥǥפʤɤ롥˾ˤⲼˤ⡤Ʋˤ⤳Τ褦ʸôطäƤꡤֲȶפΰ̣˵ʸåͥåȥŸƤȤΤ̣ιͤǡֲȶס֤סɪݤפȤ3ʳݴطˤĤܤȡǤ̤Υ٥ϿΡ֤פȹͤ롥֤ä줿顤˺¤ꤿʡפֲ̤ȶ˺¤ꤿʡפŪƤ뤷ɪݤ˺¤ꤿʡפ̾ʸ̮ǤԼ˺٤롥֤פȤ٥뤬ŪŪ礦ɤ褤٥ȤФ롥Ǥϡ֤פ Basic Level Category ƤȤ롥
Ǥϡ Basic Level Category ϲˤäƷޤΤTaylor (52) ϡץȥθ Rosch ˰͵򤷤ʤ顤Τ褦ʵǽŪٻƤ롥

Rosch argues that it is the basic level categories that most fully exploit the real-world correlation of attributes. Basic level terms cut up reality into maximally informative categories. The basic level, therefore, is the level in a categorization hierarchy at which the 'best' categories can emerge. More precisely, Rosch hypothesizes that basic level categories both

   (a) maximize the number of attributes shared by members of the category;
and
   (b) minimize the number of attributes shared with members of other categories.


֤פϡ۲͡ʼΤ㤨Сɪݤפ֥ǥåפ¿ζ̤ (a) ˤʤޤ֤פϡִפ͡ʼδ㤨Сٶפ֥ѥǥפȶͭϾʤΤǡ(b) ˤʤϡ֤פ濴ˤƹͤƱ褦ˡֲȶפ뤤ϡɪݤפ濴˹ͤ (a) (b) ˤʤɤ򸡺Ƥߤȡ֤פۤɤˤξʤ
Basic Level Category θäϡǧŪ˽פȹͤƤ롥ޤŪ˺Ǥ褯Ȥ졤Ҷˤäƺǽ˽졤ͤǤ®ȿ뤳ȤΤƤ롥δäȤ
ܸä̤θˤĤƤϡ#308. Ѹκѱñꥹȡ ([2010-03-01-1])#1874. ٸθݼ ([2014-06-14-1])#1101. Zipf's law ([2012-05-02-1]) ε⻲Ȥ줿

Taylor, John R. Linguistic Categorization. 3rd ed. Oxford: OUP, 2003.

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2014-06-10 Tue

#1870. 2:18--25 7ɤ [bible][hel_education][basic_english]

#1803. Lord's Prayer ([2014-04-04-1]) ˰³̥ɤ٤Ƥߤ롥߷ΡǤɤѸˡ٤6Ϥǡ2:18--25 βս꤬ƱNRSV, KJ, Wycl, OEH 5֤ӤƤ롥ˤơ2ĤθɲäΤȤ7ǤӤǽȤʤ褦ˡѥ롦ƥȤ¤äƤߤɲä2ϡʿפƸΤ Good News Translation BibleGateway.com ˤȡøäΤߤѤ Basic English ǡThe Holy Bible --- Bible in Basic English ˤǤ롥γǤˤĤƤϡ#1709. ױǯɽ ([2013-12-31-1]) 򻲾Ȥ줿

Gen. 2:18

Ʊʤϸ줿ֿͤȤǤΤɤʤ˹礦Ԥ¤
NRSVThen the LORD God said, "It is not good that the man should be alone; I will make him a helper as his partner."
Good News BibleThen the Lord God said, "It is not good for the man to live alone. I will make a suitable companion to help him."
Basic EnglishAnd the Lord God said, It is not good for the man to be by himself: I will make one like himself as a help to him
KJAnd the LORD God said, "It is not good that the man should be alone: I will make him an helpe meet for him."
WyclAnd the Lord God seide, "It is not good that a man be aloone, make we to hym an help lijk to hym silf."
OEHGod cwæð ēac swylce, "Nis nā gōd ðisum men āna tō wunigenne; uton wyrcean him sumne fultum tō his gelīcnysse."

Gen. 2:19

ƱʤϡΤáΤĻڤǷŤꡤͤΤȤػäơͤ줾ɤƤ֤Ƥ줿ͤƤ֤ȡϤ٤ơʪ̾Ȥʤä
NRSVSo out of the ground the LORD God formed every animal of the field and every bird of the air, and brought them to the man to see what he would call them; and whatever the man called every living creature, that was its name.
Good News BibleSo he took some soil from the ground and formed all the animals and all the birds. Then he brought them to the man to see what he would name them; and that is how they all got their names.
Basic EnglishAnd from the earth the Lord God made every beast of the field and every bird of the air, and took them to the man to see what names he would give them: and whatever name he gave to any living thing, that was its name.
KJAnd out of ye ground the LORD God formed euery beast of the field, and euery foule of the aire; and brought them vnto Adam, to see what he would call them: and whatsoeuer Adam called euery liuing creature, that was the name thereof.
WyclTherfor whanne alle lyuynge beestis of erthe, and alle the volatils of heuene weren formed of erthe, the Lord God brouȝte tho to Adam, that he schulde se what he schulde clepe tho; for al thing that Adam clepide of lyuynge soule, thilke is the name therof.
OEHGod sōðlīce gelǣdde ðā nȳtenu, ðe hē of eorðan gescēop, and ðǣre lyfte fugelas tō Adame, ðæt hē forescēawode hū hē hī gecȳgde. Sōðlīce ǣlc libbende nȳten, swā swā Adam hit gecȳgde, swā is his nama.

Gen. 2:20

ƱͤϤܡĻΤä̾դʬ˹礦ԤϸĤ뤳ȤǤʤä
NRSVThe man gave names to all cattle, and to the birds of the air, and to every animal of the field; but for the man there was not found a helper as his partner.
Good News BibleSo the man named all the birds and all the animals; but not one of them was a suitable companion to help him.
Basic EnglishAnd the man gave names to all cattle and to the birds of the air and to every beast of the field; but Adam had no one like himself as a help.
KJAnd Adam gaue names to all cattell, and to the foule of the aire, and to euery beast of the fielde: but for Adam there was not found an helpe meete for him.
WyclAnd Adam clepide bi her names alle lyuynge thingis, and alle volatils, and alle vnresonable beestis of erthe. Forsothe to Adam was not foundun an helpere lijk hym.
OEHAnd Adam ðā genamode ealle nȳtenu heora naman, and ealle fugelas and ealle wildēor. Adam sōðlīce ne gemētte ðā gȳt nānne fultum his gelīcan.

Gen. 2:21

ƱʤϤǡͤ򿼤̲Ȥ줿̲ͤȡФΰȴꡤפǤդ줿
NRSVSo the LORD God caused a deep sleep to fall upon the man, and he slept; then he took one of his ribs and closed up its place with flesh.
Good News BibleThen the Lord God made the man fall into a deep sleep, and while he was sleeping, he took out one of the man's ribs and closed up the flesh.
Basic EnglishAnd the Lord God sent a deep sleep on the man, and took one of the bones from his side while he was sleeping, joining up the flesh again in its place:
KJAnd the LORD God caused a deepe sleepe to fall vpon Adam, and hee slept; and he tooke one of his ribs, and closed vp the flesh in stead thereof.
WyclTherfore the Lord God sente sleep in to Adam, and whanne he slepte, God took oon of hise ribbis, and fillide fleisch for it.
OEHÐā sende God slǣp on Adam, and ðā ðā hē slēp, ðā genam hē ān rib of his sīdan, and gefylde mid flǣsce ðǣr ðæt rib wæs.

Gen. 2:22

ƱơͤȴäФǽ¤夲줿ʤͤΤȤϢȡ
NRSVAnd the rib that the LORD God had taken from the man he made into a woman and brought her to the man.
Good News BibleHe formed a woman out of the rib and brought her to him.
Basic EnglishAnd the bone which the Lord God had taken from the man he made into a woman, and took her to the man.
KJAnd the rib which the LORD God had taken from man, made hee a woman, & brought her vnto the man.
WyclAnd the Lord God bildide the rib which he hadde take fro Adam in to a womman, and brouȝte hir to Adam.
OEHAnd geworhte ðæt rib, ðe hē genam of Adame, tō ānum wīfmen and gelǣdde hī tō Adame.

Gen. 2:23

Ʊͤϸä֤Ĥˡ줳錄ιι錄򤳤ʥ㡼ˤȸƤܤޤˡˡʥˤ줿Τ顥
NRSVThen the man said, "This at last is bone of my bones and flesh of my flesh; this one shall be called Woman, for out of Man this one was taken."
Good News BibleThen the man said, "At last, here is one of my own kind---Bone taken from my bone, and flesh from my flesh. 'Woman' is her name because she was taken out of man."
Basic EnglishAnd the man said, This is now bone of my bone and flesh of my flesh: let her name be Woman because she was taken out of Man.
KJAnd Adam said, "This is now bone of my bones, and flesh of my flesh: she shalbe called woman, because shee was taken out of man."
WyclAnd Adam seide, "This is now a boon of my boonys, and fleisch of my fleisch; this schal be clepid virago, for she is takun of man."
OEHAdam ðā cwæð, "Ðis is nū bān of mīnum bānum and flǣsc of mīnum flǣsce; bēo hēo gecīged fǣmne, for ðan ðe hēo is of hyre were genumen."

Gen. 2:24

Ʊ櫓ǡˤΥƽȷФ졤ͤϰΤȤʤ롥
NRSVTherefore a man leaves his father and his mother and clings to his wife, and they become one flesh.
Good News BibleThat is why a man leaves his father and mother and is united with his wife, and they become one.
Basic EnglishFor this cause will a man go away from his father and his mother and be joined to his wife; and they will be one flesh.
KJTherefore shall a man leaue his father and his mother, and shall cleaue vnto his wife: and they shalbe one flesh.
WyclWherfor a man schal forsake fadir and modir, and schal cleue to his wijf, and thei schulen be tweyne in o fleisch.
OEHFor ðan forlǣt se man fæder and mōdor, and geðēot hine tō his wīfe, and hī bēoð būta on ānum flǣsce.

Gen. 2:25

ƱͤȺʤͤȤǤäѤϤʤä
NRSVAnd the man and his wife were both naked, and were not ashamed.
Good News BibleThe man and the woman were both naked, but they were not embarrassed.
Basic EnglishAnd the man and his wife were without clothing, and they had no sense of shame.
KJAnd they were both naked, the man & his wife, and were not ashamed.
WyclForsothe euer eithir was nakid, that is, Adam and his wijf, and thei weren not aschamed.
OEHHī wǣron ðā būta, Adam and his wīf, nacode and him ðæs ne sceamode.


߷ ⡡ǤɤѸˡ١罤۽Ź2013ǯ

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2014-03-01 Sat

#1769. Ogden and Richards semiotic triangle [semantics][semiotics][sign][basic_english][language_myth]

ɸϡOgden and Richards ˤ뵭̣θŵŪ̾ The Meaning of Meaning ǹΤ褦ˤʤäʲοޤΤȤؤ

Semiotic Triangle

οޤΤĺΰյϡSYMBOL REFERENT δ֤ˤϡʤȻʪδ֤ˤϡܼŪʴطϤʤŪʴطʤȤƤ뤳ȤǤ롥ľܤδط뤫Τ褦˸򤵤Ƥ뤳ȤŬڤʻ׹ͤȸλѤˤȤäƽκǤȡԤ⤹롥μĥϡΤʤDz٤Ȥʤ֤롥
SYMBOL, REFERENCE, REFERENT 3ԤδطˤĤơĹѤȤʤ뤬ԤľƤ餪 (10--12)

   This may be simply illustrated by a diagram, in which the three factors involved whenever any statement is made, or understood, are placed at the corners of the triangle, the relations which hold between them being represented by the sides. The point just made can be restated by saying that in this respect the base of the triangle is quite different in composition from either of the other sides.
   Between a thought and a symbol causal relations hold. When we speak, the symbolism we employ is caused partly by the reference we are making and partly by social and psychological factors---the purpose for which we are making the reference, the proposed effect of our symbols on other persons, and our own attitude. When we hear what is said, the symbols both cause us to perform an act of reference and to assume an attitude which will, according to circumstances, be more or less similar to the act and the attitude of the speaker.
   Between the Thought and the Referent there is also a relation; more or less direct (as when we think about or attend to a coloured surface we see), or indirect (as when we 'think of' or 'refer to' Napoleon), in which case there may be a very long chain of sign-situations intervening between the act and its referent: word---historian---contemporary record---eye-witness---referent (Napoleon).
   Between the symbol and the referent there is no relevant relation other than the indirect one, which consists in its being used by someone to stand for a referent. Symbol and Referent, that is to say, are not connected directly (and when, for grammatical reasons, we imply such a relation, it will merely be an imputed, as opposed to a real, relation) but only indirectly round the two sides of the triangle.
   It may appear unnecessary to insist that there is no direct connection between say 'dog,' the word, and certain common objects in our streets, and that the only connection which holds is that which consists in our using the word when we refer to the animal. We shall find, however, that the kind of simplification typified by this once universal theory of direct meaning relations between words and things is the source of almost all the difficulties which thought encounters.


Ogden and Richards ܤŪƤ semiotic triangle 󼨤˻äͳϡθˤϤӤäƤ뵭Ọ̇̄˴ؤȤˤäSYMBOL, REFERENCE, REFERENT 3Ԥδ֤ˤط򤵤ƤʤȤפˤäƿθդΥߥߥ˥ƤȤȤؤξ紶ԤͤưƤΰ̣ǤϡThe Meaning of Meaning ϡŪŤŪȤ֤ Umberto Eco ɾƤ̤ꡤ"therapeutic" ʽǤȸ ("The Meaning of Meaning is pervaded by an abundant missionary fervor. I will call this attitude, with a certain severity, the 'therapeutic fallacy'." (vii)) Ԥ餬 Basic English ϺפĤΤ⡤Τ褦 "therapeutic" ʰտޤäƤˤۤʤʤBasic English ˤĤƤϡ#960. Basic English ([2011-12-13-1]) ڤӡ#1705. Basic English ǽ񤫤줿ä ([2013-12-27-1]) 򻲾ȡˡ
ȤʤäƤϡsemiotic triangle ϵỌ̇̄ȤƴŪ°뤬⤵˻äаޤˤϡOgden and Richards θѤ˴ؤºŪռäΤǤ롥

Ogden, C. K. and I. A. Richards. The Meaning of Meaning. 1923. San Diego, New York, and London: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1989.
Eco, Umberto. "The Meaning of The Meaning of Meaning." Trans. William Weaver. Introduction. The Meaning of Meaning. C. K. Ogden and I. A. Richards. San Diego, New York, and London: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1989. v--xi.

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2013-12-27 Fri

#1705. Basic English ǽ񤫤줿ä [artificial_language][basic_english][elt][bible]

Gramley (354--55) 򻲾Ȥʤ顤#960. Basic English ([2011-12-13-1]) ˤĤ­Ѹ춵Ѥ Basic English ǽ񤫤줿ä1ĵ󤲤
Basic English ϡ1930ǯ C. K. Ogden ˤäƺꤵ졤 I. A. Richards ˤäƲ졤1990ǯ Bill Templer ˤäƺƲ줿衤EFL Τᡤ뤤ϹȤƷײ褵줿ΤαƶϤϾä850δܸäʤꡤư be, do, have, may, will, come, get, give, go, keep, let, make, put, say, see, seem, send, take 18ĤΤߤ˸ꤵƤ롥ºݤˤϡؽԤϰŪ100ȡƼˤȤä濴ŪʬŪ50ɲäƳؤ֤褦ԤƤꡤ1000θäɸȤʤ롥1000ϸФȤƿοǤꡤ㤨 be 1ȥȤ뤬ʤѷbeen, being, was, were, am, are, is ϶̤ƳФʤФʤʤޤOgden ɸŪʥ٥ãˤϡŪ˻Ѥ (ex. geography, gram, hotel) ޤơ2000ϽɬפȹͤƤꡤBasic English Ρ850פȤʸϡޤǺǾ¤ΤΤȤȤ館Ƥɬפ롥
ʸˡˤĤƤϡ٤ܤϸ¤Ƥꡤ̤ϰʲ10ܤ򲡤ƤФ褤10ܤ British English ؤΤʤɤϡ21θߤǤϴۤ˴뤬ȯˤ륤ꥹѸΰ֤Ť褯Ƥ롥

1. Use an "S" to make a noun plural.
2. Adjectives can be extended using "-ER" and "-EST."
3. Verb can end in "-ING" and "-ED."
4. Adjectives become adverbs by adding "-LY."
5. "MORE" and "MOST" are used to talk about amounts.
6. "Opposite" adjectival meaning is expressed using "UN-."
7. To make questions use opposite word order and "DO."
8. Operators and pronouns conjugate as in normal English.
9. Two nouns (e.g. milkman) or a noun and a directive (sundown) make combined words (compounds).
10. Measures, numbers, money, days, months, years, clock time, and international words are in the British form, for example Date/Time: 20 May 1972 at 21:00.


Ǥϡä1ġ

One day last May there was a rat in a hole. It was a good rat which took care of its little ones and kept them out of the way of men, dogs, and poison. About sundown a farmer who was walking that way put his foot into the hole and had a bad fall. "Oh," was his thought, when he got on his legs again, "a rat for my dog, Caesar!" Naturally the rat had the same idea and kept very quiet. After an hour or two, Caesar got tired of waiting, and the farmer put his spade over the top of the hole, so that the rat was shut up till the morning when there might be some sport. But the farmer's daughter, May, had seen him from her window. "What a shame," said May, "Poor rat! there is no sport in letting cruel dogs loose on good mothers! I will take the spade away. There --- the rat may go." Then she took the spade to her father: "See! your spade was out there in the field, and I went to get it for you. Here it is." "You foolish girl," was his answer, "I put that spade over a rat-hole till the morning and now --- the rat may go."


äϳΤ basic ⤷ʤˡʸˡɬ basic ǤϤʤȤݤ롥
¾ˤ⥵ץƥȤϡReadings in Basic English ˭٤Ǥ롥Bible in Basic English ⻲ȡ

Gramley, Stephan. The History of English: An Introduction. Abingdon: Routledge, 2012.

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2013-02-16 Sat

#1391. lingua franca (4) [elf][global_language][pidgin][creole][esperanto][artificial_language][basic_english][contact][sociolinguistics][koine]

ѸȥڥȸζϲŪˤϡʬŪǤȤޥ󥹷ϸθ캬ĸä¿ȤġθܤˤĤƻŦ뤳ȤǤŤߤ˶1ĵ󤲤ȤΤ񤷤ҲŪˤСñǤ롥θ lingua franca Ǥ롤ȤȤѸȥԥζҥ¯ƥζˤƤƱǤ롥
[2012-04-17-1], [2012-04-18-1], [2012-04-19-1]ε lingua franca ȤѸˤĤĴ٤ҲŪʸϤ餳Ѹȳǰˤ⤦ꤿWardhaugh (55) ˤСUNESCO lingua franca "a language which is used habitually by people whose mother tongues are different in order to facilitate communication between them" Ƥ롥Ǥϡθ줬ѤϰϤιˤĤƤϸڤƤʤΤǡʶƱΤǤΤѤƤ褦ʸξ lingua franca ȤȤˤʤ롥"used habitually" ˤ᤹Сǵ󤲤ϳΤˤ lingua franca ̾ͤ
lingua franca ϤĤμʬ뤳ȤǤ (Wardhaugh 56)

(1) եꥫΥϥ쥢եꥫΥҥΤ褦˸ŪѤ "trade language"
(2) 奮ꥷˤ koiné ʥ͡ˤ衼åѤˤ¯ƥΤ褦˽̤ܿȤƤ "contact language"
(3) ѸΤ褦˹ŪѤ "international language"
(4) Esperanto ([2011-12-15-1]) Basic English ([2011-12-13-1]) Τ褦ʿ͹ˤ "auxiliary language"
(5) ʥξƱΤäƤ롤꡼ʸˡȥե󥹸θäͻ礵̱²Ūǥƥƥôä Michif Τ褦 "mixed language"

ۤˤ嵭ƤϤޤ󤲤С泤θ׶̸Ȥʤä SabirγϰDZƶؤ Arabic, Mandarin, Hindi γƸ졤19Ⱦ British Columbia Alaska ˤƹѤ Chinook Jargon ʤɤ롥

Wardhaugh, Ronald. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. 6th ed. Malden: Blackwell, 2010.

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2011-12-16 Fri

#963. Ѹˤȿ͹ [artificial_language][basic_english][pidgin][creole][basic_english]

5֡͹ˤĤƤε񤤤Ƥ (##958,959,960,961,962) 񤭤ʤͤƤȤʤΤ͹ˤؤ֤ȤϡħѸˤͻǡ⤿餷Ƥ褦Ǥ롥͹줬ɬƤʤ¤ȱѸμ¼ŪŪŸȤΤ˲餫δطȤСõ뤳Ȥͭյʲο줽ʻ˴Ϣơ5ۤɲվ񤭤ǥ⤷Ƥ

(1) ħ⤭Ħˤʤ
͹Ф뻿ξϡΤޤޡѸΤ褦ʼ줬̸ȤƵǽƤؤο͡͡ȿȿǤƤ롥͹ĹûϼûĹбƤ뤳Ȥ¿㤨С[2011-12-14-1]ε#961. ͹פ (2) ˼ǥƥɸǽϡˤɬŪäƤ뤬͹ˤϷ礱Ƥ롥̱²ζδȿ͹ڱưȤŪȿδطˤʤ䤹äȤ⡤ȴطƤǡ٤κϤȤƤ⤢롥㤨СƱ (3) Ūж (5) ȿϡȤȤƤȤϤ

(2) ̸ȤƤαѸ꤬⤭Ħˤʤ
Ѹ˸¤餺ξǤϤ뤬ŪԵ§ؽΨ˸ƤȤĥФп͹ٻԤʤ롥͹ˤ뤽βƤ򻲾ȤС¿οͤѸθŪ꤬ɤΤ褦ˤȹͤƤ뤫䤷̤뤳ȤǤֻȯЪΥ<th> ǥˡޤ͹ٻԤФмѸؤȿκõ뤳ȤǡѸ줽ΤΤǤ¦̤ȡѸ줬ɽƤ뼫̤Ǥ¦̤Ȥ̤Ǥ뤫⤷ʤ

(3) ѸؤβǤ
(2) Ǽ褦ʱѸФȤơɤΤ褦ʺ¸ǽǤ뤫Ǥ褦ˤʤ롥[2011-12-13-1]εǼ夲 Basic English 䡤ǰŪˤαĹˤȹͤ뼭 defining vocabulary ʤɡѸ줽ΤΤפ褦ʺǤϤʤѸؽ˱Ѥ̤򤢤褦ʸŪʺƤǤ褦ˤʤΤǤϤʤ

(4) ̸͡ؤδԤ礭ǧ
ʱѸ˻ٻԤȿ͹ٻԤΩϰ㤨ɡ̤ܻؤƤ롥˹ޤݥߥ˥μפ˱뤳ȤΤǤ̸δȴԤǤ롥ξԤΩϾˤäƤ180ٰۤʤȤ⤤뤬ŪɤƤΤƱۤǤ롥̸̤˴󤻤ƤԤ礭ϡۤɤޤǤ礭ϤơѸϡ뤤ϥڥȸϡνŰѤΤ

(5) ԥ䥯쥪κƲ¥
Basic English ˾ħѸθäñ㲽䡤ײŪ˿͹ޤ줿ؤʸˡʤɤظƤΤϡؽưפǤ롥Basic English ͹ϤޤǿͰŪʿ¤ʪ꼫ʷdzؽưפ¸ƤȲǤΤˡԥ䥯쥪줬롥ԥѸ䥯쥪Ѹϰ̤ˤäȤª뤳Ȥ¿̸ؤδԤȤʸ̮˰֤ŤСñȤƺɾ뤳ȤǤ뤫⤷ʤԥ줢뤤ϥ쥪¨̸ε˷ӤĤ뤳ȤϤʤȤ Basic English ͹¤٤Ӥ뤳Ȥˤϰ̣ΤǤϤʤ

Referrer (Inside): [2018-02-20-1] [2016-08-23-1]

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2011-12-16 Fri

#963. Ѹˤȿ͹ [artificial_language][basic_english][pidgin][creole][basic_english]

5֡͹ˤĤƤε񤤤Ƥ (##958,959,960,961,962) 񤭤ʤͤƤȤʤΤ͹ˤؤ֤ȤϡħѸˤͻǡ⤿餷Ƥ褦Ǥ롥͹줬ɬƤʤ¤ȱѸμ¼ŪŪŸȤΤ˲餫δطȤСõ뤳Ȥͭյʲο줽ʻ˴Ϣơ5ۤɲվ񤭤ǥ⤷Ƥ

(1) ħ⤭Ħˤʤ
͹Ф뻿ξϡΤޤޡѸΤ褦ʼ줬̸ȤƵǽƤؤο͡͡ȿȿǤƤ롥͹ĹûϼûĹбƤ뤳Ȥ¿㤨С[2011-12-14-1]ε#961. ͹פ (2) ˼ǥƥɸǽϡˤɬŪäƤ뤬͹ˤϷ礱Ƥ롥̱²ζδȿ͹ڱưȤŪȿδطˤʤ䤹äȤ⡤ȴطƤǡ٤κϤȤƤ⤢롥㤨СƱ (3) Ūж (5) ȿϡȤȤƤȤϤ

(2) ̸ȤƤαѸ꤬⤭Ħˤʤ
Ѹ˸¤餺ξǤϤ뤬ŪԵ§ؽΨ˸ƤȤĥФп͹ٻԤʤ롥͹ˤ뤽βƤ򻲾ȤС¿οͤѸθŪ꤬ɤΤ褦ˤȹͤƤ뤫䤷̤뤳ȤǤֻȯЪΥ<th> ǥˡޤ͹ٻԤФмѸؤȿκõ뤳ȤǡѸ줽ΤΤǤ¦̤ȡѸ줬ɽƤ뼫̤Ǥ¦̤Ȥ̤Ǥ뤫⤷ʤ

(3) ѸؤβǤ
(2) Ǽ褦ʱѸФȤơɤΤ褦ʺ¸ǽǤ뤫Ǥ褦ˤʤ롥[2011-12-13-1]εǼ夲 Basic English 䡤ǰŪˤαĹˤȹͤ뼭 defining vocabulary ʤɡѸ줽ΤΤפ褦ʺǤϤʤѸؽ˱Ѥ̤򤢤褦ʸŪʺƤǤ褦ˤʤΤǤϤʤ

(4) ̸͡ؤδԤ礭ǧ
ʱѸ˻ٻԤȿ͹ٻԤΩϰ㤨ɡ̤ܻؤƤ롥˹ޤݥߥ˥μפ˱뤳ȤΤǤ̸δȴԤǤ롥ξԤΩϾˤäƤ180ٰۤʤȤ⤤뤬ŪɤƤΤƱۤǤ롥̸̤˴󤻤ƤԤ礭ϡۤɤޤǤ礭ϤơѸϡ뤤ϥڥȸϡνŰѤΤ

(5) ԥ䥯쥪κƲ¥
Basic English ˾ħѸθäñ㲽䡤ײŪ˿͹ޤ줿ؤʸˡʤɤظƤΤϡؽưפǤ롥Basic English ͹ϤޤǿͰŪʿ¤ʪ꼫ʷdzؽưפ¸ƤȲǤΤˡԥ䥯쥪줬롥ԥѸ䥯쥪Ѹϰ̤ˤäȤª뤳Ȥ¿̸ؤδԤȤʸ̮˰֤ŤСñȤƺɾ뤳ȤǤ뤫⤷ʤԥ줢뤤ϥ쥪¨̸ε˷ӤĤ뤳ȤϤʤȤ Basic English ͹¤٤Ӥ뤳Ȥˤϰ̣ΤǤϤʤ

Referrer (Inside): [2018-02-20-1] [2016-08-23-1]

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2011-12-13 Tue

#960. Basic English [artificial_language][basic_english][elf][lexicography][elt]

ε#958. Ūʹݿ͹줬٤ ([2011-12-12-1]) κǸ˿줿Charles Kay Ogden (1889--1857) ˤ Basic English ˤĤƼ夲롥
19ȾϤޤäݿ͹ؤǮ ([2011-12-11-1]) ϡ͡ʸ¤ˤ뤽ۤܺäȤȤˡ20ʤˤĤƤݥߥ˥μפϷƤꡤݶ̸ɬפȯŪ˹ޤäƤ͹ϰƤ˼ä٤ǥϡԤʤƤ¸μñ㲽ȤΤäפθϤ٤ơΤ褦˴ά줿 "modified natural language" ƤߤΤʤǺǤͭ̾ʻߤ"British American Scientific International Commercial" acronym ƬˤȤä Basic English Ǥ롥
ѹκȡؼ Ogden ˤä1926--30ǯˤƹͰƤ줿δάǤαѸϡ850θ600̾졤150ηƻ졤100ˤäƤ롥ư18Ĥʤ¾θȤηӤĤˤꡤɸѸ4,000ưȤʤ뤳ȤǤ롥assembleput together, inventmake up, photographtake pictures ǡǤ롥
1940ǯˤϡChurchill Roosevelt ʤɤȤ̾ͤˤäƤٻ줿äʤʬʣ칽¤ʤФʤʤäȡǥबʤäȤʤɤͳ⤢ꡤ䤬ƿषȤä٤ñ㲽ȤƤ⡤Τˤạ̈ؤηΤȤƤϤषԷкѤȤʤ뤳Ȥ¤˴줿ΤʴϢơ[2010-02-14-1]ε#293. ٤¬뤫פ򻲾ȡˡ
Basic English ϸߤǤŪʰյĤΤߤȤʤäƤ뤬αѸ춵ΤʤȿǤƤ롥¤줿ΤäƤȤ߹碌ˤʣʳǰɽǽϤ䡤ܸʿפɽ뵻̤ȤˤĤ뤳Ȥϡ춵ˤƤϽפʲǤ롥ǯγؽѱѱѼŵؽˤƺѤƤ "defining vocabulary" ιͤ⡤Basic English λۤαĹˤȤ롥ELF (English as a Lingua Franca) ɸѸȤƾΤʹ褦ˤʤäƤ򺣡Basic English ȤߤΤΤǤϤʤˤ衤ιͤϡͭȤʤäƤΤǤϤʤ
ʾεϡCrystal (358) Basic-English Institute εҤ򻲹ͤˤƼɮ

Crystal, David. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language. 2nd ed. Cambridge: CUP, 1997. 199--205.

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2011-12-12 Mon

#959. Ūʹݿ͹줬٤ [artificial_language][esperanto][basic_english]

ε#957. 19Ⱦ³Ƚи͹ ([2011-12-11-1]) ǿ͹ (artificial language) ˤڤϼ˱󤯵ڤǤʤΤ¤Ǥ롥ΤˡǤͭ̾ʿ͹ȤäƤ褤ڥȸ (Esperanto) ϡʤפǤ͡¿פǤ1500ͰʾüԡʼȤ2üԡˤʤȤ졤¤μ٤ڤƤȤߤʤȤϲǽ⤷ʤʴϢ[2010-01-26-1]ε#274. üԿפ򻲾ȡʤ衼åѰʳǥڥȸüԤ¿ΤܤǤˡ
Ūʿ͹ȤưտޤƤϤȤϤڥȶβȾ첤ͤǤꡤŪʡʤŪʡФθ뤳ȤǤʤڡפˤ뤬ڥȸǤŪ˹ԤʤƤȤϸ񤤤Τ顤¾ο͹ڤ٤Ͽ䤷Τ٤Ǥ롥
ǤϡŪڤ٤Ūʿ͹ȤϤɤΤ褦ʤΤɤΤ褦ʾƤС¿οͤǼ褦ۤο͹ȤʤΤ͹ϰƼԤٻԤϡΤ褦ʾŦƤ (Crystal 357)

(1) ؤӤ䤹ȡʸˡ§ŪñǤꡤỌ̇̄δطƩǤꡤֻɸŪǤꡤȯưפǤ뤳ȤɬפǤ롥
(2) ȴϢƤ뤳ȡȤưפǤɬפ롥ʹ¤äƤꡤΥǥȿǤ뤳ȤǤŪħ¿ƤꡤŪ˻ѤƤŪפΤ캬äƤ뤳Ȥ˾ޤ
(3) ˭٤ʵǽ̤뤳ȡäդ񤭸դΤߤʤ餺ʳء̾ݡġʤɤŪΰǤⵡǽ̤ɬפ롥ݥߥ˥ΥǥǤλѤˤѤ褦ǤʤФʤʤ
(4) ɸŪǤ뤳ȡˤѰۤäƤϤʤʤ뤿ˤϡҤ뵡ؤˤƻ뤬ɬפ
(5) ŪŪΩǤ뤳ȡ٤Ƥι˼뤿ˤϡΩγݤפǤ롥¿ο͹λٻԤϡʿ¶¸ΤԲķʾȹͤƤ롥
(6) ƶ¥ΤǤ뤳ȡŪʿ͹ϡñ˹ݥߥ˥μʤȤƤǤʤŪʻ׹ͤ¥ƻȤƤͭǤ뤳Ȥ˾ޤϡä17 a priori ʿ͹줬ܻؤƤůŪۤǤ롥

ξ⤽줾Ȥ񤷤ƱΤϤʤ񤷤ŪŪůŪ郎Ʊ路Ƥꡤ̤ͥͿ뤫ˤäԤδ֤ΩͤʤȤϼǤ롥ơºݤˤΤ褦ͳԤδ֤ΩƤä (2) (5) ʤɤϡȴϢƤʤ顤Ʊ˸ŪΩǤȤ̷⤹׵ᤷƤΤ顤κϿ
ŪʾΤʤˡѸʤɤιŪʱƶϤļؤȿȯõ뤳ȤưפǤ롥ȽǼΤѤӤӤʤȤϤ嵭ξΤ㤨бѸ줬Ƥ (3) 餤ǤϤʤ
Τ褦Ūʾ򤿤ŪįƤǤŪǤϤʤˤȤ⡤ݥߥ˥ΤˤϤǤɤȤɸȤªΤǤСذǤŤȤͭפǤѸä˸ä˴ؤ (1) δɤ褦Ȥߤ1ĤˡCharles Kay Ogden (1889--1857) ιͰƤ Basic English 롥ˤĤƤεǡ

Crystal, David. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language. 2nd ed. Cambridge: CUP, 1997. 199--205.

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