դΰ̣ȤϲؼԤůؼԤǺޤ³ƤǤ֤ϼʹܤ˸ꤹʪǡʬϤ䤹ΤǤ̣ƬΤʤ˼ޤäƤʪǡưפʬϤǤޤϰ̣礦ƻȤС̣ǤȤǤ̣θʡ̣ (semantics)ˤϸػˤΤʤǤǤΩƤޤcf. #1686. Ụ̄άˡ ([2013-12-08-1])ˡ
̣õϵ®˿ޤäƤƤޤcf. #4697. 褯ؤäƤ̣桪 ([2022-03-07-1])ˡ̣ˤ͡ʥץޤ礭Ụ̄ǧΰ̣ޤ Day 4 ǤϡξԤγפؤӤޤ
1. ̣Ȥϲ
1.1 #1782. ̣ΰ̣ ([2014-03-14-1])
1.2 #2795. ְ̣ؼоݡ ([2016-12-21-1])
1.3 #2794. ְ̣ ([2016-12-20-1])
1.4 #1990. ͡ʼΰ̣ ([2014-10-08-1])
1.5 #2278. ̣ۣ ([2015-07-23-1])
2. Ụ̄
2.1 #1968. ΰ̣ʬʬϡ ([2014-09-16-1])
2.2 #1800. ͡ȿи ([2014-04-01-1])
2.3 #1962. ǰء ([2014-09-10-1])
2.4 #4667. Ļ̾ԲĻ̾ȤϲʤΤ --- ð̣ˤʬϡ ([2022-02-05-1])
2.5 #4863. ưΰ̣ʬϤ3Ĥδ ([2022-08-20-1])
3. ǧΰ̣
3.1 #1961. ܥ٥ơ ([2014-09-09-1])
3.2 #1964. ץȥס ([2014-09-12-1])
3.3 #1957. Ụ̄ǧΰ̣ˤ복ǰ ([2014-09-05-1])
3.4 #2406. metonymy ([2015-11-28-1])
3.5 #2496. metaphor metonymy ([2016-02-26-1])
3.6 #2548. ǰե ([2016-04-18-1])
4. heldio #451. ̣ȤäƤ͡ʰ̣εå
²Ǥϡֵפȡ2פ̩ܤʴطˤޤܸǤסʡʿġˤȤ褦ˡ2Ĥδ֤ɤưɽݤˡ2פؤäƤȤΤǤ뵤ޤǤξԤδطϤϤ뤫ǻ̩ǡäΥ٥ηŪ˸߲ƤΤǤ
ֱѸƳ2021Τر줿ֵϤĤ 2 ġϡλ¤ˤĤӸؤδܺ٤˲⤷ƥĤǤӸؤ츻˴ؿΤɼԤˤȤäơ˳ڤƤȤʤäƤޤ
嵭ƥɤСθäΤʤˡֵפȡ2פǻ̩ʴطФȤǤޤǵ䤬ͯޤʤ²ΰǤѸθäˤϡΤ褦ʴطۤȤɸʤΤǤ礦ƥĤ1ˡΤ褦ˤޤ
ɸŪʱѸˤϥޥΡ2ͳΡֵפ̣ñϻĤäƤʤEnglish Dialect Dictionary Online ˤХΥåեɥ㡼٤Υåץ㡼 tweag/tweagle ֵǡפȤñ줬ĤäƤ롥
ǸΡĤäƤפ˥ҥȤޤƥǤƤȤꡤŤϱѸˤɥĸ¾ΥޥΤ褦 "two" ˤȤŤֵפδϢ줬̤¸ߤΤǤűѸ켭ȡäȼΤ褦ʸФĤ뤳ȤǤޤ
twēo "doubt, ambiguity"
twēogende "doubting"
twēogendlic "doubtful, uncertain"
twēolic "doubtful, ambiguous, equivocal"
twēon "to doubt, hesitate"
twēonian "to doubt, be uncertain, hesitate"
twēonigend, twēoniendlic "doubtful, expressing doubt"
twēonigendlīce "perhaps"
twēonol "doubtful"
twīendlīce "doubtingly"
ΤĤϽѸޤѤƤޤθ塤٤ƻ¾ѤȤʤäƤޤͳϡ1066ǯΥΥޥ;ȤǡȵŪˤƱǤƥե줫μѸˡä֤ƤޤäǤޥŪ "two" 饤åŪ "duo" ء줤äѤñۤȤ櫓Ǥ/t/ /d/ δطˤĤƤˡ§ (grimms_law) ȡˡѸǡֵ2פƤߤȡ
doubt, doubtable, doubtful, doubting, doubtingly, dubiety, dubious, dubitate, dubitation, dubitative, indubitably
ʤɡˤ٤ /d/ ǻϤޤ륤åϼѸǤΤʤ dubious Τ褦ֻ <b> ̤ /b/ ȯ륱ȡdoubt Τ褦 <b> ȯʤʤ츻Ūֻ (etymological_respelling)ˤߤƤΤѸŪˤϤ⤷Ǥ (cf. #3333. ʤ doubt ֻˤȯʤ b Τ ([2018-06-12-1])ˡ
Τ褦˥ޥϤθűѸñ줬Ѹʹߤ˥åϤμѸ֤줿ȤΤϡѸ˾Ϥդ줿ݤǤΥ⤷ΤϡñȯǤ֤ǤϤʤϢ줬ä֤줿ȤǤŪˤϤؤ̣ݤȹͤƤޤ (cf. #648. űѸθäѸ ([2011-02-04-1])ˡ
ƸѸǤ "two" ǡֵ2פɽ魯ϤۤȤɸʤʤäΤǤǸ1ĤοѤɽȤ be in/of two minds about sb/sth (= to be unable to decide what you think about sb/sth, or whether to do sth or not) Ҳ𤷤Ƥޤ礦ʸȤ I was in two minds about the book. (= I didn't know if I liked it or not) ʤɡ
#4293. Trier Ρְ̣ξפθػ˾ΰյ (1) ([2021-01-27-1])#4294. Trier Ρְ̣ξפθػ˾ΰյ (2) ([2021-01-28-1]) Trier Ρְ̣ξפˤĤƾҲ𤷤ƤԤεκǸǡTrier ι¤Ūʡ־פޤۼŪǤꡤ¤θäˤ줤ŬѤǤΤǤϤʤȤɾ˿줿
ºݡỴ̈ʬʬ (componential analysis) ϡTrier Ρְ̣ξפΥ줷ǰǤ뤳Ȥΰ̣ȤϡΤ˹¤Ū¦̤⤢뤬ʳˤ¿ͤ¦̤äƤΤ
Trier Ū³ŦɾؿѸؼŵ٤ field ιѤ (434)
¤˴ؤƤϡκϡTrier ͭ̾ʡ֥⥶͡פΤȤˤ⸫褦ˡޤäǰʬĤθ줬֤ʤޤŤʤʤʤäƤȤäƤΤ褦ʥϡ Trier Ȥޤ졤äơġθϤΰ̣μǤ¾θΰ̣ϰϤȤνʣꡤĤξ켫ΤζΤȤƤǤϤʤ¾ܤؤδˤ䤫ʰܹԤȤǼ褦ˤʤäޤΰ̣Ϥ˰֤Ť뤳ȤˤäƤΤߤ狼ȤǤμĥ䡤줫餢줬줿ꡤ줬ؿäƤ硤ξ°뤹٤Ƥθ줬αƶȤ褦ʹͤ⸽ߤǤϤŪˤȤƤ롥ˡϤνѸ줫줬ʤ褦ʿŪʹ¤ͭƤΤߤȤϸ¤餺㤨п²Ѹʤɤ˾Ȥ餷Ƥ餫ʤ褦ˡĤΩμ˴Ť¿Ūʹ¤ͭƤȤˤĤƤոΰפƤ褦Ǥ롥̣ʬʬ (COMPONENTIAL ANALYSIS) θ椬ʤˤĤơδŪʡ־פγǰ˿ƻΤͽۤ롥
ȤϤTrier üȯ빽¤Ūʸạ́ʬϤϡѸˤѸؤֵǤϤޤޤ夲뤳Ȥ¿ΤǤϤʤŪǤ줤ǤΤǡΤȻפ롥ΰ̣Ȥ櫓ǧΰ̣Ǥϡष̣ζȤƤʤȤȤ prototype θήǤꡤTrier ήΥι¤Ụ̄ϸȤäơŪˤСTrier Ρְ̣ξפŪ³餫
Ǥ⡤ػŪˤߤСʤե prototype Фϡι¤Ūʡְ̣ξפΤۤäʬ䤹äΤ¤Ǥ롥ޤäꤷ褬ȤƤꡤθ塤¤ϤäȥեʤΤʤΤȺƲ¥롤ȤǶ줿ۤۤ䤹ΤǤ롥ϤꡤTrier Ρְ̣ξפ礭ʳػŪʰյͭȻפ
ʸͺʴƽˡؿѸؼŵ١ҡ1982ǯ
Ⱥε#4292. Trier Ρְ̣ξפθػ˾ΰյ (1) ([2021-01-27-1]) ȡ#4293. Trier Ρְ̣ξפθػ˾ΰյ (2) ([2021-01-28-1]) ǤϡTrier Ρְ̣ξ (semantic_field) γػŪطʤߤϡTrier ƱˤʤۤʤΡְ̣ξפ Porzig ܤƤߤȤʸϺƱ Öhman Ǥ롥
Trier Ρְ̣ξפ paradigmatic ʻΤΤǤΤФPorzig Ρְ̣ξפ syntagmatic Ǥ롥νѸǤиζ (collocation)뤤϶¤ȯۤ˶ᤤޤTrier ϡְ̣ξפΤ̾Ż뤹뤬Porzig ưƻʤɤνҸŪʸäŻ뤹롥
The field concept of Porzig is of quite a different type than Trier's. Porzig finds certain "essential semantic relationships" between verbs and nouns or between adjectives and nouns. 'To go' presupposes 'the feet', 'to grasp' presupposes 'the hand', and 'blond' (in German and English) presupposes 'the hair'. These relationships form the basic articulations of the meaning system and therefore Porzig calls them "elementary semantic fields" (elementare Bedeutungsfelder). The nucleus of such a semantic field can only consist of a verb or an adjective, because these classes of words have a predicative function and are therefore less ambiguous than nouns. One can grasp with the hand only, but one can do many things with the hand. (129)
ξԤΤ⤦1Ĥ礭ʰ㤤ϡTrier Ρְ̣ξפǽŪˤϰ̣äΤʤ繽¤ȤƤΤФơPorzig ΤϴŪǶŪʾ˼礿ؿȤԤˤϸǧΰ̣Ụ̄ⴶ롥
Trier protests against Porzig's use of the term "field" in this new sense. Trier based his theory on the entire vocabulary, dividing it into large field units, and subdividing these until he reached the smallest entities---single words. Porzig's field, on the other hand, is conceived as primitive concrete situations linguistically designated. By means of it the speech community succeeds in grasping higher and more abstract spheres.
ߤθؤǤְ̣ξפγǰѸϡʤˤΤȤѤƤ褦˸롥δˤطʤΤ˳ػˤ֤äƤߤ뤳Ȥפȡ
Öhman, Suzanne. "Theories of 'the Linguistic Field'." Word 9 (1953): 123--34.
ε˰³Trier ˵ְ̣ξפˤĤơ˶Ƥä Öhman ˤϢʸɤΡ־ (Feld, or field) ػˤΤ褯ޤȤޤäƤٶˤʤä
Humboldt üȯ20Ⱦ Ipsen, Trier, Jolles, Porzig ؤȤĤʤɥĤ濴Ȥسˤơ͡ʡ־פªƤ뤳Ȥˤʤäطʤˤϡ奿ȿؤαƶȤ (Öhman 124) ạ̈ġιŪįƤǤԽʬǤꡤνĤΤȤƤȤ館ɬפǤȤ줿Сġι¤ΤʤɬפȤȤǤꡤϤޤ˥塼ϻϤ¤θѤˤۤʤʤ
ˡ־פȤäƤ⡤Ipsen, Trier, Porzig Ρ־פªϤ줾ۤʤäƤ롥Öhman ʸǤϳơβɾʤƤ뤬Ǥϸ˻ޤǶƶϤ³Ƥ Trier Ρְ̣ξܤ
Ǥϡְ̣ξ (semantic_field) ϡָäξ (lexical field) ȤۤƱѤƤꡤ㴳֤ΰ㤤СΤ˶̤Ƥʤ褦˸롥Trier ϡξԤϸߤ˴طΤΡ2Ĥΰۤʤ־פǤȹͤƤ
Trier investigates language as ergon or, in the Saussurean terminology, as langue rather than parole. His (sic) distinguishes conceptual and lexical fields. The conceptual field exists independently of, or at least beside, the lexical fields. The lexical field is formed by a word and its conceptual cognates and corresponds to the entirety of the conceptual field. The latter is divided into parts by the word mosaic (Wortdecke) of the lexical field. A word alone has not meaning but acquires one only through the opposition between it and neighboring words in the pattern. For instance, in the grading of examination results as excellent, good, fair, poor, very poor, the word poor acquires a meaning only when one knows that the scale of grading consists of five degrees and that poor lies in the lower half between fair and very poor. (Öhman 126--27)
ޤTrier ϡξˤĤƤ⡤ʣξ줬ޤäơ礭ʾ夲ǽŪˤ줬ɽ魯̣äΤˤɤ夯ȤʾηϤͤƤ
The linguistic field, Trier stresses, is no isolated sphere in the vocabulary, even if this at first appears to be the case. Just as sections of a lexical field border on one another and form a whole, corresponding to the conceptual field, so do the lexical as well as the conceptual fields, according to Trier's theory, join together to form in turn fields of higher orders, until finally the entire vocabulary is included. The fields of lower order "articulate" (ergliedern sich) to form those of higher order, while the fields of higher order "resolve" (gliedern sich aus) into those of lower order. In treating his field as a closed unit, Trier uses a working hypothesis which is necessary to make the analysis at all possible. (Öhman 127)
ˤ¤ŪʸѤǤϤ롥ΰ̣椬餫ˤƤ褦ˡºݤΰ̣ˤäˤ衤ϳ餵ŪʾηϤäƤ櫓ǤϤʤषŤʤ礤ưŪǤ⤢ʣηϤʤΤǤϡTrier ΰ̣ξ⡤ˤ³äȸ虜ʤȤϤ̣γػ˾塤פž1ĤǤäȤɾǤ
Öhman, Suzanne. "Theories of 'the Linguistic Field'." Word 9 (1953): 123--34.
塼 (Ferdinand de Saussure; 1857--1913) ȯ빽¤ؤήΤʤǡð̣ΰǡ־ (Feld, or field) γǰΩΤϥɥĤʸؼ Jost Trier (1894--1970) Ǥ롥1931ǯ Der deutsche Wortschatz im Sinnbezirk des Verstandes: Die Geschichte eines sprachlichen Feldes (Heidelberg: Carl Winter) ˤ־סäˡָפ (Wortfeldtheorie) Ͼ
Trier ϡְ̣ξ (Bedeutungsfeld, or semantic_field) γΩԤȤƸڤ뤳Ȥ⤢뤬ΤˤСѸΩ Ipsen ΤΤǤ롥Ipsen, Porzig, Weisgerber Trier ȤοǶƯơ־פγǰؤ˹ƤäȸФ褤
ָξ (sprachliche Felder) ȤϰŪѸǤꡤβ̶ʬ Wordfelder ʤˤβ morphologische Felder syntagmatische Felderˤ Gedankenfelder (ˤβ Begriffsfelder Kontextfelderˤ롥ϡߴطˤäƷӤĤΤޤȤޤʤ褦ʸνؤθäϤΤ褦ʽγȿȤΩƤȸʤפȲ⤵ʻۤp. 24ˡ
ְ̣ξפϤȤ־פγǰळȤˤä Trier 餬߽ФӤϡΰ̣̣ѲʬϤˤơġθܤΤǤϤʤ콸Ǥ־פñ̤ȤʬϤδפȤˤ롥ȤʤäƤʤ餫ʬˤָ췲ñ̤ˤäự椹Ȥˡηϲ줿Τäȯۤ˰͵ơñΰ̣ѲȤΤñȤƤǤϤʤϢ췲־פؤ (Umgliederung der Wortfelder) Ȥư褦ˤʤäΤ˹ͻ٤ñ̡פꤵ줿Ȥǡػ˾ΰյͭ롥
äΤʤĤ֥åȤȤƤΡְ̣ξפϡϰϤꤵƤ˸椷䤹Ȥ⤤롥줬ʤΤȤ⤢뤳ȤϻŦƤ
˰졤 塤 ŵ ԡˡذ̣١ұѸʸꡡ7ҡ2005ǯ
(162) Ѹ줫鸽Ѹˤǧưμ١פɽǤ褦ɽ (p) "personal"(i) "impersonal" ˡʤɽϡֳƻǰ줿ưٽˤäѤ˼ΡפȤΤȤǤ롥
| 14th | 15th | 16th | 17th | 18th | 19th | 20th |
| knowe | suppose | know | know | think | think | think |
| witen | trust | think | think | believe | suppose | know |
| thinke (p) | trow | trow | find suppose | know | suppose | |
| seme | understand | trust/wot | believe | know | believe | believe |
| wene | wot | believe | suppose | guess | guess | guess |
| trowe | hope | wene | fancy | |||
| thinke (i) | know | suppose | guess | |||
| understonde | deme/think/wene | guess | trust | |||
| deme | deme | |||||
| mene | doubt | |||||
| trust | believe | |||||
| hope | guess | |||||
| gessen | ||||||
| leve | ||||||
| undertake | ||||||
| suppose | ||||||
| beleven |
1. think know Ӥ¿ȤƤ롥
2. suppose 15ˤϺǤ¿Ȥ줿θƤ18ʹߤ¿ʤäƤä
3. believe Ѹ (Chaucer)15ˤϤۤȤɻȤʤä17ʹ¿Ȥ褦ˤʤä
4. guess ϰӤƤۤ¿Ϥʤ
5. witen, wene, wot 17˻Ȥʤʤä
6. trowe 17˻ȤʤʤäޤưϤۤȤ as ? ηǻȤ줿
7. ɽˤϤϤäȤɽƤʤfancy ϸѸǤϻȤʤʤä
(170) ϡư̻Ụ̄ (semantic_field) 붥Ȱ֤ŤƤ롥
witan, wene ο think 礬طޤ know η̤Ǥ⤢ȹͤ롥Fancy 17餷Ф餯ȤƤ20ȡepistemic phrase ȤƻȤʤʤäΤϡimagine ʤɤưɤ줿ꡤ뤤Ϥθ켫Ȥ¾ˡfancy restaurant Τ褦̾졤ƻŪˡˤȯãǤȹͤ롥դ˶طݤƤΤϡƱΤʬԤäƤꡤΥХξ˵ǽƤ뤫ȹͤ롥Think, believe, suppose, know, guess comment cl ϤΤ褦ʬ줿֤ˤƵǽƤ뤫Ǥ
ǧưȤ٤ηȤäƤ⡤̻Ū˼٤ɤäƤߤ뤳Ȥạ̇̄ξζȤʥߥåʸݤѻ뤳Ȥ˴
¼8ϡComment clause ΤޤȤסComment Clause λŪ桡εǽȯãٽ ¼ԡˡĬҥե˥å2010ǯ161--72ǡ
#1962. ǰء ([2014-09-10-1]) #1961. ܥ٥ơ ([2014-09-09-1]) Ǥߤǰ (conceptual hierarchy) 뤤ݴط (hyponymy) ˤƤϡ㤨СֲȶפȤ̸ (hypernym) ۲ˡִפȤ̸ (hyponym) ꡤˤΡִפ̸ȤʤäơβˡٶפֺȴפȤ̸줬֤Ť롥ǤϡݤȤط˴ŤơΤع¤ʤƤΤħŪǤ롥
Τ褦 hyponymy Ƥ뤬̤٤ŪطȤơmeronymy ʬΤδطˤȸƤФΤ롥㤨Сּءפȡּž֡פʬΤδطˤꡤּءפϡּž֡פ meronym ʬˡּž֡פϡּءפ holonym θˤȾΤ롥meronymy ˤƤ hyponymy ξƱͤˡδطŪʤΤǤꡤ㤨Сּءפϡּž֡פˤȤäƤ meronym ؤաʥݡˡפˤȤäƤ holonym Ǥ롥Cruse (105--06) meronymy
meronymy This is the 'part-whole' relation, exemplified by finger: hand, nose: face, spoke: wheel, blade: knife, harddisk: computer, page: book, and so on. The word referring to the part is called the 'meronym' and the word referring to the whole is called the 'holonym'. The names of sister parts of the same whole is called 'co-meronyms'. Notice that this is a relational notion: a word may be a meronym in relation to a second word, but a holonym in relation to a third. Thus finger is a meronym of hand, but a holonym of knuckle and fingernail. (Meronymy must not be confused with by hyponymy, although some of their properties are similar: for instance, both involve a type of 'inclusion', co-meronyms and co-taxonyms have a mutually exclusive relation, and both are important in lexical hierarchies. However, they are distinct: a dog is a kind of animal, but not a part of an animal; a finger is a part of a hand, but not a kind of hand.
meronymy hyponymy ϡݡפȡֳع¤פǶ̤Ƥ뤬κǸˤ褦ˡԤ partԤ kind бΤǤȤۤǧ롥ޤmeronymy ǤϡʬΤߤˤɤΤ餤ɬܤǤ뤫ˤĤơhyponymy ξबΤǤʤȤ¿ִפȡܡפδطϤۤɬܤȹͤ뤬֥ġפȡֶߡסֲȡפȡϲפϤɤ
ˡhyponymy meronymy ϰܹ (transitivity) Ǥۤʤ뿶hyponymy ǤϰܹݤƤ뤬meronymy Ǥɬ⤽ǤϤʤ㤨Сּפȡֻءפȡޡפϸߤ meronymy δطˤꡤּˤϻؤפȸǤʤּˤޤפȤΤǡδط transitive Ȥߤʤ롥פȡפȡ륬饹פϸߤ meronymy δطˤ뤬뤬פȤϸƤ륬饹פȤϸʤΤǡtransitive ǤϤʤ
Cruse, Alan. A Glossary of Semantics and Pragmatics. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2006.
#473. ̣ѲŵŪʥѥ ([2010-08-13-1]) ǰ̣ΰ̲ (generalization) ü첽 (specialization) ˤĤƿ줿̤θС̣γ (widening) Ƚ̾ (narrowing) Ǥ롥Ѹˤΰ̣ο̤㤬ǤȻפäƤȤWilliams ˤȵƤΤǷǺܤ褦
ޤ̾㤫 (Williams 171--73) ä˵̣ʤοܡˤϡ̾ʳΤ깭̣Ǥ롥ߤμפʸӤ줿
accident (an event)
accost (come alongside in a boat > to approach anyone)
addict (someone who devotes himself to anything)
admonish (advise)
affection (the act of being affected > any affection of the mind)
argue (make clear)
arrest (stop)
artillery (any large implement of war)
carp (talk)
censure (judge)
condemn (pass sentence)
corn (any grain)
cunning (knowledge, skill)
damn (pass sentence)
deer (any animal)
denizen (a citizen of a country or city)
deserts (whatever one deserves, good or bad)
disease (discomfort)
doom (judge)
ecstasy (beside oneself with any strong emotion: fear, joy, pain)
effigy (any likeness)
erotic (relating to love)
esteem (put a value on, good or bad)
fame (report, rumor)
fiend (the enemy)
filth (dirt)
fortune (chance)
fowl (any bird)
ghost (spirit)
grumble (murmur, make low sounds)
hound (any dog)
immoral (not customary)
leer (look obliquely out of the side of the eye)
liquor (liquid)
lust (desire in general)
manure (v., hold land > to cultivate land)
meat (food)
molest (trouble or annoy)
odor (anything perceptible to the sense of smell)
orgy (secret observances)
peculiar (belonging to or characteristic of an individual)
pill (any medicinal ball)
praise (from (ap)praise: set a value on, good or bad)
predicament (any situation)
proposition (a statement set forth for discussion)
reek (smoke from burning matter > produce any vapor)
retaliate (repay for anything)
sanctimonious (holy, sacred)
scheme (horoscope > diagram > plan)
seduce (persuade someone to desert his duty)
shroud (an article of clothing)
smirk (smile)
smug (trim neat)
starve (die)
stink (any odor)
stool (a chair)
success (any outcome)
suggestive (that which suggests something)
syndicate (a group of civil authorities > any group of businessmen pursuing a common commercial activity)
thank (from the general word for think)
vice (a flaw)
ˡ (Williams 175--77) 롥
allude (mock)
aroma (the smell of spices)
aunt (father's sister)
barn (a store for barley)
bend (bring a bow into tension with a bow string)
bird (young of the family avis)
box (a small container made of boxwood)
butcher (one who slaughters goats)
carry (transport by cart)
chicken (a young hen or rooster)
deplore (weep for)
detest (condemn, curse)
dirt (excrement)
divest (remove one's clothes)
elope (run away from one's husband)
fact (a thing done)
frantic (madness)
frenzy (wild delirium)
gang (a set of tools laid out for use > a group of workmen/slaves)
go (walk)
harvest (reap ripened grain)
holiday (a holy day)
journey (a day > a day's trip or day's work)
magic (the knowledge and skill of the Magi)
manner (the mode of handling something by hand)
mess (a meal set out for a group of four)
mind (memory > thought, purpose, intention)
mystery (divine revealed knowledge)
oil (olive oil)
ordeal (trial by torture)
pen (a feather for writing)
picture (a painted likeness)
picture (a painting or drawing)
plant (a young slip or cutting)
sail (cross water propelled by the wind)
sail (travel on water)
sanctuary (a holy place)
scent (animal odor for tracking)
silly (deserving of pity > frail > simple, ignorant > feeble minded)
slogan (the battle cry of Scottish clans)
start (move suddenly)
stop (fill or plug up > prevent passage by stopping up > prevent the movement of a person)
surly (sir-ly, that behavior which characterizes a "Sir")
uncle (mother's brother)
˵¬褦ˡ̣γȽ̾Ӥȡ̾ΤۤŪ¿ΤΤ褦ͳ꤫ǤϤʤȤȤˤΤʬƤ®٤ΤۤҤ礷褦Ȥʹ֤αİ٤⾡äƤ뤫餫⤷ʤǰ (cf. #1962. ǰ ([2014-09-10-1])) δߤС̸ (hyponyms) ФޤزؿФƤȤȾмưŪ˿ʤबʾ̸ (hypernyms) ФκȤˤϫϤפ롥⡤ҤʬƤ졤εϾʤWilliams (177) ϡΤ褦ʸҤ٤Ƥ롥
It is harder to find a pattern for widening than it is for narrowing. It is not entirely certain, but meanings seem to widen somewhat less frequently than they narrow. As a culture becomes more diversified and more complex with more areas of knowledge and activity, those areas require a vocabulary. Because every language has a finite number of words and because speakers are not inclined to coin completely new forms for new concepts, the simplest way to deal with new areas of knowledge is to use the current vocabulary. Borrowing, derivation, compounding, and so on operate here. But perhaps even more frequent is narrowing.
But on the other hand it can also be difficult to talk about the most ordinary activities of daily life as they diversify. Once it becomes possible to drive (drive originally meaning to force an animal along), or ride (ride originally meaning to go on horseback), or walk (originally meaning to travel about in public), then talking about getting some place without specifying how becomes difficult. The word go, originally meaning to walk, generalized so that an English speaker can now say I am going to town this morning without having to specify how he gets there. Carry generalized from transporting specifically in a conveyance of some sort to transporting by bearing up in general: The wind carried the seed, and so on.
Ǥΰˤϡ̣ȶ̣˿ (shift) äФǤϤʤŤۤθ¸줬¸Ƥ pill sanctuary ʤɤ⾯ʤʤ
Williams, Joseph M. Origins of the English Language: A Social and Linguistic History. New York: Free P, 1975.
ε#1968. ΰ̣ʬʬϡ ([2014-09-16-1]) Ƴ componential_analysis ˤϡŪطŪŪ¤ޡȤķкŪ˵ҤǤȤ뤬Ūˤ¿ʲȽäƤ Bolinger ˼Ȥư͵ʤ顤롥
(1) ŪʬʬϤǽʰ̣ϸ¤ƤꡤʬθäˤϤޤŬѤǤʤΤǤϤʤȤ䤬롥 bachelor, spinster, woman, wife ʤɤ˴ؤ̣ˤߤγǰŪطɽˤϡ[MALE], [FEMALE], [UNMARRIED], [MARRIED] ʤкŪˤ [MALE], [MARRIED]ˤʤŪʬѤкѤࡥƱͤˡ²̾ (kinship terms) ʤĤ줿̣Ǥϡ̤˸ϤȯƤΰ̣ϤäȳƤ뤷Τʤθôطʬǡݡºݤˤ¿ʬäƤƤŪΤʬϤΤ϶ˤƺǤ롥㤨Сbird ΰ̣ˤơsparrow, penguin, ostrich ϡ줾ɤΤ褦ʬʬϤиߤδطޡȤ˼̸ bird [+CAN FLY] ǧʤС̸ penguin Ϥʬ뤷 [-CAN FLY] ȤʤФʤʤޤ̤β̸ ostrich Τ [CAN RUN FAST] ʤɤȤʬǧ٤ʤɤȤ뤫⤷ʤ
(2) 1Ĥθ¿ɤΤ褦ɽ뤫Ȥ꤬롥bachelor ˤϡȿ˻ҡפΤۤˤ⡤ּ㤤ΡסֳػΡסΤʤåȥפθ⤢롥Ū˵ҤˡϤBolinger (557) ϡKatz and Fodor ʬϤƼƤ롥

Katz and Fodor ϡ(Human), (Animal) ʤɤΤäդǼ̣ʬ "marker" ȸƤӡ[who has never married] ʤɤγѤäդǼ롤θ˸ͭΰ̣ʬ "distinguisher" ȸƤǶ̤distinguisher ϡͭðۤǤȤƤʾʬϤ뤳ȤΤǤʤǤȤƤΤǡɤΤȤʬʬϤDzڤ뤳ȤϤǤʤȤǧƤޤäƤ뤳Ȥˤʤ롪ˡɤΥ٥ޤǤ marker ǡɤΥ٥뤫餬 distinguisher ˤĤƵҴŪ뤳Ȥ㤨Сּ㤤ΡפȡΤʤåȥפϡȤˡּ㤤פȤ̣ʬͭƤȹͤΤǡ(Young) Ȥ marker ФȤǽǤ롥ºݡKatz and Fodor ϼΤ褦ʬʬϤƤȤƽФƤ (Bolinger 559)

ʤȡɤޤǤ marker 䤷Ƥdistinguisher زؤɤ뤳ȤǽȤʤäƤ롥㤨Сּ㤤ΡפȡֳػΡפϤ줾쵳٤ȳذ٤Τʤǡ㤤̡פΰ̣ʬͭƤΤǡ(Hierarchic), (Inferior) ʤɤ marker ꤹ뤳ȤǤȤ⤤롥Ⱦж marker 䤷Ƥȡ㤨 Bolinger (563) Ƚ˼Ƥ褦ˡΤ褦ʤФʬϤǽȤʤäƤ롥

distinguisher ʬʬʬϤμˡΤΤβͤ뤷marker 䤷ƤСΤ褦ˤФ̤ˤʤäƤޤ
(3) "Henry became a bachelor in 1965." Ȥʸ bachelor θϡֳػΡװʳˤϤꤨʤȤüԤΤäƤ롥֡ʰ٤뺧ȤΤʤȿ˻ҡפˤʤʥơѤˤȤϤǤʤ1965ǯˤϵ٤ϤʤäHenry Ͽʹ֤顤¾θϼưŪӽ롥Ȥ櫓1965ǯ˵٤ϤʤäȤɴʻŵŪμϡ̣ʬȤळȤŬΤ褦˻פ롥semantics pragmatics ζܡŪμɴʻŵŪμζܤȤˤʤäƤ뤬Katz and Fodor ʤʬʬϤٻ̣ԤϤ̤ȤǤʤ
(4) ʬʬϤǤϡʬ̵ͭץ饹ޥʥȤΩפˤƤꡤ١Ϣ³Ρ濴ȼաץȥ (prototype) ȤäǰळȤǤʤޤʬʬϤϤޤŪʬϤʤΤǡȤʤɰ̣ưŪʲȤǤʤʤʤΤˡKatz and Fodor ϡװ̣ɸ֤뤳ȤǤΤ
嵭ϡо줷ǧΰ̣ˤäƲλͿƤ椯ȤϤʬʬϤΤĵҤΥޡȤȷкϡ礭̥ϤǤ³Ƥ롥ΰ̣Τ٤Ƥʬ«Ȥɽ뤳ȤϺȤƤ⡤ΰ̣ˤƴϢäȤΰƱطȤŪˤƤϡϤȯʬϤǤ뤳Ȥϴְ㤤ʤ
Bolinger, D. "The Atomization of Meaning." Language 41 (1965): 555--73.
ε#1966. ʡʤäƤѸΰʪ˥塼 ([2014-09-14-1]) ǡѸʪ˴ؤäˤϡŪ˥եѸ줬ƤȤǧطʤˤΤϡʤ1066ǯΥΥޥȤǤ롥ʹߡ#331. ưʪȤɽñ ([2010-03-24-1]) ŵŪΤƤ褦ˡϤ¿ν̱ϲܤäɤ졤եϤξήϥեݤǤäɤˤƥեϡñˤǤʤҤξħȤƼҲŪʴްդäƤ
ưʪȤ˴ؤ sheep / mutton; ox / beef; pig / pork, bacon, gammon; calf / veal; boar / brawn; fowl / poultry αʩäΩϤ褯ΤƤ뤬ۤˤեѸ줬˴ؤ̣ƤڵϤ롥εǰѤ Hughes ϡ"The sociology of food" (117--20) ꤹạ̇̄Ƥ롥
ޤưʪβĿ̤Ǿ̤Ȳ̤ȤǸƤ̾ۤʤȤ¤롥haunch, joint, cutlet ϥեbrains, tongue, shank ϱѸٹڤʿɽ魯 dinner, supper, banquet ϥեǤ breakfast ϱѸʤʤlunch 16˽Ф뿩ΰդǤ19ˡФ̤Ĵˡϡ#1962. ǰ ([2014-09-10-1]) COOK ۲˵ boil, broil, roast, grill, fry ʤ¿ư줬եסǥȡĴ̣ʤ̣Ǻ (ex. soup, potage, sauce, dessert, mustard, cream, ginger, liquorice, flan, pasty, claret, biscuit) οʸΤҤ⤸ᤷۤɤ
ΤѰդ뷸̾ˤե줬Ωġsteward ʵĹˤѸsty + ward ǡھÿ͡פȤΤˡmarshal Էˡsewer ˡpantler ʿ¢͡ˡbutler ʼˤϥեǤ롥Ư scullion ʻˡˡblackguard ʾȤˡpot-boy ʥܡˤϤѸǤ롥
Ǹˡ15Υ쥷ԤαʸƤߤ褦Hughes (118) κưѤåΤθ줬եѸǤ롥ΰ̣줬ե줫֤줷Ƥ뤫ʬ
Oystres in grauey
Take almondes, and blanche hem, and grinde hem and drawe þorgh a streynour with wyne, and with goode fressh broth into gode mylke, and sette hit on þe fire and lete boyle; and cast therto Maces, clowes, Sugur, pouder of Ginger, and faire parboyled oynons mynced; And þen take faire oystres, and parboile hem togidre in faire water; And then caste hem ther-to, And let hem boyle togidre til þey ben ynowe; and serve hem forth for gode potage.
ˤե줫֤줷Ƥ롥֤Ƥʤä顤Ǥɾ뤳ȤξʤɤοϡϤΤȤʤä˰㤤ʤͤΡʬˤ purism εϤʤ
Hughes, G. A History of English Words. Oxford: Blackwell, 2000.
ε#1961. ܥ٥ ([2014-09-09-1]) ǡǰ (conceptual hierarchy) 뤤ݴط (hyponymy) ȤѸФԤݴطϸŪʴطǰƬˤǤꡤֲȶפȡ֤פǹͤСֲȶפϡ֤פξ̸ (hypernym) ǤȤ졤֤פϡֲȶפβ̸ (hyponym) ǤȤ롥Ԥǰϳǰ֤δطǰƬˤǤꡤ̤Ȳ̤δطŤˤꡤʥͥåȥŸƤȤȤ館롥
ǰؤϡŪˤ̣ (semantic_field) 夲طƤߤΤ褤ʪؤˤ볦 (kingdom) (phylum or division) (class) (order) (family)° (genus) (species) ʬޤϤ褯Τ줿ǰؤǤ뤷Ӹؤη (family_tree) ⤽ΰǤ롥ʲǤ (17) ˵Ƥֲܸȶפΰ̣ˤ복ǰؤȡѸ COOKưˤΰ̣ˤ복ǰؤ


ֲȶפˤĤơӡϤȡη¤ϤȤΡɤ뤬Ϥʲʬब˴ŤΤǤ뤳Ȥ̣˱ƤѤĿͤˤäƤۤʤǽΤǡοޤ1ĤΥǥȹͤ
˵Ť褦ˡǰؤϸóؽˤΩġ嵭 COOK ưFURNITURE, FRUIT, VEHICLE, WEAPON, VEGETABLE, TOOL, BIRD, SPORT, TOY, CLOTHING ʤɤ̾γǰؤƤߤٶˤʤꤽ
ԡˡذ̣١īҽŹ2012ǯ
ε#1960. ѸäΥԥߥåɹ¤ ([2014-09-08-1]) κǸǡָóؤϡʸŪҿ㤵١̣ˡιȤäشطˤפȽҤ٤ؤǤϡФСִŪʸáפˤʤ뤬äƴŪȤ뤫ˤĤƤ͡Ω줬롥ľŪˤϡŪʸäȤϡŪѤ졤٤ǡҶˤ˽äǤȺѤޤ뤳ȤǤΤˤ礭ƤʤȻפɤޤǤܸäǧ뤫Ȥ䡤̸줴Ȥ˰ۤʤΤʤΤ뤤̸Ūˤ٤ŪʤΤʤΤȤ⤢ꡤפ褦ơޤǤ롥㤨СػŪˤϡ#1128. glottochronology ([2012-05-29-1]) Swadesh ֻøäФơȽä줿Ȥ⤢äŪŪǾ줿 Basic English (cf. #960. Basic English ([2011-12-13-1])#1705. Basic English ǽ줿ä ([2013-12-27-1])) ȤδܸäˤĤƤ⡤ǰܤ줿Ȥä
ŪʸäȤȤǤ⤦1۵Τϡǧΰ̣ǤФм夲ܥ٥ (Basic Level Category) Ǥ롥Ūʴط1Ĥˡǰ (conceptual hierarchy) 뤤ݴط (hyponymy) ȤΤ롥㤨СֲȶפȤ̣ (semantic_field) ͤƤߤ롥ֲȶפȤŪʥƥβˡ֤פִפΥƥꡤ줾βˡɪݤס֥ǥåפٶס֥ѥǥפʤɤ롥˾ˤⲼˤ⡤Ʋˤ⤳Τ褦ʸôطäƤꡤֲȶפΰ̣˵ʸåͥåȥŸƤȤΤ̣ιͤǡֲȶס֤סɪݤפȤ3ʳݴطˤĤܤȡǤ̤Υ٥ϿΡ֤פȹͤ롥֤ä줿顤˺¤ꤿʡפֲ̤ȶ˺¤ꤿʡפŪƤ뤷ɪݤ˺¤ꤿʡפ̾ʸ̮ǤԼ˺٤롥֤פȤ٥뤬ŪŪ礦ɤ褤٥ȤФ롥Ǥϡ֤פ Basic Level Category ƤȤ롥
Ǥϡ Basic Level Category ϲˤäƷޤΤTaylor (52) ϡץȥθ Rosch ˰͵ʤ顤Τ褦ʵǽŪٻƤ롥
Rosch argues that it is the basic level categories that most fully exploit the real-world correlation of attributes. Basic level terms cut up reality into maximally informative categories. The basic level, therefore, is the level in a categorization hierarchy at which the 'best' categories can emerge. More precisely, Rosch hypothesizes that basic level categories both
(a) maximize the number of attributes shared by members of the category;
and
(b) minimize the number of attributes shared with members of other categories.
֤פϡ۲͡ʼΤ㤨Сɪݤפ֥ǥåפ¿ζ̤ (a) ˤʤޤ֤פϡִפ͡ʼδ㤨Сٶפ֥ѥǥפȶͭϾʤΤǡ(b) ˤʤϡ֤פ濴ˤƹͤƱ褦ˡֲȶפ뤤ϡɪݤפ濴˹ͤ (a) (b) ˤʤɤƤߤȡ֤פۤɤˤξʤ
Basic Level Category θäϡǧŪ˽פȹͤƤ롥ޤŪ˺Ǥ褯Ȥ졤Ҷˤäƺǽ˽졤ͤǤ®ȿ뤳ȤΤƤ롥δäȤ
ܸä̤θˤĤƤϡ#308. Ѹκѱñꥹȡ ([2010-03-01-1])#1874. ٸθݼ ([2014-06-14-1])#1101. Zipf's law ([2012-05-02-1]) ε⻲Ȥ줿
Taylor, John R. Linguistic Categorization. 3rd ed. Oxford: OUP, 2003.
Ѱ (register) ˤäỌ̇̄ιˤĤơ#611. Murray θ ([2010-12-29-1]) Ǹǿ褦ˡCOMMON (meaning) 濴ˡLITERARY, FOREIGN, SCIENTIFIC, TECHNICAL, COLLOQUIAL, SLANG, DIALECTAL ؤ;˸äỌ̇̄äƤȤΤMurray ªοޤŪʸỌ̇̄Ƥߤ褦ʲο (Hughes 5) Ǥϡǥ (PREGNANT) Ȥ̣ξäơθ礬٤֤Ƥ뤳ȤƤ롥

ʿŪ줬ʰ̣ξ˻ѰȤäŪʴطΩŪȤǽȤǡָפȤθϱԤƶäHughes ϸΤ̻ŪѲȤ뤳ȤϤʤȤѸθ륬ʻѰˤϡޤޤ¿˵ڤǤƤMurray 100ǯä̤οɬפȡơMurray θΤ褦˲ɤ (372)

٥뤬ä줿֤ѲꤷƤ뤬Hughes (370--71) ˤСϸѸθäȿǤΤǤȤ㤨СϼѸФ (purism) ޤꡤ¾줫äή䤹ʤäƤȤǡFOREIGN Ȥ϶̤٤ޤ줿Ǥ٥ EXOTIC ɬפʤѸŪ˸üѤäƤƤ뤳ȤˤĤơ#879. Algeo ο쥽Ĵ鼨̻Ū([2011-09-23-1]) ȡˡޤSCIENTIFIC TECHNICAL θäѲȼäơξԤΰִطˤĤƤƹͤɬפ⤷ʤ嵭4٥뤬 ARCHAIC ȤȤ濴Υ줿դ˰֤ƤΤϡθäƩȿǤƤ롥ˡLITERARY Ȥ٥μϰϤۣˤʤäƤƤ뤳Ȥ顤Υ٥ϤʤȤʬŪ FORMAL, ARCHAIC, ˤäƤ COLLOQUIAL, SLANG, OBSCENITY ¾Υ٥䤦Τ⤷ʤ
οޤȿǤƤʤΤȤơ¾Ѽ狼θä롥㤨СꥹѸθäǰƬˤȤΤʤ¿Ǥ褦ˤʤäꥫѸθ (americanism) 䤽¾ѼθäϤɤΤ褦˰֤ŤFOREIGN EXOTIC Ȥ㤦ŪϰǰƬˤ DIALECT Ȥۤʤ롥
ù¤̣¤ȤȤѲ롥Ѹ⤽ϳʤѸǤ⡤ѰȤŽդ٥롤ƸοƹͤƤ롥
Hughes, G. A History of English Words. Oxford: Blackwell, 2000.
ޤƱ۵ ( homonymic clash ) ˤĤƤĤƤΤ ( see homonymic_clash ) Ϣ뻨¿ɲŪ˥⡥
1. [2011-04-11-1]εѲƱ۵ ( homonymic clash ) ˤäư줿ȼȤϡ̤ǤŪԤǤСΤ褦ʸݤ
(1) Ʊ۵ͤƤϰˤΤߤˡθѲѻʤФʤʤƱ۵ͤƤʤϰˤǤϡθѲѻƤϤʤʤ
(2) Ʊ۵ͤŪθѲԤƤ뤳ȤΤ˼ʤФʤʤ
(3) Ʊ۵ͤƤ֤ûʤФʤʤСƱ۵ͤ塤ޤ֤θѲˤäƾͤ褵ƤʤФʤʤ
(4) Ʊ۵ͤƤ2ϡƱʻ°syntagmatic ڤ paradigmatic ˿ƤꡤỊ̇ȿСʤȤ˰ۤʤäƤʤФʤʤ
嵭ǤθѲפȤϡͤƤҰѤȤʤäꡤ֤ΰ۲Фꡤ̣ΰ۲Фꤹ뤳Ȥޤࡥ
(1)?(4) ν㤬СƱ۵ͤˤͶȯ줿ѲפȤߤʤȤ˰ԤϤʤΤ褦㤬ФƤǽϤ餯̵ŪˤϤ줾ξ¿ˤơŬ礹㤬뤫ɤõ᤹뤳Ȥˤʤ롥
2. θ٤ȤơʬŪ homonym Ȥ homophone homograph ˤĤƤ⡤ͤȤη̤ȤƤθѲϵꤦΤȤ꤬ʳѸˤĤƤ[2010-02-07-1]ȡˡξ硤ȯʸΤ줫Υ٥ǤʬŪʾͤʤΤǡͤưŤϽ homonym ξ⤺äȼ夤ȹͤ롥ܸǤ2ϸͤʬȤꡤƱۻϤޤäʤʡ֤פб44δ[2010-02-06-1]ȡˡ⤷ˤ̤ʤСͤǺȤʤäƤǤ⡤[2010-10-18-1]ǸȤꡤֹŷפȡֹŷפΤ褦˴ʤǤϤʤ
3. ж (397) ˤȡƱ۵ΰ˧ʤ̣ĤȤˤס㤨С֥Сפ̣Ȥ ass donkey ޤ뤬¯ arse ֤פƱ۵Ǥ롥ξ硤˧װ̣ͭ¦θ줬Ѳ٤Ѱ˷̤ˤʤȤȤ
4. Ʊ۵ͤͤ˻аޡʡϡˡͤƤ֡˲ä˻аޡʡϡˤȤưŪʲªʳǤɤΤ褦ʥѥ뤫㤫õФȤɬפʤΤǤϤʤϤȤƤϡѲˤΡѤˤΡ̤Ʊ۵ͤνϡʤζͤΤ褦ʻ[2011-04-10-1]ǸˤˤΤͤ롥ϤȤƤϡҤΤ褦ѡ֤ΰ۲̣ΰ۲ͤ롥ֻۤʤΤѤꡤ°饹̾ʤɡˤѤꤹˤäƤϸ褦 ( Bussmann 210 )
5. ͼΤ˴ؤΤ2ǤäƤ⡤Ƹظˤʣ̣ξ ( semantic field ) ꡤäỌ̇̄ηǤ͡Ѳ¥ץå㡼ѤƤ롥2줽ΤΤǤʤϢ췲ΤΤʤǤ2ΰ֤Ťθ뤳ȤˤäơͤΤ⤿餹ǤԹͽۤ뤳ȤǤΤǤϤʤ顤"potential homonymy" Ȥǰ롥
. . . homonymy should be graded according to the evidence on a scale of 'more or less', and not simply of 'absent or present'. Attention has been too often focussed on actual obsolescence, while there has been neglect of the study of potential homonymy, of its effects on the frequency and semantic area of a given word, and of the relation of those effects to other words in the same semantic field. (Samuels 73)
6. Ʊ۵ͤˤĤƤϼʸ롥
Malkiel, Y. "Problems in the Diachronic Differentiation of Near-Homophones." Language 55 (1979): 1--36.
Menner, R. J. "The Conflict of Homonyms in English." Language 12 (1936): 229--44.
Wartburg, W. von. Einführung in die Problematik und Methodik der Sprachwissenschaft. 3rd rev. ed. Tübingen: Max Niemeyer, 1970.
Williams, E. R. The Conflict of Homonyms in English. New Haven: Yale UP, 1944.
ʾ塥
ж Ϻ ԡظѸؼŵ١Ʋ1973ǯ
Bussmann, Hadumod. Routledge Dictionary of Language and Linguistics. Trans. and ed. Gregory Trauth and Kerstin Kazzizi. London: Routledge, 1996.
Samuels, M. L. Linguistic Evolution with Special Reference to English. London: CUP, 1972.
ε[2011-04-10-1]ǡѸǤ "though" "they" Ʊ۵ ( homonymic clash ) Ҳ𤷤Υ̤˹ͤƤƱ۵ͤȰۤʤäƤܤͤϡ"though" "they" ȤǤʻ줬ۤʤ뤳Ȥ̾Ʊ۵ͤ[2010-10-18-1], [2010-11-07-1]νǸ褦ˡƱʻƱ۵ ( homonym ) ڥΤȹͤƤ롥ʻ줬ۤʤСȤƱǤäƤ̣ŪǽŪ㤬Ǥꡤʸ̮˰¸Ȥ̤ΤĤΤ̤
Samuels ϰۤʤʻƱ۵Ϥʻष٤ȽͿΤƤ롥
It should now be clear why the development described above does not fit the normally accepted canon: both 'they' and 'though' are functionally important words that can co-occur; but, judged by frequency, the importance of 'they' outweighs that of 'though'. The evidence shows, firstly, that if pressure for the adoption of a new form in the commoner (here pronominal) function is overriding, that form will be adopted in spite of the fact that it clashes with the form already in use in the less frequent (here concessive) function; and secondly, that after such an adoption, the proportionately minor (though not in itself small) problem of homonymic clash is automatically remedied by a process of ad hoc regulation. (72)
"though" "they" ξ硤ξȤٸǽפʵǽǤʻͤޤǤˡѸٽ̤ Frequency Sorter ˤȡ줾270̤25̡ˡΤ褦ʹٸڥδ֤˾ͤˤϡŪˤ٤ι⤤ "they" Ǥʤ "though" ɤФɤФ줿 "though" ¦Ϥɤʤ뤫ȸСad hoc ˡʺξϤޤ þouȝ μѤˤ˲褵줿
Samuels ϸѲˤƱ۵͡ʤȤβˤѶŪɾ夯Ϥ뤬̣ξ˾˺ѤƤѲθưϤȼĥ롥
. . . instead of insisting that every one of a certain list of conditions must be satisfied before the possibility of homonymic clash can be considered, the pressure of homonymy should be regarded as potential in some area of most semantic fields, always present to combine with other factors to cause redistributions within that field, and irrespective of whether it eventually causes obsolescence or not. (70--71)
ʤԤϡSamuels Τ褦Ʊ۵ͤѲ˴ͿŪʤΤȤɾƤʤ褦Ǥ롥ϡ"though" "they" ΥΤ褦˳ƸʬִۤΥߥʤɺ٤ʾɬפȤʤΤǾڵŤ뤳ȤȤͳ⤢Ʊ۵͡ʤȤβ˰ʳװǤ⤷ФФʤĤȤͳ⤢ȤäƱ۵ͤŪᾮɾΤŬڤǤʤǡ Samuels Ʊդ
Samuels, M. L. Linguistic Evolution with Special Reference to English. London: CUP, 1972.
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