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register - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2026-02-24 Tue

#6147. ѸȤƤ register ν [register][terminology][sociolinguistics][oed][youtube][inohota][sociolinguistics]

ε#6146. Τۤ register Ҳ𤷤ޤ ([2026-02-23-1]) ˰³register ȤѸˤĤơѸȤƤ register νĴ٤٤OED äƤߤ II.9.c ꡤǯ1956ǯȤ롥θʸ򤹤٤ OED Ѥ롥

II.9.c. Linguistics. In language: a variety or level of usage, esp. as determined by social context and characterized by the range of vocabulary, pronunciation, syntax, etc., used by a speaker or writer in particular circumstances.

   1956 He will on different occasions speak (or write) differently according to what may roughly be described as different social situations: he will use a number of distinct 'registers'. (T. B. W. Reid in Archivum Linguisticum vol. 8 32)
   1962 Interference may..vary according to the social role of the speaker in any given case. This is what the Edinburgh School has called register. (Canadian Journal of Linguistics vol. 7 69)
   1966 Varieties of English distinguished by use in relation to social context are called registers. (G. N. Leech, English in Advertising vii. 68)
   1971 A novel, then, can be seen as an amalgam of registers within a wider register of literary endeavour. (P. Young in J. Spencer, English Language in West Africa 173)
   1972 Chaucer must therefore have used what was, for the London of his time, a more formal, possibly more archaic, register. (Notes & Queries December 446/2)
   1977 They are aware..of the idea of 'varieties' of English, and they probably know the term 'register'---a variety related to a particular use of the language, a particular subject or occupation. (P. Strevens, New Orientations in Teaching of English x. 119)
   1991 An unexpected bonus is a bilingual section on letter-writing in both formal and informal registers. (Times Educational Supplement 15 March 49/2)
   2004 This marker is very often used by Catalan speakers in colloquial register when the speech formality is low. (M. González, Pragmatic Markers in Oral Narr. vi. 224)


ŵȤʤäƤ Reid ʸäƤߤȡΤ褦ˤä (32)

Even if we possessed a separate repertory of utterances for each of the groups of speakers into which the French speech community must be divided, we should still be unable to establish a single linguistic system for any one group. For the linguistic behaviour of a given individual is by no means uniform; placed in what appear to be linguistically identical conditions, he will on different occasions speak (or write) differently according to what may roughly be described as different social situations: he will use a number of distinct "registers"[note 2]


note 2: cf. the levels of diction, indicated in the Report of the Commission set up by the International Council for Philosophy and Humanistic Studies quoted by Professor J. R. Firth in Transactions of the Philological Society. 1951, p.81.


Reid (1901--81) ϥåեؤζǡޥ󥹸ؤ칶Ƥˤ⤢ȤꡤǥΤ Firth "levels of diction" ̤뤬 Reid "register" ̾դʤȤȤΤ褦70ǯˡ֤ΤۤפǤȤƼ夲ۤɤ˽פѸĹȤˤʤcf. #404. 쥸ȡenregisterment쥸ˤȥ쥸ӥ˷ɸ졤եߥ쥹ɸҲؤ鸫ȡˡ

Reid, T. B. W. "Linguistics, Structuralism and Philology." Archivum Linguisticum 8.1 (1956): 28--37.

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2026-02-23 Mon

#6146. Τۤ register Ҳ𤷤ޤ [register][enregisterment][terminology][youtube][inohota][sociolinguistics]



217ۿ줿֤Τۤإͥפβϡ#404. 쥸ȡenregisterment쥸ˤȥ쥸ӥ˷ɸ졤եߥ쥹ɸҲؤ鸫ȡꤷơenregisterment ȤѸ졦ǰƳޤ
δܤˤΤ register ʤΤǤưǤƤ̤ꡤѸ졦ǰǤԤˤäƥ˥奢󥹤ۤʤȤ⸫ƨޤܥ֥ǤϡHalliday ŪʴΡ#839. register ([2011-08-14-1]) Ҳ𤷤Ȥޤ McArthur Ѹ켭ŵ餳ѸɤǤߤޤ礦 (859)

REGISTER [1950s in this sense; 14c in origin, through French from Medieval Latin registrum a list or catalogue]. In sociolinguistics and stylistics, a variety of language defined according to social use, such as scientific, formal, religious, and journalistic. The term has, however, been used variously in different theoretical approaches, some giving it a broad definition (moving in the direction of variety in its most general sense), others narrowing it to certain aspects of language in social use (such as occupational varieties only). The term was first given broad currency by the British linguist Michael Halliday, who drew a contrast between varieties of language defined according to the characteristics f the user (dialects) and those defined according to the characteristics of the situation (registers). Registers were then subclassified into three domains: field of discourse, referring to the subject matter of the variety, such as science or advertising; mode of discourse, referring to the choice between speech and writing, and the choice of format; and manner of discourse, referring to the social relations between the participants, as shown by variations in formality. . . .


Ūˤ Halliday ή register ȤʤäƤޤ͡εǤϡ1970ǯʹߤ˹ޤäѸȳǰפȾҲ𤷤ޤregister ΤθΤ1950ǯ夫餢äȤΤϽ鼪Ǥ

McArthur, Tom, ed. The Oxford Companion to the English Language. Oxford: OUP, 1992.

Referrer (Inside): [2026-02-24-1]

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2025-11-17 Mon

#6048. إ㡼 --- ؤذ [university_of_otago][slang][register][sociolinguistics][abbreviation]

ؤο޽ۤˡΤΰΥѥեåȤꡤդȼ˼äƤߤΤʤˡUNIVERSITY JARGON ꤹ륳बäؤǤνؤλû˶Ƥ

UNIVERSITY JARGON

Starting to research your study options and already feeling lost in the jargon? Here are some common terms you're likely to come across.
A DEGREE is the qualification you complete at university. This is your overall PROGRAMME. Your degree will have an abbreviation such as BA, BSc or BCom. That's code for Bachelor of Arts, Bachelor of Science, or Bachelor of Commerce, and so on.
Some PROGRAMMES, such as Health Sciences First Year (HSFY), will lead on to many other degrees.
The SUBJECT you specialise in within your degree is called your Major. When you start your first year at university, choose three or four subjects you'd like to try. One will become your major.
In many degrees you can choose to have a MINOR as well. This is a subject you have stuided at each level, but not in as much depth as your major.
Each subject has LEVELS (100, 200, 300). The first courses youtake are called 100-level papers or beginner papers.
Each subject is divided into PAPERS. They are like topics within each subject --- the building blocks of your degree. They have codes like HIST 104, PSYC 201 and MART 304. The papers you choose each year are your course of study.
When you pass each paper, you get POINTS towards your degree. Papers are generally worth 18 points and a three-year degree needs 360 points. This usually consists of 20 papers, an average of 7 papers per year.
A DOUBLE DEGREE is when you study two degrees at the same time. There are also options to combine two majors from different degrees in a single four-year degree. These COMBINED DEGREES include Arts and Business, Arts and Science, and Business Science.


ʤʣƥ򥳥ѥȤ˲⤷ƤʸϤȻפˤȤäƽ鸫򤹤ΤưפǤϤʤɤ߼λؤΥƥ򤷤ƤΤǡʬΤºݤˤ϶Ž̤Ƥ褦˻פ롥Ȥ major specialise Ȥ jargons ΰ̣ϡߤ˵ꤵΤǤ뤫顤Ʊʸ˶뤳ȤˤäơǤȤ򤷤䤹ʤȤ⤢뤫⤷ʤ¾Ǥץ󥫥ץȤʤäƤޤ줬롥
ʸϤϡġ jargon Τ˲⤷ƤʸϤȤɤΤ̤¤Ͽ jargon Ȥϲ򶵤ʸϤȤʤäƤΤǤϤʤȤǤ⤷Ĥޤꡤǿ̣ jargon ˤ餹ȤˤäơؤȤͭͶְռ褦ȤƤΤȡ
jargon ϡΰ̣츫ƼǤϤʤȤ¸롥jargons 䤽θηϤϡḁ̈ŪĤ˰󤻤ԤΤߤĤҲŪʵǽäƤ롥
Ϣơ#2410. slang, cant, argot, jargon, antilanguage ([2015-12-02-1]) 򻲾ȡ

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2025-11-13 Thu

#6044. ϰѼκۤ쥸κۤžǤ륱 --- NZE θä [new_zealand_english][vocabulary][register][lexical_stratification][ame_bre][synonym][variety]

New Zealand English ⤷Ƥ Bauer ƱѸ NZE ؤαƶˤĤƹͻƤսǡƱؼоݤФƱƷϸäȤʬƤ붽̣Ԥ˿Ƥ (419)

One interesting use of American vocabulary in New Zealand English is to provide high-style advertising terms. Given a pair such as torch and flashlight, the British version is the one most likely to be used in everyday speech, and the American one is likely to be used commercially, to make the product sound more appealing. Thus one would normally pull the curtains, but the shop might sell you drapes. Other pairs with a similar relationship are lift/elevator, nappy/diaper and possibly (although there may be a semantic distinction here) biscuit/cookie. Bayard (1989) comments on such pairs in some detail, pointing out that for younger speakers, the American member of such pairs, even if it is not widely used, is considered to be 'better' English (a term Bayard deliberately does not define more closely).


ϱѸαƺȤϰѼ֤κۤ˴ŤڥäNZE Ǥϥ쥸ɽ魯ѤƤΤˤСѤȾѤȤեɤκѤƤȤ
ޤκݤˤɤΥꥸʥѼ郎ѤбƤꡤɤ餬ѤбƤΤ⤪⤷¤ȤƤϡꥹϤѤǡꥫϤѤȤʤäƤ褦ϤޤǼ롥NZE δܤϥꥹϤȤȥꥫϤäƤ롤Ȥ櫓
⤷ȡ NZE ˸¤ʤݤ⤷ʤvariety register 뤤 user variety use variety ʤɤȸƤ٤붽̣ݤ

Bauer L. "English in New Zealand." The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 5. Ed. Burchfield R. Cambridge: CUP, 1994. 382--429.

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2025-06-20 Fri

#5898. Ѹ˸ˤơ֥ѥѤפȤ񤷤 [corpus][historical_linguistics][speech][writing][methodology][register]

ɸϡŪäƹͤƤɬפΤǤ롥رμȤˤƴϢŸΤǡDzƸƤƤ
ǯѸ˸ˤƥѥѤ뤳ȤϡμˡȤʤäƤ롥ѸۤɤǤϤʤαѸˤƤ⤽ʤεϤΥƥȥǡ˥Ǥ褦ˤʤäȤǡθ츽ݤҴŪŪʬϤ뤳ȤǽȤʤꡤ¿βŪθ⤿餵Ƥ롥
ѥ˴ŤѸ˸δϡ´߽ФƤ⤤롥ϡǡΤʤʤȤ˥ѥϡ¸񤫤줿ƥȤ鹽롥ϡűѸ줫ѸФƽѸޤǤθϡ񤭸դǤĤƤʤȤŪ󤬤ʾ塤פΤʤȤǤϤ롥˱ѸȾϡ§ȤäդǤϤʤ񤭸դξ󤷤ͿƤʤΤ
ϡŤѸŪܤƤФۤɡ˺䤹ΤǤ⤢롥˥ѥˤϡαѸΤʤ񤭸դظˤȲꤵäդޤ᤿ѸƤ뤫Τ褦ʺФ˴٤䤹ΤºݤˤϡѥΤʤˤϡäդϡʤȤľŪˤϼƤʤˤ⤫餺Ʊͤˡ񤭸դդˤθѤ䡤ҲŪ˼ﲽ줿͡θ⡤ѥ˴ޤޤƤʤȤ¿ѥѤƤ⡤񤫤ʤä쥸αѸˤˤϥǤʤΤѥѤѸ˸Ԥϡ񤫤ʤäΤˤ뤳Ȥ񤷤ƤνռƤɬפ롥
Τ褦˵Τϡѥθ³ͥƥ˻Ŧƽ뤿ǤϤʤषѥ䴰¾λĤȤνĴ뤿Ǥ롥 ŪܡʸŪμҲŪطʤʤɤȤ߹碌뤳ȤǡѥǡǤϸƤʤˤ˸Ƥ褦Ȥ뤳ȤפǤ롥
Ϣơʲε⻲ȡ

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#1280. ѥɽ ([2012-10-28-1])
#2584. ˱Ѹ쥳ѥɽ ([2016-05-24-1])
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#4915. ѸˤΥǥ --- رΥǥ롦ҥ塼ޥ˥ƥֵ ([2022-10-11-1])
#4916. ǥѤθˤĤƵޤ ([2022-10-12-1])
#5280. ǯ٤رȥǥѤθˤĤƵޤ ([2023-10-11-1])

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2024-12-03 Tue

#5699. 20ƬˤϾääƤ royal we [register][royal_we][monarch][lmode][dutch][personal_pronoun][pronoun][register]

Poutsma (878) ˡ1;ʣ̤̾ˡȤ royal_we ꤬夲Ƥ롥ѸȤƤ "Plural of Majesty or Plural of Dignity" ѤƤ롥

As in Dutch, the plural of the first person is sometimes used by sovereigns, especially in public utterances, when speaking of themselves.
About this Plural of Majesty or Plural of Dignity, as it is commonly called, Sweet (N. E. Gr., §2095) observes: "We see the beginnings of this usage in Old-English laws, where the king speaks of himself as , and then goes on to say wē bebēodath .. 'we command ..', the being meant to include the witan or councillors." Compare also Kellner, Hist. Outl. of Eng. Synt., §276; Onions, Advanced Eng. Synt., §221.


We were not born to sue, but to command. Rich. II, ii, 1, 196.
Fair and noble hostess, | We are your guest to-night. Macb., I, 6, 24.
Should our host murder us on this spot --- us, his king and his kinsman, ...our fate will be little lightened, but, on the contrary greatly aggravatated, by your stirring, Scott, Quent. Durw., Ch. XXVII, 354.
The Queen said ...: "We are this day fortunate --- we enjoy the company of our amiable hostess at an unusual hour. Id., Abbot, Ch. XXI, 225.


Note. This practice seems to have become unusual or extinct in the personal utterances of sovereigns to their audiences, having been preserved only in public instruments.
Thus King George V in his reply to the address of the Corporation of Bombay uses I, etc.:


You have rightly said that I am no stranger among you [etc.]. Times, No. 1823, 974b.


Similarly in his Address on the occasion of the opening of the Coronation Durbar:


It is with genuine feelings of thankfulness and satisfaction that I stand here to-day among you [etc.]. Id., No. 1824, 1001d.


But in the instrument announcing the fact that the seat of the Government of India will be transferred from Calcutta to Delhi, we find we, etc.: We are pleased to announce to Our People [etc.]. Ib.


20ƬޤǤ royal we ϻ¾äƤȤǧǤ롥Ȥ뤳Ȥˤ衤ŪˡΧʸˤŪˡȤƤǤꡤ쥸ϤƸꤵƤȤ狼롥

Poutsma, H. A Grammar of Late Modern English. Part II, The Parts of Speech, 1B. Groningen: P. Noordhoff, 1916.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2024-12-03 Tue

#5699. 20ƬˤϾääƤ royal we [register][royal_we][monarch][lmode][dutch][personal_pronoun][pronoun][register]

Poutsma (878) ˡ1;ʣ̤̾ˡȤ royal_we ꤬夲Ƥ롥ѸȤƤ "Plural of Majesty or Plural of Dignity" ѤƤ롥

As in Dutch, the plural of the first person is sometimes used by sovereigns, especially in public utterances, when speaking of themselves.
About this Plural of Majesty or Plural of Dignity, as it is commonly called, Sweet (N. E. Gr., §2095) observes: "We see the beginnings of this usage in Old-English laws, where the king speaks of himself as , and then goes on to say wē bebēodath .. 'we command ..', the being meant to include the witan or councillors." Compare also Kellner, Hist. Outl. of Eng. Synt., §276; Onions, Advanced Eng. Synt., §221.


We were not born to sue, but to command. Rich. II, ii, 1, 196.
Fair and noble hostess, | We are your guest to-night. Macb., I, 6, 24.
Should our host murder us on this spot --- us, his king and his kinsman, ...our fate will be little lightened, but, on the contrary greatly aggravatated, by your stirring, Scott, Quent. Durw., Ch. XXVII, 354.
The Queen said ...: "We are this day fortunate --- we enjoy the company of our amiable hostess at an unusual hour. Id., Abbot, Ch. XXI, 225.


Note. This practice seems to have become unusual or extinct in the personal utterances of sovereigns to their audiences, having been preserved only in public instruments.
Thus King George V in his reply to the address of the Corporation of Bombay uses I, etc.:


You have rightly said that I am no stranger among you [etc.]. Times, No. 1823, 974b.


Similarly in his Address on the occasion of the opening of the Coronation Durbar:


It is with genuine feelings of thankfulness and satisfaction that I stand here to-day among you [etc.]. Id., No. 1824, 1001d.


But in the instrument announcing the fact that the seat of the Government of India will be transferred from Calcutta to Delhi, we find we, etc.: We are pleased to announce to Our People [etc.]. Ib.


20ƬޤǤ royal we ϻ¾äƤȤǧǤ롥Ȥ뤳Ȥˤ衤ŪˡΧʸˤŪˡȤƤǤꡤ쥸ϤƸꤵƤȤ狼롥

Poutsma, H. A Grammar of Late Modern English. Part II, The Parts of Speech, 1B. Groningen: P. Noordhoff, 1916.

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2023-08-25 Fri

#5233. ָդν --- ؽػŵ٤ [religion][semantics][semantic_change][polysemy][register][kotodama]

#5230. ֽθա --- ؽػŵ٤ ([2023-08-22-1]) ǰѤؽػŵ٤μʬˡ2žָդνפȤФǤƤʸϤ (347--38)

դν¾ηŪȤƼƤİ뷼---νˤۤܽŤʤ---ǤϡդļԤ˼Ƥ졤䤬ơŵŵפԻ롥ϲŪ줿ǤꡤڤβȽǤδब˵ʾ塤˸ɵϤꤨʤ줬ŵ̱Ĥκܤˤ롥䶵ꥹȶ顼ʤɤΰˤơŵ̵ɵμĥŪ˱뤬ҥɥʤɤ¿Ǥ⡤ŵФưפ˴ѻǤ롥ŵФʪҤŵޤھϡդνܼŪ¢ƤΤǤ롥
ޤĶŪҤθաʿθʩʤɡˤ줿ŵŪޤΤߤʤ餺˽񤫤줿ŪͤӤӤƤȤߤʤ뤳Ȥ⤢롥Τ褦츻Ȥʤäơ¾ΰڤβʬȤߤʤ硤դ켫ΤʲơǽŪˤϸդʪ߽ФǤȼĥ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥ʤդʪιǤȸָ챧פǤ롥츫ȡϿܤ줿̤ȯã椨ѤۤʸѤȼǽ⤤ΤǤ롥


Ǹ˽ФƤָ챧פȤʸѤˤĤơ֤򤪤ƼΤ褦ʸϤ³ (348)

ְջãפ˾ʤ¤ꡤƯϡ①ɽС②ʤ③ؼ④ˤ롥ϡ①ï②ïˡ③ΤˤĤơ④ȤפȤͻ蹽¤Ȥߤǹͻ뤳ȤǤ¤ϡְջãפۤˤѤǧȤߤˤϼޤڤʤۼʸδҤθ챧ˤϴޤޤƤ롥Ĥޤꡤˤϸμ׵ǽְջãפǤϤʤֱ¤פª褦ʸѤƤǤΤǤ롥


ָ챧פϡؤǤϼ갷뤳ȤΤʤѤǤϤ뤬1ĤθѤǤϤ롥

ѵӾ 氣 ҡ ʡᲬ ͺԡˡؽػŵ١ҡ2010ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2023-10-27-1] [2023-09-12-1]

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2023-08-22 Tue

#5230. ֽθա --- ؽػŵ٤ [religion][semantics][semantic_change][polysemy][register][kotodama]

#5221. ֵפȤϲ (2) ([2023-08-13-1]) ǿ줿ؽػŵ٤ѥѥɤ³Ƥ롥ָաפιܲˡֽθա (346--47) ȤФζ̣⤬äϲɤۤʤäƤΤ

θξˤա뤤ϤǻѤդΤϡ̤ˡֽפȸƤФƤ롥㤨Сֿΰפʩڡפ硤οΡְפʩֹڡפϡäṆ̀礤Ȥϼۤˤʹ֤γǰŪİĶ򼨤ΤǤ롥äȤƤƱǤ⡤줬ξ˸ȡ˰ۼΰ̣ӤӤΤǤ롥Τ褦ˡή̤Ƥ̣ǤȤ䤷ĶŪؤƯˤϤ롥
ξȤϡŪˤϡиΩǤꡤޤ㫤ԤǤ롥ǤϡФФȤʤ׵⡤ȿ鸫СФФȤʤ׵⤬Ƥ롥ĶŪۤդȤƸȤθʩʩ⤤ʩŵˤȤƼƤ뤬θդǻѤդƱηϤ°ΤǤ롥ʤСθʩϡȤ򤵤줨ʤĤޤꡤξǤϡФФȤʤ븽ݤȤơޤθաСˤ֤ΤǤ롥ĶŪ줿ꡤĶŪؼꤹۤɤˡդ뤲ΤǤ롥ξǤϡ餫λǡή줬ǤڤĶŪȤ˸줫ƤȤǤαư롥Ρ狼ĶæФȤˢؤפȤŤαưи佡ʤƤ롥
ȤǡաĤޤ꽡ˤϤĤμ꤬ޤޤƤꤵ롥ĶŪۤ줿ŪϡľѡħǰηİΤ̤Ǥ롥椨줬Ԥ༡ϡ¦Ǥǧ֤Ȥ򤹤뤳ȤǤ롥Ȥʪáʩˤˡˡʩ⤽ΤΡʤ켡νˤϡޤľŪ˴졤äߺѤμСǧƤ椯ǡĹ修θա󼡤νˤĽĤ˶ͭ졤ħŪʰվŻäƵ˼ޤ롥ơǰŪϣФʤŵŵԻ졤ĤˤϿءؤʤɳŪʿηŪĤθա軰νˤФ롥
ξˤƽ줬ȯȤȤˡդ˽ˤäƽξ줽켫Τ졤Ū̿ϤǺƹȤ¦̤롥Ȥ櫓θդۤθդϡܼŪǤŽ̤줿ΤȤ롥̽ۤˤΤϡռβ漹Ū˲Τ̵ȤʤꡤФμƩȤ֤Ǥ롥εꡤǥʥեξ̾ˡǰʩܡޥȥʿˡ˻졤ʤɤε̽ۤ귿ϡ褯ΤƤ롥μ귿Τ뤳ȤϡΤĤɡ狼ĶæʢФȤˢؤפüŪ˼¸뤳Ȥ¾ʤʤ衤硦θ֤Ū˽Ż뤵졤ŪˡΰĤȤȤ߹ޤƤʤǤ롥


ȵ䤬ͯƤξˤƤϡְפֹڡפΰ̣ѤȤȤϲ̤ự (semantics) ιͻоݤˤʤΤȽδ֤ˡ¿ (polysemy) ̣Ѳ (semantic_change) ƤȹͤƤ褤ΤʤɤǤϡŪʸ˴ؤơڽʳءˡۤڥꥹȶۤʤɤΥ졼٥뤬ղä뤳Ȥ⤢顤쥸ȤƤȤ館ƤΤ
ΰѤǤϡּ¦Ǥǧ֤פȤɽѤƤ롥¦ǰ̣¤򤷤ꤷƤΤȤС̣ѲѰۤμΤᤰȤؤäƤˤĤƤϡ#1936. ʹΤѲ ([2014-08-15-1]) ʤɤ򻲾ȡ
θˤĤƤϡ#3908. ֵפȤϲ ([2020-01-08-1]) ȡ#5221. ֵפȤϲ (2) ([2023-08-13-1]) ⻲ȡ#753. ʤθϸŤᤫ ([2011-05-20-1]) طƤ

ѵӾ 氣 ҡ ʡᲬ ͺԡˡؽػŵ١ҡ2010ǯ

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2023-02-12 Sun

#5039. ¿ԻѤ15--16ˡΧʸ񤫤Ϥޤä [double_negative][construction][prescriptive_grammar][register][stigma]

衤2 (double_negative) ޤ¿ϡ18εϼλ stigma դ졤ζϤʱƶޤ³ƤȸƤǯθοŸˤꡤºݤˤϤäᤤʳɸŪˤʤäƤꡤ18εʸˡϤǤ˹ԤϤäƤ촷ˤդͿˤʤȲᤵ褦ˤʤäƤˤĤƤϡ#2999. ɸѸ줫꤬äͳ ([2017-07-13-1]) ǿ줿
¿깽ʸ̣ȤˤʤΤˤʤΤۣȤʤΤǤСߥ˥پ褿ºݤäˤƤʸ̮䱤Χν⤢ꡤۤɸ櫓Ǥʤʤ٤ۣ椵ӽäξפǡġֽ񤭸աפä顤ɤŵˡΧʸǤ롥Rissanen (125) Ѥ롥

In the development of negative expressions legal texts may have offered an early model that resulted in the avoidance of multiple or universal negation in Late Middle and Early Modern English.
   In Late Middle English, multiple negation was still accepted and universal negation was only gradually becoming obsolete, possibly with the loss of ne. In the fifteenth century, the not . . . no construction . . . was still the rule . . . , but in the Helsinki Corpus samples of legal texts this combination does not occur even once, while the combination not . . . any . . . , can be found no less than eight times. In other contexts . . . multiple negation occurs even in the statutes, but the user of any is more common than in the other genres.
. . . .
   The same trend can be seen in sixteenth-century texts: the not . . . no type is avoided in the statutes while it is still an accepted minority variant in other text types. This is not surprising, since the tendency towards disambiguation and clarity of expression probably resulted in the avoidance of double negation in legal texts well before the normative grammarians started arguing about two negatives making one affirmative.


ۣ椵ӽ٤ˡΧʸˤƿ侩줿ˡ˰̤Υ쥸ˤĥȤŸϡʬˤꤽǤ롥⤷ָդˡפȤ٤ĬήѸʹߤθոħŤƤΤȤСҲ񤬸ͿƶϻפΤۤ礭ȤȤˤʤꤽ
Rissanen Ʊʸ#1276. hereby, hereof, thereto, therewith, etc. ([2012-10-24-1]) ⻲ȡ

Rissanen, Matti. "Standardisation and the Language of Early Statutes." The Development of Standard English, 1300--1800. Ed. Laura Wright. Cambridge: CUP, 2000. 117--30.

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2022-10-21 Fri

#4925. ޻ɽɤȱѸ쥹ڥ󥰴 [romaji][spelling][japanese][writing][register]

Ρ#4905. ְΡפ Aichi Aiti ([2022-10-01-1]) ȴϢơīīʹī2̤ǡ֤狼롪޻ΤĤŤʣΡפꤹ2Υ޻β⤬ǺܤƤˤȡ־عιǤϡչ𼨤դޤƷἰ濴˳ؤ֡Ǥ⡤ѥݡȤɽƻϩɸʤɼҲǤϡѸ˶ᤤإܥ󼰤¿롥ʸģ9ȯɽ2021ǯ٤ι˴ؤĴǡ̾ʤɤ޻ǽ񤯤ʤɤ졩ʹȡإܥ󼰤ƩƤդ¿äἰ¿Фդ⤢äפȤ롥
衹ΤȤǡ夲ƵˤĤ̾Υ޻񤭤ˤĤƿҤͤȤ̣ȤʸģĴƱͤˡĿͤˤäɤ줬褦ȤȤʬä伫ȤϡȤĤŤΤ̤ȻפäƤΤˡȤĤŤͤ⤱äΤʤȵŤʤʤեåʷиä
Aiti/Aichi, Gihu/Gifu, Uzi/Uji, Akasi/Akashi, Atugi/Atsugi, Gosyogawara/Goshogawara, Tanba/Tamba Τ褦ʷἰȥإܥ󼰤κۤˤĤơȤΤĤŤ򿶤֤ꡤʬϤƤä⤷ʬϤФΤǤĤҲ𤷤褦

ĿŪˤ sho ǤϤʤ syo Ȥ⤷餽θ syo ȤʸѸǸ뤳ȤʤΤǡti ȰäƱѸȯǴĤƤʤȤ𤬤Τ⤷ʤ
ռŪˤ̵ռˤϤ狼ʤɽ줬ѤʤɤθƤޤΤǤϤʤ㤨СפϴѸҸѤ뤳Ȥ¿顤޻ǽ񤯤Ȥʤä˱Ѹʡإܥ󼰡ˤռǽȻפä
ĿͤȤƤϡTamba ðȡ˰ʳϽ񤯤Ȥ⥭ܡɤǤĤȤ⤹٤ƥإܥ󼰤äΤǡʤʤΤȹͤƤߤ餯 chi shi, sho ʤɤϡñǤܤˤ뵡¿ƬDZѸ˼ưѴ䤹ʤäƤΤȴ롥ǡ֤Сפ֤ƤפפΡ֤פȤ m ȼưѴǤۤɤˤϱѸǾˤʤäƤ餺ޤܿͤδФβǥ޻񤤤Ƥ
ѥǤʸϤκݤˤϡ֤פϱѸŪʡchiפϤΤФơ֤פܸŪʡˤʡsyoפǤĤΤ¿ɤǤäΰ첻첻Ǥΰ㤤ϤɤΤ褦ʸˤäΤʤΤ˵ˤʤä
Ǥ˽ФƤɤޤ뤳Ȥռƽ񤯤ȤȤ礭ƶȴ޻޻ȤɽܸüԤǤϤʤ͡ʼ˱ѸüԡˤꤹΤǡ񤯾ϥإܥ󼰤ǽ񤯤Ȥ¿褦˴롥ѥǤľʤɼºݤɽɽ˽Фʤϥإܥ󼰤ȷἰ򺮺ߤƻȤäƤ褦˻פ

ɤ޻ɽɤΤˤϡĿͤαѸи佬ҲŪθ˻ޤ͡װǤǤ롥Ȥ櫓ѸΥڥ󥰤ؤδ˴ŤĤȤװܤͤ롥
Ѥ variation ΤɤäΤǡҳ

Referrer (Inside): [2025-06-27-1] [2023-02-07-1]

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2022-10-01 Sat

#4905. ְΡפ Aichi Aiti [romaji][spelling][japanese][writing][register]

īʹī1335̡ˤˡAichi Ȥ Aiti޻ĤŤߡʸģƤפꤹ뵭ǺܤƤ롥30ʸģ2021ǯ٤ֹ˴ؤĴȯɽ줿3ǯ١ֹ˴ؤĴפη̤ˤĤơ (PDF) Ǥ롥
Ĵ̤ΤʤܤΤ3ϤΡ֥޻ɽ˴ؤռפˤĤƤǤ롥ܸΥ޻ɽ˴ؤ뤤Ĥμ䤬ΩƤƤΤСסְΡפʤɤɤΤ褦˥޻ɽ뤫Ȥ󥱡ȷ̤⤷ä
㤨ССפξ硤Akashi 75.4%Akasi 23.3%ȤʤäƤ롥֥إܥ󼰡פȡַἰפΰ㤤ɤǤԤˤɽϤȤ櫓70аʾ41%ȹ⤤ͤ򼨤ƤȤְΡפˤĤƤ Aichi 88.0%Aiti 10.8%ȤʤꡤǤإܥ󼰤ͥǤ롥
Ȥָ޽פˤʤȡἰ Gosyogawara 54.8%إܥ Goshogawara 43.9%ȤʤꡤžƤΤ⤷ˡפκ֤ⶽ̣إܥ󼰤 matcha maccha 줾32.4%12.1%ἰ mattya 23.6%Ȥإܥ󼰤ϴˤֱѸ켰פªƤ褤Ѹˤ <tch> ֻˤĤƤϡ#4033. 3Ż <tch> ʬۤˡ ([2020-05-12-1])#4034. 3Ż <tch> ֻ˹׸ Caxton ([2020-05-13-1]) DZѸˤδȤ롥
֤ɤΥ޻ɽȤפȤβ̤ɤ߲򤯤ȡΤοȤƤϷἰإܥ󼰤ͥǤȤܸüԤѤ޻ɽȤƤϡܸβηϤ˴źäἰΤۤ§Ū㳰ʤߤ䤹ȤΤεʤΤºݤΤȤϱѸ춵ʤɤ̤ƱѸֻ˴ƤǤͤ¿إܥ󼰤ؤηФǧ줿Ȥˤʤ롥
ܸΥ޻ɽˤĤƤϡܸ첻ηϤ뤤ϱѸֻηϤȤοȤֻδ顤ἰȥإܥ󼰡ʤȤ¾ˤΤ줬ޤȤʤƤפϡɤΤ褦ʵܸ줬޻ɽΤȤҲŪʸ̮ˤȻϹͤƤ롥
ܸ򤷤ʤХˬԤǰƬܸ޻ɽȤ̤ǤСݸǤѸ˴źäإܥ󼰤Ѥۤ䤹Ȥ¿ܸüԤܸ򥿥ԥ󥰤ݤ˥޻ѤȤ̤ǤСǿδܸ˴źäἰΤۤŪǤ롥
ǤϡƻϩɸʤɤǴ񤭤줿̾ο겾̾Ȥƥ޻Ѥˤϡɤ餬٥ܸüԤˤȤäƤϴɤ߲򤯥ҥȤ̤⤷ʤɤʤܸüԤˤȤäƤϡ޻ɽϥҥȤɤ󥵡ΤΤȤʤ롥
ʣΥ޻ɽȺ򾷤ΤΤ褤ȤոǤ롥Ȥ櫓Ūʿ̤ζʸǤϤ̤ҤΤ褦˥޻Ȥ̡ʼҲŪʥ쥸ˤϸʸʳˤ⤢ꡤ¿ͤǤ롥ˤ衤ɤޤΤ褤ΤȤȤϤɬפ롥
޻ hellog Ǥ romaji εǼ夲ƤΤǡ⻲ȡ

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2021-08-28 Sat

#4506. World Englishes Ū3 [world_englishes][variety][medium][register]

Mair (116) ˤȡѸ (world_englishes) θԤ褽դƤ礿ȥɤ3ĤȤ

1. Accent divides, whereas grammar unites (with the lexicon being somewhere in between)
2. There is divergence in speech, but convergence in writing.
3. Variation is suppressed in public and formal discourse, but pervasive in informal settings.


Τ褦˸ȡľŪˤ⤽̤ʤΤȻפ졤äϤʤǻŦƤѸηϡѸ쥳ѥʤɤˤҴŪǼ¾ŪʸˤäƤ褽΢դȤפǤ롥绨ĤˤСäդŵŪʥեޥʱѸѤˤƤϡѼ֤礭ʰ㤤ߤ뤬񤭸դŵŪʥեޥʱѸѤǤϡɸؤλظߤȤȤ
3ϡ츫褽褦ʤȤҤ٤Ƥ褦ˤפ뤫⤷ʤΤ˸ߤ˽ŤʤʬΤ¤Ǥ롥ơϸ§Ȥưۤʤ뼴­ΩäλŦȤʤäƤ뤳Ȥդ1ܤϡȯʸˡʸäˤȤ˴ؤѥ᡼˴ŤƤ롥2ܤäդ񤭸դȤΤ˴ط롥3ܤϡҲŪʥåƥ󥰡üŪˤХեޥ뤫եޥ뤫ȤѤطʤܤƤ롥
äդȤСƤեޥǤꡤʤȯκۤ˴ؿեޥäդλѤϳؽѹֱʤɤ̤˴ѻ뤷Ǥȯ٤ŪΩʤʤʸˡäͿƤΤǤ롥ޤ񤭸դȤХեޥȤʤ뤳Ȥ¿åȤäΥץȤΤ褦ɬ⤽ǤϤʤ񤭸դλѤϤǤ⤢뤷ȯѰۤȿǤɸŪʥڥ󥰻Ѥߤ롥
3ĤΥѥ᡼ϡߤ˽Ťʤ뤬ŪˤΩΤȤ򤷤ƤΤŬڤǤ롥ˤĤƤϡ#230. äȤФȽ񤭤ȤФΩŪ ([2009-12-13-1])#2301. äդȽ񤭸դĤʤڥȥ ([2015-08-15-1])#839. register ([2011-08-14-1]) ʤɤ򻲾Ȥ줿

Mair, Christian. "World Englishes and Corpora." Chapter 6 of The Oxford Handbook of World Englishes. Ed. by Markku Filppula, Juhani Klemola, and Devyani Sharma. New York: OUP, 2017. 103--22.

Referrer (Inside): [2021-10-19-1] [2021-08-29-1]

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2021-07-02 Fri

#4449. ꥷαѸؤΥѥ [greek][loan_word][borrowing][compounding][compound][word_formation][register][combining_form]

Ѹûˤˤ륮ꥷ (greek) ϡƥ졤ե󥹸졤ťΥɸΤ٤ȰŪˤΩʤȤ櫓ؤ䲽ؤʤɤγؽѥ쥸˸ꤹС礭ܥ֥Ǥ͡˼夲Ƥʲ˵󤲤뵭ʤɤ򻲾Ȥ줿

#516. ľܤΥꥷѤ15 ([2010-09-25-1])
#552. combining form ([2010-10-31-1])
#616. Ѹβʳظäȯ ([2011-01-03-1])
#617. Ѹ5ʬθä̻ʬۡ ([2011-01-04-1])
#1694. ʳظäˤƥꥷǤ˱ɤͳ ([2013-12-16-1])
#3014. Ѹˤˤ륮ꥷο¸ߴ19 ([2017-07-28-1])
#3013. 19񤵤줿ŵŪʣ ([2017-07-27-1])
#3166. ȤƤβʳѸ ([2017-12-27-1])
#4191. ʳѸΰ̣νؤŤˤĤơ ([2020-10-17-1])

Joseph (1720) ѸȥꥷŪʴطˤĤƼΤ褦ŪˤޤȤƤ롥

English and Greek share some affinity in that both are members of the Indo-European language family, but within Indo-European, they are not particularly closely related. Nor is it the case that at any point in their respective prehistories were speakers of Greek and speakers of English in close contact with one another, and such is the case throughout most of historical times as well. Thus the story of language contact involving English and Greek is actually a relatively brief one.
   However, the languages have not been inert over the centuries with respect to one another and some contact effects can be discerned. For the most part, these involve loanwords, as there are essentially no structural effects . . . and in many, if not most, instances, as the following discussion shows, the loans are either learned borrowings that do not even necessarily involve overt speaker-to-speaker contact, or ones that only indirectly involve Greek, being ultimately of Greek origin but entering English through a different source.


ѸʹߤˡꥷȤ˭ʸܳŪ˱ѸäƤȤΤˤŪʥ쥸ˤŪʸݤäȤФǤϤ뤬ϤѸθ礭ʥѥȤͿȤäƤ褤üȤ encephalograph Ǿ¤ƿޡˤ夲ȡϥꥷͳ褹 encephalon Ǿ + graph ʿޡˤȤ2ĤϢ (combining_form) 鹽롥 encephalography, electroencephalography, electroencephalographologist ʤɤδϢֱѸ¦ǡ״ñ߽ФȤǤΤǤ롥
ѸˤƤǡ1,3-dimethylamino-3,5-propylhexedrine ȤäʻĶ뤬ˤΤޤ޲صʣפ߽ФȤǤ롥ʤߤˡ˥ꥷǤΤߤʤ벽ʪ̾ΤȤ bromochloroiodomethane ʤ줬 (Joseph (1722))
ˡ⤦ŪʷΩ줫餤СꥷǤˤϡαѸθȤƤŪޤäʣ (dvandva/copulative/appositional compound) η򹭤᤿ȤǤѸŪ˰յ롥㤨 otorhinolaryngologist ʼɡʰˤϡʸ̤ɡʡʼԡˡפΰդǤ롥
dvandva compound ˤĤƤϡ#2652. ʣ̾ΰ̣Ūʬ ([2016-07-31-1])#2653. ([2016-08-01-1]) 򻲾ȡ

Joseph, Brian D. "English in Contact: Greek." Chapter 109 of English Historical Linguistics: An International Handbook. 2 vols. Ed. Alexander Bergs and Laurel J. Brinton. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2012. 1719--24.

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2021-06-28 Mon

#4445. ʤѸˤˤϽ줫αƶᾮɾƤΤ [historiography][dutch][flemish][low_german][contact][loan_word][borrowing][purism][register][oed]

ε#4444. Ѹĺ15 ([2021-06-27-1]) Ǥ⿨줿褦ˡѸˤˤϽ줫αƶϲᾮɾƤ餤 (cf. #3435. ѸˤˤϽ줫αƶϲᾮɾƤ ([2018-09-22-1])ˡϱѸ˵Ҥ˴ؤ뾮ȹͤƤ뤬ʤäΤ
Hendriks (1660) ˤСᾮɾƤͳ1ĤȤơɽȤϽ줬ѸȶǤꡤġñθ츻꤬ǤŦƤ롥ѶŪ˥ͳǤȽǤʤ¤ꡤѸǤȤݼŪȽǤͥ褵Τ̵̤ȤѸˤϤޤäƱѸ¸ߤȤǤʾ塤ˤƶεŸ뤳Ȥ񤷤餫˱ѸȤϰۼθ츻ǤȽ䤹ե󥹸ʤơ٤ǤťΥɸˤ٤СϳΤǤ롥

[C]ontributions from the Scandinavian and French languages to the lexicon of English, for example, are discussed in terms of certainty, whereas contributions from the closely related varieties of "Low Dutch" or "Low German" are couched in terms of "probably" or "possibly" or are simply not discussed.


ʾ Hendriks ĴƤΤϡαѸˤɸŪͽطʤ˲ "purist language ideologies" (1659) Ǥ롥Hendriks ϤۤɲʪƤƤ櫓ǤϤʤΤ̤ȤƤŪʱѸ˵ҤФ붯ǿȽȤʤäƤȤäƤ褤ܤ٤ͤȻפ
Hendriks ϵ2˹ʤäƤ롥1ĤϡOED ʸإƥнŤؤȽǤ롥OED ŪˡѸˤʣκ򤷤 "macaronic" ʥƥȤ򥽡ȤƽƤºݤˤϡΤ褦ʼŪǸŪʥƥȤޤ˥ʤɤοƳη󶡤Ƥ⤷ʤȤOED ˤǧʤäȤȤǤʤܲԻ3ǤˤƤϤDzȤȤ Hendriks (1669) ȤڤƤˡ
⤦1ĤϾ嵭ȤϢ뤬OED ϸɸѸϢʤѸѼˤƤƤʤäȤŦ줫μѸϡषɸѸ줫æ쥸㤨оʬ̾ʬ "macaronic" ʥ쥸ǤƤꤵ뤬OED ʤѸˤɸŪͽǤϡΤ褦ɸŪʥ쥸ϤޤȤ˰ƤʤäHendriks (1662) ۩

Non-literary sources such as macaronic business writings, however, may be more likely to reflect the vernacular of London than the more pure literary texts selected to compile the atlas. Given the literary emphasis in the OED and the LALME, the range of topics which appear in these sources may be considerably restricted. The consequence of this is that entire semantic fields --- such as those pertaining to industrial or commercial relations, that is, fields where the significant contribution of Low Dutch to the English lexicon would be observed --- remain undocumented.


ˡѸʹߤ˸¤СOED "Standard English" ʳΥڻ뤷ƤȤ¤Ŧʤ
פˡѸ줬¸ߴ򼨤ƤϤΥ쥸OED ɮƬȤɸŪե󥹤ΥˤϴޤޤƤʤäȤȤʤΤϡѸˤ historiography ˤܼŪȸ虜ʤ

Hendriks, Jennifer. "English in Contact: German and Dutch." Chapter 105 of English Historical Linguistics: An International Handbook. 2 vols. Ed. Alexander Bergs and Laurel J. Brinton. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2012. 1659--70.

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2020-12-25 Fri

#4260. ջȤȤϡ --- ȤФˤĤ [purism][register][dialect][language_change][prescriptivism]

ջȤ˴ؤơסʤפɾ뤳ȤӤǤ롥ȴդʤʷϵȯϡ֤դ󤭡פǤϤʤ֤դ󤤤פˤ֤פǤϤʤˤ֤ϡפν̤˸ջȤˤϵŪȿƤꡤ˾Ȥ餷ȽǤ櫓
Ūˤ --- ҼŪˤ --- ջȤˡפ¸ߤʤʤפȤܤäȤƤ⡤ϡʤפȤϡष̤ʤפ֤դ路ʤפ˶ᤤȤ¿
Hughes et al. (16) ϸջȤ "correctness" ˤĤơ3̤Ƥ롥

   The first type is elements which are new to the language. Resistance to these by many speakers seems inevitable, but almost as inevitable, as long as these elements prove useful, is their eventual acceptance into the language. The learner needs to recognize these and understand them. It is interesting to note that resistance seems weakest to change in pronunciation. There are linguistic reasons for this but, in the case of the RP accent, the fact that innovation is introduced by the social elite must play a part.
   The second type is features of informal speech. This, we have argued, is a matter of style, not correctness. It is like wearing clothes. Most people reading this book will see nothing wrong in wearing a bikini, but such an outfit would seem a little out of place in an office (no more out of place, however, than a business suit would be for lying on the beach). In the same way, there are words one would not normally use when making a speech at a conference which would be perfectly acceptable in bed, and vice versa.
   The third type is features of regional speech. We have said little about correctness in relation to these, because we think that once they are recognized for what they are, and not thought debased or deviant forms of the prestige dialect or accent, the irrelevance of the notion of correctness will be obvious.


1ΤΤϡѲˤäƤ⤿餵줿ɽतǤ롥Ԥޤ᤿ˤĤݼŪʿرĤ顤ФСʤפȥåƥŽˡʤɤǤ롥¿ϻ֤ȤȤ˸춦ƱΤΤʤǹ졤׸ˡؤȳʾ夲Ƥ
2ΤΤϡˡΤΤȤϡѤְ̤㤨ƤޤȤregister δΡ֤դ路פȤʬ䤹ӥˤ뤳Ȥ켫ΤʤҤΤȤȤȤƤʬ䤹
3ΤΤϡϰ˴ؤǤ롥ɸѤͽʸ̮ϰθˡѤȤ뤳Ȥ뤬ñϰθˡäʬꡤ򤬲򤱤СջȤȤϤߤʤʤʤ
ǤջȤʤפȻפäȤ줬ҼŪΩ줫ɤΤ褦˲Ǥ뤫Ť˹ͤƤߤȤ⤷

Hughes, Arthur, Peter Trudgill, and Dominic Watt. English Accents and Dialects: An Introduction to Social and Regional Varieties of English in the British Isles. 4th ed. London: Hodder Education, 2005.

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2020-11-17 Tue

#4222. ԰ټ -eer [suffix][agentive_suffix][loan_word][french][latin][register][stress][conversion]

Υ󥹥ԥ졼ǡɸι԰ټ (agentive_suffix) ˴ؿĸϥե󥹸ͳΤΤۤȤɤǤꡤȿǤơȤ˶Ȥħߤ롥Ĥޤȯ /ˈɪə(r)/ Ȥʤ롥engineer, pioneer, volunteer ϤȤơauctioneer, electioneer, gazetteer, mountaineer, profiteer ʤɤ󤬤롥츻Ūˤ -ier ⤽ηȤ٤Ǥꡤcachier, cavalier, chevalier, cuirassier, financier, gondolier ʤɤ -eer Ʊħͭ롥ե󥹸餷񤤤򼨤ʤѸˤƤΥե󥹸ηȯֻˤ夷ΤȤǶ̣cf. #594. ѸʹߤΥե󥹼Ѹħ ([2010-12-12-1])#1291. ե󥹼Ѹμѻκ ([2012-11-08-1]
Jespersen (15.51; 243) ꡤ-eer, -ier ˴ؤѤ롥

   15.51 Words in -eer, -ier (stressed) -[ˈɪə] are mostly originally F words in -ier (generally from L -arius). Most of the OF words in -ier were adopted in ME with -er, and the stress was shifted to the first syllable . . . , as also in a few in which the i was kept . . . .
   A few words borrowed in ME times kept the final stress, and so did nearly all the later loans (many from the 16th and 17th c.). The established spelling of most of these, and of nearly all words coined on English soil, is -eer, as in auctioneer, cannoneer, charioteer (Keats 46), gazetteer, jargoneer (NED from 1913), mountaineer, muffineer, 'small castor for sprinkling salt or sugar on muffins' (NED 1806), muleteer [mjuˑliˈtiə], musketeer, pioneer, pistoleer (Carlyle Essays 251), routineer (Shaw D 54), and volunteer, but many of them preserved the F spelling, e.g. cavalier and chevalier, cuirassier, and finanicier.
   The recent motorneer, is coined on the pattern of engineer.
   Sh in some cases has initial-stressed -er-forms instead of -eer, e.g. ˈenginer, ˈmutiner (Cor I. 1.244), and ˈpioner.


β˽С-eer ϻ䤿褯Τ԰ټ -er ΰѤäȤƤȤ館Ƥ褵
-eer ˤϰ̣ŪŪܤ٤롥ޤ줿԰ټ̾ϡŪʰ̣ӤӤ뤳Ȥ¿Ȥ¤롥crotcheteer, garreteer, pamphleteer, patrioteer, privateer, profiteer, pulpiteer, racketeer, sonneteer ʤɤǤ롥
⤦1Ĥϡ԰ټ̾줬Τޤưʻž (conversion) 㤬ߤ뤳Ȥelectioneer, engineer, pamphleteer, profiteer, pioneer, volunteer ʤɤǤ롥Ͼ嵭ηŪʸȤ̩ܤ˴طƤ뤫⤷ʤʤcommandeer ϡưȤƤѤʤȤ̯ -eer Ǥ롥

Jespersen, Otto. A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles. Part VI. Copenhagen: Ejnar Munksgaard, 1942.

Referrer (Inside): [2022-05-10-1]

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2020-10-17 Sat

#4191. ʳѸΰ̣νؤŤˤĤ [scientific_name][scientific_english][lexicology][conceptual_metaphor][lexicology][register][loan_translation][borrowing][loan_word][latin]

ʳѸ˸¤餺ŪѸʤŪʸŪʲͤĸäȤΰ̣ϡ춭ۤƹϰϤŤġ줫̤θؤȸäۤܤΤޤ޼Ѥ뤳Ȥ⤢СƼޤ뤳Ȥ⤢뤬Ԥξˤ줬ӤӤ̣ϡƤꥸʥθǤ롥ȤΤϡ춭ۤŤΤϡ줽켫ΤȤϡषΰ̣ --- ȤʤäƤŪʸŪʲ ---
ˤСñθΤߤʤ餺ϢäޤȤޤäŤ뤳Ȥ¿ȤǤϡºݤŤƤΤϡ츫ȸä䤽ΰ̣Τ褦ˤߤơ¤ϤظǤ복ǰ᥿ե (conceptual_metaphor) ʤΤǤϤʤȤͤǤ롥
ʾϡMeillet (20--21) ̾ʰ̣ѲɤǤȤˡդȵդȤǤ롥1ʸǰѤƤ

Le fait est particulièrement sensible dans les groupes composés de savants, ou bien où l'élément scientifique tient une place importante. Les savants, opérant sur des idées qui ne sauraient recevoir une existence sensible que parle langage, sont très sujets à créer des vocabulaire spéciaux dont l'usage se répand rapidement dans les pays intéressés. Et comme la science est éminemment internationale, les termes particuliers inventés par les savants sont ou reproduits ou traduits dans des groupes qui parlent les langues communes les plus diverses. L'un des meilleurs exemples de ce fait est fourni par la scholastique dont la langue a eu un caractère éminemment européen, et à laquelle l'Europe doit la plus grande partie de ce que, dans la bigarrure de ses langues, elle a d'unité de vacabulaire et d'unité de sens des mots. Un mot comme le latin conscientia a pris dans la langue de l'école un sens bien défini, et les groupes savants ont employé ce mot même en français } les nécessités de la traduction des textes étrangers et le désir d'exprimer exactement la même idée ont fait rendre la même idée par les savants germaniques au moyen de mith-wissei en, gothique, de gi-wizzani en vieux haut-allemand (allemand moderne gewissen). Souvent les mots techniques de ce genre sont trduits littéralement et n'ont guère de sens dans la langue où ils sont transférés; ainsi le nom de l'homme qui a de la pitié, latin misericors, a été traduit littéralement en gotique arma-hairts (allemand barm-herzig) et a passé du germanique en slave, par example russe milo-serdyj. Ce sont là de pures transcriptions cléricales de mots latins.


ѸˤʳѸˤĤƤϡ#616. Ѹβʳظäȯ ([2011-01-03-1])#617. Ѹ5ʬθä̻ʬۡ ([2011-01-04-1])#3166. ȤƤβʳѸ ([2017-12-27-1]) ʤɤǼ夲ƤȴϢơȤ櫓#1694. ʳظäˤƥꥷǤ˱ɤͳ ([2013-12-16-1]) 򻲾Ȥ줿

Meillet, Antoine. "Comment les mots changent de sens." Année sociologique 9 (1906). 1921 ed. Rpt. Dodo P, 2009.

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2020-10-13 Tue

#4187. Meillet Ż뤷̣ѲμҲŪ¦ [semantic_change][sociolinguistics][register][semantic_borrowing][language_change]

#4183. ֵΥ˥եŶס ([2020-10-09-1]) ǰѤ Meillet ϡνʸˤợѲ (semantic_change) ˴ؤҲؤʸĴƤ롥ñϼҲĤȤѤۤʤΤǤꡤñΰ̣ҲĤȤδؿ˱äѲѰۤ뤳ȤȤʤΤ褦ˤƳƼҲĤʰ̣ΤĤμҲĤᤵȤμҲĤΩ줫ߤСñΥꥸʥΰ̣ˡ̣դää褦ˤߤĤޤꡤǼºݤ˵äƤ뤳Ȥϡ̣ѲΤΤǤϤʤ¾μҲĤΰ̣ (semantic_borrowing) ʤΤȤƶǤ롥
Meillet ϡԸϤƤ̣ѲγΤʸȤΤ򸫽ФȤϤǤʤ1Ĥ˶ᤤΤ󤲤Ȥо嵭λ¤ȼ򼨤Ƥ롥ΡּҲġפָ줬ѤĶפȤƴˤ᤹Сΰ̣Ѳϡۤʤ̣ۤʤѰ (register) ֤ǰư뤳ȤˤäΤ򤹤뤳ȤǤ롥ϡ̣ѲҲŪΩ줫ߤΤˤۤʤʤMeillet (27) ⤷ƤʬѤƤ

Il apparaît ainsi que le principe essentiel du changement de sens est dans l'existence de groupements sociaux à l'intérieur du milieu où une langue est parlée, c'est-à-dire dans un fait de structure sociale. Il serait assurément chimérique de prétendre expliquer dès maintenant toutes les transformations de sense par ce principe: un grand nombre de faits résisteraient et ne se laisseraient interpréter qu'à l'aide de suppositions arbitraires et souvent forcées; l'histoire des mots n'est pas assez faite pour qu'on puisse, sur aucun domaine, tenter d'épuiser tous les cas et démontrer qu'ils se ramènent sans aucun reste au principe invoqué, ce qui serait le seul procédé de preuve théoriquement possible; le plus souvent même ce n'est que par hypothèse qu'on peut tracer la courbe qu'a suivie le sens d'un mot en se transformant. Mais, s'il est vrai qu'un changement de sens ne puisse pas avoir lieu sans être provoqué par une action définie --- et c'est le postulat nécessaire de toute théorie solide en sémantique ---, le principe invoqué ici est le seul principe connu et imaginable dont l'intervention soit assez puissante pour rendre compte de la pluplart des faits observés; et d'autre part l'hypothèse se vérifie là où les circonstances permettent de suivre les faits de près.


Meillet ξ嵭ιͤˤĤƤϡ#1973. Meillet ΰ̣Ѳ3Ĥθ ([2014-09-21-1]) ǤŦޤϢȤơ#2246. Meillet "tout se tient" --- Ҳˤ ([2015-06-21-1])#2161. Ҳ¤Ѳϸ칽¤ľܤȿǤʤ ([2015-03-28-1]) ⻲Ȥ줿

Meillet, Antoine. "Comment les mots changent de sens." Année sociologique 9 (1906). 1921 ed. Rpt. Dodo P, 2009.

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2020-06-18 Thu

#4070. 18θŪ¤Τʤ [lexicology][lexicography][oed][register]

#2995. Augustan Age θŪݼ ([2017-07-09-1]) ǿ졤#203. 1500--1900ǯˤѸäá ([2009-11-16-1]) ǧ褦ˡ18ϸääŪ¤ƤȤ롥˸äѤȤ⤢뤷18ΤʸŪݼŪäȤȤŦƤ롥
18θŪ¤ϼȤ OED ˴Ť줿ƶǤ뤳Ȥ顤OED θüˡԻѾθ³顤ä¤Ƥ褦ˡָפˤ˥ǡ򷡤äĴʤƤС¤ϸŪ¤λ¤ʤɤʤäΤǤϤʤȤǽ夷Ƥ
Durkin (1154) ϡʲΤ褦˵18Υƥȡǡ١ ECCO ϤڤƤϤ18θŪ¤ΤȤ餷ȹͤƤ롥

The availability of databases of historical texts is changing all the time, and is having a truly transforming effect on the OED's historical lexicography. There remain some areas of difficulty and of controversy. Notoriously, the coverage of 18th-century vocabulary in the first and second editions of the OED is not so comprehensive as its coverage of other periods . . . ; however, availability of the majority of surviving printed 18th-century material in electronically searchable form (especially through Eighteenth-Century Collections Online [ECCO], Gage Gengage Learning 2009) suggests that there is genuinely a dip in lexical productivity in the 18th century, at least in those varieties and registers which are reflected by surviving printed sources. In many instances where the documentation of the OED presented a gap in the 18th century, it remains impossible to fill this gap, even with the help of such resources as ECCO. Exploring and explaining this further will be a major task for English historical lexicology.


ѤǤ⼨Ƥ褦ˡ¤̤ȤʤäƤΤϡޤDZѸɸ񤭸դˤ뿷θ̤Ǥ뤳ȤˤդƤʳλѰ (register) ǤϤɤäϡ̤Ȥʤ롥

Durkin, Philip. "Resources: Lexicographic Resources." Chapter 73 of English Historical Linguistics: An International Handbook. 2 vols. Ed. Alexander Bergs and Laurel J. Brinton. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2012. 1149--63.

Referrer (Inside): [2020-08-17-1]

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