ε#6126. goodbye κǸ e ϲ ([2026-02-03-1]) ˰³goodbye ˴ؤꡥgoodbye εϡGod be with you ȤʸɽȤƹ٤ǻȤ뤦ṳ̂ƤޤäΤȤ롥OED ˤȡ츻˼Τ褦˵Ҥ롥
Probably shortened partly < God be with you, and partly < God be with ye (see god n. & int. Phrases P.1c.i.ii, and the note below), with substitution of good adj. for god n. as the first element, probably by association with other greeting formulae, e.g. good day n., good day int., goodnight n., goodnight int.
Ҥɤ߿ʤƤȡ16Ⱦ2;̾줬 you ǤϤʤ ye Υ⤢ȡޤ˸Ťֻ줬 with ǤϤʤ mid ⤢äȤƤ롥
ˡOED ȤƤϺѤƤʤΤΡ⤦1ĤΰˤĤƤʤƤ롥
It has been suggested (W. Franz, 'Good-bye', in Engl. Studien (1898) vol. 24 344-6) that the phrase may have originated as a shortening of God buy you 'God redeem you' (compare buy v. I.3b, and also God save you! at save v. Phrases P.2b), and that association with God be with you is of later date. Although this suggestion would more readily explain the diphthong in the second syllable, it is not supported by the earliest forms (compare the α forms). Some of the β forms with buy do, however, appear to result from later secondary association with buy v.; this association may also have influenced the pronunciation.
OED ȤƤϡǯδ God buy you ָ̱츻츻ȤߤʤƤꡤѶŪˤϼƤʤȤˤʤ롥ߤ goodbye 22첻ŪΤȤơʬŪʴͿβǽϼƤ롥
ؤοۤˡΤΰΥѥեåȤꡤդȼ˼äƤߤΤʤˡUNIVERSITY JARGON ꤹ륳बäؤǤνؤλû˶Ƥ
UNIVERSITY JARGON
Starting to research your study options and already feeling lost in the jargon? Here are some common terms you're likely to come across.
A DEGREE is the qualification you complete at university. This is your overall PROGRAMME. Your degree will have an abbreviation such as BA, BSc or BCom. That's code for Bachelor of Arts, Bachelor of Science, or Bachelor of Commerce, and so on.
Some PROGRAMMES, such as Health Sciences First Year (HSFY), will lead on to many other degrees.
The SUBJECT you specialise in within your degree is called your Major. When you start your first year at university, choose three or four subjects you'd like to try. One will become your major.
In many degrees you can choose to have a MINOR as well. This is a subject you have stuided at each level, but not in as much depth as your major.
Each subject has LEVELS (100, 200, 300). The first courses youtake are called 100-level papers or beginner papers.
Each subject is divided into PAPERS. They are like topics within each subject --- the building blocks of your degree. They have codes like HIST 104, PSYC 201 and MART 304. The papers you choose each year are your course of study.
When you pass each paper, you get POINTS towards your degree. Papers are generally worth 18 points and a three-year degree needs 360 points. This usually consists of 20 papers, an average of 7 papers per year.
A DOUBLE DEGREE is when you study two degrees at the same time. There are also options to combine two majors from different degrees in a single four-year degree. These COMBINED DEGREES include Arts and Business, Arts and Science, and Business Science.
ʤʣƥѥȤ˲⤷ƤʸϤȻפˤȤäƽ鸫ΤưפǤϤʤɤλؤΥƥƤΤǡʬΤºݤˤ϶Ž̤Ƥ褦˻פ롥Ȥ major specialise Ȥ jargons ΰ̣ϡߤ˵ꤵΤǤ뤫顤Ʊʸ˶뤳ȤˤäơǤȤ䤹ʤȤ⤢뤫⤷ʤ¾ǤץץȤʤäƤޤ줬롥
ʸϤϡġ jargon Τ˲⤷ƤʸϤȤɤΤ̤¤Ͽ jargon ȤϲʸϤȤʤäƤΤǤϤʤȤǤ⤷Ĥޤꡤǿ̣ jargon ˤ餹ȤˤäơؤȤͭͶְռ褦ȤƤΤȡ
jargon ϡΰ̣츫ƼǤϤʤȤ¸롥jargons 䤽θηϤϡḁ̈ŪĤ˰ԤΤߤĤҲŪʵǽäƤ롥
Ϣơ#2410. slang, cant, argot, jargon, antilanguage ([2015-12-02-1]) ȡ
New Zealand Christchurch 夤2ּ夬вᤷäˤʤäƤ뤤ĤΥѡޡåȤ1Ĥ"NZ's Lowest Food Prices" NZΥѡ PAK'n'SAVE Ҹ˷ε祹ѡǡ·į⤯Ǥ֤˺롥NZŪڡϤܿޤᥢΤΤ롥ŪʥΤۤɱѸǤɽФƤʤΤʤΤǡŹ⤭Τñ˱Ѹؽˤ褤
ܿêįƤȤظêˤץ륷åפ볦äʲμ̤̿Υ٥ɤǤߤȡΤ褦ˤ롧"PAMS FINEST / MPLE SYRP / CNDIAN A GRD / 250ML"

٥εΤǡֻάʤDzά뤫ȤСŵŪ첻Ǥ롥Ҳϲιʤ뤿ᡤ줵ĤɤˤȤäƽʬʥҥȤˤʤ뤫ºݤ˱ѸμСʤΤΤ⤽ˤ뤿ᡤƬŸΤѰդեŸ "PAMS FINEST / MAPLE SYRUP /CANADIAN A GRADE / 250ML" Ȥʤ롥
ѡαѸֻˤ뤳Τ褦ʾάϡե٥åʸǤϹΤ٤ߤгƸβṽ¤ֻηϤ˰¸ΤȻפ뤬ҲĤΤܤǤ롥
ηϡʸȤ櫓ɽʸȯŸηаޤϢưƤ̣ĹʸȯŸɽʸϡʤʸʸˤơɽʸؤȯŸɽʸϡޤʸϤޤΤ̤㤨 /ka/ Ȥ֤פȲ̾1ʸǽ褦ȯۤΤ褦ʲʸϡФ첻̵뤷ƻҲΤߤɸˡȯã֤פȽƤʤ顤 /k/ ȤñȤλҲȤɤޤ첻ΡɤΤơפǤ롥
ʤߤˡե٥åȯãˤįƤ⡤ҲŻ뤹ӤƤ롥ˤϡե٥åȤȤñʸҲŻβṽ¤ĥե²ˤȯȯã¤طƤŪ첻Ϸڻ뤵ƤΤǤ롥ե٥åȻˤǤ褯ΤƤ褦ˡ첻ѶŪˡֽߤưФΤϡե˥ʸ饮ꥷʸȤäʹߡŸФơʸǤ⡤§Ȥ첻ɽֻդ
ץ륷åפΤ褦ˡɽڡʤȤȤʤ𤬤ˡҲĤ첻ΤƤȤΤϡ̣ʸˤ̤äƤ뤫Τ褦ʸݤʤΤǤ롥֤äץ륷åפêǡ鷺ˡ˥ե٥åȻ3700ǯ֤ä补
ȤƤڤ (clipping) ˤĤƤϡ¿εǼ夲ƤȤ櫓Ω줫#893. shortening ʬ (1) ([2011-10-07-1]) ǾܤҲ𤷤
128 Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio) ۿˤ#921. 2023ǯαñϥ --- rizzꤷơclipping ˤ¤Ȥܤǿλ夲
ۿǤϡ2023ǯ Oxford Word of the Year rizz ˷ꤷȤ˥塼줬 charisma clipping ˤû̷Ǥ뤳ȤȤ charisma θ츻Ҳ𤷤
rizz charisma clipping ˤǤ뤳ȤȤơȤñθƬǤǤʤʬڤФ줿û̸Ǥɮͤ롥Τ褦ʸϡۤ¿ʤȸޤ뤫#893. shortening ʬ (1) ([2011-10-07-1]) "Mesonym" Ǽ夲褦ˡ㤬ʤ櫓ǤϤʤϤˤϰ㤤ʤʲβˤ "fore-and-aft clipping" ȸƤǤ褤
heldio ΥꥹʡϢ륳ȡ䤬줿ΤǡȴϢ McArthur αѸѸ켭ŵ "clipping" ѤƤ (223--24)
CLIPPING [1930s in this sense]. Also clipped form, clipped word, shortening. An abbreviation formed by the loss of word elements, usually syllabic: pro from professional, tec from detective. The process is attested from the 16c (coz from cousin 1559, gent from gentleman 1564); in the early 18c, Swift objected to the reduction of Latin mobile vulgus (the fickle throng) to mob. Clippings can be either selective, relating to one sense of a word only (condo is short for condominium when it refers to accommodation, not to joint sovereignty), or polysemic (rev stands for either revenue or revision, and revs for the revolutions of wheels). There are three kinds of clipping:
(1) Back-clippings, in which an element or elements are taken from the end of a word: ad(vertisement), chimp(anzee), deli(catessen), hippo(potamus), lab(oratory), piano(forte), reg(ulation)s. Back-clipping is common with diminutives formed from personal names Cath(erine) Will(iam). Clippings of names often undergo adaptations: Catherine to the pet forms Cathie, Kate, Katie, William to Willie, Bill, Billy. Sometimes, a clipped name can develop a new sense: willie a euphemism for penis, billy a club or a male goat. Occasionally, the process can be humorously reversed: for example, offering in a British restaurant to pay the william.
(2) Fore-clippings, in which an element or elements are taken from the beginning of a word: ham(burger), omni(bus), violon(cello), heli(copter), alli(gator), tele(phone), earth(quake). They also occur with personal names, sometimes with adaptations: Becky for Rebecca, Drew for Andrew, Ginny for Virginia. At the turn of the century, a fore-clipped word was usually given an opening apostrophe, to mark the loss: 'phone, 'cello, 'gator. This practice is now rare.
(3) Fore-and-aft clippings, in which elements are taken from the beginning and end of a word: in(flu)enza, de(tec)tive. This is commonest with longer personal names: Lex from Alexander, Liz from Elizabeth. Such names often demonstrate the versatility of hypocoristic clippings: Alex, Alec, Lex, Sandy, Zander; Eliza, Liz, Liza, Lizzie, Bess, Betsy, Beth, Betty.
Clippings are not necessarily uniform throughout a language: mathematics becomes maths in BrE and math in AmE. Reverend as a title is usually shortened to Rev or Rev., but is Revd in the house style of Oxford University Press. Back-clippings with -ie and -o are common in AusE and NZE: arvo afternoon, journo journalist. Sometimes clippings become distinct words far removed from the applications of the original full forms: fan in fan club is from fanatic; BrE navvy, a general labourer, is from a 19c use of navigator, the digger of a 'navigation' or canal. . . .
McArthur, Tom, ed. The Oxford Companion to the English Language. Oxford: OUP, 1992.
ƾ (address_term) ιतϲûʤ䤹ȤƤߤФΤ褦˻פ롥Bybee (42) ûʤۤɤȻפä
Terms of address also tend to undergo special reduction. Spanish usted 2nd person singular developed out of the longer and more elegant phrase vuestra merced 'your grace'. Old English hlafweard which contains the roots hlaf 'loaf' and weard 'keeper' is reduced to hlaford and eventually lord. Both Mrs. [mɪsɨz] or [mɪzɨz] and Miss [mɪs] are reduced forms of mistress.
ƾΤû䤹Τϡ1ĤˤŪˤ褯ȯɽ͡θˤˤΤܤ뤫餳˼岽ṳ̂䤹Ȥ̤˱Ѹο;̾ʰθƾΤȤäƤ褤ˤˤϼȶ뤬٤餳ûˤ餵䤹櫓üû롤Ĥޤꥼˤʤ뤳Ȥäƶɬפˤ⤵餵Τ (cf. #3713. ǽζȼ岻 ([2019-06-27-1])#1198. ic I ([2012-08-07-1])#2076. us ȯˡ ([2015-01-02-1])#2077. you ȯˡ ([2015-01-03-1])
⤦1Ĥϡä Lord Mrs. Τ褦˾ιȤѤ졤˿̾³ˤϡĿͤꤹϤĿ̾ʬˤ֤Τǡ֤ι椬Ū˼夯ȯ䤹Ȥ𤬤ΤǤϤʤ
Ȥǡ嵭 lord ʸűѸθϡ֥ѥˡסˤΤߤʤ餺lady űѸθ֥ѥͤפä褦ˡ¤ʣäѸζŪʴʣ˸ʤᡤΤ褦ʸʣ (disguised_compound) ȸƤǤ (cf. #23. "Good evening, ladies and gentlemen!"ϴְ㤤 ([2009-05-21-1])#260. ([2010-01-12-1])ˡѸˤǤϤ⤷츻ȤƤ褯ΤƤ뤬ʤ2줬ޤûΤȤͳͤȤϤʤäBybee λŦ˥ϥäȤ补ƾΤû䤹Τ
ȴϢơ#895. Miss ϲξά ([2011-10-09-1])#1950. ʤ Bill William ΰΤˤʤΤ ([2014-08-29-1])#1951. ѸΰΡ ([2014-08-30-1])#3408. Elizabeth οΰ̾ ([2018-08-26-1])#4404. ܸͳηɾ san ([2021-05-18-1]) ʤɤ⻲ȡ
Bybee, Joan. Language Change. Cambridge: CUP, 2015.
NHK饸ֺ¡δñѸ in Englishפ1ΥƥȤȯȤʤޤϢΡֱѸΥܥʵפ10ϡ֤ʤѸˤϾά줬¿ΡפǤpiano, bus, cute, sport, Paralympics, AI, CEO, GDP, EU, USA ʤɤαñϡۤܤΤޤܸˤäƤƤȤäƤ褤ǤʤȤⲿ餫ǾάƤʤΤǤ줾쥪ꥸʥĹǤǤ礦ʤΤǤϤʤǤ礦

Ѹˤܸˤ⤽¾θˤά¸ߤޤ٤ƤˤˤĹä餷ɤ̤ͤޤäƤͭѤɽȤΤϡΤǤ͡Τ褦ɽäƴʷ1ñ˾άǤС˰㤤ޤˤϾά줬դΤǤ
άˡˤĤƤмϸ¤ƤޤϢܵǾܤҤ٤ƤޤܤȤʤΤϡڤȤסڤŽס֥˥פ3Ǥ줾ƤޤΤǡɤ
ˤϾά줬դΤȤϽҤ٤ޤѸ˴ؤ¤ꡤȤ櫓20ʹߤˤӤά줬߽ФƤȤ𤬤ޤˤޤƸϾάλȤäƤ褤ۤɤǤʤʤΤǤ礦ϢܵǤϡϪƤޤ
ꥢåפ줿ֱѸƳ202120ܤΥƥĤϡgoodbye θ츻ägoodbye ΰ̣Ǥ
God be with ye ʿʤȤȤˤޤ褦ˡˤȤ³ˡ (subjunctive) Ѥ (optative) ɽͳ褹Ȥޤ̤ݤˤ褯Ѥ밧Ȥʤꡤûʤä goodbye ȤʤäȤǤ̣Ǥϡ֤ˤϤǤפ֤פˤʤ褦ʤΤǤ
ޤǤΤȤǤ⡤ȵ䤬ͯƤޤ͡㤨С
ʤ God good ˤʤäƤޤäΤ
ʤ be bye ˤʤäƤޤäΤ
ʤ with ye ʬæƤޤäΤ
⤽ you ǤϤʤ ye ȤΤϲʤΤ
ʤʡäơ֤褦ʤפ̤ΰˤʤΤ
ѸŪˤϤ⤷ơޤȤʤޤ嵭ƥǤϡΤ褦ʵΤ٤ƤƤ櫓ǤϤޤGod be with ye goodbye ؤѲƻڤˤĤƶ̣⤬ܤƤޤΤǡɤ
Ȥ櫓⤷Τϡ̤ΰȤܸ֤褦ʤʤСˤƼˡפ˴֤ߤʤޤǸʡʸȡѸ goodbye (< God be with ye) ˤߤֽʡʸκۤŦƤȤǤ
Τ˱ѸǤ (I wish you) good morning/afternoon/evening/night bless you ޤǡʡɽ¾θȤʤäƤ㤬¿褦˻פޤ٤ɽȤƷ־ν䤹ȤϤΤΡظˤȯۡפξ֤ǰۤʤäƤǤ
ѸΤˡܸŪʡַɤߡסʤֲɤߡסˤȤѸФΤϴۤʰݤͿ뤫⤷ʤ¤ϱѸˤⲻζ̤롥Τ褦ƤʤǡݤȤƤ̤¸ߤΤɽΤ褦 No. 1 ȤɽѸ "number one" ɤ߲ΤϡäȤɤߤǤ롥
ʤˡ⤽ʤ "number one" No. 1 ɽΤ¿οͤԻĤ˻פѤʵˤĤƤϡֱѸƳ2021κΥƥNumber ά줬 nu.ǤϤʤ no.Ǥͳ˾ܤΤǡˬܥ֥Ǥ#750. number ξάɽʤ no. ˤʤ뤫 ([2011-05-17-1]) #4185. ʤ number ξάɽ no. ȤʤΤǤ --- hellog 饸ǡ ([2020-10-11-1]) Ǽ夲ƤΤǡǧƤ
ơ嵭ΥƥꡤNo. 1 Ȥɽƥåʷ numerō ξάɽͳ褹뤳ȤǧǤȤȻפѸˤȤäƳǤƥδŪɽѸ˻ۤ줿Ȥ̣ǡNo. 1 ϸǤȤƤϴˤ褽ԤǤ롥ΰ̣äƼǤѸ˰Ĥ"number one" ɤ߲ƤΤ顤ɤߤϡַɤߡפȤȤˤʤ롥
ϡֺסֺספȤʳǤʣˤΤޤܸɽˤѤʤ⡤줾֤Τס֤礦ס֤פܸ˰Ĥɤ߲ΤƱǤ롥ܸǤϤɽФƥեޥʻѰǡ֤ġס֤ˤס֤ߤ礦ˤפȤɤߤԤʤ뤬ѸǤ No. 1 ƥФ "numero unus" ʤɤȡֲɤߡפ뤳ȤϷ褷ƤʤˤƤϱӤΩʤȤǧƤ
Ūˤ No. 1 "number one" ɤΤϡפ֤פɤΤƱȤǤꡤפˡַɤߡפʤΤǤ롥λ¤ʸδߤСNo. 1 ⡤ǤɽʸǤϤʤɽʸȤơĤޤΤ褦ʤΤȤƵǽƤ롤ȸФ褤β˴줿ܸѼԤˤȤäơNo. 1 Ϥޤää٤ǤϤʤΤǤ롥
Ϣơ#1042. Ѹˤ벻ɤߤȷɤߡ ([2012-03-04-1]) ⻲ȡ
4Ω夲ֱѸƳ2021ˤơBrexitȡïޡꤹرˤ륳ƥĤåפ줿 Brexit ˾ƤؽʸҲ𤷤ĤġŪӼҲŪʴӥ塼ƥĤȤäƤ褤äĤ䤹Ǥʤ顤̩٤ǻȤʤäƤ롥ܴμݤռƳŪǤϤʤܳɤΥƥĤǤ롥
(blend) Ȥϡ (blending) ȸƤФ (word_formation) ˤäƺ줿ΤȤǤ롥ñˤ21˰̤ΤȤǡbrunch (= breakfast + lunch) smog (= smoke + fog) ͭ̾Ǥ롥ʣΤΤ1Ĥʪ˵ͤ।顤Ф (portmanteau word) ȸƤФ뤳Ȥ⤢롥ʸˤħʤɸŪ¦̤ˤĤƤϡ#630. blend(ing) 뤤 portmanteau word θƾΡ ([2011-01-17-1])#893. shortening ʬ (1) ([2011-10-07-1])#3722. ϱ¦βȰפ ([2019-07-06-1]) ʤɤȤ줿
Brexit ϡ鷺Ȥ줿 Britain + exit κ줬ɽ魯νޤ˾Ūäˡ⤸ä Bregret (= Britain + regret) Regrexit (regret + exit) Τ褦Ⱦо̤κ줬ȸ졤Ⱦܵ夷Ƥ嵭ΥƥĤʸʤӡ#2624. Brexit, Breget, Regrexit ([2016-07-03-1])ˤǹͻƤΤϡޤˤܵΤ褦ʾ̤Τ褦ʸݤǤ롥
ϡѸˤˤŪǤꡤܼŪˤϸѸŪʸȤäƤ褤#631. blending γ ([2011-01-18-1]) ǵ褦¿㤬ȶ˸Ф뤿ᡤΤȤϤˤ狼ˤϿʤ⤷ʤ¤Ǥ롥ˤĤƤϡ#631. blending γ ([2011-01-18-1])#876. Ѹˤ뤫Ф˹⤤ ([2011-09-20-1])#940. ¤ ([2011-11-23-1]) ʤɤǤƤ̤Ǥ롥
¤ΤȤΤߤʤ餺깭û (shortening) Ȥ褽ḽŪʸݤʤΤǤ롥ˤĤƤ#878. Algeo Bauer ο쥽Ĵӡ ([2011-09-22-1])#879. Algeo ο쥽Ĵ鼨̻Ū([2011-09-23-1])#889. acronym 20 ([2011-10-03-1])#2982. ܸ˰륢ե٥åƬ ([2017-06-26-1]) ǧ줿
Ǥϡʤˤƺޤṳ̂ݤȤθۤĹƤΤ#3329. ʤϾάʸˤ¿Τ ([2018-06-08-1]) ǵ3˺ƷǤ褦
(1) û̡ͥ륮ṳ̂ߵιޤꡥι̩ٲ (densification) η
(2) άɽȤäƤͤϡɽ䤽λؼоݤˤĤ̤ƤȤСʤֻȤʤƤ봶פ롥ΥΤ̾ΤʤͤФͥ۴Τ褦ʤΤΤǤϤʤɽûȤϡɽΤƤȤξΩĤᡤʹɺ碌뤳ȤǤ롥
(3) άʸˤѤưϤĤλˤ⤢äϤĤƤϸѤˤפȤΥåƥŽ줬ǡѤ뷹äϼҲŪ꤬ˤǤƤꡤΤ褦ʡפĤƤƤĬ뤿ᡤŪʾάߵ߲ƤȤȤǤϤʤ
(1) ϡʸˤΤʤˡʪ˸ΨҲȿǤߤΩǤ롥ޤ2ɽ路Ƥ̣ǤϤ1ɽ뤳ȤǤΤޤ˻ûΨ줬ԤȡƱͤˡȤ⤻路ȲȤƤΤǤ롥
ξҲȤ٤ϤȥХ٤ϤƱƯƤ褦˻פΤ(3) ˻ŦƤִˤߡפ1Ĥϡ嵭ƥǿƤͷӿפˤᤤϡBrexit äƲάǤ礦סϡBritain + exit άǤפȤ褦ʥʥʥ礦ʪǤ⤢Τcf. #3595. ȤͷӤ3ĤΥס ([2019-03-01-1]) ǤֵפΤȤͷӡˡˤϡ路ʤ仦ȲȤ̣ϤʤषʡͷӿפɤäƤ褦˻פ롥Ѹκʸˤϡ츫ȸҲȿǤ褦ˤߤ뤬̤δϡषͷӤǤ⤢Τ
ṳ̂ΰյäƤϡ#1946. ǽŪʴߤû ([2014-08-25-1])#3708. άṳ̂Ϸ־Τߤʤ餺ǽˡǤ ([2019-06-22-1]) ε⻲Ȥ줿
ǯ³ؤȤʤ¿ȿ¿쾯ʤ֥饤פ侩뤳Ȥˤʤ뤫ȻפޤʲҤ1ǯۤΩ2018ǯ12ˡǤ˷кѻȾʤ֥ǥȥեʤ뤿Υɥ饤DXʥɥ饤ˡ (PDF) ȯɽƤꡤ DX ϩξˤޤޤʤƤΤͽۤޤ
Ǥdigital transformation άʤ *DT ǤϤʤ DX ʤΤ˻פޤDX Τۤ餫˶̤Ūdzʹ褤ǤǤ X ϤäɤƤΤǤ礦
¤ϡϰθͷӤǤʸͷӤʤΤǤİ
trans- ȤΤϥƥƬǡѸˤ through across ޤacross ǤȤȤݥȤǤtrans- across cross X Ȥ츻Ȼ˰äθͷӤˤꡤƬ trans- X ɽ褦ˤʤäΤǤ¤ DX = digital transformation ȤΤϤޤ䤵ۤǡXMIT, X-ing, XREF, Xmas, Xian, XTAL ʤɤά⤢ޤ줾첿άʬǤ礦
Τ褦 X ˴ؤͷӡʸͷӤ˴ؿäϡ##4219,4189,4220εåȤX ϼ¤ˤ⤷ʸǤ
1114īʹīΥ֤ȤХץפˡɸ˴Ϣ꤬ǺܤƤޤˤĤƻ˼ĴаޤޤΤǡäǤΥߥǤξܺ٤ʲ˵ƤȻפޤ *
ܤǤΤʤǡ֥ǥȥե (= digital transformation = DX ) Ȥդˤꡤܤˤꤹ뵡Ƥǥˤѳפο侩Ǥ롥кѻȾʤ2018ǯ12֥ǥȥեʤ뤿Υɥ饤DXʥɥ饤ˡ (PDF) ȯɽƤꡤDX ȤάΤɽ⤹Ǥ˹ΤդƤ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥⤽ʤ digital transformation ά DX ʤΤΤ DT ꥫå褯뤫⤷ʤ
transformation ѷѼˤϡtrans- (= across, through, over, beyond) + formation ȤǡѸ˥եͳäƤƥͳñǤ롥ƥƬ trans- ϡ嵭̤ѸǤȤ across through ¤˸ through ȤϰĸΥ٥ƱǤ롥Τ褦 trans- Τˡ?ĶơͤȴơˡפȤޤߤ뤿ˡѲѷѳסѴѰۡפʤɤỌ̇̄Ū褤transcend, transfer, transfigure, transit, translate, transmit, transport, transpose ñ줬פ⤫֡ǤСѡפΤĻ˶ܤƬȤäƤ褤ѳפλˤϤƤϤ䤵Ϥ
ơ嵭Τ褦 trans- ϥƥͳƬѸȤ褽 across 롥 across ϡ#4189. across a + cross ([2020-10-15-1]) ǸȤꡤƬ a- ˡֽʲ͡ˡפ̣ cross ղäǤ롥ǡʲ͡ˤɤäʸȤƤ X ν֤Ȥʤ롥ʸ X ȤбѸ̾졦ư cross, cross ȤбѸֻ acrossacross ȤХƥƬ trans- ȤǡĤδ֤ˤ trans- X ɽ봷ȤʤäƤޤäEngland Engl& ȵꡤSee you later. CUL8R ȤꤹΤƱʸͷ (rebus) तȤäƤ褤ܸεˤ̤cf. #2789. Ѹ Engl&Ѹ 7honge ([2016-12-15-1])#2790. Engl&, 7honge ȷ̾ ([2016-12-16-1])
X ʸϰʾηаޤˤƥƬ trans- ȷӤĤ줿¾ˤ (a)cross ˷ӤĤ줿ꡤChrist ʱѸ <ch> ϥꥷ <> б뤳Ȥˤɽݤꡤȯ cryst- άȤƤѤ뤳Ȥ롥XMIT (= transmit), X-ing (= crossing), XREF (= cross-reference), Xmas (= Christmas), Xian (= Christian), XTAL (= crystal) ǡǤ롥ޤX Ϥäȥȥ졼Ȥ ex- άǤ⤢ (ex. XL (= extra large), XOR (= exclusive-or)) <x> ¿ǽ٤
Ѹˤơx ϡ#3654. x ǻϤޤñ줬ʤΤϤʤǤ ([2019-04-29-1]) 褦ˡƬѤ뤳Ȥʤäơޤ˸Ƭ˸ȡ¾ʸ־͡פ⤤ݡƬʤ餺Ȥ x ܤܤ뤿ʸ䥭åե졼˺ŬʤΤǤ롥⡤̤Τɽ魯 x Ȥˡ⤢cf. #2918. ̤ΤΤΡפɽ魯 x ([2017-04-23-1])ˡѳפλˤϡ̤ΤؤĩȤ̣ǥݥƥɾΤ롥
ܸˤ DX ȤάΡɽϡ嵭Τ褦طʤĤġǯȤߤ˻夲褦ˤʤäƤѸˤƤƱ褦ήԸŪʰ֤ŤˤάΡɽǤ뤫ɤϵǤ롥Ѹ쥳ѥäƤߤȳΤ˻ǧ졤ήԤäƤɽǰǤȤϸ뤫⤷ʤѸˤܤ夬äƤۤɤ̤¸ߤɤϲ⤦ĴɬפǤ롥
褯ҤͤѤʵǤnumber ξάɽǤ nu. ʤɤȤʤꤽʤȤǤʤ no. ȤʤäƤޤ o Ϥäɤ褿ΤǤ礦ϱѸˤդȤ륿פǤβİƤ
äǤ礦no. number άΤǤϤʤnumber θ츻Ǥƥ numerus åñǤ numero άΤäΤǤnumber no. δطϡäơľϤ̼طǤϤʤ夯餤δطȤȤˤʤޤŪˤƱ츻ǤꡤƬ n- ⶦ̤ƤΤǡäʶ路櫓Ǥ嵭Τ褦طʤޤ
ΤʤǴϢƿ줿 i.e (= id est "that is") e.g. (= exempli gratia "for example") ʤɤϡάɽȸɽޤ˰ۤʤäƤꡤľܤξάǤ櫓ʤȤʬΤǤno. (= numero "in number") ξˤϤʤޤƤˡޤƤޤޤ͡ѸˡֲɤߡפȡַɤߡפäȤ¤ˤäΤǤϤʤǤ礦
ȴϢơ##750,1042εåɤ
ͥåȾνդǤϡASAP = "as soon as possible" CUL8R = "see you later" ʤɤΥե٥åƬ (initialism) ȸƤФäʾάˡѤ롥#817. Netspeak ˤάɽ ([2011-07-23-1]) ͡ϡ#625. ѸʸˡѲ˸뷹 ([2011-01-12-1]) #860. ѸѲѰۤΰ ([2011-09-04-1]) ǿ줿褦ˡƸŪʸѲηȿǤΤȤܤƤ롥
Τ褦ʥե٥åƬ줽ΤΤϼ¤ϸ夫¸ߤƤꡤȯۤΤΤ櫓ǤϤʤȤˤդ٤Ǥ롥ˤĤƤϡ#3935. ե٥åƬ⤭ߤˡ ([2020-02-04-1]) ǸȤ
ɸ OMG = "oh my God" ⡤츫ȶǯΥͥåȾοˡȻפ뤫⤷ʤOED ˤȽϤʤ1917ǯΤȤǤ롥
Quot. 1917 is perhaps with punning reference to the Order of St. Michael and St. George, which at this point had had no Grand Master or Chancellor for several years: these were appointed on 4 Oct. 1917.
1917 J. A. F. Fisher Let. 9 Sept. in Memories (1919) v. 78 I hear that a new order of Knighthood is on the tapis---O.M.G. (Oh! My God!)---Shower it on the Admiralty!!
μ˵Ƥ1994ǯΤΤǤꡤߤܳŪʻѤȯü Netspeak ˤ뤳Ȥϴְ㤤ʤʤǤϸ夫ȤϸʤΤΡ100ǯۤɤˤؤäƤȤϸ
Υե٥åƬˤĤƤϡܲ OED ΥڡýեåƥĤȤƼ夲Ƥ롥ˤ⤷ƥĤʤΤǡҤɤ嵭1917ǯν㤬 Winston Churchill ˰Ƥ줿ǤλäȤϡ
#2982. ܸ˰륢ե٥åƬ ([2017-06-26-1]) ʤɤεǡˤδˤ륢ե٥åƬ (initialism) Ȥάˡ夲ƤѸǤ CEO, GDP, EU ʤɤ˵뤷aka (= "also known as"), asap (= "as soon as possible"), imho (= "in my humble opinion") ʤɤ褯ΤƤ롥
Ѹ˴ؤƤСΤ褦άˡ (abbreviation) ϳΤ20ʹߤ˸ǤꡤƸŪʸݤȤäƤ褤cf. #875. Bauer ˤ븽ѸοΥΤޤȤ ([2011-09-19-1])#878. Algeo Bauer ο쥽Ĵӡ ([2011-09-22-1])ˡˤ⸫ʤä櫓ǤϤʤե٥åʸŪĴ٤櫓ǤϤʤʤȤ衼åˤƤϡե٥åƬλѤΤΤϥˤǧ롥褯ΤƤΤϡƥǡ֥ޤθϷȿ̱פ̣ Senatus Populusque Romanus Ƭ첽 SPQR Ǥ롥ƥ츶ʸǤϳʸθǤ졤ˤäƤάˡǤ뤳Ȥʬ뤬ϸαѸˤ Prof., Dr. ʤɤξάɽ魯ԥꥪɤϢʤΤȤ롥
ե٥åƬˤϡ1ʸ1ɽ碌Ȥ롥Ȥ櫓褯ΤäƤ䤿ˤȤäơɽʸͭϡ䤹ǤޤǤ⡤ˡΧʸ¿Ѥ褦ˤʤä褦ʤȤˡ̩ᤵˡΧʸǡȤʣβե٥åƬϤդ路ʤȽǤ졤ɤˤѤػߤ뤳Ȥˤʤäαƶ³Τθ10ޤǥե٥åƬߤλޤ뤳Ȥˤʤä
10ˤʤȤ櫓11--12ˤϡƬʸѤѤȯŸȼ˴طѸͭ̾ʤɤե٥åƬɽ褦ˤʤäδϡ̤³ܻν˻äƺƤӿषƤäƤθ塤˽Ҥ٤̤ꡤ20˺Ƥ衦礷ƤȤΤˤήǤ롥Τ褦ˡե٥åƬϲ٤⤭ߤˤФƤΤ
ʾϡSaenger (64--65) β˰͵ʤSaenger ϥե٥åƬΤȤ "suspension abbreviation" ȸƤǤ롥
Saenger, P. Space Between Words: The Origins of Silent Reading. Stanford, CA: Stanford UP, 1997.
114ˡرѸ춵١罤۽Źˤ2ȯ䤵ޤѸϢֱѸƳΰФ䤹ѸˤΥĥܡ11Ȥʤ뺣ϡ֤ʤѸˤϾά줬¿ΤפȤǤ

ϢܵϡȥȤƤϾά˾ƤƤ褦ˤߤޤºݤˤϱѸθˤγѤܻؤƤޤʣ (compounding) (derivation) ʤɤ¿ѤűѸ졥¾줫 (borrowing) 뤳ȤܳФѸ졥ʻž (conversion) 뤤ϥ (zero-derivation) ȸƤФ븼ŪʵФѸ졥ơḽѸˤƬƤά (abbreviation) û (shortening) Ǥ
Ѹˤ̤͡ȯŸƤθ (word_formation) ή§ˤʤ館绨ĤˤޤȤȡ(1) ݤθűѸ졤(2) θѸ졤(3) 껻ζḽѸȤʤޤϾάṳ̂˱ɤƤ껻λȤȤˤʤޤ
Ѹθˤ嵭Τ褦˻§ˤʤ館ŤߤƼΤϡϢܵƤǤӺǤϤޤʤȤѸˤήƬˡ1ĤȤƤͭȻפäƤޤҸʸɤߤФȻפޤ
άṳ̂ˤĤơϢܵȴϢ֥إƤߤޤ碌Ƥɤ
#631. blending γ ([2011-01-18-1])
#876. Ѹˤ뤫Ф˹⤤ ([2011-09-20-1])
#887. acronym ʬ ([2011-10-01-1])
#889. acronym 20 ([2011-10-03-1])
#893. shortening ʬ (1) ([2011-10-07-1])
#894. shortening ʬ (2) ([2011-10-08-1])
#1946. ǽŪʴߤû ([2014-08-25-1])
#2624. Brexit, Breget, Regrexit ([2016-07-03-1])
#2982. ܸ˰륢ե٥åƬ ([2017-06-26-1])
#3075. άȰŹ ([2017-09-27-1])
#3329. ʤϾάʸˤ¿Τ ([2018-06-08-1])
#3708. άṳ̂Ϸ־Τߤʤ餺ǽˡǤ ([2019-06-22-1])
ֱѸƳΰФ䤹ѸˤΥĥܡ11ʤѸˤϾά줬¿ΤסرѸ춵2020ǯ2桤罤۽Ź2020ǯ11462--63ǡ
ܥ֥DZѸˤΤˡ츻ʤɤǤФнȤɬפ뤬κݤѤ̾ά롥ޤǤεǤɬά줵ƤʤäϤʤ٤˽ȤƤϡرѸ츻ŵ٤Ρָ̾ά (xvi--xvii) ˰͵롥פʡŪ˸ˤĤƤϡƱŵ xiv ǯʬƤάطȤƤϡ#1044. ѸʡChaucerShakespeareά ([2012-03-06-1]) ⻲ȡ
| Aeol. | Aeolic | |
| AF | Anglo-French | 1100--1500 |
| Afr. | African | |
| Afrik. | Afrikaans | |
| Akkad. | Akkadian | |
| Alb. | Albanian | |
| Aleut. | Aleutian | |
| Am. | American | |
| Am.-Sp. | American Spanish | |
| Anglo-L | Anglo-Latin | |
| Arab. | Arabic | |
| Aram. | Aramaic | |
| Arm. | Armenian | |
| Assyr. | Assyrian | |
| Austral. | Australian | |
| Aves. | Avestan | |
| Braz. | Brazilian | |
| Bret. | Breton | |
| Brit. | Brittonic/Brythonic | |
| Bulg. | Bulgarian | |
| Canad. | Canadian | |
| Cant. | Cantonese | |
| Cat. | Catalan | |
| Celt. | Celtic | |
| Central-F | Central French | |
| Chin. | Chinese | |
| Corn. | Cornish | |
| Dan. | Danish | |
| Drav. | Dravidian | |
| Du. | Dutch | |
| E | English | |
| E-Afr. | East African | |
| Egypt. | Egyptian | |
| F | French | |
| Finn. | Finnish | |
| Flem. | Flemish | |
| Frank. | Frankish | |
| Fris. | Frisian | |
| G | German | |
| Gael. | (Scottish-)Gaelic | |
| Gaul. | Gaulish | |
| Gk | Greek | --200 |
| Gmc | Germanic | |
| Goth. | Gothic | |
| Heb. | Hebrew | |
| Hitt. | Hittite | |
| Hung. | Hungarian | |
| Icel. | Icelandic | |
| IE | Indo-European | |
| Ind. | Indian | |
| Ir. | Irish(-Gaelic) | |
| Iran. | Iranian | |
| It. | Italian | |
| Jamaic.-E | Jamaican English | |
| Jav. | Javanese | |
| Jpn. | Japanese | |
| L | Latin | 75 B.C.--200 |
| Latv. | Latvian | |
| Lett. | Lettish | |
| LG | Low German | |
| LGk | Late Greek | 200--600 |
| Lith. | Lithuanian | |
| LL | Late Latin | 200--600 |
| MDu. | Middle Dutch | 1100--1500 |
| ME | Middle English | 1100--1500 |
| Mex. | Mexican | |
| Mex.-Sp. | Mexican Spanish | |
| MGk | Medieval Greek | 600--1500 |
| MHeb. | Medieval Hebrew | |
| MHG | Middle High German | 1100--1500 |
| MIr. | Middle Irish | 950--1300 |
| Mish. Heb. | Mishnaic Hebrew | |
| ML | Medieval Latin | 600--1500 |
| MLG | Middle Low German | 1100--1500 |
| ModE | Modern English | |
| ModGk | Modern Greek | |
| ModHeb. | Modern Hebrew | |
| MPers. | Middle Persian | |
| MWelsh | Middle Welsh | 1150--1500 |
| N-Am.-Ind. | North American Indian | |
| NGk | Neo-Greek | |
| NHeb. | Neo-Hebrew | |
| NL | Neo-Latin | |
| Norw. | Norwegian | |
| ODu. | Old Dutch | |
| OE | Old English | 700--1100 |
| OF | Old French | 800--1550 |
| OFris. | Old Frisian | 1200--1550 |
| OHG | Old High German | 750--1100 |
| OIr. | Old Irish | 600--950 |
| OIt. | Old Italian | |
| OL | Old Latin | 500--75 B.C. |
| OLG | Old Low German | 800--1100 |
| OLith. | Old Lithuanian | |
| ON | Old Norse | 800--1300 |
| ONF | Old Norman French | |
| OPers. | Old Persian | |
| OProv. | Old Provençal | |
| OPruss. | Old Prussian | 1400--1600 |
| OS | Old Saxon | 800--1000 |
| Osc. | Oscan | |
| Osc.-Umbr. | Osco-Umbrian | |
| OSlav. | Old (Church) Slavonic | 900--1100 |
| OSp. | Old Spanish | |
| OWelsh | Old Welsh | 700--1150 |
| PE | Present-Day English | |
| Pers. | Persian | |
| Phoen. | Phoenician | |
| Pidgin-E | Pidgin English | |
| Pol. | Polish | |
| Port. | Portuguese | |
| Prov. | Provençal | |
| Rum. | Rumanian | |
| Russ. | Russian | |
| S-Afr. | South African | |
| S-Am.-Ind. | South American Indian | |
| Scand. | Scandinavian | |
| Sem. | Semitic | |
| Serb. | Serbian | |
| Serbo-Croat. | Serbo-Croatian | |
| Siam. | Siamese | |
| Skt | Sanskrit | |
| Slav. | Slavonic, Slavic | |
| Sp. | Spanish | |
| Sumer. | Sumerian | |
| Swed. | Swedish | |
| Swiss-F | Swiss French | |
| Syr. | Syriac | |
| Tibet. | Tibetan | |
| Toch. | Tocharian | |
| Turk. | Turkish | |
| Umbr. | Umbrian | |
| Ved. | Vedic | |
| VL | Vulgar Latin | |
| W-Afr. | West African | |
| W-Ind. | West Indies | |
| WS | West Saxon | |
| Yid. | Yiddish |
ȤǥǥåʤɤƤȡȤ˳ä褦ȯۤӽФ뤳Ȥ롥¤ˡȤƤξά (abbreviation) û (shortening) Ȥ夲üԤϲΤ˸ڤͤΤȤȤ
ȤǤϡüԤˤѤɽûڤȯȤäºŪߵꡤάṳ̂ȤŪʤ̤ơߵΤȤ褦ȻפäƤĤޤꡤüԤϽ˷ŪʴؤܻؤƸưԤʤȤФФ롤ȤȤ褦ȹͤƤ
ȤפäƤߤʤ̤饳Ȥ줿άṳ̂ϤΤ褦ʷŪǤФǤϤʤ켫ΤȼεǽäƤΤǤϤʤȤΤȤС֥ӥˡפϡ֥ӥ˥ȥפñû˺줿άǤȤϳΤ˼뤬Ǥ줬ñʤ륳ӥ˥ȥʡŹˤˤȤɤޤ餺ȼŹ֤ȸä֥ӥˡפȤͭ¸ߤǤ뤳Ȥ뤿ˡơ֥ӥ˥ȥפȤϰۤʤ֡ξˤϽ줿֤äƤΤǤϤʤȡĤޤꡤάṳ̂ˤϵǽŪ䤬ȤŦ
Τ˸ɽ١ˤʤ⡤ȤϰۤʤɽФȤϡǽŪΩܻؤ¤٤Ȥ롥Τ褦¤ˡˤϼѡžޤ͡ʷŪʤ뤬ǤǼŪˡ1Ĥ˾άṳ̂ȯڤˤʤ뤷ɽȤϻƤʤۤʤ֤ˤʤȤǤϡάṳ̂ʣŪʥˡƤͥȤ
¯졤ʤɤưˤĤʤפʻǤ롥餷
Mt. Fuji is the highest mountain in Japan. ˤϡMt. (= mount) mountain Ȥֻפ̣2Ĥñ줬롥ͭ̾ȤȤ˸ˤ mount ɽϤƤά Mt.ˤѤ̾ȤƤ mountain Ѥ롥
űѸ̤ˡֻפ̣ beorg ʥɥĸ BergˤäǤ˸űѸ顤ƥǡֻפ̣ mōns, mont- Ѹ munt ȤäƤꡤѤ뤳ȤϤäѸˤʤȡƱ츻Ǹťեθ mont ˤ뤫Ѥ褦ˤʤäMED mount n.(1) ȡˡѸǤϡ̾ȤƤʸ졦ŸȤƤζͭ嵭Τ褦 Mt. ȤƸͭ̾ΰȤѤΤ̤Ǥ롥
mountain 13Ⱦ˽Ф롥츻ˤ⤢ƥ mōns, mont- ηƻȤ⤤٤Τǡ¯ƥ *montānea(m) (regiōnem) (= "mountainous region") ťե montagne ФơѸ mountain(e n. ȤäƤΤǤ롥ߤޤǤ˺Ǥ̤Ρֻפɽ魯̾ȤȯŸƤʹͤƤߤȡmountainous Ȥƻϡ츻ŪˤϷƻΡΤޤƻȤȤˤʤäƤ⤷
¤ Mt. ȤάɽλѤˤˤĤΤꤿȻפĤ˼ǤθƤߤΤۤȤɾʤ̤λˤäĴ٤ƤߤɬפꤽʤߤˡϢ뤫⤷ʤȻפäĴ٤Ƥߤ Mr Mrs ʤɤɽˤĤƤϡ褽̤Ȥcf. #895. Miss ϲξά ([2011-10-09-1])ˡ
ѸˤˤϡƬ˾ά (aphaeresis) ȸƤФ벻ֲλϾʤʤit is 'tis, beneath 'neath, advantage vantage, racoon coon, acute cute ʤɤǤ롥ˡ#548. example, ensample, sample 3Ÿ ([2010-10-27-1]) Τ褦⤢롥
ФСΤ褦ʲΥӥեȥեξߤ˰̣㤨Ĥʻ¸뤳Ȥꡤξˤϸ츻Ʊ2Ÿ (doublet) Ȥˤʤ롥Ǥ˵ (ad)vantage (a)cute ¾ˤ⤤ĤƤߤ褦
complot ʶš/ plot ʱš
defence ɱҡ/ fence ʰϤ
disport ʵ餷ڤޤ/ sport ʱưݡġ
distrain ʺ/ strain ʰĥ롤ĥ
䤿ˤʤ߿ sport ֥ݡġפθϡŪȯãǤ롥 disport 14Ⱦ Chaucer λ Anglo-French Ѥñǡϡָڡ餷פθѤ줿Ƭά sport ⤹ȯãֱưפѲΤ16ȾǤꡥ⤳θܳŪʻѤ19ȾˤʤäƤǤ롥
μ2ŸϥܥӥˤѤǤ롥#1723. åץˤ2Ÿ ([2014-01-14-1]) #1724. Skeat ˤ2Ÿ ([2014-01-15-1]) Ѥ줿
ɸ Elizabeth ϡѹˤκǤ2ͤνɽŵŪʱѸν̾Ǥ롥˸뤿ؤŤ̾Ǥꡤ츻褯ʬäƤʤ褦إ֥饤ǡֿסֿϴʤפɽ魯 Elisheba ͳ褹ΤǤϤʤȸ롥
ѹǤ16Ⱦ Elizabeth I μȤʤꡤ3֡Ѹ̾ȤƤʿ͵ؤä20ˤʤȡElizabeth II μˤ⤫餺˸Ťᤫ̾ɾ褦ˤʤä餫ĤƤΤ褦ʿ͵Ƥʤ褦
ˤ⸽Ť̾ˡѹΤߤʤ餺衼åѽƱ̾Ӥ̾̾ȤƹѤƤ뤬餬ƱѸ̾ȤƱѸҲäƤȡElizabeth եߥȸƤ֤٤ΰ̾Ԥʤ뤳ȤˤʤäޤĤѸǾάη (hypocorism)ȯãƤΤǡѸǤ¿¿ͤ Elizabeth ή̤Ƥ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥ʲˡCrystal (148) ˵äơɽŪʤΤ褦
Short forms: Bess, Bet, Beth, Eliza, Elsa, Liza, Lisbet, Lisbeth, Liz, Liza
Pet forms (hypocorism): Bessie, Bessy, Betsy, Bette, Betty, Elsie, Libby, Lilibet, Lizzie, Lizzy, Tetty
Regional forms: Elspet, Elspeth, Elspie (Scottish)
Foreign forms: Elizabeth (common European spelling); Babette, Elise, Lise, Lisette (French); Elsa, Else, Ilse, Liesel (German); Bettina, Elizabetta (Italian); Isabel, Isabella, Isbel, Isobel, Izzie, Sabella (Spanish/Portuguese); Elilís (Irish Gaelic); Ealasaid (Scottish Gaelic); Bethan (Welsh)
Ūˤϡΰ̾γơФֻ͡櫓ǤꡤȤ櫓ɸŪֻڤ18ˤϡĿ̾ΡֻؤΤϵäΤǡֻ¿#1720. Shakespeare ֤ ([2014-01-11-1]) ǼȤǤ롥Elizabeth ʤ¾¿̾ˤˤĤơŪˤɤ¿ΥꥨäȤƣסֺƣסƣסƣפǤϤʤ
Crystal, David. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language. 2nd ed. Cambridge: CUP, 2003.
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