̾ץ (name_project) ΰĤȤơͭ̾Ȱ̾ˤĤƹͤƤ롥ˤСˤϸͭ̾θͭ̾ȤäƤ褤Τ褦ʿȸƤ֤Ȥ䤤ϡؤĶƿؤ佡ؤΰƧ߹ळȤˤʤ롥ޤ礭ʤΤǡϡؽػŵ٤Ρ̾פι (350--51) ˰͵ƽҤ٤롥
ꥹȶǤϿ̾ߤ˾뤳Ȥ϶ػߤƤ롥ʤΡ뤤ϡְڤ٤ס̥פΤľ̾ؤ뤳Ȥϥ֡ (taboo) ȤƤϤФ뤿Ǥcf. #5251. ̾ --- ؽػŵ٤ ([2023-09-12-1])ˡ
ҥɥǤƱͤ˿̾ϥ֡Ǥ뤿ᡤնɽ (euphemism) ˤְ̾פ¿롥㤨С̾ϡֱﵯΤפ̣̤ηƻˤʤ
Ǥϡå顼ν¦̤ɽ魯99οΡΡפŪƤ롥å顼Ȥ̾ΤΤˤĤƤ츻⤢롥ʤߤˡϥˤĤƤƱͤʶȤƤ롥
餿ƥꥹȶοȡ̵Ķˡ͡ʰ̾ƽФƤΤʤˤƵˡ (oxymoron) ˤΤ¿㤨Сֵǡס̲̲סưưסĶܼסĶۡסȿФΰספʤɤǤ롥Τ褦̷ޤ̾ŤطʤˤۤϡءפȤ롥
ؤˤߤ̾ŤȤ̾ϡ䤿ŪΤȤϤΥ줿ΤǤ롥ЪΥԤ˰̣ŤͿ뤳ȤǽˤƤ롥Ʊ (351) ˤС
ͭ̾ϡˤĤƤγ국ҤƱǤϤʤ S. A. ץ롥ͭ̾ϡʹ֤ΡִסE. ʥˤΤ褦˰쵤İΤǤ롥äơͭ̾ٹ˴ؤϡСִʤפοȸäƤΤǤ롥Ȥǡʹ֤δϡƥȤֻã֥ϥƥסƣġˤƤ롥οϡֻ̾ϡֻǤפǤ (I am that I am ᥨե եˡסʽХץȵ3:14ˤϡʤ국Ҥݤ˸Ūִͭ̾ʤפȤƤοǤǤ뤬椨ˡ˥ƥȤʤ̣ͿƤ롤ȤˤμʷǤ롥
֡նɽ˶ˤޤꡥ
ѵӾ 氣 ҡ ʡᲬ ͺԡˡؽػŵ١ҡ2010ǯ
źθǡ˴ؤϥ֡ (taboo) Ȥʤ䤹͡նɽ (euphemism) ȯãΤǤ롥ѸǤפ̣ˤȤޤʤŪѤƤʤ־פθ礫顤¯ (slang) ȤǤȤʤֲפθޤǡ¤Hughes (242) ɹΰѤȤơΤ褦˵Ƥ롥
reproduction
generation
copulation
coition
intercourse
congress
intimacy
carnal knowledge
coupling
pairing
mating
at roughly which point the line is drawn, below which are found:
shagging
banging
bonking
fucking
岼2ʬ뤪褽5ܤ˰Ƥ뤬ϲΥ饹°Ū¿ڤʤΤߤΤ¿ΤǡƾάƤȤȤߤΤĤǾҲ𤹤 beast with two backs, bum dancing, bottom wetting, a squirt and a squeeze ʤɡŪ¯켭ŵäƤߤСɴϤʤ¿Υ饹ˡ
岼ʬΰ֤ˤĤƤϡ⤽Ū뤳ȤϤǤʤȽǤϸĿͤˤäƤۤʤ뤷ˤäƤѲƤ餯֤ǤλǧϤ餫ۤʤĴ٤ƤߤС̣̻Ūˤʤꤽ
Hughes, Geoffrey. Swearing: A Social History of Foul Language, Oaths and Profanity in English. London: Penguin, 1998.
ѸˤˤơGod ʿˤϥ֡ (taboo) ζǤ공ǰǤ롥#4457. ѸͤդĬή ([2021-07-10-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡΥ֡濴ϽŪȤषŪ뤤ϿͼŪʤΤȤʤäƤ뤬ֿΥ֡Ͼ¸ߤƤۤɺʥ֡Ǥ뤫顤ʬбնɽ (euphemism) ˭٤˳ȯƤHughes (13) ¿նɽ¤٤ƤΤǡƸƤߤ褦
| Term | Date | Euphemism |
|---|---|---|
| God | 1350s | gog |
| 1386 | cokk | |
| 1569 | cod | |
| 1570 | Jove | |
| 1598 | 'sblood | |
| 1598 | 'slid (God's eyelid) | |
| 1598 | 'slight | |
| 1599 | 'snails (God's nails) | |
| 1600 | zounds (God's wounds) | |
| 1601 | 'sbody | |
| 1602 | sfoot (God's foot) | |
| 1602 | gods bodykins | |
| 1611 | gad | |
| 1621 | odsbobs | |
| 1650s | gadzooks (God's hooks) | |
| 1672 | godsookers | |
| 1673 | egad | |
| 1695 | od | |
| 1695 | odso | |
| 1706 | ounds | |
| 1709 | odsbodikins (God's little body) | |
| 1728 | agad | |
| 1733 | ecod | |
| 1734 | goles | |
| 1743 | gosh | |
| 1743 | golly | |
| 1749 | odrabbit it | |
| 1760s | gracious | |
| 1820s | ye gods! | |
| 1842 | by George | |
| 1842 | s'elpe me Bob | |
| 1844 | Drat! (God rot!) | |
| 1851 | Doggone (God-damn) | |
| 1884 | Great Scott | |
| 1900 | Good grief | |
| 1909 | by Godfrey! |
Ѹˤˤͤ (swearing) 夲̾ʸ Hughes 롥Ѹͤդ⡤¾θոȰۤʤ餺ƻμҲۤȿǤĤѲƤȡĤޤήԤΰǤ뤳Ȥ䤫Ƥ롥ϤƬˡSwift ΰŪ2ĤΰѤƤ (236)
For, now-a-days, Men change their Oaths,
As often as they change their Cloaths.
Swift
Oaths are the Children of Fashion.
Swift
ѸͤդˤˤϡĤ礭Ĭήѻ롥Hughes (237--40) ˰͵ơŦƤ褽ḽˤƤѲȤȤ館Ƥ褤
(1) ֿʤΡˤˤơפΤ褦 by to ʤɤֻѤ (asseveration) ϸƤ
(2) ͤդΥפˤĤơŪʤΤŪŪʤΤؤθ夬ߤ롥
(3) C. S. Lewis "the moralisation of status word" ȻŦ褦ˡɽ魯줬ƻŪʰ̣礤ӤӤѻ롥㤨 churl, knave, cad, blackguard, guttersnipe, varlet ʤɤϤȤȳʬ̾äƻŪʡְפްդ褦ˤʤꡤͤղƤ
(4) ϫƯפȴϢơvagabond, beggar, tramp, bum, skiver ʤɤͤղηϡϲƤꥶ٥īħŪˤߤ줿
(5) ͤդ̩ܤʴطĥ֡ (taboo) ˤĤơǯŪʥפͼŪʥפؤθ夬ߤ롥
ѸͤդĬήɤ븦ϡֱѸ˼ҲפΰȤ٤ˤϼ¤꤬͡ޤޤƤ롥㤨С嵭ˤ̤ꡤ֡䤽ȴϢնʸˡ (euphemism) ȯŸȤδϢΤꤿʤäƤ롥ޤŵŪʸѲΥפȤɲ (amelioration) 䰭 (pejoration) ˤ̩ܤ˴طˡǯ political correctness (= pc) ˡȤδϢⵤˤʤȤslang ˤȤŤʤꡤҲŪӸŪʹͻоݤˤʤ롥ƲοΰȻפ
Hughes, Geoffrey. Swearing: A Social History of Foul Language, Oaths and Profanity in English. London: Penguin, 1998.
45ϤޤäƤֱѸƳ2021ΥƥľҲϡǺǽȤʤޤoffice, john, House of Lords --- ȥθƤǤȥơޤǤ͡ȥαѸʸˤ뤤ϱѸʸȤ٤ƤǡHistorical Thesaurus of the Oxford English Dictionary (= HTOED) ѤƤʤˤ⤷ĴǤΤȶƤ륳ƥĤǤƥοޤɤäƤǡȥͪפιڤळȤǤޤ
֡ (taboo)նɽ (euphemism) (synonym) Ȥä (lexicology) ϡѸˤ´ʸʤɤǤ͵ΥơޤǤѸ˸˴ؿä顤Υդ hellog εɤǤߤƤޤʲ˺ΥƥĤȴˤϢҲ𤷤Ƥޤ
#470. toilet ˭٤նɽ ([2010-08-10-1])
#471. toilet ˭٤նɽ WordNet Visuwords Ǥߤ ([2010-08-11-1])
#992. ոȡָ³ˡ§ס ([2012-01-14-1])
#1219. ոϤʤब˭٤ ([2012-08-28-1])
#3885. رѸ춵٤Ϣ10֤ʤѸˤ줬¿Τס ([2019-12-16-1])
#3392. Ʊ ([2018-08-10-1])
#469. euphemism κ ([2010-08-09-1])
#4395. ѸˤĤĴ٤Ȼפä ([2021-05-09-1])
#3159. HTOED ([2017-12-20-1])
#847. Oxford Learner's Thesaurus ([2011-08-22-1])
#4334. նʸˡ (euphemism) ˤĤƤν ([2021-03-09-1])
#1270. ͥåȥβĻ벽ġ켭 ([2012-10-18-1])
#1432. ⤦1ĤͥåȥinstaGrokפϢ۸ġ ([2013-03-29-1])
#4092. shit, ordure, excrement --- ä3ع¤κǶ ([2020-07-10-1])
#4041. ָˤ륿֡פεåȡ ([2020-05-20-1])
ֱѸƳ2021˸ɽ줿ƥĤϡرˤOh My Word!?ʤ Word ʤΤήͻ?Ǥ롥
Oh my God! ϥ֡ (taboo) ȤۤɶʶŪˤϻѤ롥նɽ (euphemism) Ȥơ(Oh my) Gosh!, (Oh my) goodness!, Oh my! ʤɤ褯ΤƤ뤬פ˲Ū˻ˤִάʤɤʤƥꥸʥɽ碌ȤˡΤäƤΤǤ롥
ƥȯɽԤϡɸ My word! Ȥ Oh my God! նɽ1ĤǤϤʤȡּήͻפߤƤ롥οϡGod [g] word [w] ¤ϲŪ˶ᤤȤ¤Ǥ롥ΤĴŪˤСξԤ (labiovelar) ˤġϢܥ֥εȤơ#1151. ¿ ([2012-06-21-1])#3870. Ѹˤ wh- ʤ q- ֻ ([2019-12-01-1])#3871. åȥɱѸˤ wh- ǤϤʤ quh- ֻʸ Alexander Hume ([2019-12-02-1])#3409. ܸˤٹξü ([2018-08-27-1])#3410. Ѹˤֹٹס ([2018-08-28-1]) Ƥ
Ūʴ God Word ӤĤƤߤߤϤ⤷
ŪˤϤɤOED word, n. and int. ȤȼΤ褦ˤ롥
P3. e. my word (esp. as an exclamation) = upon my word at Phrases 1g(b)(ii).
1722 A. Philips Briton ii. iii. 14 He loves thee, Gwendolen:---My word, he does.
1821 London Mag. June 658/2 When the New Town Christeners had exhausted their Georges and Charlottes and Fredericks and Hanovers, (and, my word, they did extend the royalty).
1841 E. C. Gaskell Lett. (1966) 44 My word! authorship brings them in a pretty penny.
1857 F. Locker London Lyrics 72 Half London was there, and, my word, there were few..But envied Lord Nigel's felicity.
1874 A. Trollope Harry Heathcote ii. 49 'You dropped the match by accident?' 'My word, no. Did it o' purpose to see.'
1932 P. Hamilton Siege of Pleasure ii. 62 in Twenty Thousand Streets under Sky (1935) 'My word!' said Violet. 'You didn't half give me a turn.'
1960 C. Day Lewis Buried Day ii. 43 My word, how we did dress up in those days!
2004 G. Woodward I'll go to Bed at Noon xiii. 237 'That's an old Vincent,' said Janus Brian, 'my word. Haven't seen one of those for years'.
(asseveration) ȤƤֻ upon my word ƱǽδȤơ18Ⱦ˽Ф褦ֻ upon my word of my word ʤɤȤȤ1600ǯ夫ѤƤ롥餯ֻ礬ñȤǴȤѤ褦ˤʤꡤ䤬Ƥֻ줬æάǤѤ褦ˤʤäȤȤ
ꥢåפ줿ֱѸƳ202120ܤΥƥĤϡgoodbye θ츻ägoodbye ΰ̣Ǥ
God be with ye ʿʤȤȤˤޤ褦ˡˤȤ³ˡ (subjunctive) Ѥ (optative) ɽͳ褹Ȥޤ̤ݤˤ褯Ѥ밧Ȥʤꡤûʤä goodbye ȤʤäȤǤ̣Ǥϡ֤ˤϤǤפ֤פˤʤ褦ʤΤǤ
ޤǤΤȤǤ⡤ȵ䤬ͯƤޤ͡㤨С
ʤ God good ˤʤäƤޤäΤ
ʤ be bye ˤʤäƤޤäΤ
ʤ with ye ʬæƤޤäΤ
⤽ you ǤϤʤ ye ȤΤϲʤΤ
ʤʡäơ֤褦ʤפ̤ΰˤʤΤ
ѸŪˤϤ⤷ơޤȤʤޤ嵭ƥǤϡΤ褦ʵΤ٤ƤƤ櫓ǤϤޤGod be with ye goodbye ؤѲƻڤˤĤƶ̣⤬ܤƤޤΤǡɤ
Ȥ櫓⤷Τϡ̤ΰȤܸ֤褦ʤʤСˤƼˡפ˴֤ߤʤޤǸʡʸȡѸ goodbye (< God be with ye) ˤߤֽʡʸκۤŦƤȤǤ
Τ˱ѸǤ (I wish you) good morning/afternoon/evening/night bless you ޤǡʡɽ¾θȤʤäƤ㤬¿褦˻פޤ٤ɽȤƷ־ν䤹ȤϤΤΡظˤȯۡפξ֤ǰۤʤäƤǤ
Ѹθạ̈Ȥơնʸˡ (euphemism) ϳˤ˿͵ΤơޤǤ롥ΰȤ taboo, swearing, slang ΥơޤȤؤꡤҲشθäȤƹ̣ΤΤ褦
⤽ euphemism Ȥϲޤ Cruse Ѹ켭ŵͿ褦 (57--58)
euphemism An expression that refers to something that people hesitate to mention lest it cause offence, but which lessens the offensiveness by referring indirectly in some way. The most common topics for which we use euphemisms are sexual activity and sex organs, and bodily functions such as defecation and urination, but euphemisms can also be found in reference to death, aspects of religion and money. The main strategies of indirectness are metonymy, generalisation, metaphor and phonological deformation.
Sex:
intercoursego to bed with (metonymy), do it (generalisation)
penisHis member was clearly visible (generalisation)
Bodily function:
defecatego to the toilet (metonymy), use the toilet (generalisation)
Death:
diepass away (metaphor), He's no longer with us (generalisation)
Religion:
Godgosh, golly (phonological deformation)
Jesusgee whiz (phonological deformation)
Hellheck (phonological deformation)
μ˴ؿä顤ޤܥ֥#469. euphemism κ ([2010-08-09-1])#470. toilet ˭٤նɽ ([2010-08-10-1])#992. ոȡָ³ˡ§ס ([2012-01-14-1]) ϤȤ (euphemism) ε줫 taboo εˤܤ̤Ƥ餤
θ塤ʲγγʬȤ褤
Williams, Joseph M. Origins of the English Language: A Social and Linguistic History. New York: Free P, 1975. pp. 198--203.
Hughes, G. A History of English Words. Oxford: Blackwell, 2000. pp. 43--49.
Brinton, Laurel J. and Leslie K. Arnovick. The English Language: A Linguistic History. Oxford: OUP, 2006. pp. 80--81.
ҥ٥ȤƤϡBussmann (157) McArthur (387) λʸꥹȤꡤʲǤ롥
Allan, K. and K. Burridge. Euphemism and Dysphemism: Language Used as a Shield and Weapon. New York: OUP, 1991.
Ayto, J. Euphemisms: Over 3,000 Ways to Avoid Being Rude or Giving Offence. London: 1993.
Enright, D. J., ed. Fair of Speech: The Uses of Euphemism. Oxford: OUP, 1985.
Holder, R. W. A Dictionary of American and British Euphemisms: The Language of Evasion, Hypocrisy, Prudery and Deceit. Rev. ed. London: 1989. Bath: Bath UP, 1985.
Lawrence, J. Unmentionable and Other Euphemisms. London: 1973.
Rawson, Hugh. A Dictionary of Euphemisms & Other Doubletalk. New York: Crown, 1981.
ŪʸĴˤäƤϡ OEDƼ켭ŵ (thesaurus)Room θΰ̣Ѳμŵʤɤ˳ѤƤ餤
Cruse, Alan. A Glossary of Semantics and Pragmatics. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2006.
Bussmann, Hadumod. Routledge Dictionary of Language and Linguistics. Trans. and ed. Gregory Trauth and Kerstin Kazzizi. London: Routledge, 1996.
McArthur, Tom, ed. The Oxford Companion to the English Language. Oxford: OUP, 1992.
Room, Adrian, ed. NTC's Dictionary of Changes in Meanings. Lincolnwood: NTC, 1991.
#4233. ʤ quite a few ֤ʤΡΡפΰ̣ˤʤΤ ([2020-11-28-1]) ơˤĤƤ⤦ͤƤߤƼθˡŵƤߤȡquite ȤϤȤˤȤȤʬ롥ƻΰ̣Ūʤɤ˱ơ֤ޤäˡפȤդɽ魯ȻפС֤ޤޤȡפȤष٤¤餲褦Ѥ뤳Ȥ⤢롥Τ褦¿ĸŪʶḤ̂ŪʬϤǤԿʤȤ¿䤽¾διͻɬפȤʤäƤ롥
(893) ϡquite a/an ιܤκǸǼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥
ʤ quite a few/bit quite a lot ȤۤƱդնŪƹɽǤ롥Quite a few people turned up.---CEED ¿ο͡줿ˡ
ǤϡնŪפȤѸ줬ȤƤ롥Τ quite ˤϡ嵭̤ɽ¤餲Ȥǽǧ롥ŪˤСquite ̤Τ褦٤ĸȶȡŪˤ "downtoner" 䡤Ĥޤ٤ȤƸ̤ˤä٤졤Ʊ˶ȤƤΥĤ¤餲롥ޤնɽ (euphemism) ȤäƤ褤
Ȥquite a few ξ硤ͽ۳ȯŸ뤲褦Ȥȿ̤٤㤤Ȥ̣ a few ˾ʤ褦 quite դ¤餲ɽȤˡ̤ˤäƤޤޤȿž褦ʤΤǤ롥ϡŪʸ̮ˤ particularized conversational implicature ȤƤޤ߽ФŪʰ̣ˤʤäȻפ뤬줬֤Ѳ˵ڤǡgeneralized conversational implicature ؤȾʤΤǤϤʤ
⤷ζڽʤС̣ˤ֤äפλȤʤ롥
ͧ ԡظѸˡŵ١Ʋ2006ǯ
Ǥ礦ǤѸ3ع¤ͭͺۤʪǶ1ĤǤϤʤȻפäƤޤܸθ촶ȤƤϡ֥סʵǢסʪפۤɤǤ礦
Ѹä3ع¤ˤĤƤϡܥ֥Ǥ#3885. رѸ춵٤Ϣ10֤ʤѸˤ줬¿Τס ([2019-12-16-1]) 䤽ĥäεޤ (lexical_stratification) ʤɤǡ֤ƤޤŪ#334. Ѹäλع¤ ([2010-03-27-1])#1296. ع¤ɲá ([2012-11-13-1]) ǵƤޤ
äȵƤߤȸƤʤʤŵŪ ask, question, interrogate help, aid, assistance ʤɤƺѤޤƤޤΤǤ褷ϤƤ餺äȸ碌̥ŪõᤤޤǡĤɸ˽Ф路ΤǤWalker swearing ˴ؤ뵭ҤɤǤȤǤ (32)
A few taboo words describing body parts started out as the 'normal' forms in Old English; one of the markers of the status difference between Anglo-Norman and Old English is the way the 'English' version became unacceptable, while the 'French' version became the polite or scientific term. The Old English 'scitte' gave way to the Anglo-Norman 'ordure' and later the Latin-via-French 'excrement'.
˽вäȤϡɡĤޤǡˤϤä©ݤߡܤƤޤޤ
shit ϸűѸ scitte ˤΤܤǤűѸǤΰ̣ϡ֡ʲܤΡ˲ΡפǤ ưȤƤƬĤ bescītan ʱˤΤ褦Ĺ첻Ƥޤ̾줫αƶ⤢äûѸ s(c)hite(n) ʵˤƤޤ̾ΡʵפθȤƤϰճȿѸνФǤ
ordure ϡťե ordure ѸäΤǡֱʪסФʸաסʵפ̣ޤ캬 horrid ʶˤȤⶦ̤ޤ
excrement ϽѸ˥ƥ excrēmentum ʤ뤤бե excrémentˤѤޤ
ߤǤ shit ¯졦֡ŪʡפնɽȤƤϡפ¤줿ե ordure Ѥޤƥ excrement ϡ˷ĥäؽŪʶޤۤȤɡפޤ
ʾ塤餷ޤ
Walker, Julian. Evolving English Explored. London: The British Library, 2010.
ѸءʼҲءˤΥ饤Ȥ˸ʪȤơϸˤ륿֡ (taboo) ˴ؤ hellog åȤҲ𤹤롥
ָˤ륿֡פεå
ܥ֥Ǥϥ֡ˤĤƤ͡ʵƤιֵǼܤΤϡʲǤ롥
(1) ˤ륿֡ɽϸź㤬ߤŪǤ뤳
(2) ֡䤹ؼоݤΰ褬ФäƤ뤳
(3) ơʼҲ˸ŪʥȥԥåǤ뤳
(4) ֡ɽնɽ߽Ф˥ѥ뤳
(5) ֡ɽˤ϶ä٤ΥѥɤäƤ뤳
(6) ΥѥϡüԸĿͤν礫ʤ춦ƱΤ֡ɽ˽ɤ餻ƤΤǤ뤳
֡ɽϡȤäƤϤʤդȤȤǤϤʤȤʤˤ⤫餺ƤʤΤ⤽ʤ¸ߤΤŹ (cryptology) (slang) (semiotics)ݥƥ롦쥯ȥͥ (political_correctness) ʤɸ褫Υȥԥå֤Ƥ⡤Ǥⶽ̣ʼҲ˸ؤΥȥԥå1ĤȤäƴְ㤤ʤ
ˤѲβž®ΰȤΤ롥#992. ոȡָ³ˡ§ס ([2012-01-14-1]) #1219. ոϤʤब˭٤ ([2012-08-28-1]) ǽҤ٤褦ˡո (intensifier) 䡤֡ɽ (taboo) ζ餲նɽ (euphemism) ޤƤϾä뤳Ȥϡ褯ΤƤ롥ѤСɽϥ饤ե뤬ûȤȤˤʤ
Ʊͤˡε#3267. ɸȤηϩ ([2018-04-07-1]) Ǽ夲ɸ⡤Ū饤ե뤬ûȤƤ롥ºݡɸŪ˿ɽޤƤϾä֤ƤεǤ⼨褦ˡɸääդˤ٤⤤ȡƼθ줦뤳ȤطʤˤΤˤĤ Lewis (909) Τ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥
Discourse markers are known for their frequent renewal. Particularly subject to sociolinguistic factors and fashion, they tend to be "caught" easily, spreading quickly among social networks. Choice of markers therefore can reflect age, social position, and so on. Discourse markers date quickly: many of the most frequent discourse markers and connectives of the 20th century arose only in the 18th or 19th century, including of course, after all, still, I say.
饤ե뤬®ȤäƤʾλ֤褦Ǥꡤոնʸˡ˸饤եۤ®櫓ǤϤʤΤˤäѤˤʤȸ路ۤɤˤϡֵ§ŪʡѲΰȤߤʤޤѤκǽˤ褦ˡɸüԤħŤȤΤⶽ̣˼ҲŪʴѻоݤˤʤ뤳Ȥ̣뤫ɸήԤȤƤ¦̤ϡäܤƤ褤
Lewis, Diana M. "Late Modern English: Pragmatics and Discourse" Chapter 56 of English Historical Linguistics: An International Handbook. 2 vols. Ed. Alexander Bergs and Laurel J. Brinton. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2012. 901--15.
#2827. PC ˡ ([2017-01-22-1])#2832. PC ðۤ ([2017-01-27-1]) ˴Ϣơpolitical_correctness ȤҲؾαưˤĤơϡȾۤɤФ PC ֤ΤʤǤɤΤ褦Ѽ礷ƤHughes ˽äƹͤƤߤ
3ۤɻŦǤ褦˻פ롥1ĤϡPC ĤʳФƼҲ˼ƤƤȤǤ롥PC Ϥ륤ǥä⽸ĤѤϤ줬⽸ĤγؤäƤҲŪǧΤ褦ˤʤä㤨С"political correctness" ʤɤΥɤ켫ΤΤϤ뤳ȤˤʤäˡȽŪȿȤ櫓ѥǥʤɤηΩĤ褦ˤʤäƤˡȿŪȿȤơ "politically incorrect language" Ѥ "shock jocks" "rappers" Τ褦¸ߤ⸽ƤΤ褦ˡPC ϼƤγŪȿȤʳФʤĹƤ⤷ΤŪȿΩĤ褦ˤʤäȤϤPC 켫ΤϷ褷ƼƤʤȤHughes (283) ϡ"Although discredited and mocked, it refuses to go away but appears in new guises." ȽҤ١ "the paradox of political correctness" ȸƤǤ롥
2ܤˡPC ήԤ˾ˤĤ졤Сΰ褬ȻΤǤʤʤäƤȤȤ롥俦̾ʤɤ˻ϤޤäȤǤϳưʪθĶ˴ؤޤǡ PC Ȥ褦ˤʤäHughes (284) Ƥ PC оݤȤʤʬΥꥹȤˤС"fatness, appearance, stupidity, diet, crime, prostitution, race, homosexuality, disability, animal rights, the environment, and still others" ޤޤƤ롥̤θС٤ưΥ֡ (taboo) ΰ褬٤Ƴ礷ƤȤȤPC Ȥϡ1ĤθˤС֡ΰγäΤǤ롪
3ܤˡPC ξPC ѸΤỊ̇ŪŪ¦̤⡤ïïФơġɤΤ褦ʾǤѤ뤫ȤƥȤƤ褦ˤʤäƤHughes (286) ۩"political correctness has increasingly become less absolute and more contextual, that is to say the emphasis is increasingly less on what is said, but more on who said it and when." 㤨СͤͤؤΤŪѸȤΤȡͤؤΤƱѸȤΤȤǤϡθ̤Ϥޤäۤʤ롥Ѹ줽ΤΤǤϤʤŪ꤬ռ褦ˤʤäƤȤȤ
Τ褦ˡPC ȤϼҲȤȤĹƤǰǤ롥
Hughes, Geoffrey. Political Correctness: A History of Semantics and Culture. Malden, ML: Wiley Blackwell, 2010.
Ѹˤˤ2;̾˴ؤŪꡤ T/V distinction ȯãȿϡt/v_distinction ΤĤεǼ夲ƤϡĤ˵äƥɥĸ T/V distinction ˤָ
ɥĸˤϡT/V distinction ˤĤƲַɰˡ§פιƤ롥ɥĸ du/Sie 2ʬˡϡ;ޤˤФ夤̤ȤƤ2ʬˡǤꡤ˻ޤǤˤϡȤ櫓ˤʣʳиƤ17--18ˤϡ͡ؤΤˤɤɽȤФ褤ΤפǺߡ2;̾ˡ٤餵夬³ƤҲŪʻȸƤǤ褤ʲϡ (145) ΤޤȤ֤ҤȤФɥĸƾ̾λŪȯãפɽǤʾѺѤߡˡʤˤ̾ۤɡμҲŪʬ⤤뤤ϼʬ±ʴطˤ뤳Ȥ

ɽϡɥĸˤˤ2;ñ̾ηɾΤ˼߽ФƤͺۤʪäƤ롥ޥʳǤϡűѸʤɤƱͤˡ2;ñ̾ȤƤTη֤1ĤˤʤäűѸ þū б du Ǥ롥λˤϲФƤ⾤ȤФƤ du ΤߤѤƤ
9Ⱦˤʤȡ2;ʣ̾Ǥä Ihr ɰդɽñȤѤϤ켫Τϡ#1126. 衼åѤμˤ T/V distinction ε ([2012-05-27-1]) #1552. T/V distinction face ([2013-07-27-1]) ǿ줿褦ˡѸˤեˤˤߤ줿ݤǤꡤФиϤʣȤμ (iconicity) ˤ롥ɥĸˤǤϱѸˤ٤Ƥʤˤˡ줿Ȥܤ٤Ǥ롥9Ⱦ˻Ϥޤä du/Ihr 2ʬˡϡ11ޤǤˤڤҲŪʸϤϰ̡ʤ power Ȥѥ16ޤ¸³
16ˤʤĹˤ錄äưꤷƤ du/Ihr 2ʬˡϤIhr ηɰդҲŪϰ̤ι⤯ʤͤˤޤǻȤ褦ˤʤäؼʤȤ der Herr, die Frau Ȥäʪ̾ΤѤϤ֤ȤˤĤơ̾3;ñ̾ er sie 켫ΤƾΤȤѤ褦ˤʤä˻äơ Er/Sie, Ihr, du 3ʳƥबǤä
18ȡɥĸθƾ̾ϡϩפ¤κޤǤˤϡ̤οͤ˴ιȤ Eure Majestät Ųˤ Eure Ehre ʳղˤ Eure Gnaden ʳղˤΤ褦ˡְҸס̾סֲפʤɤ̾ʤƤ̾ˤդƾΤȯãƤν̾ȱǡ3;ν̾ sie ѤƤϤޤ3;ʣ̾ƱäˡԤˤɾΤεǽܤä˻äơSie, Er/Sie, Ihr, du 4ʳƥबä
18Ⱦˤϡ4ʳƥˤǾ̤ Sie Ǥɰα¿Ȥʤꡤؼ̾ʣ Dieselben ʺǾ̤ηɾΤȤ߽Ф졤5ʳƥDieselben ̾ȾȱǤѤʤäդ˸ꤵƤˡ̲뤳ȤϤʤä
Ѥܤ˸ơƾ̾ᤰҲκϼ«˸ǤŤǤ̤ du ˡͧҡ (Freundschaftskult) ȤҲŪʲͤդ졤ѶŪɾ褦ˤʤäƤΤdu positive politeness εǽդ褦ˤʤäȤäƤ褤ҲŪ餢뤤 power ˴ŤƾηϤʹִط뤤 solidarity ˴ŤƾηϤؤȰܹԤȤߤ뤳ȤǤ (cf. #1059. ϽŻ뤫ְռŻؿܤƤ T/V distinction ([2012-03-21-1])ˡ19ʹߡdu Ūʾ徺ȡ٤ʾ̶ʬβäˤꡤߤ褦 du/Sie 2ʬˡؤ夤Ƥ椭ɥĸ϶μҲŪϩæФ뤳Ȥ
ɥĸˤδϢȤƤϡ#185. Ѹˤȥɥĸˤˤ T/V distinction ([2009-10-29-1]) ȡ#1865. Ф thou ѤΤϤʤ ([2014-06-05-1]) ǤƤΤǡ⻲Ȥ줿
ԡַɾΤū٤餵뷧18Υɥĸž̾ס˸硡Υߥ˥١ʹ ԡ̾ ҡ ŵҡˡˡ罤ۡ2011ǯ143--62ǡ
ɸܸɽȱѸɽϡ줾ŷĤȹؼƾΤǤηɰդɽ魯ɽˤ politeness euphemism άʣޤƤꡤ褯ޤǹפȻפ碌ȤʤäƤ롥
Ųפϸ¤˾볬ʤβؤˤϼ輡ζäꡤζäͳơãबŷĤξʹã뤳ȤˤʤäƤϾɽ魯ˤꤽˤ輡Ū˻ؼˤμ輡ؼ뤳ȤˤˤŷĤŪ˻ؼΤ顤2Ťδ (metonymy) Ǥꡤݥ饤ȥͥռնɽǤ⤢롥ַɤƱפζפޤֲפȿո־פݱʤ۵ŷĤλżǡ˽ˡ (litotes) θ̤ʻġɽȤƤŷҤηɾΤȤѤƤΤܤˤäΤǤꡤŤŷĤˤϤष²פξι椬դ줿ʹߡļŵϤεˤꡤŷĤȻˤϡŲסʳι²ˤϡ²פȻȤʬ졤˻äƤ롥
Ѹ Your Majesty ⡤ݥ饤ȥͥάϡŲפ餱Ƥʤޤ#440. ˻ĤɾΤ you ([2010-07-11-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡYour ΤΤɰդޤǤ (cf. t/v_distinction) ˡMajesty Ϥ켫Ȥΰ̣Ȥƻɽ路Ƥ롥äơλȤŪˤäơŪʲŪ˻ؼƤ롥ˤϡȤˤն롥ʤŪˤäƶŪʿͤʪؤϡShe is our last hope., His latest novel is a complete failure., Our daughter is a great pride and joy to us. Τ褦ɽˤ⸫뤳ȤǤȤȤưŪʤΤǤ (cf. Stern 319--20)
ʤMajesty ΤˡνФϡOED ˤȡ14ȾǤ롥
a1387. J. Trevisa tr. R. Higden Polychron. (St. John's Cambr.) (1872) IV. 9 (MED), Whanne Alisaundre..wente toward his owne contray, þe messangers..of Affrica, of Spayne, and of Italy come in to Babilon to ȝilde hem to his lordschipe and mageste [L. ejus ditioni].
ηɾΤȤ夷Τ17ΤȤǤꡤˤ Henry III Queen Elizabeth I Your Grace Your Highness ȸƤФʤɡؤJames I 줿 The Authorised Version (The King James Version [KJV]) ǤϡYour Highness Your Majesty ȤѤƤ롥
ŲסYour MajestyƴϢ뤤Ĥɽϡ줾ۤʤݥ饤ȥͥȥƥˤäƤǤϤ뤬ǹ٤ηɰդɽ魯˺Ф줿ۤɹߤ¤Ǥ롥顪
Stern, Gustaf. Meaning and Change of Meaning. Bloomington: Indiana UP, 1931.
shortening ûˤȤϡˤƽפˤˤߤˡ1ĤǤ롥ѸˤǤߤƤ⡤Ȥ櫓Ѹ shortening ˤʤäƤƤ뤳Ȥϡ#875. Bauer ˤ븽ѸοΥΤޤȤ ([2011-09-19-1]) dzǧϢơ#893. shortening ʬ (1) ([2011-10-07-1])#894. shortening ʬ (2) ([2011-10-08-1]) Ǥûˤ͡ʼब뤳Ȥǧ#1091. ;١ѡ ([2012-04-22-1])#1101. Zipf's law ([2012-05-02-1])#1102. Zipf's law ȸοա ([2012-05-03-1]) ǤϾãθΨȤûͻ
嵭Τ褦ˡûϼȤƷȤơ뤤ϾȤδϢǸΤ̤Stern ϵǽỤ̄ŪʴûβܤƤ롥Stern ϡ#1873. Stern ˤ̣Ѳ7ʬ ([2014-06-13-1]) Ǽ褦ˡụ̂ѲʬΤʤ˴ޤƤ롥٤Ƥụ̂Ѳȼ櫓ǤϤʤ⤷ʤ㤨 private soldier ʼ´ˤ private ûȤ¸θʷƻˤǤ private Ͽʡ̾Ρ˸Ȥˤʤꡤδߤа̣ѲȤˤʤ롥
private soldier Τ褦ˡṳ̂θ¸θƱȤʤ뤿˰̣ѲȤȤ̤ˡrhinoceros rhino, advertisement ad ʤɤ clipping ڳˤΤ褦ˡ̤θùܤȤʤ륱롥Ǥΰ̣ǤΡְ̣ѲפϤʤ̣Ū˸٤ΤϤʤ褦ˤפ뤬rhinoceros rhino ΰ̣κadvertisement ad ΰ̣κ⤷ȤСûϰ̣ŪʴްդȤȤˤʤ롥
Stern (256) ϡûŪʲǤȤȤˡǽŪʴפʲǤȤߤƤ롥ºݡûθΤʤǺǽפΤΤϡǽŪװǤȤޤǽҤ٤Ƥ롥Stern (256) μĥѤ롥
Starting with the communicative and symbolic functions, I have already pointed out above . . . that brevity may conduce to a better understanding, and too many words confuse the point at issue; the picking out of a few salient items may give a better idea of the topic than prolonged wallowing in details; the hearer may understand the shortened expression quicker and better.
The expressive function is partly covered by signals, but a shortened expression by itself may, owing to its unusual and perhaps ungrammatical, form, reflect better the speaker's emotional state and make the hearer aware of it. Clippings are very often intended to make the words express sympathy or endearment towards the persons addressed; nursery speech abounds in nighties, tootsies, etc., and clippings of proper names, transforming them into pet names, are often due to a similar desire for emotive effects . . . . The numerous shortenings (clippings) in slang and cant often aim at a humourous effect.
Conciseness and brevity increase vivacity, and thus also the effectiveness of speech; brevity is the soul of wit; the purposive function may consequently be better served by shortened phrases.
ΤеŪʴûߤˤȤɤޤ餺ѤŪɽϡʸΤȤäǽŪ¦̤ûȤ館ƶϡStern ǡȤǤ롥֤û뤳ȤǤषǽղä⤬̣
ѤʸϤǸڤƤնɽ nighties ȴϢơ#908. bra, panties, nightie ([2011-10-22-1]) ڤӡ#469. euphemism κ ([2010-08-09-1]) ⻲Ȥ줿
Stern, Gustaf. Meaning and Change of Meaning. Bloomington: Indiana UP, 1931.
ε#1908. ɽ魯ΰ̣ΰ (1) ([2014-07-18-1]) ǡѸˤ̤Ƹ semantic pejoration ΰ췲ѸŪˤϡɽ魯ΰ̣ΰ餫ʷǤꡤظˤϲ餫ưŤȹͤ롥ǤϡɤΤ褦ưŤΤ
1ĤϡȤ櫓ءפؼնŪʸ (euphemism) μפ¸ߤȤ𤬤롥ؤ̣ϰ taboo ǤꡤŪˤȤλؼоݤؼ뤳ȤΤǤ̤θ᤹롥˰٥ͥƥʴްդޤȤĤƤޤȡʧΤᡤüԤϼ깤ΤĤƤʤ̤θѤƻؼ뤳Ȥ֤ΤǤ롥ˡϡ#469. euphemism κ ([2010-08-09-1]) Ǥߤ褦͡뤬¸θ夲ơΰ̣žʲˤƤޤȤΤؤʤ1ĤǤ롥ܸΡ¯ספ⤳तǤ롥Ϣơβɽ魯 euphemism ˤĤơ#908. bra, panties, nightie ([2011-10-22-1]) Ȥ줿
Schulz μĥˤСưŤϡˤؤиפ˽λδǰǤȤǤϡʤλ뤹뤫ȤȡƤ뤫ȤݤоݤǤβͤҲŪˡʤƸŪˤ˲뤳Ȥˤäơ϶ݤƨ褦ȤƤΤȡˡʤϽƤΤȤС "fear of sexual inadequacy" ˤ롤³Schulz (89) ʣԤ˰͵ʤ顤Τ褦˽Ҥ٤롥
A woman knows the truth about his potency; he cannot lie to her. Yet her own performance remains a secret, a mystery to him. Thus, man's fear of woman is basically sexual, which is perhaps the reason why so many of the derogatory terms for women take on sexual connotations.
ࡤ϶˸Ūʴؿ餳ΰ̣Ѳ夲ΤʵˤʤäƤȤϡǽͽۤƤ⤺äȳغŪʥȥԥåˤʤ餷ǧθؤȿǤȤϡԥᥦդβ (sapir-whorf_hypothesis) ˤؤäƤ
Schulz, Muriel. "The Semantic Derogation of Woman." Language and Sex: Difference and Dominance. Ed. Barrie Thorne and Nancy Henley. Rowley, MA: Newbury House, 1975. 64--75.
#1559. в̤ΰ ([2013-08-08-1]) ǿ줿 Goffman face-work ϡǯθҲؤܤ politeness ˤͭ˾ȤߤʤƤ롥
ˤ륳ߥ˥ˤ衤¾μҲŪʸήˤ衤ͤŪŪʥͥ륮䤷ʤ餽˽Ƥ롥ʤͤϤ虜虜Τ褦ʤȤΤҲݤ¤ƤޤǡήޤΤϤʤߵˤΤȤΤǤǤ뤬㤨 phatic communion ʸŪѡˤϤɤΤ褦ˤߵ˴طȤΤꥫμҲؼ Goffman ϡͤϤߤ face ȤǰäƤꡤºŤ礦Ȥ (face-work) ˤäƼҲĤǤȼĥGoffman (213) ˤȡface ȤϼΤ褦ʤΤǤ롥
The term face may be defined as the positive social value a person effectively claims for himself by the line others assume he has taken during a particular contact. Face is an image of self delineated in terms of approved social attributes---albeit an image that others may share, as when a person makes a good showing for his profession or religion by making a good showing for himself.
ܸˤܤס̻ҤŤפʤɤɽΤ face γǰʬ䤹Ѹˤ "to lose/save face" Ȥ롥
face-work ιҤϡHudson (113--14) ʲ̤˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥
The basic idea of the theory is this: we lead unavoidably social lives, since we depend on each other, but as far as possible we try to lead our lives without losing our own face. However, our face is a very fragile thing which other people can very easily damage, so we lead our social lives according to the Golden Rule ('Do to others as you would like them to do to you!') by looking after other people's faces in the hope that they will look after ours. . . . Face is something that other people give to us, which is why we have to be so careful to give it to them (unless we consciously choose to insult them, which is exceptional behaviour).
ͤˤϼ¾Ȥǧ̻ҡפ롥ʬϤʤ褦ϤƤƱˡ¾ͤ⤽ΩơĤʤ褦ϤƤ롥줬face-work θ
Brown and Levinson politeness θ衤face ˤ positive face negative face 2ब̤ȸ롥ξԤȤ˼¾ºŤɽ魯ԤϤοͤؤºŤȡԤϤοͤθºŤ뤳Ȥб롥ζ̤ɬʬ䤹ΤǤϤʤHudson ˤ줾 solidarity-face power-face ȸƤӤƤ (114)
Solidarity-face is respect as in I respect you for . . ., i.e. the appreciation and approval that others show for the kind of person we are, for our behaviour, for our values and so on. If something threatens our solidarity-face we feel embarrassment or shame. Power-face is respect as in I respect your right to . . ., which is a 'negative' agreement not to interfere. This is the basis for most formal politeness, such as standing back to let someone else pass. When our power-face is threatened we feel offended. . . . Solidarity-politeness shows respect for the person, whereas power-politeness respects their rights.
ƤԤ˸ƤӤ mate, love, darling, Hi! ʤɤ solidarity-politeness Ǥꡤܾοͤ˸ƤӤɾΡplease ʤɤǫɽնʸˡʤɤ power-politeness Ǥ롥Ѹ T/V distinction äοƤߤ thou ȷɤ you ϡۤʤ졤 face ºŤ politeness ι٤ȤȤˤʤ롥
Ϣơ#1059. ϽŻ뤫ְռŻؿܤƤ T/V distinction ([2012-03-21-1]) ȡ#1552. T/V distinction face ([2013-07-27-1]) εӡ#1126. 衼åѤμˤ T/V distinction ε ([2012-05-27-1]) ĥäεȤ줿ִפˤĤƤܸɤߤ䤹ʸȤƤϡܿϺΡظμҲءȤΤ٤3ϤƤ
Goffman, Erving. "On Face-Work: An Analysis of Ritual Elements in Social Interaction." Psychiatry 18 (1955): 213--31.
Hudson, R. A. Sociolinguistics. 2nd ed. Cambridge: CUP, 1996.
ϺظμҲءȤΤ١ҡӡ2013ǯ.
[2013-05-19-1], [2013-06-02-1], [2013-06-03-1]εơƤ taboo θŪյˤĤơBrown and Anderson θػŵ "Taboo: Verbal Practices" ιɤߡtaboo θŪ¦̤˿˵դΤǡ3ۤɥ⤷Ƥ
(1) եꥫ Sotho ˤƤϡƤ̾ˤ뤳Ȥ϶ؤƤ롥Τ褦 taboo ϡPapua New Guinea Kabana ʤ¾θˤ⸫븽ݤǤ ([2013-05-19-1]) ơε̾ι͡פ̣ Moeti ä硤̾ȤƤ moeti ι͡ˤ褦ˤʤ뤬 eta ιˡleeto ιñˡˡmaeto ιʣˡˡetala ˬˡetile ιʴλˡˡetisa ˬ줵ˡetalana ʸߤˬ礦ˤʤɡνˤȤäƴ٤ȴۤɤ˽ʬʷŪϢϢθȤ˴褦ˤʤ롥Ǥñʤ벻ŪʾˡŪʴϢȤŪʸˡŪʥ٥ǤѤƤ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥
(2) Ʊ Sotho ǡ嵭Τ褦ʽϡtaboo ȤƤˤ뤳ȤϵʤʸǽȤϵ롥ϡդäդŪʵǽ̤Ƥ뤳Ȥ롥ΤΤĸŪʵǽκۤȤợ
(3) ܸǤϡֻפȤƱˤֻ͡פ߷ֹˤʤǻͤοȤȤϹԤʤƤ롥ܸΡפﵯΰ̵פϢۤȤơͭμ¡פȸ뤳Ȥϡ#507. pear ֻȯ ([2010-09-16-1]) ǸȤǤ롥طʤˤϡƱ۵Ȥä꤬롥Ʊ۵ϡ٤κϤ줢˸졤ɬ taboo ŪװȤʤäƤ櫓ǤϤʤܸäƱ۵¿ϻŦƤɬפ롥ޤΡֻפȡֻ͡פʬȤƤƱĴϰۤʤȤȡܸΡפȡ̵פ⥢ȤϰۤʤȤȤϡƱ۵δϢŤ˺ݤơĶʬŪʱΧʬΤۤŻ뤵뷹ȤȤ롥ϡ䱤Χ°볬ؤȤŪ˴ؤäƤ뤫⤷ʤ
ʤBrown and Anderson εˤĤƤ taboo ˴ؤͭѡ
Brown, E. K. and Anne H. Anderson, eds. Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics. 2nd ed. Elsevier, 2006.
[2013-05-19-1], [2013-06-02-1]ε˰³taboo ˤĤơϡtaboo Ʊ (synonym) δط˾ơθŪʰյͤ롥
̤˸ˤϴƱ¸ߤʤ뤤˵ǤȤ롥ƱȤ1Ĥ signifiant Ф2ġʰʾˤ singifié ӤĤƤ뵭ΤؤؽѸ䵻Ѹʤɤ˸뤳ȤϤ뤬äǤƱϽ;פôȹͤ뤫顤ۤȤ¸ߤʤȤŬäƤ롥
øؤŪˤǤˤơȵΥڥ뤤2ĤοΥڥƱؼоݤؤʤ鶦¸³Ȥ㤬ʤ櫓ǤϤʤˤƸøؤˤʾȤΤϡ¿θȤǻ̩ʺˤΤʤɤͤ뤬⤦1ĹͤΤϡε#1497. taboo ŪȤʤͳ (2) ([2013-06-02-1]) Ǽ夲 Twana ˤߤ褦 taboo νȴطΤǤ롥
Suarez ϡ를 Santa Cruz äƤ Chon ² Tehuelche ˡ۾ʤۤ¿δƱ줬¸ߤȤ¤𤷤ƤEthnologueˤȡƱ² Mapdungun ȸŪƱƤȤθϿ *ˡ"head", "hair", "spoon", "kind of vulture", "gull", "knife", "horse", "dog" ʤɤˡ2İʾδƱ줬¸ߤȤƱǤ뤳ȤˤϡĶdenotation Ụ̄ˡconnotation ʴỤ̄ˡregister ʻѰˤʤɤܺ٤˸Ƥɬפ뤬 Suarez (193) ϤΤεŸƤꡤ餬ƱǤ뤳ȤϼƤ褵Ǥϡʤ Tehuelche ˤϡ̸Ū˵Ȥ븽ݤѻΤ
طʤˤϡ̾νȻԤ̾˴ؤ taboo ν롥Tehuelche ǤϸĿͤˤ̾Ĥ뽬ԤʤƤꡤ㤨äӡפȸƤǡǤ롥̤ͤȡ1ǯ֤ӤΤ̾ȤȤˤ̾ taboo оݤȤʤ롥̾϶Ū˰̣¤̾ϰ̤θΤˤŪɽȤ̣ͭǤ뤫顤ԤθŪѤ뤳ȤǤʤʤ뤤ΤؤǤ롥ظ줬߽Ф뤳Ȥˤʤ롥㤨Сָפ̾ˤĿͤ˴ʤȡָפθϻѶػߤȤʤꡤˡ̤ΡפʤɤɽѤ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥
ӤäƤ⡤ɽ̤Ρפ̣Ȥư³ȤƤ椯ȤȤ⤢䤬ơ̤Ρפ̣ȤưŪѤ褦ˤʤȡϤηʬϡ̣ʬϤʤʤʤꡤľŪ˸ؼȤ夹ĤޤꡤǤϰ̣ѲȤˤʤ롥
Τ褦 taboo νưŤ줿øؤỌ̇̄Ѳ٤Ȥʤָפɽ魯ɽꤹ롥ΤʤǡĤΤΤĹĤꡤƱȤ¸Ȥ롥̾2ĤδƱ줬ȡäʤꡤ connotation 㤨ʤꤷƴƱ֤äΤʸŪװˤä꤬Ȥ櫓㤷 Tehuelche ˤäƤϡϰۤʤ褦
øء̣ѲƱηȷ³ --- θỤ̄ŪѲ¥ʸ֤ȤơTehuelche taboo ϤƸŪƤ롥
Suarez, J. A. "A Case of Absolute Synonyms." International Journal of American Linguistics 37 (1971): 192--95.
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