źθǡ˴ؤϥ֡ (taboo) Ȥʤ䤹͡նɽ (euphemism) ȯãΤǤ롥ѸǤפ̣ˤȤޤʤŪѤƤʤ־פθ礫顤¯ (slang) ȤǤȤʤֲפθޤǡ¤Hughes (242) ɹΰѤȤơΤ褦˵Ƥ롥
reproduction
generation
copulation
coition
intercourse
congress
intimacy
carnal knowledge
coupling
pairing
mating
at roughly which point the line is drawn, below which are found:
shagging
banging
bonking
fucking
岼2ʬ뤪褽5ܤ˰Ƥ뤬ϲΥ饹°Ū¿ڤʤΤߤΤ¿ΤǡƾάƤȤȤߤΤĤǾҲ𤹤 beast with two backs, bum dancing, bottom wetting, a squirt and a squeeze ʤɡŪ¯켭ŵäƤߤСɴϤʤ¿Υ饹ˡ
岼ʬΰ֤ˤĤƤϡ⤽Ū뤳ȤϤǤʤȽǤϸĿͤˤäƤۤʤ뤷ˤäƤѲƤ餯֤ǤλǧϤ餫ۤʤĴ٤ƤߤС̣̻Ūˤʤꤽ
Hughes, Geoffrey. Swearing: A Social History of Foul Language, Oaths and Profanity in English. London: Penguin, 1998.
ѸˤˤơGod ʿˤϥ֡ (taboo) ζǤ공ǰǤ롥#4457. ѸͤդĬή ([2021-07-10-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡΥ֡濴ϽŪȤषŪ뤤ϿͼŪʤΤȤʤäƤ뤬ֿΥ֡Ͼ¸ߤƤۤɺʥ֡Ǥ뤫顤ʬбնɽ (euphemism) ˭٤˳ȯƤHughes (13) ¿նɽ¤٤ƤΤǡƸƤߤ褦
| Term | Date | Euphemism |
|---|---|---|
| God | 1350s | gog |
| 1386 | cokk | |
| 1569 | cod | |
| 1570 | Jove | |
| 1598 | 'sblood | |
| 1598 | 'slid (God's eyelid) | |
| 1598 | 'slight | |
| 1599 | 'snails (God's nails) | |
| 1600 | zounds (God's wounds) | |
| 1601 | 'sbody | |
| 1602 | sfoot (God's foot) | |
| 1602 | gods bodykins | |
| 1611 | gad | |
| 1621 | odsbobs | |
| 1650s | gadzooks (God's hooks) | |
| 1672 | godsookers | |
| 1673 | egad | |
| 1695 | od | |
| 1695 | odso | |
| 1706 | ounds | |
| 1709 | odsbodikins (God's little body) | |
| 1728 | agad | |
| 1733 | ecod | |
| 1734 | goles | |
| 1743 | gosh | |
| 1743 | golly | |
| 1749 | odrabbit it | |
| 1760s | gracious | |
| 1820s | ye gods! | |
| 1842 | by George | |
| 1842 | s'elpe me Bob | |
| 1844 | Drat! (God rot!) | |
| 1851 | Doggone (God-damn) | |
| 1884 | Great Scott | |
| 1900 | Good grief | |
| 1909 | by Godfrey! |
Ѹˤˤͤ (swearing) 夲̾ʸ Hughes 롥Ѹͤդ⡤¾θոȰۤʤ餺ƻμҲۤȿǤĤѲƤȡĤޤήԤΰǤ뤳Ȥ䤫Ƥ롥ϤƬˡSwift ΰŪ2ĤΰѤƤ (236)
For, now-a-days, Men change their Oaths,
As often as they change their Cloaths.
Swift
Oaths are the Children of Fashion.
Swift
ѸͤդˤˤϡĤ礭Ĭήѻ롥Hughes (237--40) ˰͵ơŦƤ褽ḽˤƤѲȤȤ館Ƥ褤
(1) ֿʤΡˤˤơפΤ褦 by to ʤɤֻѤ (asseveration) ϸƤ
(2) ͤդΥפˤĤơŪʤΤŪŪʤΤؤθ夬ߤ롥
(3) C. S. Lewis "the moralisation of status word" ȻŦ褦ˡɽ魯줬ƻŪʰ̣礤ӤӤѻ롥㤨 churl, knave, cad, blackguard, guttersnipe, varlet ʤɤϤȤȳʬ̾äƻŪʡְפްդ褦ˤʤꡤͤղƤ
(4) ϫƯפȴϢơvagabond, beggar, tramp, bum, skiver ʤɤͤղηϡϲƤꥶ٥īħŪˤߤ줿
(5) ͤդ̩ܤʴطĥ֡ (taboo) ˤĤơǯŪʥפͼŪʥפؤθ夬ߤ롥
ѸͤդĬήɤ븦ϡֱѸ˼ҲפΰȤ٤ˤϼ¤꤬͡ޤޤƤ롥㤨С嵭ˤ̤ꡤ֡䤽ȴϢնʸˡ (euphemism) ȯŸȤδϢΤꤿʤäƤ롥ޤŵŪʸѲΥפȤɲ (amelioration) 䰭 (pejoration) ˤ̩ܤ˴طˡǯ political correctness (= pc) ˡȤδϢⵤˤʤȤslang ˤȤŤʤꡤҲŪӸŪʹͻоݤˤʤ롥ƲοΰȻפ
Hughes, Geoffrey. Swearing: A Social History of Foul Language, Oaths and Profanity in English. London: Penguin, 1998.
ֱѸƳ2021˸ɽ줿ƥĤϡرˤOh My Word!?ʤ Word ʤΤήͻ?Ǥ롥
Oh my God! ϥ֡ (taboo) ȤۤɶʶŪˤϻѤ롥նɽ (euphemism) Ȥơ(Oh my) Gosh!, (Oh my) goodness!, Oh my! ʤɤ褯ΤƤ뤬פ˲Ū˻ˤִάʤɤʤƥꥸʥɽ碌ȤˡΤäƤΤǤ롥
ƥȯɽԤϡɸ My word! Ȥ Oh my God! նɽ1ĤǤϤʤȡּήͻפߤƤ롥οϡGod [g] word [w] ¤ϲŪ˶ᤤȤ¤Ǥ롥ΤĴŪˤСξԤ (labiovelar) ˤġϢܥ֥εȤơ#1151. ¿ ([2012-06-21-1])#3870. Ѹˤ wh- ʤ q- ֻ ([2019-12-01-1])#3871. åȥɱѸˤ wh- ǤϤʤ quh- ֻʸ Alexander Hume ([2019-12-02-1])#3409. ܸˤٹξü ([2018-08-27-1])#3410. Ѹˤֹٹס ([2018-08-28-1]) Ƥ
Ūʴ God Word ӤĤƤߤߤϤ⤷
ŪˤϤɤOED word, n. and int. ȤȼΤ褦ˤ롥
P3. e. my word (esp. as an exclamation) = upon my word at Phrases 1g(b)(ii).
1722 A. Philips Briton ii. iii. 14 He loves thee, Gwendolen:---My word, he does.
1821 London Mag. June 658/2 When the New Town Christeners had exhausted their Georges and Charlottes and Fredericks and Hanovers, (and, my word, they did extend the royalty).
1841 E. C. Gaskell Lett. (1966) 44 My word! authorship brings them in a pretty penny.
1857 F. Locker London Lyrics 72 Half London was there, and, my word, there were few..But envied Lord Nigel's felicity.
1874 A. Trollope Harry Heathcote ii. 49 'You dropped the match by accident?' 'My word, no. Did it o' purpose to see.'
1932 P. Hamilton Siege of Pleasure ii. 62 in Twenty Thousand Streets under Sky (1935) 'My word!' said Violet. 'You didn't half give me a turn.'
1960 C. Day Lewis Buried Day ii. 43 My word, how we did dress up in those days!
2004 G. Woodward I'll go to Bed at Noon xiii. 237 'That's an old Vincent,' said Janus Brian, 'my word. Haven't seen one of those for years'.
(asseveration) ȤƤֻ upon my word ƱǽδȤơ18Ⱦ˽Ф褦ֻ upon my word of my word ʤɤȤȤ1600ǯ夫ѤƤ롥餯ֻ礬ñȤǴȤѤ褦ˤʤꡤ䤬Ƥֻ줬æάǤѤ褦ˤʤäȤȤ
Ѹθạ̈Ȥơնʸˡ (euphemism) ϳˤ˿͵ΤơޤǤ롥ΰȤ taboo, swearing, slang ΥơޤȤؤꡤҲشθäȤƹ̣ΤΤ褦
⤽ euphemism Ȥϲޤ Cruse Ѹ켭ŵͿ褦 (57--58)
euphemism An expression that refers to something that people hesitate to mention lest it cause offence, but which lessens the offensiveness by referring indirectly in some way. The most common topics for which we use euphemisms are sexual activity and sex organs, and bodily functions such as defecation and urination, but euphemisms can also be found in reference to death, aspects of religion and money. The main strategies of indirectness are metonymy, generalisation, metaphor and phonological deformation.
Sex:
intercoursego to bed with (metonymy), do it (generalisation)
penisHis member was clearly visible (generalisation)
Bodily function:
defecatego to the toilet (metonymy), use the toilet (generalisation)
Death:
diepass away (metaphor), He's no longer with us (generalisation)
Religion:
Godgosh, golly (phonological deformation)
Jesusgee whiz (phonological deformation)
Hellheck (phonological deformation)
μ˴ؿä顤ޤܥ֥#469. euphemism κ ([2010-08-09-1])#470. toilet ˭٤նɽ ([2010-08-10-1])#992. ոȡָ³ˡ§ס ([2012-01-14-1]) ϤȤ (euphemism) ε줫 taboo εˤܤ̤Ƥ餤
θ塤ʲγγʬȤ褤
Williams, Joseph M. Origins of the English Language: A Social and Linguistic History. New York: Free P, 1975. pp. 198--203.
Hughes, G. A History of English Words. Oxford: Blackwell, 2000. pp. 43--49.
Brinton, Laurel J. and Leslie K. Arnovick. The English Language: A Linguistic History. Oxford: OUP, 2006. pp. 80--81.
ҥ٥ȤƤϡBussmann (157) McArthur (387) λʸꥹȤꡤʲǤ롥
Allan, K. and K. Burridge. Euphemism and Dysphemism: Language Used as a Shield and Weapon. New York: OUP, 1991.
Ayto, J. Euphemisms: Over 3,000 Ways to Avoid Being Rude or Giving Offence. London: 1993.
Enright, D. J., ed. Fair of Speech: The Uses of Euphemism. Oxford: OUP, 1985.
Holder, R. W. A Dictionary of American and British Euphemisms: The Language of Evasion, Hypocrisy, Prudery and Deceit. Rev. ed. London: 1989. Bath: Bath UP, 1985.
Lawrence, J. Unmentionable and Other Euphemisms. London: 1973.
Rawson, Hugh. A Dictionary of Euphemisms & Other Doubletalk. New York: Crown, 1981.
ŪʸĴˤäƤϡ OEDƼ켭ŵ (thesaurus)Room θΰ̣Ѳμŵʤɤ˳ѤƤ餤
Cruse, Alan. A Glossary of Semantics and Pragmatics. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2006.
Bussmann, Hadumod. Routledge Dictionary of Language and Linguistics. Trans. and ed. Gregory Trauth and Kerstin Kazzizi. London: Routledge, 1996.
McArthur, Tom, ed. The Oxford Companion to the English Language. Oxford: OUP, 1992.
Room, Adrian, ed. NTC's Dictionary of Changes in Meanings. Lincolnwood: NTC, 1991.
Ǥ礦ǤѸ3ع¤ͭͺۤʪǶ1ĤǤϤʤȻפäƤޤܸθ촶ȤƤϡ֥סʵǢסʪפۤɤǤ礦
Ѹä3ع¤ˤĤƤϡܥ֥Ǥ#3885. رѸ춵٤Ϣ10֤ʤѸˤ줬¿Τס ([2019-12-16-1]) 䤽ĥäεޤ (lexical_stratification) ʤɤǡ֤ƤޤŪ#334. Ѹäλع¤ ([2010-03-27-1])#1296. ع¤ɲá ([2012-11-13-1]) ǵƤޤ
äȵƤߤȸƤʤʤŵŪ ask, question, interrogate help, aid, assistance ʤɤƺѤޤƤޤΤǤ褷ϤƤ餺äȸ碌̥ŪõᤤޤǡĤɸ˽Ф路ΤǤWalker swearing ˴ؤ뵭ҤɤǤȤǤ (32)
A few taboo words describing body parts started out as the 'normal' forms in Old English; one of the markers of the status difference between Anglo-Norman and Old English is the way the 'English' version became unacceptable, while the 'French' version became the polite or scientific term. The Old English 'scitte' gave way to the Anglo-Norman 'ordure' and later the Latin-via-French 'excrement'.
˽вäȤϡɡĤޤǡˤϤä©ݤߡܤƤޤޤ
shit ϸűѸ scitte ˤΤܤǤűѸǤΰ̣ϡ֡ʲܤΡ˲ΡפǤ ưȤƤƬĤ bescītan ʱˤΤ褦Ĺ첻Ƥޤ̾줫αƶ⤢äûѸ s(c)hite(n) ʵˤƤޤ̾ΡʵפθȤƤϰճȿѸνФǤ
ordure ϡťե ordure ѸäΤǡֱʪסФʸաסʵפ̣ޤ캬 horrid ʶˤȤⶦ̤ޤ
excrement ϽѸ˥ƥ excrēmentum ʤ뤤бե excrémentˤѤޤ
ߤǤ shit ¯졦֡ŪʡפնɽȤƤϡפ¤줿ե ordure Ѥޤƥ excrement ϡ˷ĥäؽŪʶޤۤȤɡפޤ
ʾ塤餷ޤ
Walker, Julian. Evolving English Explored. London: The British Library, 2010.
ؤǡֵפȤСѸǤ optative ȤѸ줬ƤƤꡤ͡롥ȤϤޤä1Ĥȯù٤Ǥ롥ޤthe optative mood ȸ褦ˡˡ (mood) 1ĤǤ⤢롥ˡꥷʤɤθǤϵˡɽ魯̤ưζꡤηؤ optative ȸ뤳Ȥ⤢롥Ѹ˶ᤤȤСI hope/wish/would like . . . . ʤɴ˾˾ɽ魯ɽϤ٤ƵǤȤ⤤롥ˤֵפˤϡǽΤȤʤΤΤȤʤΤΤȤʤΤʸΤ褦ʤ礭ñ̤ΤȤʤΤʤɡƤɬפ褦˻פ롥
̣ŪˤСȤָ̤ΥݥƥʤΤŵͥƥʵ⤢롥ּפΤǤ롥顤 (swearing) 䥿֡ (taboo) ˤĤʤäƤLet's . . . ɽ봫ˡ (hortative mood) ɽ魯ǽȤФжܤƤǤ롥
ïФƵȯä뤫ȤǤϡܤˤʹФƤȤȤ⤢뤬ȤȤȯ뤳Ȥ⤢ˤϲ뤳ȤʤƬΤʤǾ¿ΤǤϤʤû˵Ȥ⾯ʤʤͤϾ˲˾˾ʤƤȤ̣Ǥϡʸdz߲뤫ɤ̤ȤơȤΤϼ¤Ϥʤ٤ι⤤ǽǤʤΤǤϤʤŪʵǤ⡤٤η㤷ΰ㤤Ϥˤ衤ºݤˤϤϤ٤ʤΤǤϤʤ
ѸǤϡֿˤơס֥ꥹȤˤơפƼɽȤƾѤ롥1ѼȤơGod (hit) wot Ȥɽ롥ѸǤ (as) God knows (it) ۤɤwot Ȥ֤ϡŪˤϲưǤѸ witen (to know) ľˡ3;ñ˶ޤ֤Ǥʡ#66. ư ([2009-07-03-1]) ȡˡ
ȻʤΤGodd hit wite ȤɽǤ롥ѤƤ wite Ȥ֤ϡƱ witen Ρ³ˡ3;ñǤ롥ĤޤꡤǽȤƤϵȤʤꡤlet God know it ۤɤΰ̣ˤʤ롥Ƕ Bennett and Smithers Ǥ Ancrene Wisse ΰɤǤȤˡɽ˽вäA. ll. 151--52 ˡΤ褦ˤ롥
Godd hit wite and he hit wat, me were leouere þet ȝe weren alle o þe spitel-uuel þen ȝe weren ontfule . . . .
(God be my witness to it---and he knows it---I had rather you were all lepers than that you should be envious)
Ǥ Godd hit wite he hit wat ξɽ¤ǤΤǡζ̤˵Ť䤹³ˡˡεǤ롥
Onions ³ˡѤɽˤĤơ⤷ͤƤ (334--35)
Their equation with certain Continental Germanic formulæ has been overlooked, and in general their force has been misapprehended. Their meaning is: "Let God (or Christ) know (it)," "God be my witness (to it)," "I call God to witness." They are strong asseverations, and are virtually equivalent to "I declare to God." They are therefore more forcible than God wot, Goddot . . . .
ޥǤ楪졤ϥɥĸ졤ϥɥĸ³ˡѤбɽ롥Ѹ줫Ϥۤ¿ʸڤƤ櫓ǤʤΤOnions (335) ѤƤ褦ˡ12 Anglo-Norman Mestre Thomas ˤ Horn ȤʤˡΤ褦ʲս꤬롥
Seignurs bachelers, bien semlez gent bevant,
Ki as noeces alez demener bobant;
Ben iurez wite God, kant auerez beu tant. (Horn, l. 4011, ed. Brede and Stengel.)
(Young gentlemen, you have all the appearance of drinking fellows, who go to weddings to behave uproariously; you swear "wite God" when you are in liquor.)
ɽºݤˤȤƾѤƤȤŪ˼ڵȤʤΤǤϤʤ
Bennett, J. A. W. and G. V. Smithers, eds. Early Middle English Verse and Prose. 2nd ed. Oxford: OUP, 1968.
Onions, C. T. "Middle English (i) WITE GOD, WITE CRIST, (ii) GOD IT WITE." The Review of English Studies 4.15 (1928: 334--37).
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