ε#6126. goodbye κǸ e ϲ ([2026-02-03-1]) ˰³goodbye ˴ؤꡥgoodbye εϡGod be with you ȤʸɽȤƹ٤ǻȤ뤦ṳ̂ƤޤäΤȤ롥OED ˤȡ츻˼Τ褦˵Ҥ롥
Probably shortened partly < God be with you, and partly < God be with ye (see god n. & int. Phrases P.1c.i.ii, and the note below), with substitution of good adj. for god n. as the first element, probably by association with other greeting formulae, e.g. good day n., good day int., goodnight n., goodnight int.
Ҥɤ߿ʤƤȡ16Ⱦ2;̾줬 you ǤϤʤ ye Υ⤢ȡޤ˸Ťֻ줬 with ǤϤʤ mid ⤢äȤƤ롥
ˡOED ȤƤϺѤƤʤΤΡ⤦1ĤΰˤĤƤʤƤ롥
It has been suggested (W. Franz, 'Good-bye', in Engl. Studien (1898) vol. 24 344-6) that the phrase may have originated as a shortening of God buy you 'God redeem you' (compare buy v. I.3b, and also God save you! at save v. Phrases P.2b), and that association with God be with you is of later date. Although this suggestion would more readily explain the diphthong in the second syllable, it is not supported by the earliest forms (compare the α forms). Some of the β forms with buy do, however, appear to result from later secondary association with buy v.; this association may also have influenced the pronunciation.
OED ȤƤϡǯδ God buy you ָ̱츻츻ȤߤʤƤꡤѶŪˤϼƤʤȤˤʤ롥ߤ goodbye 22첻ŪΤȤơʬŪʴͿβǽϼƤ롥
#6081. ˡߤȤƤ God save the king. You eat sushi. --- mond Ǥ ([2025-12-20-1]) Ǽ夲˾ˡʤ뤤ϵ³ˡˤˤĤ롥˾ˡϡ#3543. ظʸˡŵ٤ optative (mood) β ([2019-01-08-1]) ǿ줿̤ꡤΤʤꤵ줿ɽѤ롥֤뤳Ȥ¿Quirk et al. (§11.39) ꡤιʸ˴ؤܻǧƤ
Far be it from me to spoil the fun
Suffice it to say we lost.
Long live the Republic!
So be it.
So help me God.
֤ʤŪʥѥ⤢롥
God save the Queen!
God/The Lord/Heaven bless you/forbid/help us!
The devil take you. <archaic>
ʶ뤬 may ֤ܤȸϼ㴳¤롥
May the best man win!
May all your troubles be small!
May you always be happy!
May you break your neck!
⤦1Ĥθʷ would (to God) that . . . Ǥ롥
Would (to God) that I'd never heard of him!
Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman, 1985.
μͭץåȥե mond ˼μ䤬ϤޤGod save the king. ñǤ٤ȤѤˡȽޤʤСYou eat sushi. ʤСַʤٵءפȤ̣ˤ⡤ȾˤäƤϤʤޤ

μ˲Ȥsushi ʸפȤ SNS ǤܤޤäƤޤ
äơȾǤϡˡߤȤƤΡsushi ʸפˤĤơѸˤδʤ顤ŪʲǽȸŪʻѤμ֤Ƥޤ˾ɽ魯ˡߤϡűѸ줫ѸˤƤ̤ѤƤޤѸʹߤˤϿष#3543. ظʸˡŵ٤ optative (mood) β ([2019-01-08-1]) ǸȤꡤGod save the king So be it ʤɤθɽѤΤߤȤʤꡤΡsushi ʸפΤ褦Ū˴˾ɽ뤳Ȥϻ¾Բǽˤʤޤ
ޤȾǤϡʿפȡ̿פȡִ˾פȯù (speech_act) ΰ㤤ˤޤYou eat sushi. ϤβǽǤºݾϴ˾ɤߤϤʤȤäƤ褤Ǥ礦ȯαΧǡ̿פɤߤϻĤޤˤĤƤ⡤ǶᵤˤʤäƤ˥塼ɤƻϩɸ "PEDESTRIANS GIVE WAY TO VEHICLES" ˵ƾƤߤޤ

Ҿ嵭ɤߤˤ⤳ˤĤƤͤФȻפޤޤؤܤơΤ heldio ۿ֡ڥۿX16סΡsushiʸײԤʤޤΤǡ⥢餪İС
Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman, 1985.
ؽػŵ٤ʤ˴طĤޤɤߤƤȤֵפιܤ˹ԤäˤĤƤϡ#3908. ֵפȤϲ ([2020-01-08-1]) ǰٹͤȤäϤιܤεҤˡ뤿μ꤬ (260--61)
ˤ뽡ؤˤϡεᤰ䤤礭ʴؿᡤȼѤζ̤˴ؤ꤬˵줿ռȼʸζ̤ᤰ䤤ؤ̤Ƥ롥˴ؤŪʸθŵǤص (Das Gebet, 1918) F. ϥ顼ˤС⼡οͳŪĶŪ¸ߤؤȸ뵧ϼŪʽ̤졤̾ʿʩʤĶŪ¸ߤ̾뤳ȡˡʡꡤ뤤ñ˿ʹ֤δ˾μ¸뵧ʤɤˤƤϡȼŪͻ礬ƤȤޤͳŪĶŪ¸ߤȤθȹͤΩ줫ϡۤȶ̤뤳Ȥ⤢롥Ȥμդ֤뽡ŪʽȤδ֤ζήưŪǤ롥㤨С̾ˤϸդϤŪʷǤʤ䴶աʤɤʤߤ뤷ꤤͽĶŪ¸ߤΤ餻ȤȤˤⵧ빽¤롥ηݻ褦ʾϡ꤬ष˶ŤƤȤͤ롥
ֵפ̣դθ츻ϡȤݤʸkŪʥƥȤָ뤳ȤǤ롥Ѹ "prayer" ɥĸ "Gebet" ʤɡֵפ̣θϤࡤꤦפʤɤθդ˵ĤΤФơܸΡ֤Τפϡ֤פʤʤΡʤءʤɤɽȡ֤Τפʤ𤲤롤ʤ٤Ȥạ̈θȤȤ߹碌ǤƤꡤŤϡֿȤˡɵפǤϤʤֿȤɵפȤˡߤ줿ȤʤߴꤦоݤȤƤοͳŪ¸ߤȤŪʹͤȤϰۤʤꡤܸΡ֤ΤפǤϡθռΤ̿ϤʤΤɤȹͤƤȤ狼ΤǤ롥
¾δϢ뽡Ȥθ̩ʶ̤Ǥ롥ȤСθդȡ¾δϢ뽡θդȤθ̩ʶ̤ȤȤˤʤ
ʳءˤȸʳءˤγݤϡΩˤȤäƤ⥨ƥǤꡤȤäƤ褤ܥ֥ϡ#1546. ʬۤȽʬۡ ([2013-07-21-1])#2485. ʸȽ ([2016-02-15-1]) ޤ religion γƵȡ
ѵӾ 氣 ҡ ʡᲬ ͺԡˡؽػŵ١ҡ2010ǯ
ꥢåפ줿ֱѸƳ202120ܤΥƥĤϡgoodbye θ츻ägoodbye ΰ̣Ǥ
God be with ye ʿʤȤȤˤޤ褦ˡˤȤ³ˡ (subjunctive) Ѥ (optative) ɽͳ褹Ȥޤ̤ݤˤ褯Ѥ밧Ȥʤꡤûʤä goodbye ȤʤäȤǤ̣Ǥϡ֤ˤϤǤפ֤פˤʤ褦ʤΤǤ
ޤǤΤȤǤ⡤ȵ䤬ͯƤޤ͡㤨С
ʤ God good ˤʤäƤޤäΤ
ʤ be bye ˤʤäƤޤäΤ
ʤ with ye ʬæƤޤäΤ
⤽ you ǤϤʤ ye ȤΤϲʤΤ
ʤʡäơ֤褦ʤפ̤ΰˤʤΤ
ѸŪˤϤ⤷ơޤȤʤޤ嵭ƥǤϡΤ褦ʵΤ٤ƤƤ櫓ǤϤޤGod be with ye goodbye ؤѲƻڤˤĤƶ̣⤬ܤƤޤΤǡɤ
Ȥ櫓⤷Τϡ̤ΰȤܸ֤褦ʤʤСˤƼˡפ˴֤ߤʤޤǸʡʸȡѸ goodbye (< God be with ye) ˤߤֽʡʸκۤŦƤȤǤ
Τ˱ѸǤ (I wish you) good morning/afternoon/evening/night bless you ޤǡʡɽ¾θȤʤäƤ㤬¿褦˻פޤ٤ɽȤƷ־ν䤹ȤϤΤΡظˤȯۡפξ֤ǰۤʤäƤǤ
ǯδ֡May the force be with you! Τ褦ʵ may ȯãˤĤơŪΩ줫ؿƤܥ֥Ǥ may 뤤 optative γƵǰäƤ̤1ǯۤ2018ǯ1215ˤϡض쥭ѥdzŤ줿˸زΥݥǧΤ˸ --- ʸˡʸǧΤδط ---פˤơֱѸˤ뵧 may ȯãפȤܤǾäƤ
ֵס뤤ʿäơֵפȤϲȤǽפˤϡޤǼĤˤȯù (speech_act) 1ǤȤǤäƤϤäɤΤ褦ʹ٤ʤΤܼȤΤʤ⡤˸椷Ƥ餤롥
Ƥȯù٤θϡ⤷褦ʾʤΤ⤷ʤϤ뤫ĶȤˤ䡤ޤˤˤȯŸβǽƤȤΤ⤷ʤ
ȤޤֵפȤϲɴʻŵ2ǤꡤǤᤤȻפֵ禱פιȤƤߤ
?禱
Ȥ
禱Ϲ˲С٤ƤνŪꡤǰ̣롥ΰ̣ε禱Ūˤߤ뽡ݤǤ롥ξ硤禱ȤϡʩȤäĶŪ¸ߤȿԤȤθήΰ֤Ǥȹͤ롥禱Ϥޤ̤ơ÷禱2ʬƹͤ뤳ȤǤ褦÷ȤѤƵդʤɤ֤뵧禱Ǥꡤ禱ȤϿΤʤǰƵ뷿Ǥ롥ξԤȤտŪˡĴ㡤羸ʤɤޤޤư¹Ūˤʤ뤳Ȥ⤪˵禱ĿŪפȽŪפ̤뤳ȤǽǤ롥Ԥ佡Ūܥǡ뤤Ͽˤפ⤫٤ƸĿŪ˹ԤΤԤǤ롥Ȥ줬귿콸ŪˤʤΤԤǤ롥ξ硤禱鲽ƤȤ褦
禱ϤޤǤⵧоݤäΩ롥ΤĶŪ¸ߤΩƤʤˤϵ禱䵧¸ߤʤȤͤ⤢롥ʩʩȤ롥衼ȤäԤΤʤˤϡͳʤοᤶȤạ̈ǤεǤƤȤ뤳ȤǤ롥ԤˤäƤϡΤ褦ʵ禱Ū禱ȤФƿȤθή濴禱¸ԽŪʤŪ禱̾ŤƤ롥
禱Ƥˤꡤաʤɤ롥ξ硤ʩФƶŪʸ̤ʤ餫ľŪƯԤΤϡʰ̣Ǥε禱䵧ǤϤʤȤΩ⤢롥ؼԤ佡Ȥθˤ褯ߤ뤷ޤĤƤ̤θԤˤƱͤθͭϤäǤϡṲ̄ԤΤϡѤʤʸǤȤ롥Ƽʸ鵧禱ӵؤȤʲ줿θθη̡ʸƤȤ줿̤ˤ⡤ˤߤ褦ʵ꤬¸ߤ뤳ȤȽޤε禱ʸŪʤ뤳ȤŦ褦ˤʤäꥹȶμεˤʩǰʩˤ衤줬쵡Ū˷֤뤳ȤˤäƼʸŪѤƤ뤳Ȥ⸽¤¸ߤ롥椨ǶǤϡʸ鵧禱ؤȤϤޤʤ
ܸε禱θϡȤˤ줬Ҹ浧禱ӤȤȡΰ̣ʤꤵƤ롥϶ŪŪãäƿʩ˵ꤹ뽡ư̰µʿ˭ʤɤ븽(䤯)ΤǤ롥̩ϻ濴Ϥϡϻ뤤ϿҤʤɤǹԤ롥̩ˤ൷ʤɤɽǤ롥Ͳû禱 ѵ
ࡤʸ may ˴ؤʤɤݵ˹ƤɤȴʤʤäˤʤäƤȯù٤ϡؤΰˤȤɤޤäƤϤʤ̤ƤʤιơޤΤ褦ǤϤʤǽ뷹Τθϡưפ cross-disciplinary Ȥʤ롥ƥľˤäưˤȥԥåǤϤ롥
ε3562. may ʸ ([2019-01-27-1]) ޤᵯ may ˤĤƤ may γƵǼ夲ƤŪˤˡưѤʸȤơmote ʡ#2256. ɽ魯 may ν ([2015-07-01-1]) ȡˤ might ʡ#3423. might (1) ([2018-09-10-1])#3424. might (2) ([2018-09-11-1]) ȡˤ㤬ʤԤ may ȰۤʤŪˡ
⤦1Ūˤ˵ʤΤmote β most(e ʷŪ˸Ѹ must ϢʤˤѤʸ¸ߤVisser (1800) ˡ㤬Ƥ롥
13.. Curs. Mundi 25387, "Amen," þat es "Sua most it be." (But cf. 25294, þi nam mot halud be).
c1425 Chester Pageant of Abraham, Melchisedec & Isaac, Everym. Libr. p. 41, 12, Abraham, welcome must thou be . . . Blessed must thou be.
c1450 Chester Pl., Noah's Flood (in: Pollard, Eng. Mir. Pl.) 284, Ah lord honoured most thou be!
c1475 Siege of Rouen (ed. Gairdner; Camb. Soc.) p. 25, Hym wanted no thynge þat a prynce shulde have: Almyghty God moste [v.r. mote] hym save!
Visser ϡ most(e 㤬ޤ˾ʤȤ顤̻ mote äΤǤϤʤȤ⼨Ƥꡤޤ2;ñξˤĤ most ϸűѸθ߷ݻƤΤǤϤʤȤҤ٤Ƥ롥ʵ must ¸ߤƤΤȤ櫓Τ˾ʤʸįƤȡmote ȤκƱȤʤǤʤ
Visser, F. Th. An Historical Syntax of the English Language. 3 vols. Leiden: Brill, 1963--1973.
may ʸˤ丽ǤλˤĤ may optative εǰäƤ (78) ѤƤ Declerck (416) ˤȡmay ʸħȤ4ŦƤ롥
a. In a main clause, a wish (malediction or benediction) is introduced by may.
b. This use of may is very formal and rarely found in modern English, except in standing expressions.
c. May always expresses a present wish with future actualisation.
d. Might cannot be used in a similar way.
a, c, d ˤĤƤʤ뤬b ˤĤƤϤɤȤϤ鷺Ȥ⡤ɬפʤ褦˻פ롥
may ʸθߤ뤿ˡBNCweb Ƥߤư may ʸ "may_VM0" Ȼˤϡ3,537ΥƥȤ112,397㤬ҥåȤΤʤ龯ɤεˡϳʤõΤˤϤޤ˹ޤ롥ǡmay ʸŵŪѥ䴶ò¸ߤʤɤˡʤ٤¿㤬֤ˤϤȤκǺ뤳ȤˤξǡȤˤƳΤʸФ
̤ȤƼФΤ100ĤۤɤʸǤʷ̤ޤȤƥȥեˡĤ1줫ʤ륳ѥ100ȤȤϡ٤ȤϼȤϤ롥ޤ귿ɽ (Declerck "standing expressions"ˤ¿ȤȤǧ줿äȤ⡤ҤΤ褦귿ɽʤɤΡַפ˸ƤΤǡη̤ȤǤ롥Ȥ May God bless/forgive/rest . . . Long may it flourish/continue/last . . . May . . . be with you . . . Much good may it do . . . ʤɤϡ餫ʥѥƤ롥
ηˤϤޤ꤭äΤФǤϤʤmay ʸϡΤ褦ʤޤΥѥ˴ŤƸؤΡ֥ѥǥפȤϤ߽Ф¿ʤȤϤʥפʸΤƤΤǤ롥ΰ̣ǡ١פ㤯ȤפɬꤨƤʤȸΤǤϤʤΤ褦Ƥ
Happy days, Jack, and may all your troubles be little ones!' (A73 91)
AN OLD CAMBRIDGE toast is, 'Here's to pure mathematics - may she never be of any use to anyone!' (B7C 2026)
St Augustine taught that God had created man in his own image and so it was by looking at his own soul that man would discover God: 'May I know myself! may I know thee!' he had cried. (CD4 417)
May you be doing so well into the next century! (CGB 37)
With joy may we burn and cleanse!' (CM4 255)
May all dealers have this problem! (EBU 2407)
May you take that knowledge to your grave!' (HGV 6054)
⤦1 authentic 1ۤǯϤ˳鼡Τ褦ʸǻϤޤä
We hope this email finds you all well and settling in to the New Year. May it be a productive and enjoyable one for one and all!
ʡ"May the Force Be with You!"Ѹ may ʸˤĤơסطضס642015ǯ77--84ǡ
Declerck, R. A Comprehensive Descriptive Grammar of English. Tokyo: Kaitaku-sha, 1991.
Ȥаޤˤꡤ119ڡˤ15ػĥѥ446ֶˤˤơܸز϶ιֱˤƤä뤳ȤˤʤäƤޤȥϡֱѸ may ʸεȯãפǤס̵ǤΤǡؿθϤӤ
May the Force be with you! ʥեˤȤˤɽ may ѤʸˤˤĤƤϡǯ֡ؿ³ƤޤرѸΡ֤ʤפϤƤαѸˡʸҡ2016ǯˤ4.5Ǥ夲ޤܥ֥Ǥ#1867. May the Queen live long! θ ([2014-06-07-1])#2256. ɽ魯 may ν ([2015-07-01-1])#2484. may ʸǤޤǡס ([2016-02-14-1]) ʤ optative γƵˤƤ̤Ǥ
ʤˤä may Ȥư줬ѤƤΤʤ VS ˤʤɬפΤʤɡŪ椬¿ʤΤǤ̻ŪˤߤȤ٤ͳʬäƤޤ̻ŪˤߤƤȤʬ¿ĤäƤꡤ;ϤޤܳŪĴ٤Ƥߤ褦ȻפΩäΤŪǶǤΤǡ٤ιֱǤϤޤǤʬäƤ뤳ȤޤȤꡤܲͤƤȤäȤȤˤʤޤԲĻĤ̥ŪʹʸˤĤơŪʻޤĤĵƤߤȻפäƤޤ
ȤۤȯɽϤˤΤǤʸƱνǤꡤܸز϶ڤƤʼΥץå⤢Ҳ𤷤Ƥߤޤʤߤ˰ϡǯ121--2˳Ťܸز212ܤ˹Ԥʤ줿1ץˤơʤͥޤԤǤαξμ̿ȡ
ܲ may ʸȴϢ optative (mood) ̤ˤĤĴ˺Τ˹ڡ°ԡˡظʸˡŵ (963--64) ꡤƱѸβѤƤ
optative (mood) ʴ˾ˡˡˡɥ衼åѸˤǧˡ (MOOD) 1ġꥷˤȼζĴ˾ˡ뤬ƥ䥲ޥϤǤϴ˾ˡϲˡ (SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD) ȹή1ĤȤʤäޥɤ°ѸˤƤϡOEŪΩ˾ˡϤʤ
˾ˡɽꡦ˾ΰ̣ϱѸǤ㤤벾ˡޤˡư (MODAL AUXILIARY) ˤ뱪ˤäɽ롧 God bless you! ʤʤ˿Τ߷äߤޤ褦ˡ/ May she rest in peace! ̽ʡ/ O were he only here. बˤƤ줵褤Τˡˡ¿ʬΤᡤTrnka (1930, pp. 64, 67--74) 'subjunctive' ȤѸ 'optative' Ѥ롥Kruisinga (Handbook, II. 1531) ưθ촴 (STEM) ˡ1Ĥ˴˾ˡ뤳Ȥǧᡤˡθ촴˾촴 (optative stem) ȸƤ֡ Suffice it to say .... ...ȸнʬǤˡˡQuirk et al. (1985, 11.39) ϲˡΰȤƴ˾ˡ (optative subjunctive) ǧᡤ˾ˡϴ˾ɽ魯Τʤꤷɽ˻ȤȽҤ٤Ƥ롧 Far be it from me to spoil the fun. ʳڤߤ̵ˤ褦ʤɤȤϻˤϤޤäʤ/ God save the Queen! ʽŲС
첽줿˾Ŭڤ˰֤Ť褦ȤȡɬȵǽʣʴطȤʤˡ̻֤ȶ֤δΰ㤤ؤäơȤʤ롥ҤȤĤδϡŪΩ줫˾ȯù (speech_act) Ȥߤʤơθ츽ݤФƲ餫ΰ֤ŤԤʤȤŪʴ٤ȤƤδ˾뤤ϵȤϲʤΤ䤤Ϥȡưפ˿ŪҲŪůŪŪؤȯŸƤޤ궯ơޤ
Ϣơ#3538. Ѹ subjunctive ֤ϰĸ optative ֤ ([2019-01-03-1])#3541. Ѹˡμ --- Jespersen ˤŪʶʬ ([2019-01-06-1])#3540. ˾ʸȴʸ̯ʴط ([2019-01-05-1]) ⻲ȡ
ͺ° ̭ ԡظʸˡŵ١Ʋ1992ǯ
ڡ° (414--15) ϡѸˡ (mood) ˤĤơŪ˶ʬ Jespersen The Philosophy of Grammar (1924) ĤľҲ𤷤Ƥ롥ˡ (mood) ȤüԤοŪ٤ΤȤǤ뤫顤̣Ū˶ʬ褦ȤȺݸ¤ʤ٤ʤäƤ˰㤤ʤť¤ˤϤޤΤɤˡJespersen ϤޤǷŪʬˤȤɤƤ롥
i) ջ֤ɽ魯
̿ˡ (jussive): Go.
ˡ (compulsive): He has to go.
̳ˡ (obligative): He ought to go. / We should go.
ˡ (advisory): You should go.
òˡ (precative): Go, please.
ˡ (hortative): Let us go.
ˡ (permissive): You may go if you like.
«ˡ (promissive): I will go. / It shall be done.
ˡ (optative)μ¸ǽ: May he be still alive.
˾ˡ (desiderative)μ¸Բǽ: Would he were still alive.
Ūˡ (intentional): in order that he may go.
ii) ջ֤ޤޤʤ
ɬˡ (apodictive): Twice two must be (or is necessarily) four.
ɬˡ (necessitative): He must be rich (or he could not spend so much).
ˡ (assertive): He is rich.
ˡ (presumptive): He is probably rich. / He would (or will) know.
ˡ (dubitative): He may be (or is perhaps) rich.
ǽˡ (potential): He can speak.
ˡ (conditional): if he is rich.
ˡ (hypothetical): if he were rich.
ˡ (concessional): though he is rich.
Jespersen ϡηŪʬˤ餳äƤʤˡȤϤޤǸФŪʤΤȹͤƤۤ褤
ͺ° ̭ԡˡظʸˡŵ١Ʋ1992ǯ
Referrer (Inside): [2019-01-08-1][ | ѥڡ ]
#3514. ˤֵפν ([2018-12-10-1]) Ǥ줿褦ˡ (optative) ȴ (hortative) ζܤۣǤ롥
߷ (540) ˤȡPoutsma ʬ˴Ťȡʸˤ (1) ʿʸ (declarative sentence)(2) ʸ (interrogative sentence)(3) ̿ʸ (imperative sentence) 3ĤꡤΤ (1) ʿʸ̤ʤΤȤ (a) òʸ (exclamative sentence)(b) ˾ʸ (optative sentence)(c) ʸ (hortative sentence) Ƥ롥(1c) δʸŵȤƼΤ褦ʤΤ롥
Part we (= Let us part) in friendship from your land!---W. Scott ʤʤι褯̤ޤ礦
So be it! ʤϤǤ褤
Suffice it to say . . . ʡ. . . ȤС˽ʬ
Be it known! ʤΤȤΤäƤޤ礦
Be it understood! ʤΤȤƤޤ礦
ơ#948. Be it never so humble, there's no place like home. (1) ([2011-12-01-1]) ʤɤǼ夲 be it ever so humble ʤ˼ǤǤȡˤⵯŪˤϡδʸͳ褹ȤߤǤϡ嵭Τ褦˲ˡߤѤΤ귿ʸ˸¤졤let ˤ뱪ˡΤۤŪǤ롥
ͽۤȤ˾ʸȤζ̤ϸŪˤ̯Ǥ롥̤Ĥ䤹ΤϡLet's . . . . ŵŪ˴ʸǤꡤLet us . . . . ̿ʸ뤤ϴ˾ʸǤȤ餤
߷ ˧ͺԡˡرѸ켭ŵ١ҡ2002ǯ298--99ǡ
ŤѸˤ³ˡ (subjunctive) εˡ (optative) ˤĤưӸؤ̮ǹͤ褦Ȥݤ˵ĤʤФʤʤΤϡĸȥޥɤδ֤ˤäȤѸξʤȺˤ뤳Ȥ
ĸǤϡ̿εǽô "imperative", 餯̤εǽô "subjunctive", εǽô "optative" δ֤Ƿ֤̤Ƥθ塤ޥɤػʬ줷Ƥʤǡĸ "optative" η֤̼ˤ³ˡ (subjunctive) ȤƼѤ줿Ĥޤꡤ֤˴ؤ¤ꡤĸ "subjunctive" ȱѸޤॲޥ "subjunctive" ȤϡƱ̾ͿƤˤ⤫餺̵طǤȤȤޥĸʤȤʲνˤ "subjunctive" ȸƤФ륫ƥϡŪˤаĸ "optative" ѤΤʤΤǤʤ䤳ˡäơŤѸ³ˡηεǽͭΤϡĸ줫ȤԻĤǤⲿǤʤȤȤˤʤ롥
̤θɤǤϻϰۤʤ롥㤨ХХȡɤˤƤϡĸ "optative" ϡ̿ˡפֵˡפȤƷѾƤ褦ǡޤޤ𤹤롥
ǤϡĸΤȤȤ "subjunctive" ϤɤʤäƤޤäȤȡޥˤϷѾƤʤ褦ɡɡꥷ졤ʬŪ˥ȸɤǤϡ̤פȤƷѾƤȤȵǽʬƳѸƤʤȺɬǤ롥
ʤΤϡӸؤΤȡHittite ʤɤξڵ˴Ť⤽ĸˤ "optative" "subjunctive" ¸ߤʤäΤǤϤʤȤ⾧Ƥ (Szemerényi 337) Ϥ䡥
Fortson IV, Benjamin W. "An Approach to Semantic Change." Chapter 21 of The Handbook of Historical Linguistics. Ed. Brian D. Joseph and Richard D. Janda. Blackwell, 2003. 648--66.
Szemerényi, Oswald J. L. Introduction to Indo-European Linguistics. Trans. from Einführung in die vergleichende Sprachwissenschaft. 4th ed. 1990. Oxford: OUP, 1996.
2֤ε#3517. if Ȥ鷺 V + S Ȥ ([2018-12-13-1])#3518. ȵʸζᤵ ([2018-12-14-1]) ǡỤ̄Ūʴֵס³ˡסִ˾ס־פõäƤ֤ˡ⤦1ġִòפȤɤ⻲ä
òʸǤϡʸŵŪ˵ V + S θ礬ФкѤ롥Jespersen (499) ʸ褦
Sh Merch II. 2. 106 Lord, how art thou chang'd
Sh Merch II. 3.16 Alacke, what heinous sinne is it in me To be ashamed to be my Fathers childe
BJo 3.133 what a vile wretch was I
Farquhar B 321 What a rogue is my father!
Defoe G 44 what fool must he be now that they have given him a place!
Goldsm 658 What a fool was I, to think a young man could learn modesty by travelling
Macaulay H 2.209 What a generation of vipers do we live among!
Thack N 180 What a festival is that day to her | What (how great) was my surprise when they were engaged!
Bennett C 2.12 What a night, isn't it?
ǸʸǤղõ䤬ĤƤ뤬ʤɤϤޤ˴òʸȵʸͻȤ⤤٤òȵ䤬蘆ä#2258. òʸ ([2015-07-03-1]) 㤬˭٤Ǥ롥
ޤòȴ˾ߤ˶ᤷȤפʤmay ʸ V + S Τ⡤ò V + S Ȳ餫δط뤫餫⤷ʤ
may ʸȴϢơJespersen (502) ˡDickinson, European Anarchy 74 ζ̣ʸäΤǵƤ
"The war may come", says one party. "Yes", says the other; and secretly mutters, "May the war come!"
[ | ѥڡ ]
may ϡʸŵŪ V + S ˾䴶òΤ˥ꥯ롼ȤȹͤƤߤΤ⤪⤷
Jespersen, Otto. A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles. Part 5. Copenhagen: Munksgaard, 1954.
ε#3515. Ѹεʸ2 ([2018-12-11-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡѸε깽ʸˤϡˡѤΤ may ѤΤ2郎¸ߤ롥ŪˤԤΤۤŤʸŪ귿ŪȤħͭƤꡤƱʸ̮ǤȤ뤳Ȥ⤢롥ȤСMay they get home safely, Heaven help us! Τ褦ʻ㤬롥ۤξ깽ʸƱ路Ƥ㤬ٹ (159fn) ˵Ƥ롥
God help her; May God help her!---Trollope;
Long life to them both! May Edward the Atheling reign, but Harold the Earl rule!--Lord Lytton.
2ĤǡٹϡȾ Harold the Earl rule! ˡȲᤷƤ褦may η֤ȤŪǽ⤷ǤƱλȤƵΤϤդ路ʤȤˤʤ뤬 "May SV, but SV!" Ȥ¤̤γ٤ߤС³줿2ĤβˡƬ may ΩäƤȲ᤹뤳ȤǤ롥Ĥޤꡤmay ϡŪ˿षƤˡεǽ䶯뤿Ƭդ줿ɸ (optative marker) Ǥª뤳ȤǤϡʸ1Ȥߤ뤳ȤǤ롥
ٹ ﵭرʸˡ3ǡʸƲ1926ǯ
ٹ (158--59) ˤСѸˤϡߤޤ̤Ρ֤Ҥʴꤤפɽ魯ˡ (optative) ηȤơ2郎ǧ롥1ĤϲˡŪ³ˡ (subjunctive)ˤѤˡʰʲ (a)ˡ⤦1ĤϸƬ may ΩƤơּưפ³ˡǤʰʲ (b)ˡ줾
(a) ̾ʸƬΩơˡߤưҸȤ롥κݶΤƻ졦ʤɤΩƼȽҸȤž֤뤳Ȥ¿ȤС
Thy kingdom come. Thy will be done.---Matthew, vi. 10.
God bless and reward you for all your kindness.---Stowe.
God forgive me!---Miss Mulock.
Long live the Duke!---Charles Reade.
Mine be a cot beside the hill!---Rogers.
So be it, O Queen!---H. Hoggard.
So help me God!---Hardy.
Τ褦ʤΤΤϾѤ줿ǤϤ뤬ǤϻӾθꤷΤۤϤޤ¿Ѥʤ˰äդ٤ϡΤ褦ʼͤθǤϺʤ̤ѤȤȤǤ롥
Murrain take thee!---Scott.
Devil take me!---Lamb.
Generosity be hanged!---Thackeray.
Dauphin be damned!---Shaw.
(b) ξ硤ˡѤȤ mayѤ롥ξ may ϤĤΩĤΤǤ롥ȤС
May no evil dream disturb my rest!---Evening Hymn.
May he rest in peace!---Irving.
So may it be for ages!---William Morris.
ˡѤˤˡư may Ѥˤ衤ˡ (mood) ؤäƤ뤳Ȥ狼롥ФСˡ (optative mood) ȸƤФʤǤ롥ޤ(a) ξϿդ(b) ξɬ֤ȤħŪϡ̾νҤǤϤʤȤͭɸȯù٤Ǥ뤳ȤޡȤƵǽƤΤǤϤʤȻפ롥դǤϡ̾ﴶò (exclamation mark) ȼȤħ⤢롥
ʤmay бɥĸ mögen ³ˡ1⡤may ƱͤŪȤСMöge das neue Jahr viel Glück bringen! ʿǯ¿Ǥޤ褦ˡסMöge er glücklich werden! ˹졪ˤʤɡ
ٹ ﵭرʸˡ3ǡʸƲ1926ǯ
ؤǡֵפȤСѸǤ optative ȤѸ줬ƤƤꡤ͡롥ȤϤޤä1Ĥȯù٤Ǥ롥ޤthe optative mood ȸ褦ˡˡ (mood) 1ĤǤ⤢롥ˡꥷʤɤθǤϵˡɽ魯̤ưζꡤηؤ optative ȸ뤳Ȥ⤢롥Ѹ˶ᤤȤСI hope/wish/would like . . . . ʤɴ˾˾ɽ魯ɽϤ٤ƵǤȤ⤤롥ˤֵפˤϡǽΤȤʤΤΤȤʤΤΤȤʤΤʸΤ褦ʤ礭ñ̤ΤȤʤΤʤɡƤɬפ褦˻פ롥
̣ŪˤСȤָ̤ΥݥƥʤΤŵͥƥʵ⤢롥ּפΤǤ롥顤 (swearing) 䥿֡ (taboo) ˤĤʤäƤLet's . . . ɽ봫ˡ (hortative mood) ɽ魯ǽȤФжܤƤǤ롥
ïФƵȯä뤫ȤǤϡܤˤʹФƤȤȤ⤢뤬ȤȤȯ뤳Ȥ⤢ˤϲ뤳ȤʤƬΤʤǾ¿ΤǤϤʤû˵Ȥ⾯ʤʤͤϾ˲˾˾ʤƤȤ̣Ǥϡʸdz߲뤫ɤ̤ȤơȤΤϼ¤Ϥʤ٤ι⤤ǽǤʤΤǤϤʤŪʵǤ⡤٤η㤷ΰ㤤Ϥˤ衤ºݤˤϤϤ٤ʤΤǤϤʤ
ε ([2018-09-10-1]) ε³ơ might ꡥιʸVisser (III, 1681) "Faire myght thee befalle!" פȤƼ夲Ƥ롥űѸ줫鸽ѸޤǤʸäƤꡤO(h)! that ԤޤᡤʸȯãͤǵŤʰȤʤäƤ롥ʲ˰Ѥ롥
Ælfred, Boeth. (Sedgefield) 34, 6, Eala ðæt ure tida nu ne mihtan weorðan swilce!
Blickl. Hom. 69, 7, To hwon sceolde ðeos smyrenes ðus beon to lose ȝedon? eaþe heo mehte beon ȝeseald to þrim hunde peneȝa.
c1400--50 Alexander (Ashm.) 1605, 'Ay moȝt he lefe' quod ilka man twyse (OED).
c1460 Towneley Myst. 33, Faire myght the[e] befalle!
c1460 Wakefield Miracle Play of the Crucifixion (Everym.) Libr. p. 104, That shall I do, so might I thrive!
Ibid. p. 105, 29, as might thou the!
Ibid. p. 115, 9, as ever might I thrive!
1530 Palsgrave 84, The optative mode which they vse whan they wisshe a dede to be done, as 'bien parle il', well speke he, or well myght he speke.
1575 Gammer Gurton (in: Manly, Spec. II) V, ii, 8, fye on him, wretch! And euil mought he thee for it (Or mought = mote?).
1589--9 Ben Jonson, The Case Is Altered (Everym.) II, i p. 678, That I might live alone once with my gold! O, 'tis sweet companion!
1596 Shakesp., Merch. of Ven. II, ii, 98, Lord worshipt might be, what a beard hast thou got.
1852 M. Arnold, To Marguerite, Cont'd 18, Oh might our marges meet again! (OED).
c1920 W. W. Gibson, Waters of Lethe (Coll. Poems 1926), O that we too might stand Amid unrustling reeds, That banner with dark plumes the shadowy strand! . . . O that we two might glide With eager eyes . . . Into the mist that veils the further side!
1931 R. L. Binyon, Prayer (Coll. Poems 1931), O might my love that in one heart has found such hope to cherish . . . O might it grow Till in this clear profound Part of thy peace were seen (Kr).
ʸŪ˸Ϥȡmight εʸ may εʸȤ褽Ʊͤ칽¤ѤƤꡤε OED ˰͵ƾҲ𤷤־֡Ǥϡmight ʸȯãƤŤʤ褦˻פ롥
1530ǯʸˤϹʸ˴ؤʥȤޤޤƤꡤܤͤ롥Ǥϡmight ʸ³ˡɽȤƲƤ롥
Visser, F. Th. An Historical Syntax of the English Language. 3 vols. Leiden: Brill, 1963--1973.
ѸǤѤƤȤäƤ褤Ѹ줫Ѹˤơ may ʤ̵ might ȤˡäOED may, v.1 θ24Ǽ夲ƤΤɤΤäOED Ѥ褦
24. Used (since Middle English with inversion of verb and subject) in exclamatory expressions of wish (sometimes when the realization of the wish is thought hardly possible). poet. Perhaps Obsolete.
This appears to have developed from the hypothetical use (sense 20a).
c1325 (?c1225) King Horn (Harl.) (1901) 166 (MED) Crist him myhte blesse.
c1450 (?a1400) Wars Alexander (Ashm.) 1607 (MED) Ay moȝt [a1500 Trin. Dub. mot] he lefe, ay moȝt he lefe, þe lege Emperoure!
1600 Shakespeare Merchant of Venice ii. ii. 88 Lord worshipt might he be, what a beard hast thou got.
1720 Pope tr. Homer Iliad VI. xxiv. 261 Oh!..might I..these Barbarities repay!
1852 M. Arnold To Marguerite in Empedocles 97 Now round us spreads the watery plain---Oh might our marges meet again!
might νиȯã˴Ϣơ may ɤΤ褦˴ͿƤΤƤʤΤϡ⤷Ǥ롥嵭 OED ȤƸڤƤ20aȤΤϾˤˡǤꡤĤޤ If S might V ɽȤƤ Might S V Ȥ칽¤ΤȤؤmay ʸˤĤƤΤ褦ȯãʹȤʤΤǡĤޤȤOED might may εʸϤ줾ۼηϩȯãȹͤƤ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥Τˡ1720ǯ might I Τ褦1;ñѤ륱 may ʸǤϸȤʤΤ褦 might ˡϸ̩ˤСֵפȤ̤ȯù٤ɽ路ƤΤ⤷ʤ
might ˤ֤Ƥʤ⸫뤳Ȥ顤־֡ǤϤ٤Ƥ뤳ȤϤǤʤ뤤ϡθʳ may εʸȹήȤǽ⤢뤫⤷ʤ might ϸޤǤ˻¾ѤȤʤäƤȤʤѤȤʤäΤˤⶽ̣롥
#1867. May the Queen live long! θ ([2014-06-07-1])#2256. ɽ魯 may ν ([2015-07-01-1])#2484. may ʸǤޤǡס ([2016-02-14-1]) Ǥ⤹Ǥ˿Ƥ may ιʸΩ1Ĥϡ°ˤˡI wish that S may V Τ褦ʹʸˤȯã˵뤳ȤǤ롥ʤȤ OED ϤΤ褦˹ͤƤꡤ (82) Stage 3 Stage 4 ؤοܤˤƱȯãäȤߤƤ褦OED ǤϤλѸ줫Ѹؤβϴ֤ƤΤФơϤ⤦Ѹ֤ƤȤ㤤롥
may ιʸθȤ뽾°ˤˡˤĤơOED ǤϸűѸ줫鸽ѸޤǤmay, v.1 θ9b˵Ƥ롥ʲ˰Ѥ롥
b. In clauses depending on such verbs as beseech, desire, demand, hope, wish, and their allied nouns. . . .
OE Ælfric Catholic Homilies: 1st Ser. (Royal) (1997) x. 258 Hwæt wilt ðu þæt ic þe do? He cwæð: drihten þæt ic mage geseon.
1432 Charter Educ. Henry VI in Paston Lett. (1872) I. 32 The said Erle desireth..that he may putte hem from..occupacion of the Kinges service.
1549 Bk. Common Prayer (STC 16267) Celebr. Holye Communion f. xxiv Graunt that they maie both perceaue and knowe what thinges they ought to do.
1636 in M. Kytö Variation & Diachrony (1991) 111 I desire they may goe for shares and victuall them selves.
1771 [T. Smollett Humphry Clinker I. 197 But, perhaps, I mistake his complaisance; and I wish I may, for his sake.]
1782 W. Cowper Conversation in Poems 218 He humbly hopes, presumes it may be so.
1908 W. McDougall Introd. Social Psychol. p. vii I hope that the book may be of service to students of all the social sciences.
1970 N.Y. Times 21 Sept. 42/2 Through the new page.., we hope that a contribution may be made toward stimulating new thought.
1984 Guardian 27 Jan. 26 They found a shovel raising hopes that the lost men may have dug themselves into a snow hole.
μˤ뵧 may ιʸˤĤƤϡOED ϸ12ΤȤǵƤꡤ1521ǯȤƤ롥#1867. May the Queen live long! θ ([2014-06-07-1]) ǤǺܤ12ΤѤƤ
12. Used (with inversion of verb and subject) in exclamatory expressions of wish (synonymous with the simple present subjunctive, which (exc. poet. and rhetorically) it has superseded).
This use developed from sense 9b, as is shown by early examples, such as quot. 1521, in which the subject precedes may, and antecedent formulae (e.g. quot. 1501) which have a that-clause.
[1501 in A. W. Reed Early Tudor Drama (1926) 240 Wherfore that it may please your good lordship, the premisses tenderly considered to graunt a Writ of subpena to be directed [etc.].]
1521 Petition in Hereford Munic. MSS (transcript) (O.E.D. Archive) I. ii. 5 Wherefore it may please you to ennacte [etc.; cf. 1582--3 Hereford Munic. MSS (transcript) II. 265 Maye [it] pleas yo(ur)r worshipes to caule].
1570 M. Coulweber in J. W. Burgon Life Gresham II. 360 For so much as I was spoyled by the waye in cominge towards England by the Duke of Alva his frebetters, maye it please the Queenes Majestie [etc.].
1590 Marlowe Tamburlaine: 1st Pt. sig. A5v Long liue Cosroe mighty Emperour. Cosr. And Ioue may neuer let me longer liue, Then I may seeke to gratifie your loue.
1593 Shakespeare Venus & Adonis sig. Diijv Long may they kisse ech other for this cure.
1611 M. Smith in Bible (King James) Transl. Pref. sig. ⁋3 Long may he reigne.
1637 Milton Comus 32 May thy brimmed waves for this Their full tribute never misse.
1647 Prol. to Fletcher's Womans Prize in F. Beaumont & J. Fletcher Comedies & Trag. sig. Qqqqq2/1 A merry Play. Which this may prove.
1712 T. Tickell Spectator No. 410. ⁋6 But let my Sons attend, Attend may they Whom Youthful Vigour may to Sin betray.
1717 Entertainers No. 2. 7 Much good may it do the Dissenters with such Champions.
1786 C. Simeon in W. Carus Life (1847) 71 May this be your blessed experience and mine.
1841 Dickens Old Curiosity Shop i. viii. 121 'May the present moment,' said Dick,.. 'be the worst of our lives!'
1892 Catholic News 27 Feb. 5/5 May this smash-up of his facts remain as a warning to him.
1946 W. H. Auden Litany & Anthem for S. Matthew's Day May we worship neither the flux of chance, nor the wheel of fortune.
1986 B. Gilroy Frangipani House vii. 30 May your soul never wander and may you find eternal peace.
1712ǯǡLet my Sons attend, Attend may they ȤʬǴ let ȵ may Τ褦֤ƤΤŪǤ롥#2478. may ȴ let ȯã ([2016-02-08-1])#3416. may ȴ let ΰ̣Ū ([2018-09-03-1]) ȡ
ʡ"May the Force Be with You!"Ѹ may ʸˤĤơסطضס642015ǯ77--84ǡ
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