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ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2018-09-03 Mon

#3416. may ȴ let ΰ̣Ū [pragmatics][semantics][syntax][word_order][speech_act][auxiliary_verb][optative][may]

#2478. may ȴ let ȯã ([2016-02-08-1]) ǡξʸΰճȤפˤĤŪʴҲ𤷤ѸζŪ⡤Huddleston and Pullum (944) ξԤΰ̣Ū˸ڤƤ롥

[Optative may C]onstruction . . . , which belongs to somewhat formal style, has may in pre-subject position, meaning approximately "I hope/pray". There is some semantic resemblance between this specialised use of may and that of let in open let-imperatives, but syntactically the NP following may is clearly subject . . . . The construction has the same internal form as a closed interrogative, but has no uninverted counterpart.


may let ְ̣Ū˻ƤȤϼΤǤʤǤְ̣פϸޤְ̣פˡȯù԰٤ȤƤΡֵפԤʤСˡִפʤΤ;ִפʳȤơֵפդΤΤϤ
Ūˤϡ³̾礬ʤ֤뤫Ūʤ֤뤫Ȥ餫˶̤ȻŦƤ롥ΤˡξԤϤ˰ۤʤ롥may let бȯù԰٤ɽ魯ɸȤȤ館θ̾γʤζ̵̤뤹줳ȤˤСָɸ̾ʡưθˡפȤʤäƤ뤳Ȥϻ¤ǤꡤŪˤƤȵ뤳ȤϤǤ롥ʤȤɽŪˤƤϡߤʤ롥
may let ⡤ʸƬư츶̿ɸꡤʸƬ Oh ǴòɸꤹΤƱͤθŪʵǽǻäƤȹͤ뤳ȤǤ뤫⤷ʤ#2923. ȱμ ([2017-04-28-1]) Ȥ줽ʡʤΤ褦˻פ롥

Huddleston, Rodney and Geoffrey K. Pullum. The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language. Cambridge: CUP, 2002.

Referrer (Inside): [2018-09-04-1]

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2018-09-02 Sun

#3415. ּܽưפֽưܼפȤʤ (3) [syntax][auxiliary_verb][inversion][word_order][optative][subjunctive][imperative][may]

Ⱥε ([2018-08-31-1], [2018-09-01-1]) ­롥Biber et al (11.2.3.4, p. 918) ˤȡּܽưפֽưܼפȤʤĶˤϡεǵ󤲤Τ˲äơ⤦2ʰʲ A Cˤ롥 may ιʸ (B) ˤĤĴ٤Ƥ˽Ф路ΤʤΤǡȹ碌3Ѥ롥A B ϸŤˡλ¸ȤȤʤΤǡŪʴäƤʸ

11.2.3.4 Special cases of inversion in independent clauses
   Some uses of inversion are highly restricted and usually confined to more or less fixed collocations. Types A and B described below are remnants of earlier uses and carry archaic literary overtones.

A Formulaic clauses with subjunctive verb forms
   The combination of the inflectionless subjunctive and inversion gives the highlighted expressions below an archaic and solemn ring:
      Be it proclaimed in all the schools Plato was right! (FICT)
      If you want to throw your life away, so be it, it is your life, not mine. (FICT)
      "I, Charles Seymour, do swear that I will be faithful, and bear true allegiance to Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth, her heirs and successors according to law, so help me God." (FICT)
      Long Live King Edmund! (FICT)
      Suffice it to say that the DTI was the supervising authority for such fringe banks. (NEWS)
 
B Clauses opening with the auxiliary may
   The auxiliary may is used in a similar manner to express a strong wish. This represents a more productive pattern:
      May it be pointed out that the teacher should always try to extend the girls helping them to achieve more and more. (FICT)
      May God forgive you your blasphemy, Pilot. Yes. May he forgive you and open your eyes. (FICT)
      The XJS may be an ageing leviathan but it is still a unique car. Long may it be so! (NEWS)
      Long May She Reign! (NEWS)

C Imperative clauses
   Imperative clauses may contain an expressed subject following don't . . . .


A B ΰ̣ŪŪܤ٤Ǥ롥Ȥ̿ᡤ𡤵ʤɤΡֶ˾פ롥Ūˤϡmay ʤɤˡư϶ޤˤ³ˡѤȤȯãƤ¦̤ꡤξԤ̣Ū˶ᤤطˤ뤳ȤȤǤ롥ƸѸˤɽȤƤǤϤ춦¸ƤꡤŪˤ֤Ȥǿ񤤤ƤΤϡ˶̣

Biber, Douglas, Stig Johansson, Geoffrey Leech, Susan Conrad, and Edward Finegan. Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English. Harlow: Pearson Education, 1999.

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2018-09-01 Sat

#3414. ּܽưפֽưܼפȤʤ (2) [syntax][auxiliary_verb][inversion][word_order][optative][may]

ε ([2018-08-31-1]) ˰³ƤꡥHuddleston and Pullum ꡤѸǥǥեȤθ礬֤ơֽưܼפȤʤ9ĤΥҲ𤷤9Ĥ礭2ĤΥפʬȡζ礬֤뤳Ȥˤ֤ΤȡǤʤΤȤ˿ʬ롥ԤϤ2ʬ졤Τ褦ʶ礬ɬ֤ʤФʤʤȡ֤ǤդǤ륱Ȥ̤롥Huddleston and Pullum (97) ޤȤ褦

UNTRIGGEREDTRIGGERED
obligatoryoptional
Closed interrogativesOpen interrogativesExclamatives
Conditional inversionInitial negativeOther fronted elements
Optative mayInitial only
Initial so/such


Ȥ櫓̣Τ "UNTRIGGERED" °3Ǥ롥̾ˤä "TRIGGER" ˤΤˤĤƤϡΰ⤬뤫֤ΤɽŪˤǼ뤳ȤǤʤ꿼ɵ᤹СϤǤϤ뤬ˡUNTRIGGERED 3ˤĤƤϡɽȤƤΰ⤬櫓ǤʤΤ褦ʹʸǤϤñ֤ʤФʤʤΤȤ§褦˻פ롥ȤϤŪʤΤ˸ŪưŤϤʤΤ
"UNTRIGGERED" 3Τ"Closed interrogatives" ˤϡּܽưפʸꡤ"Conditional inversion" ˤif ܼܽưפȤ롥Ȥ"Optative may" ˤĤƤɸŪȤ٤ʸʤ may ΩĤȤΤϡɤŪˤ϶ˤðۤΤ褦Ǥ롥ˤĤƤϡ#1867. May the Queen live long! θ ([2014-06-07-1])#2256. ɽ魯 may ν ([2015-07-01-1])#2478. may ȴ let ȯã ([2016-02-08-1])#2484. may ʸǤޤǡס ([2016-02-14-1]) ǰäƤΤǡȤ

Huddleston, Rodney and Geoffrey K. Pullum. The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language. Cambridge: CUP, 2002.

Referrer (Inside): [2018-09-02-1]

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2018-08-31 Fri

#3413. ּܽưפֽưܼפȤʤ (1) [syntax][auxiliary_verb][inversion][word_order][exclamation][optative][may]

ѸκǤ̤θϡּܡʽưפǤ롥ĤΥǤϡỤ̄ŪŪưŤˤꡤθ礬 (inversion) 뤳Ȥ֡ʽưܼפȤʤ롥Ǥưư˸ꤷǡɤΤ褦ʥ뤫Huddleston and Pullum (94--96) ʬफ󤷤Ƥߤ褦

(1) Ĥʸ (Closed interrogatives)
- Can she speak French?
- Does she speak French?

(2) 줿ʸ (Open interrogatives)
- What did she tell you?
- Where did you go after that?
- What is she doing?

(3) òʸ (Exclamatives) ʤܽưθǽ
- What a fool have I been?
- How hard did she try?

(4) Ǥ֤ (Initial negative)
- Not one of them did he find useful.
- Nowhere does he mention my book.

(5) only ֤ (Initial only)
- Only two of them did he find useful.
- Only once had she complained.

(6) so/such ֤ (Initial so/such)
- So little time did we have that we had to cut corners.
- Such a fuss would he make that we'd all agree.
- You got it wrong and so did I.

(7) ¾Ǥ֤ (Other fronted elements)
- Thus had they parted the previous evening.
- Many another poem could I speak of which sang itself into my heart.
- The more wives he had, the more children could he beget.
- Well did I remember the crisis of emotion into which he was plunged that night.

(8) (Conditional inversion)
- Had he seen the incident he'd have reported it to the police.

(9) may (Optative may)
- May you both enjoy the long and happy retirement that you so richly deserve.
- May the best man win!
- May you be forgiven!

ƤߤȡѸǤǥեȤΡּܽưפ֤ơֽưܼפȤʤ뵡ϡ碌СȤƤ٤Ȥɬ⾯ʤʤ褦˻פƤ롥¿ȤΤϸ᤮ष̾ȰäƤȤۼѤơŪͭѤʲԤʤäƤΤȹͤƤ

Huddleston, Rodney and Geoffrey K. Pullum. The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language. Cambridge: CUP, 2002.

Referrer (Inside): [2018-09-02-1] [2018-09-01-1]

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2016-02-14 Sun

#2484. may ʸǤޤǡ [word_order][syntax][auxiliary_verb][subjunctive][pragmatics][speech_act][optative][may]

may ˤĤơ#1867. May the Queen live long! θ ([2014-06-07-1])#2256. ɽ魯 may ν ([2015-07-01-1])#2478. may ȴ let ȯã ([2016-02-08-1]) ǰäƤˤĤơǶᡤʸ줿Ѹ may ʸγΩϡűѸμ˸ŪװѤ߽Ťʤä̤ǤꡤīͼäΤǤϤʤȤݤŪʻƱäǤ롥
ξܺ٤ˤϿʤ (82) may ʸǤޤǡפꤹǿ޼Ū󤷤ʬѤ롥

a. STAGE 1: OE ?
   I wish that NP-Nom[inative]. + V-S[u]BJ[unctive]. ̽°
   ... (so) that NP-Nom. + V-SBJ. ̽°
b. STAGE 2: OE ?
   NP-Nom. + V-SBJ. ̼͡ex) God bless you!
   X + V-SBJ. + NP-Nom. ̼͡ex) Long live the Queen!
c. STAGE 3: Late OE ?
   I wish that NP-Nom. + MAY + Inf[initive]. ̽°
   ... (so) that NP-Nom. + MAY + Inf. ̽°
d. STAGE 4: ME ? *EModE/ME ?
   NP-Nom. + MAY/MIGHT + Inf. ̼͡ex) Thy voyce may sounde in mine eres.
   *X + NP-Nom. + MAY/MIGHT + Inf. ̼ ex) from dyssese he may us saue.
   X + MAY/MIGHT + NP-Nom. + Inf. ̼͡ex) ai mighte he liven.
   Cf. (X) + MOTE + NP-Nom. + Inf. ̼ ex) mote þu wel færen
   Cf. LET + NP-Nom. + Inf. ̼͡ex) late we hine welden his folc ...
e. STAGE 5: EModE ?
   MAY + NP-Nom. + Inf. ̼͡ex) May the force be with you!


Ϣή˴ؤäƤװϡưν°ˡȸ硤³ˡѤˡ³ˡѤȤƤνư may ȯãνư motan εˡαƶlet ʸȤ䡤"pragmatic particle" ȤƤ may Ȥθȯãʤ¿ˤ錄롥餬ʣ߹礤1Ĥħˡޤ줿ȤʥꥪˡѸˤ˱Ѹؤ̣򴶤롥

ʡ"May the Force Be with You!"Ѹ may ʸˤĤơסطضס642015ǯ77--84ǡ

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2016-02-08 Mon

#2478. may ȴ let ȯã [pragmatics][syntax][word_order][speech_act][emode][subjunctive][auxiliary_verb][optative][hortative][may]

#1867. May the Queen live long! θ ([2014-06-07-1]) κǸǿ줿褦ˡmay ʸ let ʸˤ롥Ūˤκǽ˸Ȥ˳Ū򼨤ľ3;μ뤳ȤǤŪˤϵꡦȤ̣ǻ̤äȯù԰٤ôȤǤ롥Ǹλ̤äƤ˴ؤƤСȯù԰٤⡤űѸ줫ѸˤŵŪư³ˡˤäɽ路Ȥ롥̻Ūˤϡmay ˤ let ˤ衤³ˡưѤ̳뱪ˡΩŪʤȤơꥢϤ᤿櫓Τ˻Ѥ경гơȴȤȯù԰٤ɸޡʤ "pragmatic particle" ȤƵǽ˻ämay let ŪȤƱ˰ȤȯۤϡεǸڤ Quirk et al. Τߤʤ餺Ѹ򸦵椷Ƥ Rissanen (229) ˤäƤ⼨Ƥʾp. 82 ⻲ȡˡ

   The optative subjunctive is often replaced by a periphrasis with may and the hortative subjunctive with let:
   
   (229) 'A god rewarde you,' quoth this roge; 'and in heauen may you finde it.' ([HC] Harman 39)
   (230) Let him love his wife even as himself: That's his Duty. ([HC] Jeremy Taylor 24)

Note the variation between the subjunctive rewarde and the periphrastic may . . . finde in (229).
   Of these two periphrases, the one replacing hortative subjunctive seems to develop more rapidly: in Marlow, at the end of the sixteenth century, the hortative periphrasis clearly outnumbers the subjunctive, particularly in the 1 st pers. pl. . ., while the optative periphrasis is less common than the subjunctive.


Rissanen ϡmay let ѤŪꡦˡȯãƱ˰äƤ뤬ξԤߤ˱ƶäɤˤƧ߹ǤʤȯãκˤĤƸڤƤ뤳Ȥ顤ԤȯãԤȯãˤ¥ʤ줿ȤߤƤǽϤ뤷ʤȤ Rissanen 򻲾ȤƤ뾾 (82) ϤΤ褦˲ᤷƤ褦ΰ̴طִطˤĤƤϤܺ٤Ĵɬפ츫Ȥޤǰۤʤˤߤ may let 򡤸ѡʾ˲η뾽ȤƸƶ٤ࡥ
ϢƵ may ˤĤƤϡ#2256. ɽ魯 may ν ([2015-07-01-1]) 򡤴 let's δּѲˤĤƤϡ#1981. ּѲ ([2014-09-29-1]) ⻲ȡ

Rissanen, Matti. Syntax. In The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 3. Cambridge: CUP, 1999. 187--331.
ʡ"May the Force Be with You!"Ѹ may ʸˤĤơסطضס642015ǯ77--84ǡ

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2015-07-01 Wed

#2256. ɽ魯 may ν [word_order][syntax][auxiliary_verb][subjunctive][optative][may]

ɽ魯ư may ȯãˤĤơ#1867. May the Queen live long! θ ([2014-06-07-1]) ǹͻǿ줿褦ˡOED ˤȽ16ƬΤΤVisser (1785--86) ˤСʤ⡤ѸˤϸĤ롥κǽǤϡ may ʸƬƤʤȤդ줿

c1250 Gen. & Ex. 3283, wel hem mai ben ðe god beð hold!
c1425 Chester Whitsun Plays; Antichrist (in: Manly, Spec. I) p. 176, 140, Nowe goo we forthe all at a brayde! from dyssese he may us saue.
1450 Miroure of Oure Ladye (EETS) p. 34, 34, Sonet vox tua in auribus meis, that ys, Thy voyce may sounde in mine eres.


κǽΤ褦ˡ;ŪѤϸλǤʤ"Wo may you be that laughe now!", "Much good may do you with your note, madam!", Ƹ "Much good may it do you!" ʤɤ³
εǤϡɽ魯 may ȯŸطʤˤϡ˾ɽ魯ư³ˡˡȡhope ʤɤư³°ΤʤǤ may λѤΤǤϤʤȻŦ⤦1ĤήȤơVisser (1785, 1795) νҤ٤̤ꡤѸνư mote εˡ롥ϽѸ줫󤬤롤Visser ϸűѸ̤ꤦȹͤƤ롥

c1275 Passion Our Lord, in O. E. Misc. 39 Iblessed mote he beo þe comeþ on godes nome
c1380 Pearl 397, Blysse mote þe bytyde!


mote ˡϡMED mōten (v.(2)) 7c(b) ˤ㤬󤲤Ƥ뤬ѸǤ̤˸ΤǤ롥줬 may ˼ä줿ȤȤ
ʤ might ˤƱˡѸ긫졤mote ¤ might ⤦1Ĥιθ٤װʤȻפ롥MED mouen (v.(3)) 4(c) ai mighte he liven crist him mighte blessen ʤɤ㤬󤲤Ƥ롥
Ѹ may εˡȯãĴäƤϡޤѸʰˤ mote ƱˡȯãɤʤФʤʤ

Visser, F. Th. An Historical Syntax of the English Language. 3 vols. Leiden: Brill, 1963--1973.

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2014-06-07 Sat

#1867. May the Queen live long! θ [word_order][syntax][auxiliary_verb][subjunctive][pragmatics][optative][may]

Ѹˤϡư may Ѥιʸ롥ֽСפɽ魯ɸʸΤ褦ˡmay + + ưפȤˤΤ§Ǥ롥ߤǤϤƷĥäʸǤꡤ㤨 May you succeed! ФơǤ I hope you'll succeed. ۤɤǺѤޤ뤳Ȥ¿ŪʸȤơthat Τʤ may Ѥ I hope you may succeed. I wish it may not prove true. Let us pray that peace may soon return to our troubled land. Τ褦ʸ⸫롥may εʵڤӼˤˡ󤲤褦

May you be very happy! ʤ¿򵧤ޤ
May the new year bring you happiness! (褤ǯ򤪷ޤ
May it please your honor! ʶʤ鿽夲ޤ
May he rest in peace! ΰ¤餫̲󤳤Ȥ򡥡
May you have a long and fruitful marriage. ʤ¤ꤢ뺧ޤ褦ˡ
May all your Christmases be white! ʥۥ磻ȥꥹޥǤޤ褦ˡ
May I never see the like again! ʤʤ٤ȸʤ
May his evil designs perish! μٰʷײ褬ޤ褦ˡ
May you live to repent it! ʺ˸Ф褤
May you rot in hell! Ϲ


嵭θθ§æ롤Much good may it do you! ʤ줬ˤʤޤ褦ˡˡLong may he reign. बĹ󤳤Ȥ򡥡ˡA merry Play. Which this may prove. ʷࡤ줬󤳤Ȥ򡥡ˤΤ褦ʤ櫓ǤϤʤ
Ūʴߤȡˡư may εˡϡΩĻˤŪѤƤ³ˡưȤȯŸƤаޤ롥ޤҤ I hope you may succeed. Τ褦ˡư˸³ that ˤˡȯãȤή⤢롥ή1500ǯդ˹ήḽΡֵ mayפ줿OED Ǥ may, v. 1 θ12ˡ˳뤬16ΤΤǤ롥ǽοƤߤ褦

   [1501 in A. W. Reed Early Tudor Drama (1926) 240 Wherfore that it may please your good lordship, the premisses tenderly considered to graunt a Writ of subpena to be directed [etc.].]
   1521 Petition in Hereford Munic. MSS (transcript) (O.E.D. Archive) I. ii. 5 Wherefore it may please you to ennacte [etc.; cf. 1582--3 Hereford Munic. MSS (transcript) II. 265 Maye [it] pleas yo(ur)r worshipes to caule].
   1570 M. Coulweber in J. W. Burgon Life Gresham II. 360 For so much as I was spoyled by the waye in cominge towards England by the Duke of Alva his frebetters, maye it please the Queenes Majestie [etc.].


it may please . . . may it please . . . 귿ʸФmay + ư + פθɬ⸶§ȤϤʤäƤʤ褦
θ塤ֹ¤ŪˤʤäƤ椯ηаޤͳˤĤƤϾܤ餫ˤʤḽѸˤ³ˡλ褬Suffice it to say . . ., Be that as it may, Come what may ʤɤθ˸뤳ȤȲط뤫⤷ʤ
Quirk et al. (3.51) ˤСˡ֤ may "pragmatic particle" ȤƵǽƤȤ3;ΤФ̿Ȥ Let them come here Let the world take notice. ˤʸƬ let ƱͤθŪʵǽ̤Ƥ롥̻ŪʸȤȤ館Ȥ⤷꤫⤷ʤ

Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman, 1985.

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