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inversion - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2025-12-26 Fri

#6087. ˾ˡϤܸۤɽΤ [mood][optative][subjunctive][auxiliary_verb][word_order][inversion][mond]

#6081. ˡߤȤƤ God save the king. You eat sushi. --- mond Ǥ ([2025-12-20-1]) Ǽ夲˾ˡʤ뤤ϵ³ˡˤˤĤ­롥˾ˡϡ#3543. ظʸˡŵ٤ optative (mood) β ([2019-01-08-1]) ǿ줿̤ꡤΤʤꤵ줿ɽѤ롥֤뤳Ȥ¿Quirk et al. (§11.39) ꡤιʸ˴ؤܻǧƤ

Far be it from me to spoil the fun
Suffice it to say we lost.
Long live the Republic!
So be it.
So help me God.


֤ʤŪʥѥ⤢롥

God save the Queen!
God/The Lord/Heaven bless you/forbid/help us!
The devil take you. <archaic>


ʶ뤬 may ֤ܤȸϼ㴳¤롥

May the best man win!
May all your troubles be small!
May you always be happy!
May you break your neck!


⤦1Ĥθʷ would (to God) that . . . Ǥ롥

Would (to God) that I'd never heard of him!


Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman, 1985.

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2025-08-05 Tue

#5944. 󽾰̲ --- Ω [insubordination][syntax][conjunction][subordinator][language_change][terminology][may][pragmatics][speech_act][word_order][inversion]

³ (conjunction) ˤĴ٤Τ Fischer et al. 򻲾ȤƤȤ󽾰̲ (insubordination) Ȥ̣Τä (187) ³Ƴ뽾᤬ȼ鷺ΩѤ礬롥

Sometimes clauses with the formal markings of subordination are used without a proper main clause --- which is what Evans (2007) refers to as 'insubordination'.

(70) O that I were a Gloue vpon that hand (Shakespeare, Romeo & Juliet, II.2)

It is typical for such insubordinate clauses to come with specialized functions --- the insubordinate that-clause in (70) expresses a wish. It is still an unresolved issue, however, exactly how insubordinate clauses originate and develop, and how formal and functional change interact in this.


ϡMay the force be with you! Τ褦ʵ ˡȯãεˤؤפƶmay ιʸϡ³ȼ鷺֤Ȥʤˤ꽾äƤ뤫Τ褦ǡǤϾѤäפǤϤΤΡȤü첽ǽפƤ롥󽾰̲λ֤ӸϤޤʤƤʤ褦ȯãλˤ϶Τ⤷ʤϢơ#5937. ³ʳ˽Ǥ뤳Ȥɸʤϡ ([2025-07-29-1]) ⻲ȡ

Fischer, Olga, Hendrik De Smet, and Wim van der Wurff. A Brief History of English Syntax. Cambridge: CUP, 2017.

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2025-07-29 Tue

#5937. ³ʳ˽Ǥ뤳Ȥɸʤϡ [conjunction][subordinator][syntax][word_order][interrogative_pronoun][relative_pronoun][inversion][construction][comment_clause]

ε#5936. Ѹν³ ([2025-07-28-1]) Ǽ夲³ (subordinator = subordinating conjunction) ˤĤĴ٤ʤǡ³Ѥʳˤ⽾Ǥ뤳Ȥɸʤ¿뤳ȤΤäQuirk et al. (§§11.12) 4Ĥˡ˸ڤƤ롥

(a) wh-

ܵʸطᡤʤɤƳŪˤ who/whom/whose, which, where, when, whether, how, what, why; whoever, whomever (rare), whichever, wherever, whenever, whatever, however ʤɤѤ롥ˤäƳΤʤǼ졤Ū졤졤ղøʤɤ̤̩ʰ̣ǤΡ³פȤϤʤΤΡ³ŪʵǽͭȤϤ롥

(b) ط that

³ that ȤϡŪ䤬ۤʤ롥

(c) VS

򸫤ΤᤤHad I known more, I would have refused the job. Τ褦ʸȾʬˤ֤ϡIf I had known more ȥѥե졼뤳ȤǤŪ˽ƱȤʤ롥
Sad though/as I was Τ褦Ե§ʸιʸ⡤˽स롥

(d) ʬ칽ʸ

ֽפˤ뤬The match will take place tomorrow, weather permitting. Τ褦ˡư줬Ѥ륱θ뤳ȤǤ롥

ۤˤϡƳ뽾᤬롥㤨С³Ȥơ뤤ϴطȤƤ that ϡФоάΤǡȤʤ (ex. I suppose (that) you're right) ޤɾǤϡYou're right, I suppose. Τ褦ˡŪʥޡ礯Ȥ¿

Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. A Grammar of Contemporary English. London: Longman, 1972.

Referrer (Inside): [2025-08-05-1]

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2022-04-20 Wed

#4741. ֤ȼưֲζ [word_order][passive][inversion][syntax][information_structure]

(inversion) ȼưֲ (passivisation) Ȥ2ĤŪˤ϶̤䤬롥ŪʼʳǤŵŪ (topic) ôƬΰ֤ưȤǤȤȤС2ĤŪϤȤ경 (topicalisation) Ȥ׵˱ƤʤʤΤǤ롥
֤ȼưֲˤϡ̣롥䡤ȤȤäۤŬڤξԤϥåȤǡޤ褷Ƥ褦ʤΤǤ롥Seoane (379) εѤ褦

. . . inversion and passivization operate in different syntactic environments: passivization applies to transitive verbs whereas inversion applies to intransitive and copular clauses. Empirical studies . . . have made manifest that the tendency of inversion to apply to intransitive clauses was already observed in OE, ME, and EModE, when intransitive verbs dominate in the inverted (XVS) order, while there is a predominance of transitive verbs in the non-inverted order (XSV, probably determined by the need to maintain the cohesion between V and O . . .). As argument-reversing constructions, therefore, passivization and inversion were in a nearly complementary distribution and passives were almost the only order-rearranging pattern available for transitive clauses.


ʤۤɡ֤ȼưֲϡ줾켫ưʸ¾ưʸˤȤ㤤Ϥʤ⡤ܻؤƤȤǤƱߤƤȤ롥2ĤβˤϷŪ˰ۤʤ뤳Ȥ1Ĥ롥ϡ֤ͭɸФưֲФϤޤ̵ɸǤ뤳ȤΰѤˤ³1ʸѤ褦 (Seoane 379)

However, the most significant difference between the two argument-reversing devices is that, even if they satisfy the same discourse constraints, inversion produces marked topics, while passivization is the only strategy reversing the order of clausal constituents and creating unmarked topics/subjects.


ޤ֤ȼưֲӤĤƹͤȤʤäΤǡȤƤ⿷ʸä

Seoane, Elenna. "Information Structure and Word Order Change: The Passive as an Information-Rearranging Strategy in the History of English." Chapter 15 of The Handbook of the History of English. Ed. Ans van Kemenade and Bettelou Los. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2006. 360--91.

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2019-02-11 Mon

#3577. ͱѸ (= AAVE) θŪħ --- ʸˡ [aave][variation][variety][morphology][syntax][negative][be][auxiliary_verb][tense][aspect][inversion]

ε#3576. ͱѸ (= AAVE) θŪħ --- ȯ ([2019-02-10-1]) ˰³McArthur ˰͵򤷤 AAVE θŪħˤĤơʸˡܤ롥

(1) ¾αѸѼˤߤ뤬¿̤Ѥ롥No way no girl can't wear no platform shoes to no amusement park.

(2) ¸߹ʸ there ǤϤʤ it Ѥ롥It ain't no food here.

(3) ʣͭʷ3ñ -s -ed ʤɤά뤳Ȥ롥He got three cent. / That's my brother book. / She like new clothes. / They talk all night.

(4) ʸ֤ʤʤȤ롥What it is? / How you are?

(5) be ư do Ѥ뤳Ȥ롥It don't all be her fault.

(6) be νˡThey be fightin. / He be laughing.

(7) Τ been ˤ󤤲νŪʹ԰٤ɽ魯I béen see dat movie. / She béen had dat hat.

(8) ˾ a ˤջ֤ɽ魯I'm a shoot you. (= I'm going to shoot you.)

(9) steady ʹԷ֤䡤ʸΰ֤ˤƶȼäŪʰ̣ɽ魯We be steady rappin. / We steady be rappin. / We be rappin stéady. (= We are always talking.) / They steady be high. / They be stady high. / They be high stéady.. (= They are always intoxicated.)

(10) Come ˽ưȤѤ롥He come tellin me some story. (= He told me a lie.) / They come comin in here like they own de place. (= They came in here like they owned the place.)

(11) like ֤ۤȤɡפΰ̣ŪѤ롥I like to die(d). (= I almost died.) / He like to hit his head on that branch. (= He almost hit his head on that branch.)

ΤˤΤ褦ʱѸäС狼ϤʸʹʤȻפ롥ۤʤȤۤɤεΥǤϤʤΤ¤Ǥ롥AAVE ΰ֤ŤǮӤӤ櫓

McArthur, Tom, ed. The Oxford Companion to the English Language. Oxford: OUP, 1992.

Referrer (Inside): [2019-02-12-1]

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2018-12-18 Tue

#3522. Ѹˤˤ֤εǽ [syntax][word_order][inversion][pragmatics]

Stein ϱѸ2 (inversion) Ȥꤢ줾줬Ūˤʤ뵡ǽѲ뤲ƤƤ롥Stein (135, 139) ΰäֹ¤ϡ type A type B Ǥ type A ϿƳ̤type B 򶯤̤ѸƬƤΤǤꡤűѸֹ¤ľܤ˼Ѥ줿ΤǤϤʤ

[ type A ]

In came Chomsky.
Down with the rebound comes . . .
Beyond it rose the peopled hills.
Developing offshore drilling in California are two Texas oil men.

[ type B ]

Rarely did I hear such overtones of gratitude as went into the utterance of this compound noun.
Not until the Book of Splendour did appear in Spain in the thirteenth century did a formidable metaphysical text on cabalism appear.
Often did she visit the inhabitants of that gloomy village
Only of late have I learned about the complexities of subjectivity
Never did I hear about cabalism.

ֹ¤ŪܤϡStein (146--47) ˤм̤Ǥ롥

Prior to the central structural process, the grammaticalisation of SVO, inversion (or not) did have non-propositional meaning, which is best described as 'textual' or discourse meaning, but no affective meaning. . . After the dissolution of the Old English types of inversions, the late Middle English situation shows an incipient tendency for use as a focussing device. The modern developments include the rise of the B type (the emotional type), expressive and subjective in meaning, as well as the rise of the A type, with a discourse-cum-affective type of meaning. The latter type is in part a renaissance of a discourse meaning that was present in the Old English (VSO) pattern, which did not have the affective component. To that extent the development has gone full circle.


ʾޤȤСŪ˸礬ŪͳäűѸǤϡ֤εǽŪʤΤòƤSVOظѸǤŪǽϼƾεǽȯãSVO礬ΩˤƤϴŪʵǽ̤ǽФƤȤȤˡʬŪŪʵǽ褷ƤȤή
֤ηǤϤʤǽŪܤȤΤ⡤ͤùǤȤ⤷ʤ񤷤ˤ

Stein, Dieter. "Subjective Meanings and the History of Inversions." Subjectivity and Sbujectivisation: Linguistic Perspective. Ed. Dieter Stein and Susan Wright. Cambridge: CUP, 129--50.

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2018-12-15 Sat

#3519. ???????????????????????????? [optative][interrogative][exclamation][tag_question][syntax][word_order][construction_grammar][inversion]

2֤ε#3517. if Ȥ鷺 V + S Ȥ ([2018-12-13-1])#3518. ȵʸζᤵ ([2018-12-14-1]) ǡỤ̄Ūʴֵס³ˡסִ˾ס־פõäƤ֤ˡ⤦1ġִòפȤɤ⻲ä
òʸǤϡʸŵŪ˵ V + S θ礬ФкѤ롥Jespersen (499) ʸ󤲤褦

Sh Merch II. 2. 106 Lord, how art thou chang'd
Sh Merch II. 3.16 Alacke, what heinous sinne is it in me To be ashamed to be my Fathers childe
BJo 3.133 what a vile wretch was I
Farquhar B 321 What a rogue is my father!
Defoe G 44 what fool must he be now that they have given him a place!
Goldsm 658 What a fool was I, to think a young man could learn modesty by travelling
Macaulay H 2.209 What a generation of vipers do we live among!
Thack N 180 What a festival is that day to her | What (how great) was my surprise when they were engaged!
Bennett C 2.12 What a night, isn't it?


ǸʸǤղõ䤬ĤƤ뤬ʤɤϤޤ˴òʸȵʸͻȤ⤤٤òȵ䤬蘆ä#2258. òʸ ([2015-07-03-1]) 㤬˭٤Ǥ롥
ޤòȴ˾ߤ˶ᤷȤפʤmay ʸ V + S 򼨤Τ⡤ò V + S Ȳ餫δط뤫餫⤷ʤ
may ʸȴϢơJespersen (502) ˡDickinson, European Anarchy 74 ζ̣ʸäΤǵ󤲤Ƥ

"The war may come", says one party. "Yes", says the other; and secretly mutters, "May the war come!"


may ϡʸŵŪ V + S 򡤴˾䴶òΤ˥ꥯ롼ȤȹͤƤߤΤ⤪⤷

Jespersen, Otto. A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles. Part 5. Copenhagen: Munksgaard, 1954.

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2018-12-13 Thu

#3517. if Ȥ鷺 V + S Ȥ [syntax][word_order][conjunction][construction_grammar][conditional][subjunctive][inversion]

Ѹˤϡɽ魯Τ if Ѥˡư֤Ѥ빽ʸ롥ʸ󤲤褦

Were I to take over my father's business, I would make a drastic reform.
Had World War II ended two years earlier, how many lives would have been saved!
Should anything happen to him, call me at once.


ѸǤϡwere, should, had ǻϤޤΤ˸ꤵƤꡤ̣ŪˤȿŪ˶Ƥ뤬ĤƤϵʸηƱͤ˰̤ư줬֤뤳Ȥ⤢äΩŪˤѤ줿Leuschner and Nest (2) ꡤűѸѸ줫󤲤褦

Fulga nu se mete ðære wambe willan, & sio wamb ðæs metes, ðonne towyrpð God ægðer. (YCOE: Cura Pastoralis, late 9th cent.)
"If the food now follow.SUBJ the will of the belly and the belly that of the food, God annihilates both."
Do þu hit eanes awei; ne schalt tu neauer nan oðer swuch acourin. (PPCME2: Hali Meidhad, c. 1225)
"If you get rid of it once, you will never (re)gain anything like it."
Deceyueth me the foxe / so haue I ylle lerned my casus (PPCME2: Caxton's History of Reynard the Fox, 1481)
"If the fox deceives me, I have learned my lesson badly."


ǽ2Ĥʸˤơ֤Ƥư³ˡηǤ롥
ʤɽ魯Τ֤ΤȤˤĤƤϡJespersen (373--74) ֵʸҲ𤷤Ƥ롥

A condition is very often denoted by a clause without any conjunction, but containing a verb placed before its subject. This construction, which is found in all the Gothonic language, is often explained from a question with implied positive answer: Will you come? [Yes, then] we can start at once.---A clear instance of this is AV 1. Cor. 7.27 Art thou bound vnto a wife? seeke not to bee loosed. Art thou loosed from a wife? seeke not a wife.


Jespersen (374) ϡֵʸǤʤȤͤƤꡤ³ơ³ˡȤƤˡβǽˤڤƤ롥

But interrogative sentences, though undoubtedly explaining much, are not the only sources of our construction. Pretty frequently we find a subjunctive used in such a way that it cannot have arisen from a question, but must be due to a main sentence expressing a desire, permission, or the like: AR 164 uor beo hit enes tobroken, ibet ne bið hit neuer | Towneley 171 Gett I those land lepars, I breke ilka bone | Sh Merch III. 2.61 Liue thou, I liue with much more dismay | Cymb IV. 3.30 come more, for more you're ready | John III. 3.31 and creep the time nere so slow, Yet it shall come, for me to doe these good.


ֵס³ˡסִ˾ס־פȤɤ餫ηǸߤ˷ӤĤƤȤФ롥VS ȯãϡǶ夲Ƥ may ȯãˤꤲƤ뤫⤷ʤ (cf. #3515. Ѹεʸ2 [2018-12-11-1]#3516. ˡ may Ʊ ([2018-12-12-1]))

Leuschner, Torsten and Daan Van den Nest. "Asynchronous Grammaticalization: V1-Conditionals in Present-Day English and German." Languages in Contrast 15 (2015): 34--63.
Jespersen, Otto. A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles. Part 5. Copenhagen: Munksgaard, 1954.

Referrer (Inside): [2018-12-15-1] [2018-12-14-1]

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2018-09-02 Sun

#3415. ּܽưפֽưܼפȤʤ (3) [syntax][auxiliary_verb][inversion][word_order][optative][subjunctive][imperative][may]

Ⱥε ([2018-08-31-1], [2018-09-01-1]) ­롥Biber et al (11.2.3.4, p. 918) ˤȡּܽưפֽưܼפȤʤĶˤϡεǵ󤲤Τ˲äơ⤦2ʰʲ A Cˤ롥 may ιʸ (B) ˤĤĴ٤Ƥ˽Ф路ΤʤΤǡȹ碌3Ѥ롥A B ϸŤˡλ¸ȤȤʤΤǡŪʴäƤʸ

11.2.3.4 Special cases of inversion in independent clauses
   Some uses of inversion are highly restricted and usually confined to more or less fixed collocations. Types A and B described below are remnants of earlier uses and carry archaic literary overtones.

A Formulaic clauses with subjunctive verb forms
   The combination of the inflectionless subjunctive and inversion gives the highlighted expressions below an archaic and solemn ring:
      Be it proclaimed in all the schools Plato was right! (FICT)
      If you want to throw your life away, so be it, it is your life, not mine. (FICT)
      "I, Charles Seymour, do swear that I will be faithful, and bear true allegiance to Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth, her heirs and successors according to law, so help me God." (FICT)
      Long Live King Edmund! (FICT)
      Suffice it to say that the DTI was the supervising authority for such fringe banks. (NEWS)
 
B Clauses opening with the auxiliary may
   The auxiliary may is used in a similar manner to express a strong wish. This represents a more productive pattern:
      May it be pointed out that the teacher should always try to extend the girls helping them to achieve more and more. (FICT)
      May God forgive you your blasphemy, Pilot. Yes. May he forgive you and open your eyes. (FICT)
      The XJS may be an ageing leviathan but it is still a unique car. Long may it be so! (NEWS)
      Long May She Reign! (NEWS)

C Imperative clauses
   Imperative clauses may contain an expressed subject following don't . . . .


A B ΰ̣ŪŪܤ٤Ǥ롥Ȥ̿ᡤ𡤵ʤɤΡֶ˾פ롥Ūˤϡmay ʤɤˡư϶ޤˤ³ˡѤȤȯãƤ¦̤ꡤξԤ̣Ū˶ᤤطˤ뤳ȤȤǤ롥ƸѸˤɽȤƤǤϤ춦¸ƤꡤŪˤ֤Ȥǿ񤤤ƤΤϡ˶̣

Biber, Douglas, Stig Johansson, Geoffrey Leech, Susan Conrad, and Edward Finegan. Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English. Harlow: Pearson Education, 1999.

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2018-09-01 Sat

#3414. ּܽưפֽưܼפȤʤ (2) [syntax][auxiliary_verb][inversion][word_order][optative][may]

ε ([2018-08-31-1]) ˰³ƤꡥHuddleston and Pullum ꡤѸǥǥեȤθ礬֤ơֽưܼפȤʤ9ĤΥҲ𤷤9Ĥ礭2ĤΥפʬȡζ礬֤뤳Ȥˤ֤ΤȡǤʤΤȤ˿ʬ롥ԤϤ2ʬ졤Τ褦ʶ礬ɬ֤ʤФʤʤȡ֤ǤդǤ륱Ȥ̤롥Huddleston and Pullum (97) ޤȤ褦

UNTRIGGEREDTRIGGERED
obligatoryoptional
Closed interrogativesOpen interrogativesExclamatives
Conditional inversionInitial negativeOther fronted elements
Optative mayInitial only
Initial so/such


Ȥ櫓̣Τ "UNTRIGGERED" °3Ǥ롥̾ˤä "TRIGGER" ˤΤˤĤƤϡΰ⤬뤫֤ΤɽŪˤǼ뤳ȤǤʤ꿼ɵ᤹СϤǤϤ뤬ˡUNTRIGGERED 3ˤĤƤϡɽȤƤΰ⤬櫓ǤʤΤ褦ʹʸǤϤñ֤ʤФʤʤΤȤ§褦˻פ롥ȤϤŪʤΤ˸ŪưŤϤʤΤ
"UNTRIGGERED" 3Τ"Closed interrogatives" ˤϡּܽưפʸꡤ"Conditional inversion" ˤif ܼܽưפȤ롥Ȥ"Optative may" ˤĤƤɸŪȤ٤ʸʤ may ΩĤȤΤϡɤŪˤ϶ˤðۤΤ褦Ǥ롥ˤĤƤϡ#1867. May the Queen live long! θ ([2014-06-07-1])#2256. ɽ魯 may ν ([2015-07-01-1])#2478. may ȴ let ȯã ([2016-02-08-1])#2484. may ʸǤޤǡס ([2016-02-14-1]) ǰäƤΤǡȤ

Huddleston, Rodney and Geoffrey K. Pullum. The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language. Cambridge: CUP, 2002.

Referrer (Inside): [2018-09-02-1]

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2018-08-31 Fri

#3413. ּܽưפֽưܼפȤʤ (1) [syntax][auxiliary_verb][inversion][word_order][exclamation][optative][may]

ѸκǤ̤θϡּܡʽưפǤ롥ĤΥǤϡỤ̄ŪŪưŤˤꡤθ礬 (inversion) 뤳Ȥ֡ʽưܼפȤʤ롥Ǥưư˸ꤷǡɤΤ褦ʥ뤫Huddleston and Pullum (94--96) ʬफ󤷤Ƥߤ褦

(1) Ĥʸ (Closed interrogatives)
- Can she speak French?
- Does she speak French?

(2) 줿ʸ (Open interrogatives)
- What did she tell you?
- Where did you go after that?
- What is she doing?

(3) òʸ (Exclamatives) ʤܽưθǽ
- What a fool have I been?
- How hard did she try?

(4) Ǥ֤ (Initial negative)
- Not one of them did he find useful.
- Nowhere does he mention my book.

(5) only ֤ (Initial only)
- Only two of them did he find useful.
- Only once had she complained.

(6) so/such ֤ (Initial so/such)
- So little time did we have that we had to cut corners.
- Such a fuss would he make that we'd all agree.
- You got it wrong and so did I.

(7) ¾Ǥ֤ (Other fronted elements)
- Thus had they parted the previous evening.
- Many another poem could I speak of which sang itself into my heart.
- The more wives he had, the more children could he beget.
- Well did I remember the crisis of emotion into which he was plunged that night.

(8) (Conditional inversion)
- Had he seen the incident he'd have reported it to the police.

(9) may (Optative may)
- May you both enjoy the long and happy retirement that you so richly deserve.
- May the best man win!
- May you be forgiven!

ƤߤȡѸǤǥեȤΡּܽưפ֤ơֽưܼפȤʤ뵡ϡ碌СȤƤ٤Ȥɬ⾯ʤʤ褦˻פƤ롥¿ȤΤϸ᤮ष̾ȰäƤȤۼѤơŪͭѤʲԤʤäƤΤȹͤƤ

Huddleston, Rodney and Geoffrey K. Pullum. The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language. Cambridge: CUP, 2002.

Referrer (Inside): [2018-09-02-1] [2018-09-01-1]

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