hellogѸ˥֥     ChangeLog ǿ     ƥǿ     1 2 ڡ / page 1 (2)

mood - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2026-03-22 Sun

#6173. 328ڡˡīֺ¤ߴ3be --- ѸΡ¸ߡפ٤ĶԵ§ưפ֤ޤ [asacul][notice][hel_education][helkatsu][be][verb][auxiliary_verb][aspect][tense][mood][suppletion]


asacul_20260131.png



ǯ٤ī㡼󥿡ɶˤơ˾äȤԻ׵ĤʱñפꤷơѸˤΥ꡼ֺ¤ŸƤޤرѸ츻ŵʸҡˤرѸ츻ϥɥ֥åʸҡˤ򤪶ˡŪñ1ļ夲IJ̵Ԥ˹귡겼ꤷĤġʥߥåʱѸˤ̣浪ȤݤǿʤƤޤ
٤βϡǯ٤Υ꡼ȤƤϺǸȤʤ12ǤȤƤϡǽñȤ be ưӤޤ90ʬǤϤȤƤԤˤʤʪñǤǽ˽в񤦱ñ1ĤǤꡤIJǯѸؤǤƤɬ⤦ޤȤʤʤ be ư̥Ϥޤ
ʲbe ưᤰäƤɤΤ֥쥹˽񤭽ФƤߤޤ

be ưεϡ
be ưŪ۷Ƥߤ褦
be ưü5
be ưưǤ⤢ưǤ⤢
¸ߤɽ魯 be ư
Ϣ뼭 (copula) ȤƤ be ư
ˡ If I were/was a bird, . . . ᤰͻ
be λȤϡ
be ưϿ;Ρꡦ֡ˡɽ魯ȤǤ
be ư
ain't ᤰҲŪͻ
ɸѼˤ be ưλȤ

ۤˤפĤ󤢤ޤֺ¤Ǥϡʤ٤¿˿졤ΤΤʤդäƹԤʤʥư90ʬҤäƤޤ礦
ֺ¤ؤλˡϡ⥪饤󻲲äΤߤȤʤޤꥢ륿Ǥμ֤Τۤ2֤θƨۿӥ⤢ޤΤԹΤ褤ˡǤäйǤֻ֤ 15:30--17:00 ȤʤäƤޤֺ¤ȿߤξܺ٤īڡꤴǧơҤ긵ˡرѸ츻ŵ٤رѸ츻ϥɥ֥å٤⤴Ѱդֺ¤ܤڤʤޤ
⤷ֺ¤ΤΤ餻ϡ heldio Ǥ#1754. 328īֺ¤ be --- ѸΡ¸ߡפ٤ĶԵ§ưȤͽԤϤޤΤǡ碌Ƥİ

ơ2025ǯ٤Υ꡼ϰڤȤʤޤ42026ǯ٤ο꡼Ϥޤޤ꡼ϤȤϤäƤ⡤ʤȤմˤĤƤϡ2025ǯ٤Υ꡼μ˾äȤԻ׵ĤʱñפϰѤǤͽǤ1ĤαñܤƥʥߥåʱѸˤưɤäƤޤǯ٤225˸Ҥ괩Ԥ줿ظűѸ졦ѸҿӡθŤѸθʸƥȤ򻲾ȤĤŸͽǤǯٽմˤĤƤϡǤīθΰФƤޤΤǡ餫ܺ٤򤴳ǧ

߷ ˧ͺԽ紴ˡرѸ츻ŵٿǡҡ2024ǯ
߷ ͧ ɹ δˡʡ 쵮 ءʹܶϡˡرѸ츻ϥɥ֥å١ҡ2025ǯ
Բ ϲ ͭظűѸ졦Ѹҿӡ١ҡ2026ǯ

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2025-12-26 Fri

#6087. ˾ˡϤܸۤɽΤ [mood][optative][subjunctive][auxiliary_verb][word_order][inversion][mond]

#6081. ˡߤȤƤ God save the king. You eat sushi. --- mond Ǥ ([2025-12-20-1]) Ǽ夲˾ˡʤ뤤ϵ³ˡˤˤĤ­롥˾ˡϡ#3543. ظʸˡŵ٤ optative (mood) β ([2019-01-08-1]) ǿ줿̤ꡤΤʤꤵ줿ɽѤ롥֤뤳Ȥ¿Quirk et al. (§11.39) ꡤιʸ˴ؤܻǧƤ

Far be it from me to spoil the fun
Suffice it to say we lost.
Long live the Republic!
So be it.
So help me God.


֤ʤŪʥѥ⤢롥

God save the Queen!
God/The Lord/Heaven bless you/forbid/help us!
The devil take you. <archaic>


ʶ뤬 may ֤ܤȸϼ㴳¤롥

May the best man win!
May all your troubles be small!
May you always be happy!
May you break your neck!


⤦1Ĥθʷ would (to God) that . . . Ǥ롥

Would (to God) that I'd never heard of him!


Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman, 1985.

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2025-06-02 Mon

#5880. [tense][category][preterite][future][verb][terminology][aspect][mood][inflection][periphrasis]

ε#5879. ΰͤ ([2025-06-01-1]) (tense) ˴Ϣ夲ޤĤơ#3693. ˤȤϲ ([2019-06-07-1]) ǻˤĤƹͤȤ⤢롥
ƻȤϲʤΤ긵ˤ International Encyclopedia of Linguistics TENSE ƤߤߤƤߤ褦 (223--24)

          Definition
   Tense refers to the grammatical expression of the time of the situation described in the proposition, relative to some other time. This other time may be the moment of speech: for example, the past and future designate time before and after the moment of speech, respectively, while the perfect (or anterior) designates past time which is relevant to the moment of speech. Or it may be some other reference time, as in the past perfect, which signals a time prior to another time in the past---as in I had just stepped into the shower when the phone rang, where the first clause signals a time prior to that of the second. The most commonly occurring tenses are past and future; however, perfect tenses are also common, as are combinations of perfect with past and future. Some languages show degrees of remoteness in the past or future: distinctions are possible between past situations of today vs. yesterday, yesterday vs. preceding days, or recent time vs. remote time. Analogous distinctions are possible in the future but not as common. Tense is expressed by inflections, by particles, or by auxiliaries in construction with the verb; it is rarely expressed by derivational morphology . . . .


ǤϡλˤƸɽΤ (224)

          Expression
   According to the traditional view, tense is a verbal inflectional category expressing time; however, the possibility of tense being realized also by periphrastic constructions is usually acknowledged. There are several difficulties in applying this view to actual languages. First, the semantics of many inflectional categories contain aspectual and modal as well as temporal elements: e.g., perfective aspect in many languages is restricted to past time reference, and future tenses almost always have modal overtones. Furthermore, if a language has several tense distinctions, they often have rather different modes of expression. An example is the past/non-past and future/non-future oppositions of English; the former is inflectional, and the latter periphrastic . . . .
   An alternative is to view "tense" as a cover term for those inflectional categories whose semantics is dominated by temporal notions. In inflectional systems, then, the most common tense oppositions are past/non-past and future/non-future. Less common, but by no means rare, are distinctions pertaining to degrees of remoteness, e.g. recent and remote past. At least four or five such degrees can be distinguished in certain systems, but the main remoteness distinction is generally between 'today' and 'not today'.
   Tense in finite verb forms normally expresses the relation between the time referred to in the sentence and the time of the speech act (absolute tense); in non-finite verb forms, and sometimes in finite subordinate clauses, tense is relative, expressing the relation between the time expressed by the verb and that of a higher clause. Categories such as perfects and pluperfects, which signal that a situation is viewed from the perspective of a later point in time, have a debated status; they are usually expressed periphrastically, but can also occur in inflectional systems.


ǽ¦̤Τ뤤Ϸ鸫ΤˤäƤȤƤªѤäƤޤ̸Ūˡ෿Ū˴ϢݤƤȤɬפ

Frawley, William J., ed. International Encyclopedia of Linguistics. 2nd ed. Vol. 4. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2003.

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2023-07-25 Tue

#5202. ¾ư (transitivity) Ȥϲ [transitivity][termonology][verb][mood][grammar][syntax][construction]

ؿѸؼŵ (1267) ˤȡ¾ư (transitivity) Halliday ʸˡˤѸǡˡ (mood) ȼ (theme) ȤȤ Halliday ʸˡˤ3Ĥ礭η֤롥¾ưȤϡ¾ư (transitive verb) ȼư (intransitive verb) ζ̤б복ǰȤ⡤ष˻ͿǴ֤ΡִͿפȤȤ館ۤŬڤ
Sir Chirstopher Wren built this bridge. ȤäŵŪ SVO ʸˤƤϡ԰ټԡɸ3Ԥߤ˴ͿäƤꡤ¾ưŪǤȤ롥ñŵŪˤʤĤλͿԤɤΤ褦˴ͿäƤ뤫Υѥ͡ǤꡤʬƤȺǽŪˤϰĤҤȤĤθ̶Ūʲ̤ʤФʤʤʤκʬμ٤ delicacy ȸƤǤ롥¾ưϡäơư줬Ĥι뤫Ȥ䡤ʸˡˤʸפȤϢƤ롥
ʸˡ˰Ĥƹͤ뤿ˡCrystal θؼŵ transitivity ơȤȤ򤷤Ƥ

transitivity (n.) A category used in the grammatical analysis of clause/sentence constructions, with particular reference to the verb's relationship to dependent elements of structure. The main members of this category are transitive (tr, trans), referring to a verb which can take a direct object (as in he saw the dog), and intransitive (intr, intrans), where it cannot (as in *he arrived a ball). Many verbs can have both a transitive and an intransitive use (cf. we went a mile v. we went), and in some languages this distinction is marked morphologically. More complex relationships between a verb and the elements dependent upon it are usually classified separately. For example, verbs which take two objects are sometimes called ditransitive (as opposed to monotransitive), as in she gave me a pencil. There are also several uses of verbs which are marginal to one or other of these categories, as in pseudo-intranstive constructions (e.g. the eggs are selling well, where an agent is assumed --- 'someone is selling the eggs' --- unlike normal intransitive constructions, which do not have an agent transform: we went, but not *someone went us). Some grammarians also talk about (in)transitive prepositions. For example, with is a transitive preposition, as it must always be accompanied by a noun phrase complement (object), and along can be transitive or intransitive: cf. She arrived with a dog v. *She arrived with and She was walking along the river v. She was walking along.


¾ưˤĤƤϡͤƤ

⿮ ʸͺʴƽˡؿѸؼŵ١ҡ1982ǯ
Crystal, David, ed. A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics. 6th ed. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2008. 295--96.

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2023-06-01 Thu

#5148. ޥĸζѲư̿ˡζ [germanic][imperative][inflection][paradigm][verb][person][number][subjunctive][mood][reconstruction][comparative_linguistics]

Ѹư̿ˡη֤ϡ˰פ롥űѸ̤ȡ̿ˡǤϸˤȤϰۤʤ֤ꡤ2;ñʣȤǸ§Ȥưۤʤ޸ä
ˤ򴬤ᤷƥޥĸˤޤ̤ȡƷǤϤˤ衤;Τ˱ơ¿ΰۤʤ޸äƤȤ롥ʲˡޥĸ¿ζѲưˤĤƺƷƤ޸򼨤 (Ringe 237)

 indicativesubjunctiveimperative 
active   infinitive -a-ną
sg.1 -ō-a-ų---participle -a-nd-
 2 -i-zi-ai-zø 
 3 -i-di-ai-ø-a-dau 
du.1 -ōz(?)-ai-w--- 
 2 -a-diz(?)-a-diz(?)-a-diz(?) 
pl.1 -a-maz-ai-m--- 
 2 -i-d-ai-d-i-d 
 3 a-ndi-ai-n-a-ndau 


Ȥ櫓 imperative ̿ˡˤܤƤñξʣ3Ĥοƥ꡼ˤĤơ23;Τ˶Ūʶ޸ߤ롥;Τ˱ưۤʤޤԤʤƤȤŪ˺ƷƤΤ
ѸˤޤᡤθΥޥˤϡ̿ˡη֤ζ̤˼ޤꡤƤˤȤäƤ褤ѸǤ̿ˡη֤䡤ȴϢˤĤƤϡʲε򻲾ȡ

#2289. ̿ʸ˼줬ʤ ([2015-08-03-1])
#2475. ̿ˤϤʤưθѤΤ ([2016-02-05-1])
#2476. Ѹˤˤư̿ˡ³ˡŪǽŪͻ礷 ([2016-02-06-1])
#2480. ̿ˤϤʤưθѤΤ (2) ([2016-02-10-1])
#2881. Ѹʣ2;̿ξü ([2017-03-17-1])
#3620. ̿ˡפǧָ᤺̿ˡפȤФ褤 (1) ([2019-03-26-1])
#3621. ̿ˡפǧָ᤺̿ˡפȤФ褤 (2) ([2019-03-27-1])
#4935. ³ˡ̿ˡζ ([2022-10-31-1])

Ringe, Don. From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic. Oxford: Clarendon, 2006.

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2022-11-03 Thu

#4938. ˡϸŪ𲽺ޤǤ [cognitive_linguistics][pragmatics][preterite][tense][mood][aspect][counterfactual][conditional][semantics][pragmatics][politeness]

ε#4937. ˡȯûˤȿ²ۤɽ魯 ([2022-11-02-1]) ˰³ˡΤ⤦1ĤνפˡҲ𤹤롥Ū𲽺 (pragmatic softener) ȤƤƯTaylor (178) Ѥ롥

   The other use of the past tense that I want to consider is also restricted to a small number of contexts. This is the use of the past tense as a pragmatic softener. By choosing the past tense, a speaker can as it were cushion the effect an utterance might have on the addressee. Thus (6b) is a more tactful way of intruding on a person's privacy than (6a):

(6) a. Excuse me, I want to ask you something.
     b. Excuse me, I wanted to ask you something.

Tact can also be conveyed by the past tense in association with the progressive aspect:

(7) a. Was there anything else you were wanting?
     b. I was wondering if you could help me.

   The softening function of the past tense has been conventionalized in the meanings of the past tense modals in English. (8b) and (9b) are felt to be less direct than the (a) sentences; (10b) expresses greater uncertainty than (10a), especially with tonic stress on might; (11b) merely gives advice, while (11a) has the force of a command.

(8) a. Can you help me?
     b. Could you help me?
(9) a. Will you help me?
     b. Would you help me?
(10) a. John may know.
      b. John might know.
(11) a. You shall speak to him.
      b. You should speak to him.


ǽҤ٤ƤʤΤϡʤʲˡ˲Ū𲽺ޤȤƵǽΤȤȤַɤƱ󤶤פȤ褦ˡҲŪʷɰդʪŪΥȤϢưȹͤ롥Υ᥿եλŪ֤ꡤʤֱ󤵡פɽ魯ʷˤҲŪʷɰդžѤȤΤϡʤŬäȤǤϤʤȻϹͤƤ롥

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2022-11-02 Wed

#4937. ˡȯûˤȿ²ۤɽ魯 [cognitive_linguistics][subjunctive][preterite][tense][mood][counterfactual][conditional][semantics][pragmatics]

ʤưβѤȡȿ² (counterfactual) ȤʤΤѸΡֲˡפˤޤḤ̂ϡŤƤ (tense) ȤƤβ򤷤䤹ߤߤƻŪԤ˳֤äƤݤ򵭽ҤˡʷˤȤȤȤˡ (mood) δϡʷˤѤ뤳Ȥˤäơ¤ЪΥƤݡȿ²ۤ򵭽Ҥ뤳ȤǤ롤Ȥ롥Ū٤εΥʪŪ֤εΥȤƤ櫓
ȤƤβǤϤʤȿ²ۤɽ魯ˤĤơTaylor (177--78) μĥ˼򷹤褦

   The counterfactual use of the past tense is restricted to a small number of environments---if-conditionals (1), expressions of wishes and desires (2), and suppositions and suggestions (3):
   
(1) If I had enough time, . . .
(2) a. I wish I knew the answer.
     b. It would be nice if I knew the answer.
(3) a. Suppose we went to see him.
     b. It's time we went to see him.

The past tense in these sentences denotes counterfactuality at the moment of speaking, and not at some previous point in time. (1) conveys that, at the moment of speaking, the speaker does not have enough time, the sentences in (2) convey that the speaker does not know the answer, while in (3), the proposition encoded in the past tense, if it is to become true at all, will do so after the moment of speaking, that is to say, the past tense refers to a suggested future action. There are also a number of verbs whose past tense forms, under certain circumstances and with the appropriate intonation, can convey the present-time counterfactuality of a state of affairs represented in a past tense subordinate clause . . . :

(4) a. I thought John was married (. . . but he apparently isn't).
     b. I had the impression Mary knew (. . . but it seems she doesn't).

These sentences might occur in a situation in which the speaker has just received information which causes him to doubt the (present-time) factuality of the propositions "John is married", "Mary knows". That it is a present, rather than a past state of affairs, that is at issue is shown by the choice of tense in a tag question. Imagine (5) uttered in a situation in which both speaker and addressee are preparing to go to a concert:

(5) But I thought the concert began at 8, does't it?/?didn't it?

The tag doesn't it is preferential in the present tense. In (5), the speaker is questioning the apparent counterfactuality, at the time of speaking, of the proposition "The concert begins at 8".


ȤƤϡѸˤƲˡȯûˤȿ²ۤ̿ɽ魯Ȳ᤹뤳ȤǤ롥

Taylor, John R. Linguistic Categorization. 3rd ed. Oxford: OUP, 2003.

Referrer (Inside): [2022-11-03-1]

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2022-10-31 Mon

#4935. ³ˡ̿ˡζ [subjunctive][imperative][hortative][morphology][inflection][mood][typology]

Bybee ˤܤɤǤơ̸Ūˤߤ³ˡ (subjunctive) ̿ˡ (imperative) ȤδطݤεҤäѸˤδϡ#2476. Ѹˤˤư̿ˡ³ˡŪǽŪͻ礷 ([2016-02-06-1]) Ǽ夲²ʳθޤ᤿ǡƵǤBybee (186) Ѥ롥

Since the subjunctive is usually a marker of certain types of subordination, it is very difficult to say what the subjunctive "means" in any given language. There is a long literature on this problem in European languages, and no satisfactory solution. At most, it might be said that the subjunctive has a very general meaning such as "non-asserted" and then it takes more specific meanings from the context in which it occurs.
   Considered cross-linguistically, there is evidence of a relation between the subjunctive and imperative or related moods. When subjunctive forms are used in main clauses, they have an imperative function in Maasai, Basque and Yupik, and/or a hortative function in Tarascan, Pawnee and Maasai, in keeping with their non-asserted subordinate clause functions. The marking of subjunctive parallels that of indicative or imperative in most languages. In Maasai and Pawnee, the subjunctive is a prefix, just as the imperative is, and in Tarascan, Ojibwa and Georgian the subordinating mood is expressed in the same way as the imperative or optative


³ˡ̿ˡʤӴϢ¾ΤĤˡˤϤФеǽŪˤŪˤƤǤȤȤ̸Ūˤ⼨줿櫓ξDzƱѸˤäƤߤΤ⤪⤷ѸˤǤϡŪˤ³ˡ̿ˡϤȤȰۤʤäƤͻ礷ƤȤ̣ݤäƤ뤫
Ϣưʲε⻲ȡ

#2475. ̿ˤϤʤưθѤΤ ([2016-02-05-1])
#3538. Ѹ subjunctive ֤ϰĸ optative ֤ ([2019-01-03-1])
#3540. ˾ʸȴʸ̯ʴط ([2019-01-05-1])

Bybee, Joan. Morphology: A Study of the Relation between Meaning and Form. John Benjamins, Amsterdam/Philadelphia, 1985.

Referrer (Inside): [2023-06-01-1]

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2022-10-25 Tue

#4929. mood modality [mood][modality][category][terminology][subjunctive][auxiliary_verb][inflection]

ɸνѸ mood modality Ϥ褯Ʊ롥ؿ缭ŵ٤ˤ mood ϡ֡ưΡˡˡԤɽư֤ФüԤοŪ٤򼨤ưθѲաסmodality ϡˡˡơԴ˾̿Ꭵ½ʤɼοŪ٤칽¤ˤäɽ뤳ȡפȤ롥ξԤζ̤ˤĤơBybee (165--66) "Mood and modality" ꤹǫ˲⤷ƤΤǡѤ褦

   The working definition of mood used in the survey is that mood is a marker on the verb that signals how the speaker chooses to put the proposition into the discourse context. The main function of this definition is to distinguish mood from tense and aspect, and to group together the well-known moods, indicative, imperative, subjunctive and so on. It was intentionally formulated to be general enough to cover both markers of illocutionary force, such as imperative, and markers of the degree of commitment of the speaker to the truth of the proposition, such as dubitative. What all these markers of the mood category have in common is that they signal what the speaker is doing with the proposition, and they have the whole proposition in their scope. Included under this definition are epistemic modalities, i.e. those that signal the degree of commitment the speaker has to the truth of the proposition. These are usually said to range from certainty to probability to possibility.
   Excluded, however, are the other "modalities", such as the deontic modalities of permission and obligation, because they describe certain conditions on the agent with regard to the main predication. Some of the English modal auxiliaries have both an epistemic and a deontic reading. The following two examples illustrate the deontic functions of obligation and permission respectively:
      Sally must be more polite to her mother.
      The students may use the library at any time.
   The epistemic functions of these same auxiliaries can be seen by putting them in a sentence without an agentive subject:
      It must be raining.
      It may be raining.
   Now the auxiliaries signal the speaker's degree of commitment to the proposition "it is raining". Along with deontic modalities, markers of ability, desire and intention are excluded from the definition of mood since they express conditions pertaining to the agent that are in effect with respect to the main predication. I will refer to obligation, permission, ability, desire and intention as "agent-oriented" modalities.
   The hypothesis implicit in the working definition of mood as an inflectional category is that markers of modalities that designate conditions on the agent of the sentence will not often occur as inflections on verbs, while markers that designate the role the speaker wants the proposition to play in the discourse will often occur as inflections. This hypothesis was overwhelmingly supported by the languages in the sample. Hundreds of inflectional markers that fit the definition of mood were found to occur in the languages of the sample. In fact, such markers are the most common type of inflection on verbs. However, inflectional markers of obligation, permission, ability or intention are extremely rare in the sample, and occur only under specific conditions.


mood ϼȤƷʤտ路ựŪƥ꡼ָ̿modality ϼȤựŪƥ꡼ָ̿ΤȤ⤢й԰ټԻָΤȤ⤢롤ȤȤ館Ƥ褵̣δ餤СԤϸԤݤ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥Bybee (169) ˤϼ̤ꡥ

The cross-linguistic data suggest, then, the following uses of the terms modality and mood. Modality designates a conceptual domain which may take various types of linguistic expression, while mood designates the inflectional expression of a subdivision of this semantic domain. Since there is much cross-linguistic consistency concerning which modalities are expressed inflectionally, mood can refer both to the form of expression, and to a conceptual domain.


Bybee, Joan. Morphology: A Study of the Relation between Meaning and Form. John Benjamins, Amsterdam/Philadelphia, 1985.

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2022-09-06 Tue

#4880. ưסưפȤѸϤ䤳 [category][verb][finiteness][article][terminology][agreement][tense][number][person][mood][adjective]

Ѹư (verb) ˴ؤ륫ƥ꡼1Ĥ (finiteness) ȤΤ롥ư (finite form) ȤϡI go to school. She goes to school. He went to school. Τ褦ư go Ρޤä׸ؤư (nonfinite form) ȤϡI'm going to school. Going to school is fun. She wants to go to school. He made me go to school. Τ褦ư go ΡޤäƤʤ׸ؤ
פȤѸ줬䤳㤨С(to) go ȤѤ뤳ȤΤʤηʤΤ顤餳פǤϤʤȻפ뤫⤷ʤ̾¤ȤˡפȸΤgoes went ư go Ѳʤؤ󤲡ˤΤȤơˤפ餷ߤ뤬ष餳פʤΤǤ롥
ʬˤ finiteness פȤˤ롥finite θϡŪפȤΤ˸ꤵ줿פǤꡤnonfinite ϡŪפȤΤ˸ꤵƤʤפǤ롥㤨 He () to school yesterday. ȤʸˤƳ̤ go Ŭڤʷ硤ʸˡỌ̇̄δ went ηˤΤդ路դ路Ȥϡʸ̮ˤäƤʳηϵʤȤǡΤ˸ꤵ줿׸ʤΤǤ롥
̤ιͤȤƤϡưˤϤޤ GO GOING Τ褦ŪǥŪʷꡤ줬ºݤʸ̮ˤƤ go, goes, went ʤɤζŪʷȤƸΤȤȤ館Ƥ褤üŪˤ finite ϡֶŪפǡinfinite ϡŪפȤȤ
Ūˤ⤦ǫˤСưȤϡư줬;Ρˡ˱1Ĥη˹ʤޤƤ뤫ݤȤΤȤǤ롥Crystal (224) Ѥ褦

The forms of the verb . . . , and the phrases they are part of, are usually classified into two broad types, based on the kind of contrast in meaning they express. The notion of finiteness is the traditional way of classifying the differences. This term suggests that verbs can be 'limited' in some way, and this is in fact what happens when different kinds of endings are used.
The finite forms are those which limit the verb to a particular number, tense, person, or mood. For example, when the -s form is used, the verb is limited to the third person singular of the present tense, as in goes and runs. If there is a series of verbs in the verb phrase, the finite verb is always the first, as in I was being asked.
The nonfinite forms do not limit the verb in this way. For example, when the -ing form is used, the verb can be referring to any number, tense, person, or mood:

I'm leaving (first person, singular, present)
They're leaving (third person, plural, present)
He was leaving (third person, singular, past)
We might be leaving tomorrow (first person, plural, future, tentative)

As these examples show, a nonfinite form of the verb stays the same in a clause, regardless of the grammatical variation taking place alongside it.


ʤѸˤϴˤꡦȤ̤뤷űѸˤϷƻˤꡦζ̤äΥƥ꡼դ줿٥ "finiteness" ǤϤʤ "definiteness" Ǥ롥γѸϸ򾷤䤹ΤդǤ롥

Crystal, D. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language. 3rd ed. CUP, 2018.

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2022-07-15 Fri

#4827. δñѸ in English٤Ϣ17֤ʤֻɽפǤ̤ΤȤ⸽߷ [notice][sobokunagimon][rensai][subjunctive][verb][tense][link][conditional][be][mood][future]

δñѸ in English٤8椬ȯȤʤޤϢܡˤ򤭡ѸΥܥʵפ17ϡ֤ʤֻɽפǤ̤ΤȤ⸽߷פǤ

δñѸ in English2022ǯ8



If it is fine tomorrow, I will go shopping. Τ褦ʸǡ餫ˡפȤ̤ΤȤʤΤˡ*If it will be fine tomorrow, . . . . Τ褦 will ѤʤȤˤʤäƤޤϡعʸˡΥإƥʵ§κǤΤ1ĤǤ礦Ѹϰ̤˸ߡ̤Ȼ (tense) ˤ뤵ʤΤǤγˤϡֻɽפ̰Ƥ褦˶줷ߤޤ
εϡѸˤδȸѤޤŤϡֻפȤϡˡ (mood) äǤѸޤǤϾ嵭ʸ If it be fine tomorrow, . . . . Τ褦ˡֲˡߡפѤƤޤθ塤ˡʸߡˤοबʤߡľˡʸߡˤ֤줿 If it is fine tomorrow, . . . . ȤʤäƤ롤ȤΤŪаޤǤηаޤˤϡȤȻιθäƤ;ϤϤʤäȤȤǤ
ϰʲ̤ꡤhellog, heldio ʤɤǤ֤ⷫ夲ƤޤϢܵǤϽˤ򤷤䤹褦פ⤷Ƥߤޤʸˡ˱Ѹˤδ뤪⤷̣äƤ館ФȻפޤ

hellog #2764. رѸΡ֤ʤפ롡ϤƤαѸˡ٤Ǥޤ ([2016-11-20-1])
- 4.1.1ˤơֻǤ̤ΤȤǤ will ѤʤפȤ夲Ƥޤ
hellog #2189. ˤ will Իѡ ([2015-04-25-1])
hellog #4408. ̤ΤȤʤΤ˸߷ɽ魯 ([2021-05-22-1])
heldio #33. Ǥ̤Ǥ⸽߷Ѥ롩2021ǯ704

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2022-06-15 Wed

#4797. δñѸ in English٤Ϣ16֤ʤˡǤ if I were a bird ȤʤΡ [notice][sobokunagimon][rensai][subjunctive][verb][link][conditional][tense][be][mood]

δñѸ in English٤7椬ȯȤʤޤϢܡˤ򤭡ѸΥܥʵפ³Ƥޤ16ϡѸؽԤˤ˴󤻤֤ʤˡǤ if I were a bird ȤʤΡפ夲ޤ

δñѸ in English2022ǯ7



ѤʵϡѸ˴ϢܤʤɤǤˤ˼夲Ƥޤ伫Ȥ hellog 䤽¾ΤǷ֤ܤƤޤرѸΡ֤ʤפ롡ϤƤαѸˡ١ʸҡ2016ǯǤ4.2ˤơ֤ʤ If I were a bird ȤʤΤˡοȻ¸פȤƲäƤޤ
ޤŪˡפɼؤ򥿡åȤ˿˥ȥ饤ȤϤʤäΤǡɤޤǽҤ٤٤ˤϿʤۤ褤Τʤɡʤʤ忴ޤʤʤϾĩŪƧ߹ߡ⤽ֲˡפȤϲ䡤ȤܼäƤߤޤϤƤޤäƤǤ礦ͤˤȽǤƤۤޤ
ʲϡޤǸɽƤ if I were a bird ˴ؤ hellog 䲻ưǥǤΥƥĤǤ͡ʥ٥ǽ񤤤ƤޤΤǡϢܵȹ碌ƤʤˤĤƤϽФԤޤ͡ˡ

#2601. ʤ If I WERE a bird ʤΤ ([2016-06-10-1])
#3812. was were δط ([2019-10-04-1])
#3983. ؤǤˡ (mood) ȤϲǤ (1) ([2020-03-23-1])
#3984. ؤǤˡ (mood) ȤϲǤ (2) ([2020-03-24-1])
#3985. ؤǤˡ (mood) ȤϲǤ (3) ([2020-03-25-1])
#3989. űѸǤȿŪˤϲˡѤ줿 ([2020-03-29-1])
#3990. ʤˡˤϿ;ѲʤΤǤ (1) ([2020-03-30-1])
#3991. ʤˡˤϿ;ѲʤΤǤ (2) ([2020-03-31-1])
#4178. ʤˡǤ If I WERE a bird Τ褦 WERE ȤΤǤ --- hellog 饸ǡ ([2020-10-04-1])
#4718. ˡľˡ were ˤĤƤޤȤ ([2022-03-28-1])

#30. ʤˡǤ If I WERE a bird Τ褦 WERE ȤΤǤhellog-radio: 2020ǯ104
#36. was were --- 2Ĥͣưheldio: 2021ǯ77
#301. was were δطˤĤƤޤ礦heldio: 2022ǯ328
#102. ʤ as it were ֤Сפΰ̣ˤʤΡheldio: 2021ǯ911
I wish I were a bird. were Ϥ were Ȥ̤Ρ--СڰʼδѸظإͥ #9 YouTube: 2022ǯ327

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2021-09-14 Tue

#4523. --- ޸ο򤯤̤ĤäưΥƥ꡼ [inflection][conjugation][ilame][verb][noun][category][tense][mood][person]

űѸʰˤ˻ϤޤѸ򤫤Ƥܴۤ뤷޸οϡѸˤ˾νäȤäƤ褤ˤѸθȤƤ෿Ҥä֤äƤޤäȤäƤǤϤʤȤ櫓̾졤ư졤ƻη絬Ϥʺ;ʤ졤ʻȷӤĤƤʸˡƥ꡼ (category) Ȥؤ뤳Ȥˤʤä
̾ˤĤƤСűѸǤ (gender) (number) (case) 3ƥ꡼λ̰ΤȤ٤ǽƤѸǤϤ褽ȳʤΥƥ꡼岽üˤ餵졤ͥȤʤäƺ˻롥
ưˤĤƤϡűѸǤϿ; (person) (number)ˡ (mood) (tense) ǽŪä޸οιȤ졤ʳΥƥ꡼θ礬ޤä٤ƤΥƥ꡼ޤӤƤȤϤṲ̄ͥΤϻǤ롥
Lass (161) ϡḽѸưΥƥ꡼Ūʶ̤ȤΤ褦˿޼

TENSE  pres.  MOOD  ind.  NUM.  sing.   PERS.   1, 2      -0
                                                                         
                                                                          3     -s
                                                                           
                                                  pl.    
                                                                       
                              subj./imp. 
        
        
         past   -d

ưꤹǽץƥ꡼ȤƻפˤƤˡ̤ʤȤʤäƤ롥Lass (159--61) ˸űѸ졤Ѹ졤Ѹбޤ⤢롥Ӥȷκ褯ʬ롥

Lass, Roger. "Phonology and Morphology." 1476--1776. Vol. 3 of The Cambridge History of the English Language. Ed. Roger Lass. Cambridge: CUP, 1999. 56--186.

Referrer (Inside): [2025-06-01-1]

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2020-03-25 Wed

#3985. ؤǤˡ (mood) ȤϲǤ (3) [mood][verb][terminology][inflection][conjugation][subjunctive][morphology][category][indo-european][sobokunagimon][latin]

2֤ε ([2020-03-23-1], [2020-03-24-1]) ˰³ɸεˤĤƵޤƥʸˡѸ modus ˤĤĴ٤ƤߤȡȻפȤޤOED mode, n. θ츻˼Τ褦ʸڤޤ

In grammar (see sense 2), classical Latin modus is used (by Quintilian, 1st cent. a.d.) for grammatical 'voice' (active or passive; Hellenistic Greek ĦάȦŦҦς ), post-classical Latin modus (by 4th-5th-cent. grammarians) for 'mood' (Hellenistic Greek ἔæʦ˦ɦҦς ). Compare Middle French, French mode grammatical 'mood' (feminine 1550, masculine 1611).


Ĥޤꡤmodus ϸŵΥƥǤŪʡˡפΰ̣ѤƤΤΡŵƥǤϤष̤ưʸˡƥ꡼Ǥ֡ (voice) ΰ̣ѤƤȤȤˤʤޤʸˡƥ꡼ɽ魯Ѹ췲ƱƤ뤫Τ褦˸ޤϤɤ򤹤Ф褤Ǥ礦
¤ voice ȤѸ켫Τˤ褦ʻ𤬤ޤ#1520. ʤư֤Ρ֡פ voice ʤΤ ([2013-06-25-1]) ǿ줿褦ˡѸˤơvoice ϸŪʡ֡פΰ̣Ѥˡ̤ưʸˡƥ꡼Ǥֿ;Ρ (person) ɽ魯Ȥ⤢ޤ̾ʸˡƥ꡼Ǥֳʡ (case) ɽ魯Ȥ⤢ޤ˥ƥѸ򸫤Ƥߤޤȡ֡פɽ路Ѹ1Ĥ genus ޤθϸ gender ȯŸ̾ʸˡƥ꡼Ǥ (gender) ̣ȤʤäƤޤ
ʾ夫鸫ƤΤϡդѸ췲κƱŪˤϤäȤȤǤͤƤߤСߤǤư̾ʸˡƥ꡼ɽ魯Ѹ󤷤Ƥߤȡˡ (mood) (aspect) (voice) (gender) (case) ʤɡ鸫Ǥϰ̣ȽȤޤ󤷡ʤΤ褦ѸܸǤѸǤˤƤƤΤʤΤ¿Ȥ˵դޤŪʬ䤹Τϻ (tense)(number); (person) 餤ǤϤʤǤ礦
Ѹ mood/mode, aspect, voice, gender, case ܸΡˡסס֡ססֳʡפʤɤϡաʤȯݡˤΡˡס¦̡סּ٤̣롤̣ŪˤϤʤ¤ʷ̾ȤäƤ褯kind, type, classּסַספʤɤȸƤ褤ʪǤȤȤϡϤޤصŪʬ̾ˤ˲餫ѶŪʰ̣ǽ餫ɤ߹ޤƤ櫓ǤϤʤäȤǽޤ
ޤȤޤ礦2֤εǡˡפֵʬפ뤤ϡ֥⡼ɡפȤߤ򼨤ƤޤβϡѸεȤ餤ɬƤޤmode ϸ츻ȤƤϡˡ٤̣̾ˤϤѶŪʰ̣ϤۤɴޤޤƤʤäȹͤ뤫ǤҤ٤ȤϤޤѸεȤεǤäơդǤˤ衤䤿ˡֵʬפ֥⡼ɡפȤѶŪʰ̣ɤ߹Dzᤷ褦Ȥ뤳ȼΤ꤬櫓ǤϤޤ󡥼ºݤΤȤŪˤСˡסֵʬס֥⡼ɡפȤϤʤոƤΤǤϤʤȡ伫ȤפäƤޤ

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2020-03-24 Tue

#3984. ؤǤˡ (mood) ȤϲǤ (2) [mood][verb][terminology][inflection][conjugation][subjunctive][morphology][category][indo-european][sobokunagimon][etymology]

ε ([2020-03-23-1]) ˰³ˡ (mood) ˤĤƤǤεϡmood mode Ϥˡפΰ̣Ѥ졤ˡȤϡֵʬפǤ֥⡼ɡפǤ⤢뤫餽Ԥȹͤ줽˻פޤºݤˤϡξñϸ츻ۤʤޤmood mode ˤ̤פȤϽҤ٤ޤ츻ƱȤϸޤǤˤϾ𤬤ޤ
mode ͤޤ礦ñϥƥ modus ̤ޤƥǤ "manner, mode, way, method; rule, rhythm, beat, measure, size; bound, limit" ʤ͡ʰ̣ɽ路ޤ̤аĸ *med- (to take appropriate measures) ˤɤĤϡּʡˡʤ֤ˡפۤɤä褦ǤΥƥñϤθե󥹸 mode Ȥʤꡤ줬Ѹ mode ȤƼѤƤޤѸǤ1400ǯ˲ѸȤơ֥ǥʤΰפΰ̣ǽФޤ1450ǯˤϸؤΡˡפΰ̣ǤѤ졤ѸȤ夷ޤν OED ˤȰʲ̤Ǥmoode ȤֻѤƤ뤳ȤդƤ

mode, n.
. . . .
2.
a. Grammar. = mood n.2 1.
   Now chiefly with reference to languages in which mood is not marked by the use of inflectional forms.
c1450 in D. Thomson Middle Eng. Grammatical Texts (1984) 38 A verbe..is declined wyth moode and tyme wtoute case, as 'I love the for I am loued of the' ... How many thyngys falleth to a verbe? Seuene, videlicet moode, coniugacion, gendyr, noumbre, figure, tyme, and person. How many moodes bu ther? V... Indicatyf, imperatyf, optatyf, coniunctyf, and infinityf.


mood θ츻ҤȤƤߤޤ礦ߡֵʬࡼɡפ̣뤳αñϼѸǤϤʤűѸǤűѸ mōd ʿʬࡼɡˤѽиȤäƤ褯#1148. űѸ˭ʸϡ ([2012-06-18-1]) Ǥߤ褦˿ʣιǤȤѤƤޤ̤аĸ *- (certain qualities of mind) ˤɤĤ mode ȤϵۤˤƤ뤳ȤʬȻפޤ
ơ mood Ѹǡˡפΰ̣Ѥ줿ΤϡOED ˤ1450ǯΤȤǡʲ̤Ǥ

mood, n.2
. . . .
1. Grammar.
a. A form or set of forms of a verb in an inflected language, serving to indicate whether the verb expresses fact, command, wish, conditionality, etc.; the quality of a verb as represented or distinguished by a particular mood. Cf. aspect n. 9b, tense n. 2a.
   The principal moods are known as indicative (expressing fact), imperative (command), interrogative (question), optative (wish), and subjunctive (conditionality).
c1450 in D. Thomson Middle Eng. Grammatical Texts (1984) 38 A verbe..is declined wyth moode and tyme wtoute case.


ŤǤ礦c1450νФʸ˵󤲤 mode ΤΤƱǤĤޤꡤƥͳ mode ȱѸ mood ־ʰֻ moode ħŪˤˤäơʸˡѸȤƱѸǻȤФΥߥ󥰤ǡ㺮ˤʤäƤޤä褦ʤΤǤOED ϼ¤ΤȤֿפ mood, n.1 ȡˡפ mood, n.2 ̸ФȤΩƤƤΤǤԤθ츻 "Originally a variant of mode n., perhaps reinforced by association with mood n.1." Ȥ褦ˡɤϤ㺮ȲᤷƤޤ̣Ūˤϡֵʬס֥⡼ɡդȤơξñ줬ӤĤȹͤޤäơˡפֵʬס֥⡼ɡפȲ᤹븫ϡθ츻ŪƱͿƤΤΡΤȤ1450ǯˤ櫓Ǥͳ郎Ȥ⤤뤷ʤȤ⤤̯ʻǤ͡εǡˡפֵʬפ뤤ϡ֥⡼ɡפȤߤ᤬֤ʤʤޤǤƤϤΤΡ¤ϼäդ褦ʲפȽҤ٤ΤϡΤ褦طʤäǤ
ǤϡɸεФϲʤΤǤ礦ܤäơƥʸˡѸȤƤ modus ɤΤ褦ʰ̣礤ǻȤƤΤʬСˡ (mood, mode) οˤĤʤꤽǤεǡ

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2020-03-23 Mon

#3983. ؤǤˡ (mood) ȤϲǤ (1) [mood][verb][terminology][inflection][conjugation][subjunctive][morphology][category][indo-european][sobokunagimon]

ؤǤϡˡ (mood) ȸƤФưʸˡƥ꡼ (category) פȤʤޤ¾ưʸˡƥ꡼ȤƤϻ (tense) (aspect) (voice) ޤŪ˴طȤǤ̾ʸˡƥ꡼Ǥ (number) ; (person) ⤢ޤΥƥ꡼Ươưη֤ޤȤΤħǤκѤϡưγ (conjugation)뤤ϤŪˤưζ (inflection) ȸƤФƤޤ
ĸˡȤƤϡ#3331. ĸ줫饲ޥĸؤưʸˡƤκ ([2018-06-10-1]) Ǥߤ褦ľˡ (indicative mood)³ˡ (subjunctive mood)̿ˡ (imperative mood)ˡ (optative mood) 4郎̤ƤޤäȸޥɤǤϺǽ3˽̸˸űѸޤǤˤϺǽ2ؤȽ󤵤Ƥޤʸˤ̿ˡΰˤĤƤϡ#3620. ̿ˡפǧָ᤺̿ˡפȤФ褤 (1) ([2019-03-26-1])#3621. ̿ˡפǧָ᤺̿ˡפȤФ褤 (2) ([2019-03-27-1]) 򻲾ȡˡˡűѸʹߡ³ˡϿΰӤéꡤޤǤ󸽼Ūʲɽ魯ɽƤϤޤѤʤʤäƤޤΤ褦ʻ𤫤顤αʸˡǤŪʡ³ˡפȤƤ³⡤ֲˡפȾΤΤŪȤʤäƤޤʤ뤤ϡֽˡפȤƤ̾򹥤ʸˡȤ⤤ޤˡ
ơѸˡȤƤϡľˡ (indicative mood) Ȳˡ (subjunctive mood) 2ζ̤ߤ뤳ȤˤʤޤΩܼϲǤ礦̤ˤϡǽŪ˥ǥեȤľˡФơˡüԤ̿Ф벿餫οŪ٤ɲ줿ΤȤޤ餫οŪ٤ȤΤۣʸǤ˿줿ǤʤС󸽼ŪʲפŵǤIf I were a bird, I would fly to you. ˤ벾ˡ were ϡüԤֻĻǤפȤ󸽼ŪʲοŪ٤äƤ뤳Ȥ򼨤ޤäƤߤСۥɤäƤ뤳ȤɸǤ
Ʊͤˡˡ߷ go Ѥ I suggest that she go alone. ȤʸˤƤ⡤üԤƬΤʤǴ˾ȤƤˤʤͤǤפȤ̿ꡤޤäƤʤ줫μ¤˵뤫ɤ狼ʤ̿Ǥ뤳Ȥư֤ˤäƼƤޤۤɥѥȤ϶ʤΤΡۥɤɸǤ
ˡפȤѸֿŪ١פȤⲿȤפ碌֤ɽǤѸȤƤ mood Ǥ顤üԤΡֵʬפǤȤȤ館Τ⤢٤ͭʲǤĤޤꡤˡȤüԤ̿ɤΤ褦ʡֵʬפǽҤ٤ƤΤʤƤϡŪʵʬסˤɸΤǤ롤ȤǤ뤤 mood mode ֥⡼ɡ֡פˤ̤ºݤξñȤѸȤƤˡΰ̣ѤޤΤǡüԤΡ֥⡼ɡפȸƤ褵Ǥˡϡۥ⡼ɤɸΤȤȤǤ
ˡˤĤƤϾ嵭Τ褦ʡֵʬפ뤤ϡ֥⡼ɡפȤ礭ְ㤤ϤʤȻפޤβϡѸˤ򿶤֤äƤߤȡʤʤޤǤƤϤΤΡ¤ϼäդ褦ʲȤȤʬäƤޤˤĤƤεǡ

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2019-03-27 Wed

#3621. ̿ˡפǧָ᤺̿ˡפȤФ褤 (2) [imperative][mood][subjunctive][tense][future][category][elt][3sp]

ε˰³ָ̿ˡפ˴ؤꡥϺѤʸȤ̤δϢʸΤʤǡͤùѸ춵δ餳ڤǤ롥ָ̿ˡפ򲡤ФȤǡϢݤȤȤ˰Ӥʸˡ󶡤ǤΤǤϤʤȤΡ֤ޤȤפѤ (78)

ɡѸ̿ưǤϡʤȤŪ¤ϡ̿ˡθư׷ǤäȤƤ⡤ȼư֤ʤʾˡָˡפªưˡפδϷ褷ƤȸƤ֤櫓ˤϤʤʸˡפȤƤȤ⸫ʤΤǡΰ̣ǡ̿ʸפȸƤ֤ȤǽǤȷŤ롥⡤°³ˡ߷Ǥ⡤ˡư줬ʤȤˤϡ̿Ʊͤ˸ΤߤȤ븫ϡε̳䴫ɽ̣ǽȤοȤؤäơ촶ΤªȸäƤ̿ˡ³ˡ߷򸶷ɽŪˡǰª뤳ȤǤȤȤǤ롥ΤˡˡפγǰΤϱѸ춵θǤ׻뤵ƤܤǤָפȤˤ褯ȤƤ븽ͤȤष̤˲ФƳˡˤ礤˥åȤȻפ롥
عǤϡ뻰ñ -s ˤĤƤϡʤ˽פǡԲķʡľˡȤǰ̵뤷ơ䤫ޤƳ뤬˿øȿ롤°³ˡ߷ he do ȤϢ򤹤뤿ˤϡˡ˴ؤƤμɤƤɬܤǤ롥ǤȤˡפȤդϻȤʤˤƤ⡤ξԴ֤ˤȤΩ򶵰ȤŦʤФʤʤκݡưΡָפŪˡʤΰˤôȤͤͤ뤳Ȥϡˡΰ̣Ū򿼤Ǥ⽽ʬͭǤ


̻Ūʻ¤ʬ˲ǡƤȯ̤ۤŪηϲޤȤԤλϡ˿ȤޤѸȾˤ褦ˡ΢ä3ñ -sפȤⴹǤǡ٤ࡥ

ʡ---Ѹ̿ʸפˤĤ---סطضס632014ǯ73--79ǡ

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2019-03-26 Tue

#3620. ̿ˡפǧָ᤺̿ˡפȤФ褤 (1) [imperative][mood][subjunctive][tense][future][category][elt]

ѸˤĤ̿ˡ (imperative mood) ǧ뤫ݤȤϡѸؤǤ⤿ӤӵʤƤˡ (mood) ˷Ūʥƥ꡼Ȳ򤹤ʤСʸˡǤưΡ̿פϸˤƱǤ뤫顤ȼˡꤹɬפϤʤȤȤˤʤ롥षˤܤ˿ơˡ1ĤȤ̿ˡȹͤۤäꤹ롥̿ˡȸ¾νˡˤϡ̣Ūʡפ̣ŪʡפȤ̹⸫Ф졤ǤŪԹ礬褤ˤС³ˡߡפȸƤФƤΤŪˤϸȰۤʤʤΤ顤ϤƱ롼פ뤳Ȥˤʤºݡ³ˡߡפϤޤˡפ碌Ƥ롥
ǽҤ٤ƤȤϡ̿³ˡ߷ȤˡϡפˡȤ1Ĥˤ뤳ȤǤȤƤ̣ǡפŵȤ⤤̤פؤθڤƱʡḶˤˤäôʤΤϤʤȤϻĤ롥ֲפֻ׹͡פɽˤƤƱͤǤ롥Τ褦ˡʤɤνƥ꡼ʣ˸򰷤ΤϷ褷ưפǤϤʤ̿ˡפΰ褦Ȱ첡ȡ̤פΰԹ礬롤Ȥäͤ뤫
εϡ褽εǤ롥ʸǤϡ̻ŪŪʴ餳äƤ뤬Ρ֤ޤȤפϼ̤ (98)

٤˶ޤŵǤϡˡ̤ΩƤϽʬۤɤꡤ¸߰յޤʬˤäȤޤǤϸƱư֤ʣˡɽȤä餯Τ褦ʷ־νʣȤ̤ȡľˡߤ̤λݤޤǤ뤳ȤǽäȤ̣Ū¦̤Ȥޤäơͭɸ³ˡǤϤʤ̵ɸľˡΤʤ̤ꤹ뤳ȤֲƤΤǤϤʤȹͤ롥
ФơưθѲűѸ٤ƶˤƴDz줿ѸǤϡϤư֤ȤƤˡ뤳ȤǤʤˤ뤬ǤŪˡϡά'stance' marker ȤƵǽ롥will ʤɤˡư if ʤɤüʥޡӡ°򽾤Ǥ⡤suggest require ȤäưλỊ̇ˤäƲ­̵뤳ȤǤ롥Τ褦˹ͤС̤λؼϡŵŪˤˡư will Ȥ stance marker ˤꡤŪˡɽͭɸʹ¤ª뤳ȤǤˤľˡ³ˡȤäˡǰä˻ɬפϤʤȤˤʤ롥դäСŪˡɽͭɸ¤ˤϡȤƽ°ˡ᤿ʤưǤ븶ˤ롥̤θ򤹤СάŪ̿ˡ򡤤ưưǤϤʤˤȸʤ硤ޤˤ̿ˡ°ޤƤȤͤ櫓ǡȤȵդˡŪˡɽˤΰˡȤƽ̿ˡª뤳ȤǤ̿ˡΤˡΰȤΩƤˤɬפƱˤʤʤ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥


ѸŪˡ̿פɤ٤ȤϡʤѸ춵ˤؤäƤ

ʡ̤ˡֻפϤΤ---Ѹľˡ³ˡ---סطضס622013ǯ91--100ǡ

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2019-01-08 Tue

#3543. ظʸˡŵ٤ optative (mood) β [terminology][mood][optative][subjunctive][speech_act][auxiliary_verb]

ܲ may ʸȴϢ optative (mood) ̤ˤĤĴ˺Τ˹ڡ°ԡˡظʸˡŵ (963--64) ꡤƱѸβ⵭ѤƤ

optative (mood) ʴ˾ˡˡˡɥ衼åѸˤǧˡ (MOOD) 1ġꥷˤȼζ޸Ĵ˾ˡ뤬ƥ䥲ޥϤǤϴ˾ˡϲˡ (SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD) ȹή1ĤȤʤäޥɤ°ѸˤƤϡOEŪΩ˾ˡϤʤ
˾ˡɽꡦ˾ΰ̣ϱѸǤ㤤벾ˡޤˡư (MODAL AUXILIARY) ˤ뱪ˤäɽ롧 God bless you! ʤʤ˿Τ߷äߤޤ褦ˡ/ May she rest in peace! ̽ʡ򵧤/ O were he only here. बˤƤ줵褤Τˡˡ¿ʬΤᡤTrnka (1930, pp. 64, 67--74) 'subjunctive' ȤѸ 'optative' Ѥ롥Kruisinga (Handbook, II. 1531) ưθ촴 (STEM) ˡ1Ĥ˴˾ˡ뤳Ȥǧᡤˡθ촴˾촴 (optative stem) ȸƤ֡ Suffice it to say .... ...ȸнʬǤˡˡQuirk et al. (1985, 11.39) ϲˡΰȤƴ˾ˡ (optative subjunctive) ǧᡤ˾ˡϴ˾ɽ魯Τʤꤷɽ˻ȤȽҤ٤Ƥ롧 Far be it from me to spoil the fun. ʳڤߤ̵ˤ褦ʤɤȤϻˤϤޤäʤ/ God save the Queen! ʽŲС


첽줿˾Ŭڤ˰֤Ť褦ȤȡɬȵǽʣʴطȤʤˡ̻֤ȶ֤δΰ㤤ؤäơ񤷤Ȥʤ롥ҤȤĤδϡŪΩ줫˾ȯù԰ (speech_act) Ȥߤʤơθ츽ݤФƲ餫ΰ֤ŤԤʤȤŪʴ԰٤ȤƤδ˾뤤ϵȤϲʤΤ䤤Ϥȡưפ˿ŪҲŪůŪŪؤȯŸƤޤ궯ơޤ
Ϣơ#3538. Ѹ subjunctive ֤ϰĸ optative ֤ ([2019-01-03-1])#3541. Ѹˡμ --- Jespersen ˤŪʶʬ ([2019-01-06-1])#3540. ˾ʸȴʸ̯ʴط ([2019-01-05-1]) ⻲ȡ

ͺ° ̭ ԡظʸˡŵ١Ʋ1992ǯ

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2019-01-06 Sun

#3541. Ѹˡμ --- Jespersen ˤŪʶʬ [mood][optative]

ڡ° (414--15) ϡѸˡ (mood) ˤĤơŪ˶ʬ Jespersen The Philosophy of Grammar (1924) ĤľҲ𤷤Ƥ롥ˡ (mood) ȤüԤοŪ٤ΤȤǤ뤫顤̣Ū˶ʬ褦ȤȺݸ¤ʤ٤ʤäƤ˰㤤ʤť¤ˤϤޤΤɤˡJespersen ϤޤǷŪʬˤȤɤƤ롥

i) ջ֤ɽ魯
̿ˡ (jussive): Go.
ˡ (compulsive): He has to go.
̳ˡ (obligative): He ought to go. / We should go.
ˡ (advisory): You should go.
òˡ (precative): Go, please.
ˡ (hortative): Let us go.
ˡ (permissive): You may go if you like.
«ˡ (promissive): I will go. / It shall be done.
ˡ (optative)μ¸ǽ: May he be still alive.
˾ˡ (desiderative)μ¸Բǽ: Would he were still alive.
Ūˡ (intentional): in order that he may go.
ii) ջ֤ޤޤʤ
ɬˡ (apodictive): Twice two must be (or is necessarily) four.
ɬˡ (necessitative): He must be rich (or he could not spend so much).
ˡ (assertive): He is rich.
ˡ (presumptive): He is probably rich. / He would (or will) know.
ˡ (dubitative): He may be (or is perhaps) rich.
ǽˡ (potential): He can speak.
ˡ (conditional): if he is rich.
ˡ (hypothetical): if he were rich.
ˡ (concessional): though he is rich.

Jespersen ϡηŪʬˤ餳äƤʤˡȤϤޤǸФŪʤΤȹͤƤۤ褤

ͺ° ̭ԡˡظʸˡŵ١Ʋ1992ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2019-01-08-1]

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