
1ī㡼ɶDZѸ˹ֺ¤Ƥޤǯ٤Υϡ˾äȤԻĤʱñפǤѸŪ˸ߤȴߤΤñ1ӡ⤭ơرѸ츻ŵʸҡˤرѸ츻ϥɥ֥åʸҡλͿεҤȤʤ顤αñˡҤƤϱѸΤˤޤ
轵1025ڡˤιֺ¤ϽνȤʤޤϡѸˤơǤûȶñ1ĤǤʤ顤ˤʪ1;ñ̾ I ܤޤï⤬Τ褦˻ȤäƤ뤳ñǤΩߤޤäƹͤƤߤȡ¤¿Ƥ뤳Ȥ˵ŤޤʲI ˤĤƻפĤĤƤߤޤ
űѸǤ ic ֥åפȯƤޤ줬ˤƸΡ֥פȤȯѲΤǤ礦⤽ˤä c λҲϤɤؾäƤޤäΤǤ礦
ʤ I ϡʸǤʸǽΤǤ礦
ʤ I ʤΤˡŪˤϤޤäΰۤʤ me ѤΤǤ礦
It's me. It's I. ϡɤ餬פΤǤ礦ʸˡȼѤδͤƤߤȻפޤ
ǯˤ뤳Ȥ between you and I ȤɽʸˡŪˤɤǤΤǤ礦
ݤäܸˤϡֻס͡סֲפʤɡʤۤ¿1;̾줬ΤǤ礦ѸˤӤ뤳ȤǸƤΤꤽǤ
Τ褦ˡä1ʸñ I ظˤϡѲֻδʸˡ§ƸŪʻȤʬȤäѸuνץơޤŽ̤Ƥޤֺ¤Ǥϡ֤ε¤ʤ٤¿äƤȻפޤ
ֺ¤ؤλˡϡꥪ饤äΤߤȤʤޤꥢ륿Ǥμ֤Τۤ2֤θƨۿӥ⤢ޤΤԹΤ褤ˡǤäйǤޤֻ֤ޤǤȰۤʤ 15:30--17:00 ȤʤäƤޤΤǡդֺ¤ȿߤξܺ٤īڡꤴǧ
٤ιֺ¤ΤҲϡ heldio Ǥ#1602. 1025īֺ¤ I --- 1;ñ̾ܡȤƤäޤΤǡ⤪İ
ʤΥ饤ʥåפϰʲ̤ǤǡֱѸˤνפڤߤޤ礦
- 71025ڡ 15:30?17:00I --- 1;ñ̾ᤰʪ
- 81129ڡ 15:30?17:00take --- ⤿餷Ķܸ
- 91220ڡ 15:30?17:00one --- ñʤ͡ˡعä
߷ ˧ͺԽ紴ˡرѸ츻ŵٿǡҡ2024ǯ
߷ ͧ ɹ δˡʡ 쵮 ءʹܶϡˡرѸ츻ϥɥ֥å١ҡ2025ǯ
Hogg and Fulk (202--203) Ȥơޥĸ (Proto-Germanic) ȸűѸ (Old English) 1;ñ̾γʶޤ¤٤Ƽ
| PGmc | OE | |
|---|---|---|
| Nom. | *ik | iċ |
| Acc. | *mek | mē |
| Gen. | *mīnō | mīn |
| Dat. | *miz | mē |
ɽκ¦ PGmc γƶޤˤƱ¦ OE η֤ѲˤϤʣ (analogy 䲻Ѳ (sound_change) 䤽¾βƯƤȤHogg and Fulk (203) βΤޤްѤ褦
nom.sg.: *ik must have been the unstressed form, with analogical introduction of its vowel into the stressed form, with only ON ek showing retention of the original stressed vowel amongst the Gmc languages (cf. Lat egō/ǒ).
acc.sg.: *mek is the stressed form; all the other Gmc languages show generalization of unstressed *mik. The root is *me-, with the addition of *-k borrowed from the nom. The form mē could be due to loss of *-k when *mek was extended to unstressed positions, with lengthening of the final vowel when it was re-stressed . . . . More likely it represents replacement of the acc. by the dat. . . . as happened widely in Gmc and IE . . . .
gen.sg.: To the root *me- was added the adj. suffix *-īn- (cf. stǣnen 'made of stone' < *stain-īn-a-z . . .), presumably producing *mein- > *mīn- . . . . To this was added an adj. ending, perhaps nom.acc.pl. neut. *-ō, as assumed here.
dat.sg.: Unstressed *miz developed in the same way as *hiz . . . .
ǸΤȤ PGmc *miz ˤ OE mē ˤʤäΤˤĤơHogg and Fulk (198) ȤƤϤ礦3;ñʤ PGmc *hiz OE *hē ȯãΤʿŪȯãȤ*hiz z ˤ벼θ̤ *hez Ȥʤꡤ˸Ҳ rhotacism Ф *her Ȥʤä˾ü *he ȤʤꡤǸ˶ȤĹ첻 hē ˻äȤ롥
;̾Ϲ٤εǽȤƶȼθؤ㤷Ȥ⤤뤷˿ȼޤ³Ȥ⤵롥嵭βѤǤ⡤Ӹؤʬ롥Ϣơʲε⻲ȡ
#1198. ic I ([2012-08-07-1])
#2076. us ȯˡ ([2015-01-02-1])
#2077. you ȯˡ ([2015-01-03-1])
#3713. ǽζȼ岻 ([2019-06-27-1])
#3776. ǽζȼ岻 (2) ([2019-08-29-1])
Hogg, Richard M. and R. D. Fulk. A Grammar of Old English. Vol. 2. Morphology. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011.
Ѹ3;̾ he, she, it, they ʳơϼʤηˤζηϤϸǤʣʤۤŪˤˤƤаޤ롥бűѸμʷС줾 hē, hēo, hit, hīe Ȥʤ뤬ܤǤ⸽Ȥκ礭Ȥʬ (cf. #155. űѸο;̾ζޡ ([2009-09-29-1]))
ޥο;̾ηϤ٤ȡΤȤƤȤϤȤ櫓3;ΤθġγʷˤĤƤϡɬƱθ츻̤櫓ǤϤʤޤƤĸޤ̤餻뤳ȤǤʤĤޤꡤ1Ĥζ̴Ʒ뤳ȤǤʤȤȤˤʤ롥3;̾ϡ12;̾䡤ؼ졤ʤɤȤϻ𤬰ۤʤ롥Lass (139) ϢѤ褦
Proto-Germanic did not inherit a fully coherent pronoun or determiner system; nothing quite like this reconstructs even for Proto-IE. Rather the collections labelled 'pronouns' or 'articles' or 'demonstratives' in the handbooks represent dialect-specific selections out of a mass of inherited forms and systems. There are clear IE first-, second-person pronoun systems: we can easily identify a first-person nom sg root */H1egh-/ (l eg-o, Go ik, OE ic 'I') and a second-person root in */t-/ (L tu, OCS ty, OE þū). There is also an interrogative in */kw-/ (L qu-is, OE hw-ā 'who?') and a deictic in */to-/ (Go to 'def art, masc nom sg', OE þæ-s 'def art m/n gen sg'). There is no reconstructable third-person pronoun, however. The personal pronouns may be heterogeneous even across Germanic: Go is, OE hē 'he' are not cognate. But overall the main systems are related, at least in outline.
ϲ̣Τ3;̾줬¾ȯǤ뤳ȤΤƬ˽Ҥ٤褦ˡѸˤǤ˻˸¤äƤƱ礭ƤȤаޤ롥ȤȤϡ֤֡μѤηȤؤˤʸǤȤȤʤΤ
Lass, Roger. Old English: A Historical Linguistic Companion. Cambridge: CUP, 1994.
Ѹư̿ˡη֤ϡ˰פ롥űѸ̤ȡ̿ˡǤϸˤȤϰۤʤ֤ꡤ2;ñʣȤǸ§Ȥưۤʤä
ˤᤷƥޥĸˤޤ̤ȡƷǤϤˤ衤;Τ˱ơ¿ΰۤʤäƤȤ롥ʲˡޥĸ¿ζѲưˤĤƺƷƤ (Ringe 237)
| indicative | subjunctive | imperative | ||
| active | infinitive -a-ną | |||
| sg. | 1 -ō | -a-ų | --- | participle -a-nd- |
| 2 -i-zi | -ai-z | ø | ||
| 3 -i-di | -ai-ø | -a-dau | ||
| du. | 1 -ōz(?) | -ai-w | --- | |
| 2 -a-diz(?) | -a-diz(?) | -a-diz(?) | ||
| pl. | 1 -a-maz | -ai-m | --- | |
| 2 -i-d | -ai-d | -i-d | ||
| 3 a-ndi | -ai-n | -a-ndau |
Ѹư (verb) ˴ؤ륫ƥ1Ĥ (finiteness) ȤΤ롥ư (finite form) ȤϡI go to school. She goes to school. He went to school. Τ褦ư go Ρޤäؤư (nonfinite form) ȤϡI'm going to school. Going to school is fun. She wants to go to school. He made me go to school. Τ褦ư go ΡޤäƤʤؤ
פȤѸ줬䤳㤨С(to) go ȤѤ뤳ȤΤʤηʤΤ顤餳פǤϤʤȻפ뤫⤷ʤ̾¤ȤˡפȸΤgoes went ư go ѲʤؤˤΤȤơˤפ餷ߤ뤬ष餳פʤΤǤ롥
ʬˤ finiteness פȤˤ롥finite θϡŪפȤΤ˸ꤵ줿פǤꡤnonfinite ϡŪפȤΤ˸ꤵƤʤפǤ롥㤨 He () to school yesterday. ȤʸˤƳ̤ go Ŭڤʷ硤ʸˡỌ̇̄δ went ηˤΤդ路դ路Ȥϡʸ̮ˤäƤʳηϵʤȤǡΤ˸ꤵ줿ʤΤǤ롥
̤ιͤȤƤϡưˤϤޤ GO GOING Τ褦ŪǥŪʷꡤ줬ºݤʸ̮ˤƤ go, goes, went ʤɤζŪʷȤƸΤȤȤ館Ƥ褤üŪˤ finite ϡֶŪפǡinfinite ϡŪפȤȤ
Ūˤ⤦ǫˤСưȤϡư줬;Ρˡ˱1Ĥη˹ʤޤƤ뤫ݤȤΤȤǤ롥Crystal (224) Ѥ褦
The forms of the verb . . . , and the phrases they are part of, are usually classified into two broad types, based on the kind of contrast in meaning they express. The notion of finiteness is the traditional way of classifying the differences. This term suggests that verbs can be 'limited' in some way, and this is in fact what happens when different kinds of endings are used.
The finite forms are those which limit the verb to a particular number, tense, person, or mood. For example, when the -s form is used, the verb is limited to the third person singular of the present tense, as in goes and runs. If there is a series of verbs in the verb phrase, the finite verb is always the first, as in I was being asked.
The nonfinite forms do not limit the verb in this way. For example, when the -ing form is used, the verb can be referring to any number, tense, person, or mood:
I'm leaving (first person, singular, present)
They're leaving (third person, plural, present)
He was leaving (third person, singular, past)
We might be leaving tomorrow (first person, plural, future, tentative)
As these examples show, a nonfinite form of the verb stays the same in a clause, regardless of the grammatical variation taking place alongside it.
ʤѸˤϴˤꡦȤ̤뤷űѸˤϷƻˤꡦζ̤äΥƥդ줿٥ "finiteness" ǤϤʤ "definiteness" Ǥ롥γѸϸ䤹ΤդǤ롥
Crystal, D. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language. 3rd ed. CUP, 2018.
űѸʰˤ˻ϤޤѸƤܴۤ뤷οϡѸˤ˾νäȤäƤ褤ˤѸθȤƤҤä֤äƤޤäȤäƤǤϤʤȤ櫓̾졤ư졤ƻη絬Ϥʺ;ʤ졤ʻȷӤĤƤʸˡƥ (category) Ȥؤ뤳Ȥˤʤä
̾ˤĤƤСűѸǤ (gender) (number) (case) 3ƥλ̰ΤȤ٤ǽƤѸǤϤ褽ȳʤΥƥ岽üˤ餵졤ͥȤʤäƺ˻롥
ưˤĤƤϡűѸǤϿ; (person) (number)ˡ (mood) (tense) ǽŪäοιȤ졤ʳΥƥθ礬ޤä٤ƤΥƥޤӤƤȤϤṲ̄ͥΤϻǤ롥
Lass (161) ϡḽѸưΥƥŪʶ̤ȤΤ褦˿
TENSE pres. MOOD ind. NUM. sing. PERS. 1, 2 -0
3 -s
pl.
subj./imp.
past -d
ϢεǡԢʬˡư֤ջ֤Ǥιųء٤εҲ𤷤Ƥcf. #4205. ԢʬϺˡư֤ջ֤Ǥιųء١ ([2020-10-31-1])#4207. ̾줢꤭٤ư줬 ([2020-11-02-1])#4208. It rains. ϹټԺߤǡֹ߱פۤɤΰա ([2020-11-03-1])#4210. ;Τνи3;Τ˻Ϥޤꡤ12;ΤؤŸ ([2020-11-05-1])ˡǶᡤưˤĤƹƤȤäΤǡưΤˤ˻ͤȤƤäƤ롥
Ԣʬ (175--76) ϡưΤȤ顤ΡˤޤĹˤɸΤ褦Ƥ롥礭ʲǧθŪʴߤƤ⤭Ƽ٤ʰʲǤϸʸ뤤ϷǼƤˡ
ټԤä
ϰǯʾ˵ڤ֤⤷Ĺˤפ
Ǥϡ̴ֶפλξ֤Ϥޤ륤ɡ衼åѸѲˤʾΤ褦ư줪֤ѲȤįȤ˸ФȤϲΤʤ䤤ˤƤߤ褦
Ѳˤΰ¦̤̤顤ټԤꤹؤΰʹߤˤȤФ褦˻פ롥
̾Ūʸλ塤ưñʤȤ줿ޤ줿ư⡤;η֤ˤꡤưιټԤǤϤʤƽΤΤҤƤ
ưϸ˿;Τˤäơư줬٤֤˷ӤĤȯۤδäޤ롥ȤϤư줬θ֤Ȥ֤⡤ưȹټԤȤδطĤƤϡưץ¦˹ټԤΤȤ⤽γ¦ˤΤޤޤαޤäƤˤäΤǽưưζʬä
θ塤ưϤ궯̣ǹ٤ټԤ˷ӤĤ褦ˤʤ롥ǽưȼưζ̤ˤäơټԤʬǤäΤɤ褦ˤʤ뤫
βˤȡϡưɽ魯ưΤΤܤ줫顤ưμïʤΤ˰۾ʴؿؤȲȤˤʤ롥Ԣʬ (178) ϾΰѤθǡԤ夤θֽͭפȤƤǤ롥
Ѹ˾Ȥ餷ƤСŪ졤ư¾ư졤ǽư֤ȼư֤ʤɡŪۤ˿мʸȤʤäƤ뤬ϡưιټԤꤵեפθȤȤˤʤ
Ԣʬ Ϻư֤ջ֤Ǥιųء١ؽ2017ǯ
Ρ#4207. ̾줢꤭٤ư줬 ([2020-11-02-1]) ȡ#4208. It rains. ϹټԺߤǡֹ߱פۤɤΰա ([2020-11-03-1]) ε˰³Ԣʬˡư֤ջ֤Ǥιųء٤˰͵Ĥġư (voice) ꤫; (person) ؤȵŸ
εǤߤ褦ˡĸꤵ̤äʳǤϡIt rains. Τ褦;ιʸưŪʹʸˤꥸʥư칽ʸȿǤƤȤǽ롥ˤʤС;ιʸϤ2ŪʹʸȤȤˤʤ
ưˤȤɤޤ餺ˤ;ΤȤϲȤˤ⿷ʸꤲ롥;ŪưŪʹʸư칽ʸȤȡ˿;ΤȤȯۤ;ϤϤʤ;ΤȤʸˡƥ (category) ȤƤ븽λ䤿餹С⤷֤θ鹽ʸο;ΤϲפΤǤСȤꤢǤ1;ΤǤ2;ΤǤʤȤ̣ǡ˾öŪˡ3;Ρפ뤳Ȥˤʤ뤫⤷ʤ;ΤȤʸˡƥ̤ʬäȤܤĸΤβŪʸηϤ顤Ʊ褦ȤȡȤ˵礹ΤǤ롥
䤬ƤΤ褦̤ʬξ֤顤ΤȤƤΡֻפȡνפäǤ֤ʤפʲˬ졤줾줬;ΤȤʸˡƥפʸѸǤ1;Ρפȡ2;ΡסˤȤʤäλˤ̾ΤǤä¿ʬ˾öŪưŤǡ3;Ρפ̾Ť뤳Ȥˤʤä123;ΤȤʬǤꡤߤ˻롥ȡʥȡ뤫⤷ʤ
Ԣʬ (171) ϡˤĤƼΤ褦˲⤷ƤʰʲǤϸʸ뤤ϷǼƤˡ
˲פֻ䤬פ
ϤĤޤꡤưˤΤʤǿ;ΤγǰϤ֤ȸˤʤäȯΤȤȤǤ⤢롥
ȤСֻ䤬βפȽҤ٤Ȥƥˤ;ΤưѤ "me paenitet culpae meae" Ȥɽ뤬ʸ̤ˤϡֻβ˴ؤơ˲פǤ䤬ΤǤϤʤΤ顤ϡֲפʤΤɽ뤦Ǽ¤ŪΤʸȸͤФʤʤˡ
Τ褦ʸϿ;ΤȯãȤȤưγѤ˼äƤƱư;Τ˳Ѥ paeniteo ʻ䤬ˤȤ֤Ѥ褦ˤʤäƤǤ롥
Τ褦ʿ;ΤˤϤ̾Τ⤿餹Ƥ롥ư;η֤ˡֻ;ΡפȸƤФ뤳Ȥˤʤ֤б뤳Ȥͤȡ;Ρʻˤ;ΡʤʤˤγǰưˤˤơˤʤäƤ鸽ƤΤȤȤˤʤ롥
ֻפˡ;ΡפȤ̾ΤͿƤ뤫Ȥäơ;ΤֻפϤޤä櫓ǤϤʤֻסʰ;Ρˤ֤ʤס;Ρˤؤȸˤ顤Ժߤμԡʻ;ΡˤؤȹäƤȤϤ̾Τ⤿餷Ǥ롥
ˤơޤ̤ˤơ;ΤȤϲȤκƹͤ¥ŦǤ롥ˤĤƤϡ#3463. ;ΤȤϲ ([2018-10-20-1])#3468. ;ΤȤϲ (2) ([2018-10-25-1])#3480. ;ΤȤϲ (3) ([2018-11-06-1])#2309. ưο;θε ([2015-08-23-1]) Ϥ person γƵȡ
Ԣʬ Ϻư֤ջ֤Ǥιųء١ؽ2017ǯ
ѤʵΤʤǤȤӤ1Ĥ It rains. It ȤϲȤ䤤Ǥ롥ε#4207. ̾줢꤭٤ư줬 ([2020-11-02-1]) Ǿ줿ޤ˲ˤϻʤڡ˰ʤǤ롥ͤҥȤϤ롥
Ǥܥ֥Ǥⲿ٤ƤԢʬϺˡư֤ջ֤Ǥιųء٤ǤϡIt rains. Τ褦;ιʸѤư졤;ư (impersonal_verb) ưθηǤƤ롥ε ([2020-11-02-1]) ǾҲ𤷤褦ˡԢʬư̾줫ΤȹͤƤΤǡǤϤ rains Τ褦ưϡ̾줫ưΰƧ߹ư֤Τ褦ݻƤȤȤˤʤ롥طʬ (169--171) ĹѤ褦ʰʲǤϸʸ뤤ϷǼƤˡ
It rains ϡ㳰פǤϤʤֵפǤ
ư줬ʸˡηϤˤƿΤǤꡤȤȤϡư̾ˤäƹ٤ɽ̾ŪʸѤƤΤȤСߤΤưªΤΤѹ褦ˤʤΤϡ;ιʸǤ롥
Ѹ "It rains" ȤʸǤ褯Τư;ŪѤϡˤϰ㳰뤤˳ʤΤ褦˸롥Ȥ֤줿 it ΤؼƤʤǤ롥ƥ "tonat" 뤬Ĥˤ䥮ꥷ "ὕŦ" ʱߤˤƱͤɽ黰;Τ˳ѤưϤ⤤ʤˤбƤʤ
ʸ㳰Ū˻פΤϡưν֤Ϲ٤֤˷ӤĤΤפȤͤˤ줬줭äƤޤäƤ뤫˲ʤ;ιʸϡºݤΤȤưκǸŤη֤ΤǤ롥
ά
Ȥȡư̾줬θ夿ɤäˤ褽Τ褦˲¬Ǥ롥ưȤôäƤ췲ư̾ˤüϰ̤ˤä̾줫̤褦ˤʤ롥ưθŪ֤ȯǤ롥Ϥޤ̾ȴڤΥƤϤʤ̾ǤäħƤϤʤĤޤꡤưɽȤϤǤƤ⡤ߤ˿;ΤɽܰΤ褦ʤľ˳櫓ǤϤʤ
Ƥޤñư뤤Ͻɽưޤ롥顼θȤΡñ; unipersonalפư¤Ǥ롥
Ϥޤˡñ;Ρư¤Ȥ٤ΤǤäơǡưӤϹ٤̿ΤΤˤɤ⡤ʤβ줿ټԤϢŤ뤳ȤʤĤޤꡤ;ŪɽΤǤ롥
ά
ưָβ줿ټԡפȷӤĤ뺣ΤΰռǤϡʸ㳰Τ˻פ뤬̾ŪʸӤȯŸưκǽˤäΤϡΤ褦ʸǤäȤȤǤ롥ưϤȤȡټԤؼ뤳ȤʤưؤƤ
ƶ顤It rains. ˤ뤳ȤǤIt rains. ϡټԺߤΤޤޤˡֹ߱פȤ¤ɽ路ƤˤʤȤȤIt ؤΤȤ䤤ϻ䤿ˤȤäƼ䤤Τ褦ˤߤ뤬䤤ΤäƤߤɬפ롥
Ԣʬ Ϻư֤ջ֤Ǥιųء١ؽ2017ǯ
ε ([2020-03-30-1]) ˰³ɸˤĤƤˤΤܤäƤߤޤ礦ƤޤȤСѸβˡ˿;ѲʤΤϡεȤʤűѸ³ˡǤľˡ٤п;ѲǤꡤεʿ;ѲѸˤ -n ξüˤ꼺Ƥޤä顤ȤȤˤʤޤǤ⤦Ƨ߹䤦Ƥߤޤ礦űѸȤʳˤƤľˡ٤³ˡο;ѲäȤΤϡäɤͳˤΤǤ礦
űѸƱ²ΥޥɤθŤߤƤߤޤȡ³ˡˤľˡƱͤʣʿ;ѲäȤ狼ޤѸ to bear Ϣʤư³ˡߤο;ѲɽʥޥˤLass (173) ȤȤ˰Ѥޤ礦Go ϥȸ졤OE ϸűѸ졤OIc ϸťɸؤޤ
(iii) Present subjunctive. The Germanic subjunctive descends mainly from the old IE optative; typical paradigms:
(7.24)
Go OE OIc sg 1 baír-a-i ber-e ber-a 2 baír-ai-s " ber-er 3 baír-ai " ber-e pl 1 baír-ai-ma ber-en ber-em 2 baírai-þ " ber-eþ 3 baír-ai-na " ber-e
The basic IE thematic optative marker was */-oi-/, which > Gmc */-ɑi-/ as usual; this is still clearly visible in Gothic. The other dialects show the expected developments of this diphthong and following consonants in weak syllables . . . , except for the OE plural, where the -n is extended from the third person, as in the indicative. . . .
. . . .
(iv) Preterite subjunctive. Here the PRET2 grade is extended to all numbers and persons; thus a form like OE bǣr-e is ambiguous between pret ind 2 sg and all persons subj sg. The thematic element is an IE optative marker */-i:-/, which was reduced to /e/ in OE and OIc before it could cause i-umlaut (but remains as short /i/ in OS, OHG).
鼨ΤϡŤޥǤ³ˡǤľˡƱ褦˴ʿ;Ѳꡤɽ6åȤΤˤȼθäƤȤȤǤŪ˸Ť褯ĤƤȤ뺸Υȸ줬ŵȤʤޤȤűѸǤϤȤȤʣʿ;Ѳ餫λñ㲽ޤ
Ǥϡ餫λȤϲǤ礦ΰѤǤƤޤ1ĤˤϤϤ겻ѲͿƤޤűѸˤˤơȸθ˼तθ첻Ҳ˼岽üȤȤޤη̡³ˡߤñ bere ؤȼ̤ޤ³ˡߤʣϡ3;Τθ˴ޤޤƤ n ʥȸθ baír-ai-na ȡˤ (analogy) ˤä12;Τؤ礷 beren ȤѤʣޤޤ嵭ϡʶѲưΡ³ˡߤˤĤƤǤ³ˡǤ褦ѤޤѲư⤪褽Ʊ褦ʲɤޤ (Lass 177) ̤ȤơűѸǤΤȤƿ;Ѳ³ˡηϤǤäΤǤ
Lass, Roger. Old English: A Historical Linguistic Companion. Cambridge: CUP, 1994.
ѸβˡǤϡƻʸߤȲˤľˡˤߤ褦ʿ;ѲߤޤˡߤǤϿ;Ρʤӿˤˤ餺ưϸΤΤǤˡǤ;Ρʤӿˤˤ餺ŵŪ -ed ǽľˡƱ֤Ѥޤ
äȤ⡤ͤƤߤľˡǤ3;ñߤ -(e)s ٤ǤΤǡѸǤϿ;ѲŪ˵Ȥޤbe ưϿ;ѲʣǤľˡˤƤϿ;Ρʤӿˤ˱ƸǤ is, am, are ̤졤Ǥ were, were ̤뤫ǤˡˤƤϸǤѤ be Ѥ졤ȤʤѤ were ѤޤʸǤϲˡ If I were you . . . ʤ If I was you . . . Τ褦ǽǤʸˡǤ were Ѥ뤳ȤˤʤäƤޤˡbe ưᤰüˤĤƤϡ#2600. űѸ be ưζޡ ([2016-06-09-1])#2601. ʤ If I WERE a bird ʤΤ ([2016-06-10-1])#3284. be ưü ([2018-04-24-1])#3812. was were δط ([2019-10-04-1])ˤȤ
ѸˤδҤȤƤΤϡʤˡˤϾ嵭̤;ѲڤߤʤΤȤǤˡŪˤ³ˡ (subjunctive) ȸƤФΤǡϸԤѸȤäƤޤѸ to love ʱɽˤϢʤűѸư lufian ο;ѲɽʺɽˤįƤߤޤ礦
| űѸ lufian | ľˡ | ³ˡ | Ѹ love | ľˡ | ³ˡ | |||||||
| ?????? | ???? | ?????? | ???? | ?????? | ???? | ?????? | ???? | |||||
| | 1; | lufie | lufiaþ | lufie | lufien | | 1; | love | love | love | ||
| 2人称 | lufast | 2人称 | ||||||||||
| 3人称 | lufaþ | 3人称 | loves | |||||||||
| 1; | lufode | lufoden | lufode | lufoden | 1; | loved | loved | |||||
| 2人称 | lufodest | 2人称 | ||||||||||
| 3人称 | lufode | 3人称 | ||||||||||
Ѹο;̾ηϤˤƤϡñʣȤ1, 2;ΤǤ̤ʤ (I, you) 3;ñǤ϶̤ (he, she, it) ϸűѸǤƱǤꡤηζ̤1, 2;ΤǤϤĤʤ3;ΤǤϤĤ줿Ϥʤ18ȾФαƶϤΤʸˡ Lowth (29) ϼΤ褦Ƥ롥
The Persons speaking and spoken to, being at the same time the Subjects of the discourse, are supposed to be present; from which and other circumstances their Sex is commonly known, and needs not to be marked by distinction of Gender in their Pronouns; but the third Person or thing spoken of being absent and in many respects unknown, it is necessary that it should be marked by distinction of Gender; at least when some particular Person or thing is spoken of, which ought to be more distinctly marked: accordingly the Pronoun Singular of the Third Person hath the Three Genders, He, She, It.
1, 2;Τϲäθˤ櫓̤ϸФ狼롥3;ΤϤƤˤʤ櫓ʤΤǡ̤˴ؤ˺ܤΤŬäƤ롤Ȥ3;ʣĤʤˤĤƤľܸڤƤʤ3;ñΤۤ "some particular Person or thing" Ȥζ̤궯᤹ȸȤ
Lowth ʬʤǤʤɬϤ櫓ǤϤʤʤȤܸ䤽¾θξŪȤϤʤäƤʤܸǤϡ̣ǤϤष1, 2;ΤǤζ̤Ĥ뷹Ȥ⤤뤫
ܸȰۤʤꡤѸˤΤ˿; (person) ȤʸˡƤǧƤ1;Ρᥪ졤2;Ρᥪޥ3;Ρ¾ΰڹڡȤ1ĤѤΤȤcf. #3463. ;ΤȤϲ ([2018-10-20-1])#3468. ;ΤȤϲ (2) ([2018-10-25-1])#3480. ;ΤȤϲ (3) ([2018-11-06-1])ˡѤΤȤǤϡ;Τξˤϡ㤨Ȥ褦2ʸˡƤ궯ռ롦ʤȤäФƤΤϼȤм˲פʶ̤ɽ蘆Ƥȴ뤫餳;ΤȤʸˡƤ¸ߤƤϤ
;Τˤˤ衤ʸˡƤȤΤϿʹ֤ʬեΰˤʤȤդɬפ롥եˡޤŪ뤳ȤϤǤʤΤǤϤʤȹͤƤ롥ʸˡơեפȤˤĤƤϡ#2853. ˤȿʹ֤ʬե ([2017-02-17-1])#1868. Ѹ͡ʡַס ([2014-06-08-1])#1449. ˤơס ([2013-04-15-1]) ʤɤȡ
Lowth, Robert. A Short Introduction to English Grammar. 1762. New ed. 1769. ʱѸʸݹ亮13Ʋ1968ǯ9--113ǡ
ɸϡ[2018-10-20-1], [2018-10-25-1]ε³ԡؿѸؼŵ٤ The Oxford Companion to the English Language ꡤ ʿ;ΡˤȤѸȡ̣줿Ѹο;̾ˡξܺ٤ˤĤƤ꤬Ȥʤ뤬ֿ;ΡפȤեŪѤαָ롥Ĥ褦
Well, and how are we today? ʤɤˤֿƿȤ we (paternal we) ϡ1;ΡʣˤȤο;Ρ (generic person) 뤤ϡֶ̿;ΡפȤ٤as we know ʤɤƱ͡
;Τλؼоݤȿ;Τʸˡοϰۤʤ롧Ȥ the (present) writer, the author, the speaker ʤɤϡؼоݤ1;Τʸˡ3;ΤǤ롥Ʊͤ your Majesty, your Excellency ʤɤؼоݤ2;Τʸˡ3;ΤǤ롥Does His Majesty wish to leave? Does Madam wish to look at some other hats? ʤɤȡϢơ#440. ˻ĤɾΤ you ([2010-07-11-1]) ⡥
դˡMother, where are you? Τ褦ʸƤӤǤϡ3;Ū̾Ѥʤ⡤2;Ṳ̄ǻ
Ƽ Pidgin English Ǥ "inclusive" 1;ʣ yumi (< "you-me") ȡ"exclusive" 1;ʣ mipela (< "me-fellow") ̤ (cf. #1313. ɤΤ餤ŤޤǸ̤뤳ȤǤ뤫 ([2012-11-30-1]))
royal we Ȥƥꥹ餷Victoria ˤ We are not amused. ʢ1٤ǤäƤߤˤȡ
ܸ֤ʤɡˡפϳơ123;Τбȹͤ롥ʢʤۤɡ
ʸͺ ƽؿѸؼŵ١ҡ1987ǯ
McArthur, Tom, ed. The Oxford Companion to the English Language. Oxford: OUP, 1992.
; (person) ˤĤơ#3463. ;ΤȤϲ ([2018-10-20-1]) ǻ丫Ҥ٤ҴŪ˸ˤ;ΤͤƤäơޤϸѸ켭ŵ person Ƥߤ褦ʲCrystal (358--59) εҤꡥ
person (n.) (per, PER) A category used in grammatical description to indicate the number and nature of the participants in a situation. The contrasts are deictic, i.e. refer directly to features of the situation of utterance. Distinctions of person are usually marked in the verb and/or in the associated pronouns (personal pronouns). Usually a three-way contrast is found: first person, in which speakers refer to themselves, or to a group usually including themselves (e.g. I, we); second person, in which speakers typically refer to the person they are addressing (e.g. you); and third person, in which other people, animals, things, etc are referred to (e.g. he, she, it, they). Other formal distinctions may be made in languages, such as 'inclusive' v. 'exclusive' we (e.g. speaker, hearer and others v. speaker and others, but no hearer); formal (or 'honorific') v. informal (or 'intimate'), e.g. French vous v. tu; male v. female; definite v. indefinite (cf. one in English); and so on. There are also several stylistically restricted uses, as in the 'royal' and authorial uses of we. Other word-classes than personal pronouns may show person distinction, as with the reflexive and possessive pronouns in English (myself, etc., my, etc.). Verb constructions which lack person contrast, usually appearing in the third person, are called impersonal. An obviative contrast may also be recognized.
ʤۤɡ˿;ΤȤäƤθ٤Ϥ褦̣Ūʴο;Τª⤢СʸŪȤƤο;Τ⤢롥
Ǹ˿Ƥ obviative Ȥ3;Τȶ̤Ūʿ;ΤȯۤϤ⤷С4;ΡפǤ롥Crystal (338) ƱѸ켭ŵꡤʹƤߤ褦
obviative (adj./n.) A term used in linguistics to refer to a fourth-person form used in some languages (e.g. some North American Indian languages). The obviative form ('the obviative') of a pronoun, verb, etc. usually contrasts with the third person, in that it is used to refer to an entity distinct from that already referred to by the third-person form --- the general sense of 'someone/something else'.
֥ס֥ޥס֤ʳפȤ3ʬ˽ obviative 3;ΤǤˤϰ㤤ʤ4;ΡפȤŬڤʸƾΤ⤷ʤ4;ΡפȤȯۤϡ;ΤȤեѤʤĤθˤƤϡˤǤ˸ڤƤ뤫ݤȤäδޤǤθĤġɤޤǤեˤʤꤦʸˡƤǤ뤳ȤƤ롥
Crystal, David, ed. A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics. 6th ed. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2008. 295--96.
ѸؽƤȡֿ;Ρ (person) ȤѸ˽в̾ǤС1;Τ I, we2;Τ you3;Τ he, she, it, they ȤȤˤʤäƤ롥䤿ϡ;Τζ̤θϲʤΤⶵ餺ˡޤ嵭Τ褦ʶ̤ޤ롥
ֿ;ΡפȤϲʤΤϡ줬ŵŪˤäƤ1ĤѤ̾դΤˤʤΥΤθΥեǤ롥ֿ;ΡפȤ1ĤʸˡƥǤꡤʸˡƥȤϤθ춦ƱΤζͭ1ĤΥեƥˤʤ (cf. #1449. ˤơס ([2013-04-15-1])#2853. ˤȿʹ֤ʬե ([2017-02-17-1])) ;ΤϤ٤Ƥθ˴ͿŪʤ櫓ǤϤʤޤޱѸޤˤƽŻ뤵륫ƥǤˤʤ
⤽ֿ;ΡפʤɤȤġѸ줬褯ʤѸǤñ person ȤäƤʤΤ顤֤ҤȡפȤƤƤ褤Τ⤷ʤֿ;ΡפȤϡ֤ҤȡפȤۤɤλפ碌֤ʳǰǤʤפڤäñ㲽Сñ˿ݤ֥ס֥ޥס֤ʳפ3ԤʬȤѤˤۤʤʤΤĤޤꡤɬװʾ˿̣ɤ߹ǤϤʤդʹ֤ˤȤäƺǤפʤΤϡä른֥פȡäǤ륢ʥפȡ֤ʳΰڹڤ¸ߡפȤ3ʬǤȤͤϡ̣ǼǤʬǤ롥餯Ǥץߥƥ֤ʶʬϡ֥פ֤¾ΰڹڡפ2ʬˤʤΤưʪȤϰۤʤ٤ʥߥ˥ǽϤȯŸʹּҲˤȤäƤΥץߥƥ֤ȤϡΡ֥ס֥ޥס֤¾ΰڹڡפ3ʬǤȤСʤΤ⤷ʤȤפ (cf. #1070. Jakobson ˤưԲķ6Ĥιǡ ([2012-04-01-1])#2309. ưο;θε ([2015-08-23-1]))
ܸǤϡƻο;¤ȸƤФ븽ݤ⤢ˤϤ뤬;ΤΥƥ¸ߴȤäƤ褤ʤɤˤƤä3ʬΩƤޤС줬1ĤѤȤƱƶϤĤȤȤǤ롥֥ס֥ޥס֤¾ΰڹڡפȤϡߥ˥λͿԤλ餹ФΤޤ٤ΥȤʤäƤꡤζʬ˴ŤƸηϤΩäƤȤСΤŬäƤ롥줾ο;ΤȤΩĤȤˡҸθϢưѲȤΤϡѤƳǧŪʤʤΤȹͤСʤۤɤǼǤ롥
Τ褦˵Ƥȡˤ֥ס֥ޥס֤¾ΰڹڡפ3ʬˤפƤ뤬Ͽʹ֤ˤȤäɬܤζʬǤϤʤ3ʬνϡֿ;ΡץƥΤˤ⤿ʤܸüԤˤȤäƤʬतΤΤǤϤ뤬ʤФʤǸȤΩ٤ΤΤǤꡤл뤹ͳϤʤ²ǤϤ줬ޤ˸߲ȤΤȤʤΤ줾θϡ륫ƥŪɽꡤդɽʤäꤹΤǤꡤǤϼͳ¸ߤʤΤǤ롥
Lass (151--53) ˤȡSanskrit ŵŪưˤϡ;ΡΥƥ˱126롥ޥΤʤǺǤʣʶޤ Gothic Ǥϡ22ζ롥ޥΤʤǤ⤪褽ŵŪȤäƤ褤űѸϡ8ĤζʤѸǤϺǤ3Ĥλ¤ϡŪФ뤴ȤˡޤμबäƤƤΤǤ롥
ĸǤϡ̤ƤʸˡƥȤ̣ϰʲ̤ꡥ
(voice) ǽư (active) ư (middle)
ˡ (mood) ľˡ (indicative) ³ˡ (subjunctive)ˡ (optative) ̿ˡ (imperative)
ꡦ (aspect/tense) (present) ̵ (aorist) λ (perfect)
(number) ñ (singular) ξ (dual) ʣ (plural)
; (person) 1; (first) 2; (second) 3; (third)
ΥƥˤĤơĸ줫饲ޥĸؤκͻҤάҤ褦
֤ΥƥˤĤƤϡĸǽư vs ư֤ζ̤ϡޥĸǤϡǽư֡ vs ʼư֤ȺƵ֡ˤȤǤ⤤٤̤˺줿
ˡΥƥ˴ؤƤϡĸ4Ĥζʬϡ̡ޥɤǤϡľˡ³ˡ̿ˡ3ʬ뤤Ϥͻ礬ʤߡűѸǤľˡ³ˡ2ʬؤȺ줿
ĸλΥƥϡŪˤ˴ŤΤȹͤƤ롥Ϥ褦ȤưĸΡִλפޥĸˤֲפ˺줿褦̤ȤơޥĸǤϡοֲפȡߤޤפȤΡ˴Ť2ʬˡΩ롥
ΥƥϡűѸǤξ;̾ˤ鷺˻¸ƤΤΡŪˤСñʣ2ʬ˺줿κˤĤƤϡ#2152. Lass ˤ볰Ŭ ([2015-03-19-1])#2153. Ŭˤ륫ƥȤؤ ([2015-03-20-1]) Ȥ줿
Ǹˡ;ΤΥƥˤĤƤϡѸΡ3ñ -sפˤħ褦ˡ褽3ʬˡޤǼѤƤ롥
Lass, Roger. Old English: A Historical Linguistic Companion. Cambridge: CUP, 1994.
#2680. deixis ([2016-08-28-1]) ˴ؤʸˡ (category) 1Ĥˡ; (person) 롥ľ deixis ˴طΤϡ1;Ρäˤ2;ΡʹˤΤߤǤꡤ3;ΤȤϤʳΰڤλʪȤŪΤǤ롥ֻפȡ֤ʤפλؼоݤϡäλͿԤѤФ˱ѤΤǤꡤߥ˥ˤȤäơΤ褦Ūʻؼǽ̤12;̾줬Ȥɬפ3;ΤˤĤƤϡŪˤؤ̾ʶˤȤäƤѤȤϤǤ롥㤨̾פפѤˡڡפֻġפ֤̾ѤƺѤޤ뤳ȤǽǤ롥äơο;̾ηϤˤƺǤܼŪʤΤ12;ΤǤꡤ3;ΤϾˤäƤʤǤĤǤ롥
Huang (137) ϡ3;̾礯줬ꤦͳˤĤơΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥
Third person is the grammaticalization of reference to persons or entities which are neither speakers nor addressees in the situation of utterance, that is, the 'participant-role' with speaker and addressee exclusion [-S, -A] . . . . Notice that third person is unlike first or second person in that it does not necessarily refer to any specific participant-role in the speech event . . . . Therefore, it can be regarded as the grammatical form of a residual non-deictic category, given that it is closer to non-person than either first or second person . . . . This is why all of the world's languages seem to have first- and second-person pronouns, but some appear to have no third-person pronouns.
Ū Huang 3;̾礯ȤƸڤƤΤϡDyirbal, Hopi, Yéli Dnye, Yidiɲ, ڤӥǤ롥
¤ϡܸˤƤ⡤;̾ɤΤ褦˹ͤ뤫ȤϤ뤬3;̾ˤĤƤϸؼ̾žѤŪǤꡤȼΤΤϤʤäȤäƤ褤1;Τϥ졤졤2;ΤǤϥʡʥ줬ͭθ촴ȤƤäΤФ3;ΤϾʤȤȼθ촴ĤۤɤˤȯãƤʤä
ȤǡܸǤѸǤ⾮ҶʬΤȤ1;̾ǤϤʤͭ̾ǸƤָݤ뤬ŪʤΤθ伫ȯãȴطΤdeixis ϡλΩ֤ǤŪʻؼǽǤ뤫顤ǧǽϤȯãȴطǤϤ롥зɸȤط̣Ǹꡤdeixis Ȥ롥
Huang, Yan. Pragmatics. Oxford: OUP, 2007.
ܥ֥Ǥ3ñ -s (3sp) 3ʣ -s (3pp) ۤѸˤˤưο;θ˴ؤ¿夲Ƥ; (person) Ȥʸˡ (category) ¿θ²˳ǧ졤ѸޤˤƤ⸲ƤȤʤäƤ롥⤽ˤƿ;ΤưζˤɸȤεϲäΤο;Τư줬פʤФʤʤȤϤɤ褿Τ
ˤĤơӸؤǤ͡ʵ깭Ƥ褦ʬŪȤ1 Szemerényi (329) ˤС12;θˤĤƤϡб;̾η֤ޤƤȹͤƺ٤ʤȤ
The question of the origin of the personal endings has always aroused much greater interest. Since Bopp's earliest writings, indeed since the eighteenth century, it has been usual to find in the personal endings the personal pronouns. In spite of frequent dissent this theory is universally accepted; it is, however, also valid for the 1st pl., where the original form of the pronoun was *mes . . ., and for the 1st dual, whose ending -we(s) similarly contains the pronoun. And the principle must be expected to operate in the 2nd person also. This is suggest by many other language families. . . .
3;ΤˤĤƤϡ12;ΤƱͤͿ뤳ȤϤǤñˤäƤϻؼ *so/*to ͳ褷ʣˤäƤư̾ȴطʣʻ褹Ȥ (Szemerényi 330) 줬¤ȤȡŤΰĸüԤϡ12;Τʡֿ;ΡפȤߤơ3;Τ;ΡפȤߤƤΤ⤷ʤȿǤƤѡʤȶʬۡˤϸΰ¿˺פĤƤꡤषѸˤ顤3ñ -s ȤƤäƤ롥
Ǥϡ⤽ˤƿ;ΤȤʸˡƤΤϰ̤ۤƤΤϤʤȤΤϡ¾¿θǤϡ;ΤȤʸˡƤϤ̣⤿ʤ㤨СܸǤϷƻˡˤ;¤ʤɤȤʤ٤ǤꡤƤȤƤο;Τ¸ߴפ;ΤȤѸλؤΤäܶСäΤȤƤΡֻפȡäʹƤ֤ʤפȡȤʤꤦ֤ʳפΰڤǺȤ̤븶ˤۤʤʤ#1070. Jakobson ˤưԲķ6Ĥιǡ ([2012-04-01-1]) ѸǤСäʡ1;Ρˡʹʡ2;Ρˡʪݡʡ3;ΡˤȤʬǤ롥餬ŪʹǤΤ3ĤǤȤȤǤСʤ⡤ζʬɤٳΤʸˡƤȤɸ뤫̤ȤơδŪѤƤϤǤ롥ĸϡŪϤäɸ륿פθäΤ
ʤεϡθ (linguistic universal) ȤǤ롥ܸüԤȤƤϡ;ΤȤʸˡƤľŪˤ褯ʬʤΤ¤Ǥ뤫顤 (linguistic_relativism) Ȥ⤹롥
Szemerényi, Oswald J. L. Introduction to Indo-European Linguistics. Trans. from Einführung in die vergleichende Sprachwissenschaft. 4th ed. 1990. Oxford: OUP, 1996.
ؤǤ (category) ȤѸ줬Ѥ롥ȤȤůѸǤꡤܸΡơפϡΡؽС٤Ρֹ϶ơפȤȤФȤˡѸ category ɥĸ Kategorie ȤơůؤΰˡůϺʰˤäΤȤ롥ϥꥷ katēgoríā Ǥꡤư katēgoreîn kata- (against) + agoreúein (to speak in the assembly) 롥ָξǾǧ줦Ūʳǰβߤʤפۤɤθ˴Ťơꥹȥƥ쥹ϡʬκǤŪʵꡤʤǹǰפθȯŸʹߡŪʰŪʸƱΤΤν°ࡦפȯŸƤ
Ѹ category ⡤ޤ16ůѸȤƥƥ줫Ƴ졤17դѸȤƻȤФߤǤϡOALD8 "a group of people or things with particular features in common" ȤꡤﲽѸȹͤƤ褤
ǤϡؤѤơפȤϲѸȤäơŪñʤࡦפθǻȤ櫓ǤϤʤǤϡŪƤζƤߤ褦ʸˡǤʸˡ (grammatical category) ȤȤ뤬㤨п (number) ; (person) (tense) ˡ (mode) ʤɤ롥ư濴ȤŪޤˤƤ (gender or sex) ʤɸŪʤΤ⤢뤷ꡦ (definiteness) (aspect) ʤɤŪʤΤ⤢롥Ƥϱʸˡκܤˤ븶ǤꡤʸˡҤ˷礫ʤǰȤȤ館뤳ȤǤ롥Ǥ褦ʵϤ뤬ǤϡŪƤФȤΤ褷ƤΤϡBloomfield Ǥ롥ʲ˰Ѥ褦
Large form-classes which completely subdivide either the whole lexicon or some important form-class into form-classes of approximately equal size, are called categories. (270)
ʸˡ (gender) ǹͤƤߤȤ狼䤹̾ȤýȤȡ㤨ХեˤϷŪŪʿ˱ơϤ礭ۤʤʤ2ʬ礬̤롥̾̾դ¾̾̾դζ̤δΤȤƤƤ֡Ȥ櫓Ǥ롥
category θŪˡŪˡǤϤʤůŪˡܶᤷƤ뤳ȤϡŪƤΤθͼľ뤷䤹Ǥ롥ˤĤƤ⡤Bloomfield Ф餷
The categories of a language, especially those which affect morphology (book : books, he : she), are so pervasive that anyone who reflects upon his language at all, is sure to notice them. In the ordinary case, this person, knowing only his native language, or perhaps some others closely akin to it, may mistake his categories for universal forms of speech, or of "human thought," or of the universe itself. This is why a good deal of what passes for "logic" or "metaphysics" is merely an incompetent restating of the chief categories of the philosopher's language. A task for linguists of the future will be to compare the categories of different languages and see what features are universal or at least widespread. (270)
Bloomfield, Leonard. Language. 1933. Chicago and London: U of Chicago P, 1984.
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