hellog〜英語史ブログ / 2018-10-25

■ #3468. 人称とは何か？ (2) [person][category][personal_pronoun][agreement][t/v_distinction][deixis][sobokunagimon]

　人称 (person) について，先日「#3463. 人称とは何か？」 ([2018-10-20-1]) で私見を述べた．より客観的に言語における人称を考えていくに当たって，まずは言語学用語辞典で person を引いてみよう．以下，Crystal (358--59) の記述より．

person (n.) (per, PER) A category used in grammatical description to indicate the number and nature of the participants in a situation. The contrasts are deictic, i.e. refer directly to features of the situation of utterance. Distinctions of person are usually marked in the verb and/or in the associated pronouns (personal pronouns). Usually a three-way contrast is found: first person, in which speakers refer to themselves, or to a group usually including themselves (e.g. I, we); second person, in which speakers typically refer to the person they are addressing (e.g. you); and third person, in which other people, animals, things, etc are referred to (e.g. he, she, it, they). Other formal distinctions may be made in languages, such as 'inclusive' v. 'exclusive' we (e.g. speaker, hearer and others v. speaker and others, but no hearer); formal (or 'honorific') v. informal (or 'intimate'), e.g. French vous v. tu; male v. female; definite v. indefinite (cf. one in English); and so on. There are also several stylistically restricted uses, as in the 'royal' and authorial uses of we. Other word-classes than personal pronouns may show person distinction, as with the reflexive and possessive pronouns in English (myself, etc., my, etc.). Verb constructions which lack person contrast, usually appearing in the third person, are called impersonal. An obviative contrast may also be recognized.

　なるほど，一口に人称といっても考慮すべき点はいろいろあるようだ．意味論・語用論的な観点からの人称の捉え方もあれば，文体的な問題としての人称もある．
　最後に触れられている obviative という3人称と区別される弁別的な人称の発想はおもしろい．いわば「4人称」である．Crystal (338) の同じ用語辞典より，説明を聞いてみよう．

obviative (adj./n.) A term used in linguistics to refer to a fourth-person form used in some languages (e.g. some North American Indian languages). The obviative form ('the obviative') of a pronoun, verb, etc. usually contrasts with the third person, in that it is used to refer to an entity distinct from that already referred to by the third-person form --- the general sense of 'someone/something else'.

　「オレ」「オマエ」「それ以外」という3区分に従えば obviative も3人称であるには違いなく，「4人称」とは不適切な呼称かもしれない．しかし，「4人称」という発想は，人称というフェチな世界観が（いくつかの言語においては）すでに言及されているか否かという談話の観点までも考慮しつつ，どこまでもフェチになりうる文法範疇であることを教えてくれる．

　・ Crystal, David, ed. A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics. 6th ed. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2008. 295--96.

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