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2025-03-31 Mon

#5817. B&C 61 "Effects of Christianity on English Civilization" (1) --- Ķɲ˹ݲꤪϤ [bchel][latin][greek][borrowing][christianity][link][voicy][heldio][anglo-saxon][history][helmate]



ī Voicy heldio #1401.ѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (61-1) Effects of Christianity on English Civilizationۿޤ˳Ť줿 helwa ιꡦ˹ݲղưΰĤȤơī˹ݲνɤǼϿĶɲȾʬϤƤޤ
˰³ Taku 󤳤󤵤ʳءˤ˻ʲ򤪴ꤤƤޤ7̾ΥإᥤȤȲɤĶɲ򳫤ȤΤϡʾʤ˭ʻ֤Ǥɽ90ʬĹȤʤäΤǡϿ3ۤɤʬƤϤƤȻפޤ1Ƥǡ45ʬۤɤۿȤʤޤ
61Ƥϡ7Ⱦ8Υ󥰥γؼȤ٤Τǡ˥ꥹȶؤɮƬȤ䤬λΥ󥰥ɤ˲ֺ餭ΦŪư˱ƶͿޤǤ˻äƤޤʸΤΤɤ߱ꡤ¥ƤޤƱ֤ȤȤ˵ǤΤӤǤ
īۿоݤȤʬΥƥȡBaugh and Cable, p. 80) ʲ˷ǺܤޤΤǡĶɤˤդ礤

61. Effects of Christianity on English Civilization.
The introduction of Christianity meant the building of churches and the establishment of monasteries. Latin, the language of the services and of ecclesiastical learning, was once more heard in England. Schools were established in most of the monasteries and larger churches. Some of these became famous through their great teachers, and from them trained men went out to set up other schools at other centers. The beginning of this movement was in 669, when a Greek bishop, Theodore of Tarsus, was made archbishop of Canterbury. He was accompanied by Hadrian, an African by birth, a man described by Bede as "of the greatest skill in both the Greek and Latin tongues." They devoted considerable time and energy to teaching. "And because," says Bede, "they were abundantly learned in sacred and profane literature, they gathered a crowd of disciples ... and together with the books of Holy Writ, they also taught the arts of poetry, astronomy, and computation of the church calendar; a testimony of which is that there are still living at this day some of their scholars, who are as well versed in the Greek and Latin tongues as in their own, in which they were born."


B&CɽβˤĤƤϡ#5291. heldio ΡֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤץ꡼Ĵ˿ʤǤޤ ([2023-10-22-1])


Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. ''A History of the English Language''. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.



Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.

Referrer (Inside): [2025-04-08-1] [2025-04-05-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2025-03-30 Sun

#5816. ˥åܤ˴ؤͭѤʥ֥ [link][voynich]


· · إ˥åܡ١ҡҿӡ2024ǯ



ε#5815. ··إ˥åܡ١ҡ2024ǯˡ ([2025-03-29-1]) ǾҲ𤷤˥åܤˤĤơƱδˤơΩΤˡͭѤʾ󸻤ξҲפꤹ1᤬롥ǵ󤲤Ƥפʥ֥ȤΥ󥯤󤲤Ƥ

Cipher manuscript --- Yale University Library: ¢ Yale Beinecke ޽ۤ˥åܤڡβǤ롥
The Voynich Manuscript: ̾ʥ˥åܸ René Zandbergen Υ֥ȡפݻǡؤΥ󥯤⤢ꡥ
International Conference on the Voynich Manuscript 2022: 2022ǯ˥ޥ륿ؤdzŤ줿ݲĤʸɤळȤǤ롥
The Most Mysterious Manuscript in the World: ܤΥ˥åܸԤǤⶶΥȡܸɤळȤǤ롥

ޤԤ1͡·᤬315ˡػɾ ONLINE٤ˤܽ˴ؤɮΡƤƤ롥

· · إ˥åܡ١ҡҿӡ2024ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2025-04-11-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2025-03-29 Sat

#5815. ··إ˥åܡ١ҡ2024ǯ [review][toc][manuscript][voynich][cryptology][cryptography]


· · إ˥åܡ١ҡҿӡ2024ǯ



ǯǺǤܡפȤ˥å (The Voynich Manuscript) ˤĤƤΡ˾ο񤬽Ǥ줿200ǼοΤʤˡ̤ɤΥ˥åܡʸˤ̥Ϥǻ˵ͤޤƤ롥ܽȾǤϡԤˤǿθ̤Ƥꡤ˥åƤǤʸǤϤʤظ˲餫θ줬Ƥ롤ĤޤɤͤƥȤǤ뤳Ȥĥ롥ˤϡԤʪؼԡ󹨻ȤŤ̤ͻҤƤꡤǸޤǥ說說ʤɤ³뤳ȤǤ롥
ʲܼܽ򼨤



1ϡᤤ˥å
1. ˥åܤȤ

ʸ޳
2. ˥åܤ̥
ɤؤΥ
衧μܤ20¤
˥åܸγڤ
3. ˥åȯηа
ȯԥ˥å
ȯ鸽ߤޤ
ȯޤǤν
4. 衼åѤˤܤκ

2ϡޤǤΥ˥åܸ
1. 餫ˤ
󡦥ǥ
ɥ2
䥳֥ǡƥڥͥ
륰Х쥷
ޥ륯ޥ
ʥҥ㡼
2. ǯ¬ꤹ
3. ʸʬϤ
4. ɤߤ
5. ŪʬϤ
6. ʸƸ
7. ƥȤβɲǽȽꤹ

3ϡǡ󥹤ȸŤ
1. ǡ
ǡ󥹤ȥӥåǡ
ǡ󥹤ؤ֤ȤǤ
2. ܤ򸦵椹
ؤȥǥ벽
ǡ˴ŤԿ
ɲʸ䱣줿ʸβ
Źβ

4ϡ饹󥰤ˤʬϡɤβǽΤΤȽꤹ
1. ɤβǽȽ

2. ¸μ
Τή
ƥȥǡ
ȡ
ȡФŤդ
١ƱΤٻ
饹ʬϼˡ
ڡ˴Ťʬˡ
饹󥰤ɾ
3. ¸η
ڡƱΤƤ
޳ˤ륻¤Ȥ
ڡΥ饹󥰷
4. 饹󥰷̤ɾ
о
饹󥰤ɾӷ
ڡ

5ϡ˥åܸΰյȹ
1. ʬϼˡȯŸ
2. 󥵥
3. ˥åܤαƶι
4. ΩΤˡͭѤʾ󸻤ξҲ

6ϡ˥åܤβǽȤ줫θ
Ť̡ · ·



Ǹˡ֥󥵥󥹡פؤθڤޤ¿ɼԤγ⡤ҥ˥åܲɤ˹׸ƤߤƤϤǤ礦

· · إ˥åܡ١ҡҿӡ2024ǯ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2025-03-28 Fri

#5814. ܼȤȤƤӾҲļ̦رѸȤ򡡥ɤκ١ʴȽŹ2016ǯ [irish][irish_english][ireland][language_shift][contact][review][invisible_hand][toc][language_planning]


 ̦رѸȤ򡡥ɤκ١ȽŹ2016ǯ



ļ̦ءˤˤ롤ɤθ˴ؤҡرѸȤ򡡥ɤκ١ʴȽŹ2016ǯˤˤĤơ#2798. ̦رѸȤ򡡥ɤκ١ȽŹ2016ǯ ([2016-12-24-1])#2803. ɸüԿ͸Ȼϰ ([2016-12-29-1])#2804. ɤˤߤΤͤ츽ݡ ([2016-12-30-1]) ǻȤƤ
ϡƱγפĤिܼ󤲤Ƥ



ϡɤȤե
I
̱²ΤȤФѸ˼äؤ
ɤϱ󤯤ƶᤤ
ФΥ
ۤΤΡ񡤰
ѥ֤Ǽ򷹤
ϤǴʸ
II ʬΤȤ
ɤĤθ
ɸäޤ
ˤʤʤʤ뤳Ȥ --- ǽϤȵΤͤ
ɸǤĤʤ
Ѹ줿Թ
ʬΤȤФϥɸ
Ūʤ꤫Τ褦ʤ
Ūᰥ
III ǽ
Ȥ˳륢
եɤĤȤ
ܽΤƻ塤褳

ϡȤФѤʤȤ
I ȤФؤȤ
ɸΤƤƱѸΤ
Ŀ͡ߥ˥ƥ٥Ǥθ
̤Ť
II 鸽
ɤ˵ä
ؤװ
ΰؤ
ؤܤȸؤμҲ
III ߤ̤
ɸȤ --- 夫
޵äƤ
ƤΤΤȤϰ㤦ȤƤΥɸ
ɸ⤵ޤޤ
Ƥ륢ɸβ
ɻϰ¸

軰ϡɸؤλפѸؤλפ
ʤޤ򤭤
ؤؤλפ
ɸɤƤΤ
ѸɤƤΤ
ֱѸפȤ֥ɱѸס
ѸɤƤΤ
;ϡüԤθռˤޤ
ϤƤθĴ
ߥ˥ƥ
եɤǵŤ
ѤظˤüԤΰռ
do be θ쳰̣
ؤΰռ
ɤ餷ؤΰռ
ʸˡäФռ

޾ϡȤФΤʤΥɤ餷
I ɱѸΤ
ͭθ
ϤαѸϤॢɸ줫μѸ
ɱѸͭɽ

ʸˡΤߤˡָפߤ
αѸ
II ɽ
ְäѸ졩
ȼη
How long are you here? ΰ̣
ȼη
äΰ̣ be after λ
be after λ have λλȤʬ
II ¤ɽ
Ĵʸ꤬
'tis ʸʬʸ
ȤФƯƤ뤷
ɸߤй
ܤȤ
ϻϡȤФѤ뤳ȡؤ뤳
I ܿ
ܿؤˤȤäƤΥɱѸ̥
ѲɤΤ褦ˤߤ뤫
ʸˡΥΥ١
II ȤФѲȿ͡ε
ѸȼʬΤȤФȤδ֤Ǥ륢ǥƥƥ
ˤߤΤ
ɬ --- δȱѸ¿Ȥ줾

????????????
ʸ




(language_shift) ܿ (contact) (language_planning) ʤɡҲؤ¿θʤɡʱѡˡʸˤˡܤ

̦رѸȤ򡡥ɤκ١ȽŹ2016ǯ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2025-03-27 Thu

#5813. ˤ٤Ϣܡ֤ȤФѲĤޤ [youtube][inohota][yurugengogakuradio][notice][language_change][voicy][heldio]

2025ǯ4



͵ YouTube ֤ͥإ饸ο󤬡٤ˤƿϢܡ֤ȤФѲĤޤפ򳫻ϤƤޤθԤ˥󥿥ӥ塼ʤ顤͡ʳ٤Ѳ (language_change) ͤƤȤϢܤǤ
ϢܽΥȥϡֺ֡۲פư --- Ҳؼԡʼʹס󥿥ӥ塼ΤϡʤȻƱνǼҲؼԤʼǤҲؤδ顤ȤФѲ΢¦ˤϼҲŪʺ۲ƯƤȤݤǸƤޤξФФȡʲ̤Ȥʤޤ

ȼҲŪʼ

ּʬ¾ͤȤϰ㤦פȤռ
Ϣӵǽ
夬륹
ȤФѲͽ¬ǤΤ

Ȥ櫓󤬡ֲפȤƵ󤲤Ƥ6ܤǤѲˤƽפǤ

1. ʤȤФѲΤװ
2. ȤФѲˤϤɤʥѥ󤬤뤫ˡ§
3. ѲȼȡפۤɤΥ꥿ϤΤرס
4. ȤФѲͽ¬ǤΤʺƸ
5. ܸǡ˾򸫤ʤȤФѲϤäˡ
6. θ⡤ܸƱ褦Ѳ򤷤ƤΤʹӡ

ʼ󤬥󥿥ӥ塼ȤȤǡ桹֤ΤۤإͥǤ⡤οϢܵҲ𤷤ޤ#319. إ饸ٻϢܡ֤ȤФѲĤޤפܡ裱ϰо졪ֺ۲פưϡơ󤬸ؤθưϡ



ˡ伫Ȥ heldio ˤ#1389. إ饸ο󤬡٤Ϣܡ֤ȤФѲĤޤפ򳫻 --- ΤϰʼȤƾҲ𤷤ƤޤΤǡ⤼Ҥİ
ʰ̣ǻ䤬İƤߤä̤ʤ2ͤΥ󥿥ӥ塼¸ޤθѲᤰ뿷Ϣܡ2025ǯ٤椬Ԥ󤷤ʤꤽǤ

ϢܡȤФѲĤޤ롧ֺ۲פư --- Ҳؼԡʼʹס١ҡ2025ǯ4桥2025ǯ168--75ǡ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2025-03-26 Wed

#5812. 516̤ܤ through ֤ΤۤإͥפǤҲ𤷤ޤ [through][ormulum][spelling][voicy][heldio][helwa][youtube][yurugengogakuradio][inohota][link][notice][inoueippei]



323ˤ YouTube ֤Τۤإͥκǿ󤬸ޤ#321. through ֤515̤ȻפäƤǤޤǤɾƤޤܲİ5000ϤǤˡ
through õ˴ؤ뤳ޤǤηаޤϡ#5738. 516ܤ through 򸫤Ĥޤ ([2025-01-11-1]) εˡδϢƥĤؤΥ󥯽äƤޤΤǡ餫餴
through ΰֻᤰõ椬ʤ餯515̤ڤƤȤפ֤˿516̤ܤĤäȤȤǡԤδ񶺤֡ʡˤį뤫Τ褦ˤ⤷äƤƤΤޤͤϤäƿܤǤؿΤ¿ϤʤȻפޤȯΰյˤĤ heldio ͭۿ֡516̤ throughפζȤϡǸäƤޤΤǡС


[ | ѥڡ ]

2025-03-25 Tue

#5811. ʤ wind û첻򼨤Τ (3) [sobokunagimon][vowel][gvs][emode][variation][emode][orthoepy][orthography][variation]

ɸˤĤơ#5808. ʤ wind û첻򼨤Τ ([2025-03-22-1]) ȡ#5810. ʤ wind û첻򼨤Τ (2) ([2025-03-24-1]) ǹͤƤԤεǰ OED 񤭤 Dobson ڤƤΤǡäƤߤDobson (Vol. 2, §12) ϡѸˤ첻ĹûѰۤˤĤơwind Ϣñλ󤲤ʤƤ롥ΰѤ褦

The variation occurs chiefly before OE lengthening groups. The most important class of word is those in -ind, which are normally recorded with ME ī; but there is some evidence of variation. Smith gives 'uīnd or uind' for wind sb. Mulcaster has ĭ in wind and bind against ī in kind, find, mind, and hind. Bullokar transcribes find with ī but rhymes it on ĭ. Coote says that some pronounce blind, find, and behind short, while others pronounce them long; Young's 'homophone' list shows variation in find. Hodges says that 'som men cal the winde, the wind'. It is clear that the variation was most common in wind, which has now come to have the short vowel; but in the sexteenth and seventeenth centuries it was more usually pronounced with ME ī given by Levins, Bullokar, Robinson, Gil, Willis, Wharton, Poole, J. Smith, Cooper, and Brown. Short ĭ (due to the separation of the n and d by the syllable-division) is apparently shown for winder by Fox and Hookes, who put it with window in their homophone list; but Bullokar has ī. (479)


16--17ˤ -ind ˤϡ첻Ĺûɤ줬äȤ狼롥Ȥ櫓 wind ˤĤƤɤ줬㤷ä褦ġüԤˤäƤ⡤ޤѰˤäƤ⡤ɤ줬äˤʤξȯʣʶ礬ɸѸǤϡԵ§פ˻פû첻˵뤷ƤޤäȤȤǡѰۡѲԻ׵Ĥפ鷺ˤϤʤ

Dobson, E. J. English Pronunciation 1500--1700. 2nd ed. 2 vols. Oxford: OUP, 1968.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2025-03-24 Mon

#5810. ʤ wind û첻򼨤Τ (2) [sobokunagimon][vowel][diphthong][gvs][homorganic_lengthening][homonymy][homonymic_clash][homophony]

ε#5808. ʤ wind û첻򼨤Τ ([2025-03-22-1]) Ǽ夲³ԡ
Ѹ첻ˤ Minkova (168--69) ϡƱĹ (homorganic_lengthening) ˤĤƲ⤹ʸ̮ǡ wind /wɪnd/ ˿Ƥꡤû첻¸üŦƤ롥

   The third cluster associated with Homorganic Cluster Lengthening is [-nd]. The long-term effect of this cluster is limited. It applies systematically only to the high vowels [i] and [u].

(7) OE <-ind> and <und> lengthening:

Early OE ME
blind [blind] blind [blnd] 'blind'
grindan [grindən] grind(en) [grndən] 'grind'
(be)hindan [-hindən] bihinde [-hnd(ə)] 'behind'
grund [grund] ground [grnd] 'ground'
hund [hund] hound [hnd] 'hound'
pund [pund] pound [pnd] 'pound'

The pair wind, n. - wind, v. is a special case, probably best explained on the grounds of homophony avoidance. Rhyme evidence suggests that the forms were actually homophonous into the late seventeenth century. The restriction of the lengthening effect to the high vowels leaves a whole set of common OE lexemes such as band, hand, land, sand, bend, blend, end, rend, send, spend, tender, wend with short vowels in PDE.


Minkova ϡƱ۵ (homonymic_clash) ˤ򼨺ƤΤΡĥƤ櫓ǤϤʤ첻ˤĤηŪ˺ѤƱĹλ¿ˤĤνĤæƤ뤫Τ褦 wind /wɪnd/ ü⤭ĦˤʤꡤβͭյƳǧ롥
첻Ȥ i Τߤʤ餺 u ʿŪ˹ͤȤȡ㤨С֤ʤ fund û첻򼨤ΤפƱͤƤ褤ȤˤʤĴٻϤȻäƤ롥

Minkova, Donka. A Historical Phonology of English. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2014.

Referrer (Inside): [2025-03-25-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2025-03-23 Sun

#5809. ī륷꡼ֺ¤12ִ㤤ޤ줿ñפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ [asacul][mindmap][notice][kdee][etymology][hel_education][lexicology][metanalysis][folk_etymology][ghost_word][link]

315ˡǯ٤ī㡼󥿡ɶǤΥ꡼ֺ¡ָ츻ŵǤɤѸˡפκǽȤʤ12󤬳֤ޤϡִ㤤ޤ줿ñפꤷơֻΡפˤäñζ󤲡ĤΤ褦ˡرѸ츻ŵ٤䤽¾λ̤ơ츻ȤϲñȤϲȤˤ䤤ޤ
12Ƥ markmap Ȥ֥ġˤޥɥޥåײޤʲȤƤɤˡѤˤȤС



Υ꡼12ľܡܤ˴ؤ륳ƥĤhellog heldio βǼ夲ƤޤΤǡʲ򤴻Ȥ

hellog #5799. 315ڡˤīΥ꡼ֺ12ִ㤤ޤ줿ñפΤ ([2025-03-13-1])
heldio #1381. 315ڡˤīֺ¡ִ㤤ޤ줿ñפ˸ơ
heldio #1383. ʸɲ --- ͩᤰʸ jealously ɤ᤹롩

ޤ꡼ΥޥɥޥåפˤĤƤϡʲ⤴Ȥ

#5625. ī륷꡼ֺ¤1ֱѸ츻ŵڤפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2024-09-20-1])
#5629. ī륷꡼ֺ¤2ֱѸäˤ򳵴ѤפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2024-09-24-1])
#5631. ī륷꡼ֺ¤3ֱñȡ֥ˡ§ספޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2024-09-26-1])
#5639. ī륷꡼ֺ¤4ָαѸ˻ĤűѸκספޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2024-10-04-1])
#5646. ī륷꡼ֺ¤5ֱѸ졤ƥȽв񤦡פޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2024-10-11-1])
#5650. ī륷꡼ֺ¤6ֱѸ졤󥰤θȸפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2024-10-15-1])
#5669. ī륷꡼ֺ¤7ֱѸ졤ե󥹸˿פޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2024-11-03-1])
#5704. ī륷꡼ֺ¤8ֱѸ졤ȸήפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2024-12-08-1])
#5723. ī륷꡼ֺ¤9ֱѸ졤ƥ󡦥ꥷƴפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2024-12-27-1])
#5760. ī륷꡼ֺ¤10ֱѸ졤νܿפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2025-02-02-1])
#5774. ī륷꡼ֺ¤11ֱѸˤߤ븽οפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2025-02-16-1])

ơǯ٤Υ꡼ֺ¡ָ츻ŵǤɤѸˡפϤˤƽλǤ1ǯ֤ˤ錄ꤴäˤϡ鿽夲ޤǯ٤˰٤ΥڡDZѸˤ˴Ϣֺ¤³Ƥޤǯ٤Υơޤήߤʤ⡤ñܤĤġѸˤƤͽǤ꡼Υȥϡ˾äȤԻ׵ĤʱñפǤ4νմ3ʬˤĤƤϡܤΤ褦˷ꤷƤޤīHPܺ٤򤴳ǧҤߤ

1. 426ڡˡshe --- 츻䤨ʤ̾
2. 524ڡˡthrough --- ޤ¿ֻͤĸ
3. 621ڡˡautumn --- ³Ƥ

ǯ٤īѸ˹ֺ¡ɤꤤޤ

߷ ˧ͺԽ紴ˡرѸ츻ŵٿǡҡ2024ǯ

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2025-03-22 Sat

#5808. ʤ wind û첻򼨤Τ [sobokunagimon][vowel][diphthong][gvs][homorganic_lengthening][homonymy][homonymic_clash][oed][homophony]

إᥤȤ ari note #227ڿ-ind -ing ȯΰ㤤뤤 wind ȯˤĤơꤹ뵭񤫤ƤĤ꤬夲Ƥ뤬Ȥ櫓 wind ˤ /wɪnd/ û첻ȯΤϤʤȤ䤤̣äΤŪͽۤ2첻 */waɪnd/ ȤʤꤽʤΤºݤƱְ۵ wind ʶʤ꤯ͤˤ /waɪnd/ ȯʤΤǡԻ׵ĤǤ롥
ari ʬŪ˰ѤƤ뤬OED wind (n1) ȯˤ˴ؤեǰѤ褦

Pronunciation

The phonological development of this word differs from that of nouns with a similar phonological shape in Middle English, such as hind n.1 and rind n.1, and similarly the verb wind v.1 These show the result of lengthening of the vowel before the homorganic consonant cluster -nd in Old English. The evidence of the early modern orthoepists shows that there was considerable variation in early modern English between pronunciations with a short vowel or a long vowel (or its diphthongal reflex after the operation of the Great Vowel Shift); this variation appears to have been unusually persistent in the case of the present word (compare discussion in E. J. Dobson Eng. Pronunc. 1500--1700 (ed. 2, 1968) vol. II. §12), for which the pronunciation with a short vowel is the one that became usual in later standard English. Until the 18th cent. the diphthongal pronunciation appears to have been more usual, but by the end of the century had been largely supplanted in ordinary speech by the short-vowel pronunciation. Walker (1791), while listing both, puts the pronunciation with short vowel first, and notes: 'These two modes of pronunciation have been long contending for superiority, till at last the former seems to have gained a compleat victory, except in the territories of rhyme.' The poetic convention allowing rhyming use of the diphthongal pronunciation continued well into the 19th cent. (compare e.g. quot. 1811 at Phrases P.1n.ii, quot. 1820 at spring n.1 III.17a).

The preservation of the short vowel in this particular word is difficult to account for; it may have been aided by the large number of occurrences in compounds and derivatives, in which failure of vowel lengthening would have been more likely; it may also partly reflect a functional pressure to distinguish this word from wind v.1, which would otherwise have been homophonous. Frequent collocation with winter n.1 (with short vowel) could also have played a part.

Pronunciation with a diphthong (reflecting a Middle English long vowel) survives in some regional varieties and is occasionally reflected in forms such as wine and weind at α forms.


򤹤ˤϡ嵭 OED βΤɤ߲ɬפꡤΤˤϱѸβˤûˤγפΤäƤʤФʤʤȤ櫓ƱĹ (Homorganic Lengthening; homorganic_lengthening) (Great Vowel Shift: gvs)Ʊ۵ (homonymic_clash) ˴ؤ򤬷礫ʤ
OED ǤΤϽФƤʤΤǡΥ֥Ǥ⤦Ĵ٤Ƥari 󶡤꤬Ȥޤ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2025-03-21 Fri

#5807. ֱѸθȸûˤΤ --- 罤۽ŹرѸ춵4۵Ҳ [notice][vocabulary][lexicology][word_formation][morphology][hel_education][asacul][voicy][heldio][hel_education]

رѸ춵١罤۽Ź2025ǯ4



314ȯ䤵줿رѸ춵١罤۽Źˤ4ˡ1ýȤơֿǯ٤˸ľѸûƳפ夲ƤޤýΤʤǡֱѸθȸûˤΤפꤹ븫2Ǥεɮޤϰʲ4ᤫʤäƤޤ

1. Ѹä3ʬ2Ѹ
2. ƳΡֻ§׻
3. Ѹˤγƻǹޤ줿ˡ
4. Ѹˤθóؽ

¤ϤΩƤϡǽ򽪤Фī㡼󥿡ɶΥ꡼ָֺ츻ŵǤɤѸˡ绨ĤȤʤäƤޤī륷꡼᤯λܵθڤᤫäΤǡѸûˤˤĤƹͤƤǯ٤礭֤äƤߤȤ⤢ꡤΤ褦ʵȤʤޤ
Ȥ櫓2οƳ˴ؤֻ§׻פϡѸʤΤߤʤ̡ˤθ򤦤ޤޤȤƤΤǤϤʤȹͤƤޤܤƤСֻ§׻פȤˤĤƤϡǶǤϡ#5774. ī륷꡼ֺ¤11ֱѸˤߤ븽οפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2025-02-16-1]) ǿƤޤ¤ƱرѸ춵٤2020ǯ2ǤϢ񤫤ƤƤޤ#3917. رѸ춵٤Ϣ11֤ʤѸˤϾά줬¿Τס ([2020-01-17-1]) 򤴻Ȥ
ơλﵭϺǿ1ýֿǯ٤˸ľѸûƳפ1ȤƼɮޤýεƤߤޤ礦

1. ǤǤûƳ4ĤΥݥ
2. Ѹ귿ɽλƳ --- You shall know a word by the company it keeps!
3. ⹻ǤθûƳ --- ɽפǤμ
4. عζ̤ǹԤûƳι
5. Ƹ˶٤μȤλƳˡȤ
6. Teaching Assistant ȤƤAIûƳ˳褫
7. Web ץǥǥ󤹤óؽƥӥƥ
8. ѸθȸûˤΤ

ýϱѸ춵ԡؽԤˤȤäƼŪʥҥȤܤǤǯ٤ޤˤäơҸľƤߤƤ
󤴾Ҳ𤷤۵ֱѸθȸûˤΤפˤĤƤϡheldio Ǥ#1387. 罤۽ŹرѸ춵4ǡֱѸθȸûˤΤפ񤫤ƤޤȤƤäƤޤҤİС



δ졡1ýǯ٤˸ľѸûƳ --- ѸθȸûˤΤסرѸ춵١罤ۡˡ2025ǯ4桤2025ǯ30--31ǡ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2025-03-20 Thu

#5806. heldio ȡhellog-radioפǰ췳Ѥʵ夲Ƥޤ [sobokunagimon][helkatsu][hellog-radio][heldio][heltalk][heltube]

ܥ֥λǡǤȤơī6 Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)ۿƤޤheldio 2021ǯ62˳ϤͥǤ¤ϤȤȤơhellog-radioפȤĿŪʲ꡼ǯ2020ǯ623ǸƤޤΰΥڡβ餴ˤʤޤ̤ʲۿץåȥեѤƤ餺HP˲եľ֤ƤʤΤǡİ뵡¿ޤǤ
hellog-radioפ62αѸ˾ͥʤ벻ۿΥ꡼ǡꤹΰ췳ΡֱѸ˴ؤѤʵפޤäƤޤΤޤ޿ƤƤϤäʤȻפ236ī61ĤġΤǸϤƤޤĤΥץåȥեꥢǽǤΤǡʤȤɤ

YouTube heltube --- Ѹ˥ͥפκꥹ֡ںۿ hellog-radio --- Ѹ˾ͥ
stand.fm ֱѸˤĤ֤䤭ͥ (heltalk)ۿ󥿥ȥˡhellog-radioפĤƤ
Spotify (Video) Podcast

hellog-radio׺ˤĤƤϡheldio ΰβ#1388. heldio ȡhellog-radioפʤΤ YouTube ǺƤޤǤ⤪äƤΤǡҤİۿΥեեåǺܤƤޤ




hellog-radio ???????????????????


Referrer (Inside): [2025-05-07-1] [2025-04-16-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2025-03-19 Wed

#5805. Skeat ȯͩΰ [ghost_word][minim][spelling][alphabet][manuscript][palaeography][thorn][th][graphemics][editing]

ε#5804. ܤɤߴְ㤨䤹ʸ --- ߽ͩФ ([2025-03-18-1]) ǡSkeat ޤȤ᤿ɤ߰㤤䤹ʸˤΰ򼨤ܤιԤϸ§ȤʸؤΥץǤϤ뤬ΥץǤϤޤäƤޤʸ櫤¿ȤȤSkeat ϡΤ褦櫤ˤϤޤäԤޤ餺߽ФƤޤäͩ (ghost_word) ο򡤼ȤʸκǸ󤷤Ƥ (373--74) ̤ΤʤֻSkeat ιͤȤˤͩŪǤʤֻǤ롥

abacot (a bicocket)
abofted (abosted)
allryn (alkyn)
belene (beleue)
beuen (benen)
bewunus (bewunne)
bolueden (bolneden)
bouchen (bonchen)
char (thar)
chek yn a tyde (chek-matyde),
chesse (chese)
chichingis (thithingis, error for tithingis)
clamupe (claurnpe)
cleue (clene)
conise (comse)
conisyng (comspg)
coppin (croppin)
corves (cornes)
couuen (coxmen)
cronde (croude)
culde (tulde)
culpis (cuupis ? for coupis ?),
degontit (degoutit)
desouled (defouled)
dimnede (diuinede)
dolf (douf)
dolp (doup)
drinen (driuen)
dymnede (dyuinede)
eftures (esteres, estres)
enchausyt (enchaufyt)
encortif (encorcif)
flocced (flotted)
folloke (wilfolloker)
forbusur (forbusne)
forgalbed (forgabbed)
fonngit (foriugit)
fouk (fonk)
founed (fonned)
galbert (gabbert)
golk (gouk)
gramity (graunty)
havin (harm)
hetheued (heued)
holk (houk)
howen, howne (howue)
kimes (knives)
lath (lay)
lessyt (leffyt)
lohe (lome)
maused (mansed)
monelich (menelich)
morse (nurse)
moyt (mo þat)
nalle (ualle)
nolt (nout)
onen (ouen)
ouershuppe (ouerhuppe)
owery (dwerþ)
palke (pakke)
palpis (paupis)
panfray (paufray)
pantener (pautener)
pavade (panade)
polien (þolien)
polk (pouk)
porcours (portours)
punniten (permuten)
rendit (vondit)
rentful (reuful)
renthe (reuthe)
reuk (renk)
rolkis (rokkis)
roned (roued)
sangtle (saughtle)
satoure (fatoure)
scharpe (schappe)
sharter (Charter)
skowurand (skownrand)
slalk (slakk)
soket (Coket)
sordid (fordid)
spelk (spekk)
stone (schon)
succh (sutth)
suten (sitten)
Syvewarm (Fysewarin)
talbart (tabbart)
tavart (tabart)
thame (tharne)
treryn (temp)
tyre (cyre)
ulode (correct; u=v)
ullorxa (?)
vyt (rycht)
walk (wakk, later wauk)
walkrif (wakkrif, later waukrif)
walknit (wakknit, later wauknit)
watte (waite)
wayne (wayue)
wok (woux)
ytoped (ycoped)
yvete (ybete)


Skeat ϡԤΥߥˤä뤳Τ褦ͩ줬夷˺ϿޤǤƤޤǽ˶ƤʸؤΥץȤƤʤΤ

Skeat, Walter W. "Report upon 'Ghost-words,' or Words which Have no Real Existence." in the President's Address for 1886. Transactions of the Philological Society for 1885--87. Vol. 2. 350--80.

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2025-03-18 Tue

#5804. ܤɤߴְ㤨䤹ʸ --- ߽ͩФ [minim][spelling][alphabet][manuscript][ghost_word][palaeography][thorn][th][graphemics][punctuation]

ǶᤤĤεǡͩ (ghost_word) 夲ƤѸߤοƤǤ Skeat ϡͩʸΤʤǡͩνиظˤܾʸˤɤ߰㤤ܺ٤Ƥ롥Ȥ櫓ɤߴְ㤨䤹ʸˤΥꥹȤƤΤǡʬѤ褦 (372)

I now proceed to make a list of the symbols which, in the foregoing examples, have been misread and confused. The following groups denote the confused symbols: b, v; c, t; d, o; e, o, s; f, s; k, lr; m, ui, in; n, u; o, d, e; p, þ (th); r, v; s, C, e, f; y, þ (th). Also mi, un; mu, um; ni, in; rp, pp; tt, it; ur, ne; unn, erm; vin, rm. Also lb, bb; lk, kk. Very few of these mistakes result from the misreading of marks of contraction. If I were to add examples of this character, the number of ghost-words would be very largely increased.


ʤ㤬 (minim) ǹʸˤޤǤ롥minim γʡˤ˴ؿäϡ#4134. unmummied --- ֤äƤѤʤȤˤʤäƤñβԡ ([2020-08-21-1]) #5215. ư줫ʻžʤ褦ˤߤ̾졦ƻΰ ([2023-08-07-1]) ʤɤɤ
ޤ<th> űѸ졦Ѹʸ <þ> (thorn) ˤĤƤϡ#1428. ye = the ([2013-03-25-1]) ʤɤ򻲾Ȥ

Skeat, Walter W. "Report upon 'Ghost-words,' or Words which Have no Real Existence." in the President's Address for 1886. Transactions of the Philological Society for 1885--87. Vol. 2. 350--80.

Referrer (Inside): [2025-03-19-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2025-03-17 Mon

#5803. corpse, corse, corpus, corps [doublet][latin][french][loan_word][lexicology][lexicography][spelling_pronunciation_gap][etymological_respelling][synonym][kdee][helmate][helkatsu][voicy][heldio]

ɸ4ϡƥǡΡפ̣ corpus ̤ñǤ롥#4096. 3Ÿ졤4Ÿ졤5Ÿ򤤤Ĥ ([2020-07-14-1]) Ǥ夲Ʋ4Ÿ (quadruplet) λ
corpus /ˈkɔɚpəs/ ʽˤϡѸľܥƥ줫äƤǡǤŪʥ쥸ȤѤΤ̤Ǥ롥
corpse /kɔɚps/ ʻΡˡӤθŷȤƻĤäƤ corse /kɔɚs/ ϡƥ corpus ե󥹸ͳĤѷƱѸäƤñե󥹸Ǥ cors Τ褦ֻ <p> æƤƥ򻲾Ȥ <p> 褷ѸǤ⡤θ츻Ūֻ (etymological_respelling) θƱͤ˺Ѥ<p> ä줿<p> Τʤ¹Ԥ³
corps /kɔɚ/ ʣƱֻȯ /kɔɚz/ˡʷˤ "a body of troops" ۤɤθǡե󥹸줫ѸäƤñǤ롥ֻ˴ؤ¤ꡤ嵭 corpse ΰ۷ȤäƤ褤
<p> ֤뤫ݤ/p/ ȯ뤫ݤ /s/ ȯ뤫ݤʤɡ4δطʣн褹ˤϡơñֻȯǯ塤ƻǤˡ٤μºݤðǰĴɬפޤ줾αñȤƤθ (word-lore) 餫ˤˤȤɤޤ餺ѸǤƥե󥹸ˤĤƤθɬפ롥ä˥ե󥹸ˤĤƤϥե󥹸¦ǤȯֻδطӤѲѰۤ⻲Ȥ뤳Ȥ롥
ܼŪ䤦ʤС4ϡѸѸüԤƬǤϡ⤽ۤʤ4ȤǧƤΤλ䤿ϡֻۤʤм̡Ωह롤ȤԻλ뤷Ƥ뤬μ֤򤷤褦ȤˤäơλळȤǤϤʤ⤷ʤ
䤬ͯƤ롥ˤ衤˹äǤ뤳Ȥϴְ㤤ʤ
εϡإᥤȤˤ2hel襳ƥĤ˥󥹥ԥ졼رѸ츻ŵ٤ OED 򻲾ȤĤļɮ

lacolaco ֱѸ츻ŵɥΡȡפǿǼ夲Ƥ corporate, corpse, corpus ˴ؤͻ
嵭 lacolaco εari ˤĤ Deep Research Ѥλ򤫤ͤƹͻ note #224ڿcorsϤɤѲChatGPTĴ٤Ƥ餦

伫Ȥ⡤ heldio ۿ#1385. corpus data ᤰ --- ѥǡˤĤƸǤϤޤ lacolaco ε corpus ˤĤƼ夲Ƥ롥ҤİС


Referrer (Inside): [2026-01-01-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2025-03-16 Sun

#5802. ghost word --- ¤ Skeat ˤ [ghost_word][terminology][oed][lexicography][lexicology][metanalysis]

ͩˤĤ ghost_word Υǵ򤤤Ĥ񤤤Ƥε#5800. ghost word --- Skeat ۩ּ˺ϿƤϤʤס ([2025-03-14-1]) ǿ줿褦ˡghost word ʤѸ¤ФΤϡʸؼ Walter W. Skeat (1835--1912) Ǥ롥
εǿ줿褦ˡabacot ʤñ줬 bycocket 줿ʸʬϤؤäƤ뤫ˤȤͩΤ褦ȹͤƤ롥Skeat ϡΤ褦ʸŵŪͩȹͤSkeat Ϥޤͩϴ¸ññʤѤȺƱ٤ǤϤʤȤ⤯ghost word 1 (p. 352) Skeat Ѥ褦

I propose, therefore, to bring under your notice a few more words of the abacot type; words which will come under our Editor's notice in course of time, and which I have little doubt that he will reject. As it is convenient to have a short name for words of this character, I shall take leave to call them "ghost-words." Like ghosts, we may seem to see them, or may fancy that they exist; but they have no real entity. We cannot grasp them; when we would do so, they disappear. Such forms are quite different, I would remark, from such as are produced by misuse of words that are well known. When, according to the story, a newspaper intended to say that Sir Robert Peel had been out with a party of friends shooting pheasants, and the compositor turned this harmless piece of intelligence into the alarming statement that "Sir Robert Peel had been out with a party of fiends shooting peasants," we have mere instances of misuse. The words fiends and peasants, though unintended in such a context, are real enough in themselves. I only allow the title of ghost-words to such words, or rather forms, as have no meaning whatever. (352)


μĥθ塤Skeat ϼѸʸɤ߰㤤ˤäͩ󤲤Ƥñȯɤ߰㤤θ塤äޤϢʤȼѤƤĤͩȵŤ뤳ȤΤʤ˶ͩؤȯŸƤΤȷپĤ餷Ƥ롥Skeat Ϥä򶲤ƤΤɮԤϡΤ褦ñϤ켫ΤˤäƤꡤ⤷ƹǤˡ

Skeat, Walter W. "Report upon 'Ghost-words,' or Words which Have no Real Existence." in the President's Address for 1886. Transactions of the Philological Society for 1885--87. Vol. 2. 350--80.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2025-03-15 Sat

#5801. Ѹ˸412ڡˤ˵ؤˤƳ [academic_conference][contrastive_language_history][voicy][heldio][video_podcast][spotify]


Ѹ˸34



Ѹ˸34񤬡ۤ1412ڡˤθ塤ؤˤƳŤޤHP֤Τ餻ꡤץȯɽ׻ݤˤʤޤäեˤϿǡڤ320ڡˤȤʤäƤޤ
34Ǥϡ4θȯɽ1Υ饦ɥơ֥뤬ͽꤵƤޤ饦ɥơ֥ܤϡָäʸζ岽 --- оȸˤδ ---פȤʤäƤꡤʩѤ4ȤͽǤɾάˤơϺءˡԡʳؽءˡһΩءˡԡʵءˡջҡʵءˡ滳ʿءˤ6̾˲ä䡤δʷءˤʲȤƻäޤ
ۤʤˤоȤоȸ (contrastive_language_history) ȤץǡƸθäʸζ岽ޤΥץϡ2022ǯ˽Ǥ줿ظɸಽͤ --- ʩоȸˡפλߡ罤ۡˤ󾧤줿ΤǡΥ饦ɥơ֥ˤϤԼ3̾⻲äޤζŤʤ̲ȤʤͽǤ
Ѹ˸γŤˤĤƤϡ3 Voicy heldio Ǥ#1382. Ѹ˸Τ --- 412ڡˤ˵ؤˤƳšȤƤΤ餻ޤ20ʬۤɤĹˡβϡ䤬 Spotify Υӥǥݥåɥ㥹Ȥ˽ĩ路ۿǤ⤢ޤơ⤴СʤƥեƤСˤȻפޤ



412ˡѸˤؤǤʤ뤤ϳؤǤߤ¿ΤäԤƤޤ

ԡ Ϻ δˡظɸಽͤ --- ʩоȸˡפλߡ١罤ۡ2022ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2025-04-07-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2025-03-14 Fri

#5800. ghost word --- Skeat ۩ּ˺ϿƤϤʤ [ghost_word][terminology][oed][lexicography][lexicology][voicy][heldio][video_podcast][spotify]

ͩ (ghost_word) Ȥ̣оݤˤĤơhellog Dz٤夲Ƥ

#2725. ghost word ([2016-10-12-1])
#5795. ghost word ˬ ([2025-03-09-1])
#5796. ghost word OED ǰƤߤ ([2025-03-10-1])

Ǥ˲εǿ줿Ѹ¤äΤϹ̾ʸؼ Walter W. Skeat (1835--1912) Ǥ롥1886ǯ52Skeat ɥزˤƵǰֱԤʤäιֱΤʤǡ"Report upon 'Ghost-words,' or Words which Have no Real Existence" ꤹ𤬤ʤƤ롥
ʲ˰ѤΤϡԻԤǤ⤢ Skeat ͩ OED ʤɤμ˺ϿƤϤʤʤȤ⤷ƤսǤ롥ͩζȤ abacot (= by-cocket) 󤲤Ƥ롥

Of all the work which the Society has at various times undertaken, none has ever had so much interest for us, collectively, as the New English Dictionary. Dr. Murray, as you will remember, wrote on one occasion a most able article, in order to justify himself in omitting from the Dictionary the word abacot, defined by Webster as "the cap of state formerly used by English kings, wrought into the figure of two crowns." It was rightly and wisely rejected by our Editor on the ground that there is no such word, the alleged form being due to a complete mistake. There can be no doubt that words of this character ought to be excluded; and not only so, but we should jealously guard against all chances of giving any undeserved record of words which had never any real existence, being mere coinages due to the blunders of printers or scribes, or to the perfervid imaginations of ignorant or blundering editors. We may well allow that Ogilvie's Imperial Dictionary is an excellent book of its class, and that the latest editor, Mr. Annandale, has very greatly improved it; but I cannot think that he was was (sic) well-advised in devoting to Abacot twenty-seven lines of type, merely in order to quote Dr. Murray's reasons for rejecting it. Still less can I approve of his introduction of a small picture intended to represent an "Abacot," copied from the great seal of Henry VII.; it would have been much better to insert the picture under the correct form by-cocket. (351--52)


ʤߤˡʤȤ˺ǿ OED Online Ǥ abacot ΩवƤ롥Ȥ †bycocket ˤĤƤϡΤ褦ͿƤ롥

A kind of cap or headdress (peaked before and behind): (a) as a military headdress, a casque; (b) as an ornamental cap or headdress, worn by men and women.

The two crowns [? of England and France] with which the bycocket of Henry VI was 'garnished' or 'embroidered', were, of course, no part of the ordinary bycocket.


Skeat ΰѤȾ "we should jealously guard against all chances of giving any undeserved record of words which had never any real existence, . . ." ˤߤ jealously βˤĤơ heldio ۿ#1383. ʸɲ --- ͩᤰʸ jealously ɤ᤹롩Ǽ夲Spotify Υӥǥݥåɥ㥹ȤȤƤۿƤΤǡҤ餫ɤ



Skeat, Walter W. "Report upon 'Ghost-words,' or Words which Have no Real Existence." in the President's Address for 1886. Transactions of the Philological Society for 1885--87. Vol. 2. 350--80.

Referrer (Inside): [2025-03-16-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2025-03-13 Thu

#5799. 315ڡˤīΥ꡼ֺ12ִ㤤ޤ줿ñפΤ [asacul][notice][kdee][etymology][hel_education][helkatsu][link][lexicology][vocabulary][analogy][metanalysis][folk_etymology][voicy][heldio]


asacul_20240427.png



315ڡ 17:30--19:00
ꡧī㡼󥿡ɶ
̡饤Υϥ֥åɷ1֤θƨۿ
ߡī㡼󥿡֥

ǯٷ˰٤ΥڡǡرѸ츻ŵ١ʸҡ򻲾ȤĤıѸûˤ򤿤ɤī륷꡼ָֺ츻ŵǤɤѸˡ³Ƥޤ315ڡˤ˳֤12ϡ꡼ǽȤʤޤޤǤ˱ѸûˤϤ褽äΤǡǽͷӿܤΡִ㤤ޤ줿ñפ᤿Ȼפޤ
¾θƱͤǤѸˤʤä졤ʤä줬㤤ޤಿ餫ΡֻΡפˤꡤ¸ߤϤȤȤޤñ˸츻ԾܤȤ櫓ǤϤʤ̣ǤΥ顼ˤƤޤä졤ȤФ褤Ǥ礦¸θ줫 (analogy) ˤäޤ줿졤츻뤤ָ̱츻 (folk_etymology) ˴Ť졤ͩ (ghost_word) ʤɡֻΡפΥפ͡ǤΤ褦Ե§ʽмñ줿⡤Ѹääʹ׸ʤƤΤǤιֺ¤ǤϡĤΤ褦ˡرѸ츻ŵ٤䤽¾μ򻲾ȤĤġѤԤñ줿ȵ줿Ȼפޤ
11ʬˤĤƤϡơפޥɥޥåפˤޤȤƤޤΤǡʲε

#5625. ī륷꡼ֺ¤1ֱѸ츻ŵڤפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2024-09-20-1])
#5629. ī륷꡼ֺ¤2ֱѸäˤ򳵴ѤפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2024-09-24-1])
#5631. ī륷꡼ֺ¤3ֱñȡ֥ˡ§ספޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2024-09-26-1])
#5639. ī륷꡼ֺ¤4ָαѸ˻ĤűѸκספޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2024-10-04-1])
#5646. ī륷꡼ֺ¤5ֱѸ졤ƥȽв񤦡פޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2024-10-11-1])
#5650. ī륷꡼ֺ¤6ֱѸ졤󥰤θȸפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2024-10-15-1])
#5669. ī륷꡼ֺ¤7ֱѸ졤ե󥹸˿פޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2024-11-03-1])
#5704. ī륷꡼ֺ¤8ֱѸ졤ȸήפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2024-12-08-1])
#5723. ī륷꡼ֺ¤9ֱѸ졤ƥ󡦥ꥷƴפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2024-12-27-1])
#5760. ī륷꡼ֺ¤10ֱѸ졤νܿפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2025-02-02-1])
#5774. ī륷꡼ֺ¤11ֱѸˤߤ븽οפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2025-02-16-1])

ֺܹ¤ξܺ٤ȤߤɤرѸ츻ŵ١ʸҡ򤪻ϡ˵֤Ĥļ֤Ф¸ޤʴϢդޤΤǼŵʤȤ֤ˤꤢޤˡ


߷ ˧ͺԽ紴ˡرѸ츻ŵٿǡҡ2024ǯ



٤Υ꡼ǽˤĤƤϡheldio Ǥ#1381. 315ڡˤīֺ¡ִ㤤ޤ줿ñפ˸ơǤ⤴⤷ƤޤҤİ



߷ ˧ͺԽ紴ˡرѸ츻ŵٿǡҡ2024ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2025-03-23-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2025-03-12 Wed

#5798. ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)פ Video Podcast Ǥ򳫻Ϥޤ [voicy][heldio][video_podcast][spotify][radio_broadcast][academic_conference][helkatsu][heltalk][link][ewlr]



Voicy ǤϤƤֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio) Video Podcast Ǥ򳫻Ϥޤۿץåȥե Spotify ꡤƱ̾ Podcast ֱͥѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)ȤƻİǤޤ
Ƭưϡī heldio ǿ#1382. Ѹ˸Τ --- 412ڡˤ˵ؤˤƳšǤ20ʬ11áˡŪˤϥ饸Ͽʤ򻣱ƤǤΤǡʰŤǤߤޤˡƤϼǤİнʬʤΤǤVideo Podcast ήԤäƤƤȤȤǻƤߤǤ Video Podcast heldio ϡɬƤ뤫ɤʬޤ󤬡ֱѸˤδ֤ˡ׹٤ŬѤƤȻפޤҥեΤۤɡꤤޤʤǽʬȤϡޤ̤ Voicy ˤꤪİС
Spotify Ǥϡ Podcast ͥȤֱѸˤĤ֤䤭ͥ (heltalk)ۿƤޤheltalk Ǥϡheldio βκhelñ졼 (ewlr)¾Υ奢ʱѸ˾ͥۿƤꡤheldio ⹹٤⤤ǤĤǤѸˤ˿ƤȤϡեƤСʲϡhelñ졼: rickshaw, Shaw, alphabetǤ9ʬ29áˡ


[ | ѥڡ ]

2025-03-11 Tue

#5797. ǯؤϸθؤ˲Ĥ --- Τۤǿ [glottochronology][history_of_linguistics][statistics][inohota][youtube][voicy][heldio][helwa][linguistics][link]



YouTube ֤Τۤإͥκǿ󤬸Ƥޤ#317. ǯؤϸθؤ˲ĤǤ
ܥ֥Ǥǯ (glottochronology) ˤĤ͡ʵ񤤤ƤޤĤԥååפƤߤޤ

#1128. glottochronology ([2012-05-29-1])
#1729. glottochronology ˬ ([2014-01-20-1])
#2659. glottochronology lexicostatistics ([2016-08-07-1])
#2660. glottochronology ȴܸá ([2016-08-08-1])
#4685. Campbell ˤ glottochronology Ƚ ([2022-02-23-1])

ۿ heldio/helwa Ǥ⡤ʲβǸǯؤˤĤƤäƤޤ

helwa ֡ڱѸˤ #91ꤵ줿ָǯءס (2024/02/08)
heldio #1339. ǯ --- ػˤΰ (2025/01/28)
heldio #1340. ǯؤؤȽؤ٤뤳ȡ (2025/01/29)

θؤʬϡǤϸػˤΰ쥳ޤȤƸ뤳Ȥ¿ǤǥΤϻ¿äȻϹͤƤޤȽ¿ǤαԤȽΤʤΥ󥹥ԥ졼ӽФؤΰѤ˼㤤郎줿ΤǤӸؤʻɷ׳ (lexicostatistics) ȯŸܸäȤϲȤ䤤̣Ǥ˴ؤ⸫ľޤȽˤĹŪˤϥݥƥʰյ뤳Ȥ򶵤Ƥ빥Ǥ
Ūʳη굯ݥƥʺƲᡤŪѤϡͭפʻߤǤ͡

[ | ѥڡ ]

2025-03-10 Mon

#5796. ghost word OED ǰƤߤ [lexicography][word_formation][folk_etymology][ghost_word][terminology]

ε#5795. ghost word ˬ ([2025-03-09-1]) Ǽ夲̣ŪݤˤĤơ⤦ɤOED ghost word (NOUN) ΩवƤΤǰѤ褦

A word or word form that has come into existence by error rather than established usage, e.g. as a result of a typographical error, the incorrect transcription of a manuscript, an incorrect definition in a dictionary, etc.

1887Report upon 'Ghost-words', or Words which have no real Existence... We should jealously guard against all chances of giving any undeserved record of words which had never any real existence, being mere coinages due to the blunders of printers or scribes, or to the perfervid imaginations of ignorant or blundering editors. (W. W. Skeat in Transactions of Philological Society 1885--7 vol. 20 350)
1888The word meant is estures, bad spelling of estres; and eftures is a ghost-word. (W. W. Skeat in Notes & Queries 30 June 504/1)
1977He [sc. Murray] found a special class of ghost words, misspelled or ill-defined items that had been admitted to some previous dictionary, thus undergoing an illegitimate birth. (Time 26 December 54/2)
2019The project will uncover previously unrecorded words, excise ghost words and suggest new or revised definitions. (TendersInfo (Nexis) 21 May)


ghost word αɤ1887ǯ Skeat ΤΤǡϡ#2725. ghost word ([2016-10-12-1]) ǤѤ̤Ǥ롥ˤƤˤʤΤǴˤդäƤΤ褵Ѹޤ̥ŪʶǵˤʤäƤޤΤϻʤΤΤ褦˴ˤȤäͩפϡʤȤѸˤơʤƿ¬ܸʤ¾θˤƤ˻פΤۤ¿ΤǤϤʤ

Referrer (Inside): [2025-03-14-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2025-03-09 Sun

#5795. ghost word ˬ [lexicography][word_formation][folk_etymology][ghost_word][terminology]

#2725. ghost word ([2016-10-12-1]) #912. ʤ񤷤 (3) ([2011-10-26-1]) ǡѸ˿ƤϡؿѸؼŵ٤βɤǤߤ褦

ghost word̸ͩ͡
Skeat (TPS, 1885--87, II. 350--51) Ѹ (OED, s.v. ghost)̤θꡤԽԡɽԤλפ㤤ǡϤ٤餶ΤȡΤꤦ٤餶줬¤˸줿硤θͩޤͩ (ghost form) ȤĤޤꡤ츻Ūˤפʻʤɤơ٤餶ȤäƤ㡧aghast, sprightly, island, ye (= the)) ͩǤ뤬򤫤顤ϤʤϤΰ̣Ϳ줿ͩǤ롥1) acre (= duel). 'fight an acre' ΤȤ֡ʥ󥰥ɤȥåȥն϶ǡ˷Ʈ򤹤פȤ̣˲򤷡acre duel ΰ̣Ϳ뤳ȡƥ acram (= duel) committre αθ꤫Ρ 2) in derring do (= in daring to do). Chaucer, Troilus and Criseyde 837 Spenser 򤷤, derring-do ͦʹưפΰ̣ѤƤ롥3) bourne (= realm). Shakespeare, Hamlet 3:1:79--80 The undiscovered country, from whose bourne (= limit) No traveller returns 򤷤 fiery realm and airy bourne (= realm)--Keats ȤȤ bourne ʤạ̈ѤƤ뤳ȤˤʤBloomfield, 1933, p. 487ˡޤͩΰǤ롥


ǤСλǡ֤٤餶פ¸ߤ褦ˤʤäΤ ghost wordͩˤȤȤˤʤ롥ѸȤƤϤǺѤफ⤷ʤؽŪˤϡ֤٤餶פɬפɤΤ褦ʾ郎ΩС֤٤פʤΤ뤤ϡ֤٤餶פʤΤ
嵭ΰѤǤϡָ̤θꡤԽԡɽԤλפ㤤פ3󤲤Ƥ뤬ǽʬʤΤޤˡָפֻפ㤤פؤäƤΤɤŪ˳Τ뤳ȤϡɤޤDzǽʤΤֻͩͩͩʤɤ͡ȯŸ줽ʳǰʤˡŪǤƤȤפΤ褦˹ͤ롥

⿮ ʸͺʴƽˡؿѸؼŵ١ҡ1982ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2025-03-14-1] [2025-03-10-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2025-03-08 Sat

#5794. ʸˡѸȤƤư [verb][verbid][participle][gerund][infinitive][terminology][sobokunagimon][jespersen][voicy][heldio][pos]



Ⱥī heldio ˤơ#1377. פФαʸˡѸ --- ꥹʡγ󤫤餪󤻤ޤȾˡ#1378. פФαʸˡѸ --- ꥹʡγ󤫤餪󤻤ޤʸȾˡۿޤϡ224˥ꥹʡ÷ȤƸ#1366. ʤλפФαʸˡѸ򶵤ƤΥեåײǤheldio ꥹʡγˤϡ¿ΥȤ󤻤ƤޤƤ꤬Ȥޤ
ʸˡѸȤäƤԥ󤫤饭ޤǤޤŪѸ줫ؤνѸȤ٤Τޤ¿ޤ٥򵤤ˤˡȤˤפФΡˤʤ롿䤷ΡѸ󤲤ƤȤݤǡȤޤη̤ɤ߾夲ΤǤ2ĤۿǤ
ΤʤưȤѸ줬٤ڤƤޤѸǤ verbal verbid ȸƤФޤϤäΤȤǤ礦ؿѸؼŵ٤ verbal Ƥߤȡ(1) Ȥơֽưפβ⤬ޤ

(1) ʽưˡ (infinitive)ʬ (participle)ư̾ (gerund) Ρverbid Ȥ⤤ޤ (non-finite form) (infinite form)ư (non-finite verb) Ȥ⤤ʤư줬̾ŪѤ줿Τ̾Ūư (noun verbal) ޤưŪ̾ (verbal noun) ȤƻŪˡΤΤƻŪư (adjective verbal) ޤưŪƻ (verbal adjective) ȤȤ롥I'm thinking of going./I wish to go. ̾Ūư//melting snow ̷ƻŪư͡


ɽ䡤˺٤ʬѸ⤢ꡤ䤳Ǥ͡ˡOED verbid (NOUN) Ƥߤޤ礦

Grammar. Somewhat rare.

A word, such as an infinitive, gerund, or participle, which has some characteristics of a verb but cannot form the head of a predicate on its own. Also: (with reference to certain West African languages) a bound verb with in a serial verb construction.

   1914We shall..restrict the name of verb to those forms that have the eminently verbal power of forming sentences, and..apply the name of verbid to participles and infinitives. (O. Jespersen, Modern English Grammar vol. II. 7)
   . . . .


OED Ǥν㤫顤줬 Jespersen ¤Ǥ뤳ȤΤޤ#5782. ʻȤϲ --- ̩˷֤ˤʬहȤɤʤ뤫 ([2025-02-24-1]) ǾҲ𤷤 Jespersen ʻȤδϢ⡤̣¤Ǥ

⿮ ʸͺʴƽˡؿѸؼŵ١ҡ1982ǯ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2025-03-07 Fri

#5793. ֤إ饸פ pronounce/pronunciation ֻ꤬夲ޤ [youtube][yurugengogakuradio][voicy][heldio][sobokunagimon][spelling][spelling_pronunciation_gap][sound_change][u][vowel][diphthong]



ӤӤäˤʤäƤ͵ YouTube ֤ͥإ饸κǶβǡư­ᡩ ʤŵɤ٤ʤΤڤ#394ۿޤ
İԤμƿٸ󤬥ȡ򷫤깭Ǥ14:39դ꤫顤ʤˤˤˤ䤬Ϫޤpronounce pronunciation Υڥǡʤ2ʬֻ <ou> <u> ǰۤʤΤȤѤʵǤ
ϡܥ֥Ρ#2046. <pronunciation> vs <pronounciation> ([2014-12-03-1]) 򸫤Ĥɤޤ줿褦ʤΤǤ񤷤ʬʤäȤȤǡ󤬵Ƥ򤫤ߺդȤȤʤäƤޤ󤫤顤βˤĤƤϢ򤤤ޤơ䤬ФäޤʾСˡ
εƤˤĤƤϡ󤬤ä꤫ߺդƤޤϢơ#2043. Ѹֻɽַǡ ([2014-11-30-1]) ˤڤƤޤ̤ȤƤ pronounce/pronunciation ֻ㳰ŪʸݤʤΤȤݤβǤ
ޤǤϻåʤİƤ뤳ȤǤޤȤ20:36դ꤫2ͤΤȤʹˤޤ

- ٸ󡧤ʤ㳰ޤ줿Ǥ
- 󡧤ƤΤβϤˤϽ񤫤Ƥʤ
- ٸ󡧵ʤߤʡ

ޤˤʬʤ餳Ǥ̵ä櫓Ǥ֤إ饸פˤȤͤƤޤ
10ǯ֤ˡ˺ƤƬǺޤȤˤʤޤݰȹͤᤰ餻塤ɬ⼫ä櫓ǤϤʤΤǤ1ĤβΩƤƤߤޤ Voicy heldio ۿΤ#1370. ֤إ饸פǼ夲줿 pronounce vs. pronunciation ֻǤ26ʬۤɤۿǤ֤ΤϤҤʹʤȤѲʣʬΤǤϤʤȻפޤ



heldio ۿ塤󤫤顤İޤȤΥȤ򤤤ޤɤƤ񤷤äȤʤäƤޤˤϤʤ⤷ʤΤǤޤˤߺդƲ⤷ƤФȡʾСˡ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2025-03-06 Thu

#5792. ָѲװȤΥᥫ˥ --- ظλŵ٤1 [language_change][saussure][synchrony][diachrony][sociolinguistics][acquisition][linguistics][writing][grammatology][medium][spelling_pronunciation_gap][contact][ranuki][causation][how_and_why][multiple_causation]

ظλŵ٤įƤȤѲ (language_change) Ȥδؿʬ˴ؤ͡ʵܤӹǤѲˤĤƤϻܥ֥¾͡˹ͤƤԤ10ͤ10̤θѲѤ롥ϡظλŵ٤ pp. 560--62 ˵ܤƤ롤ԻˤָѲװȤΥᥫ˥פꤹ1Ѥ롥

ѲװȤΥᥫ˥

ȤФϻήѲ³ΤǤꡤ˶٥ǤѲ˵ŤˤϤƤ֤ȤФפȤª졤оݤȤʤ롥Ȥʿ»ʸغʤ䡤ñʸȯΤʤɤ򸫤СѲïܤˤ餫Ǥ롥äơޤȤФѲΤޤǤȤȯΩäƸ츽ݤ򸫤ƤȤפǤ롥Ĥƥ塼Ferdinand de Saussure, 185--1913ˤذ̸عֵ (Cours de linguistique générale)٤̻ (diachronic linguistics) ȶ (synchronic linguistics) ̡˸椹٤ǤȽҤ٤ΤϡޤǯʸˡɤŰ줷ˡ§õ˷پĤ餹ǤäȻפ뤬ɤʸǤ⤵ޤޤʥ٥ǾѲοʹʳˤΤǡŪԤʤǤ̻Ūʻ³뤳ȤڤǤ롥
ǤϤʤȤФѲΤǤŪװȤƤϻҶθ콬βҲŪѰۡŪװȤƤϸܿͤ롥Ҷͤζʤȯäʹʤû֤Τ˸ʸˡηϤ뤬ͤˤʤäƤϤۤɴñˤѲʤĤޤҶθ콬β˸ѲװǤȻפ롥ޤθ츽ݤवޤޤʼҲŪѰۤɤ줬ˤɤΤ褦ʷǺѤƤΤͽǤʤɤ⡤ȤΡ֥ɡפϡ֥ԲפȤιήؤȸָסֿ٤פʤɤΡ֤ȴաפ夷ƤΤ⤷ʤʬβˤϡָ콬פּҲءפθ̤ԲķȤ롥ܿˤѲϡŪܤ֤ʤɤȯѤ뤤¿Ѥˤ륳ɴ֤δĤˤäͶȯ롥ܺ٤ˤĤƤϸҤ롥
ƶ٥ǸѲβ˵ŤȤ⤢뤱ɤ⡤Ѳɴǯǯñ̤ǸˤꤤäϤäǧ롥λ庹ѻ뤿ˤϲʸԲķǤ롥ĤޤꤽΤ褦ʸäƽƸѲװȤΥᥫ˥βǽˤʤȤ롥λŪ椬ˤ礭ȯŸΤ⡤¾θ²ʤʸϿ¿¸ߤǤ롥ʸϲ٤ݼŪǤʤɡɬ줬Τޤ޵ϿƤ櫓Ǥʤαդ뤳ȤɬפǤ롥


ûʸϤΤʤˡѲκǤפǻ̩˵ͤޤƤ롥ǽפΤ٤Ƥ夷Ƥ櫓ǤϤʤΤΡ̩٤϶ä٤䤬ǤͤȽǤ5ȴФ

(1) ֤ȤФѲΤޤǤȤȯΩäƸ츽ݤ򸫤ƤȤפǤ
(2) ֶŪԤʤǤ̻Ūʻ³뤳ȤڤǤ
(3) ֤ʤȤФѲΤǤŪװȤƤϻҶθ콬βҲŪѰۡŪװȤƤϸܿͤ
(4) ֤ʬβˤϡָ콬פּҲءפθ̤ԲķȤ
(5) ʸϲ٤ݼŪǤʤɡɬ줬Τޤ޵ϿƤ櫓Ǥʤαդ뤳ȤɬפǤ

ԡָѲסظλŵ١ ʿԡˡīҽŹ2005ǯ560--82ǡ

Referrer (Inside): [2026-01-01-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2025-03-05 Wed

#5791. "word class" ʸˤ OED ˤ1882ǯ [oed][pos][terminology][linguistics][category][morphology][inflection][word_class][loan_translation][german]

ε#5790. ʻȤϲ --- OED "part of speech" ɤ ([2025-03-04-1]) ʤɤǿƤʻ (pos) ȽŤʤĤĤ⡤äȴˤǤ (word_class) ˤĤ OED Ƥߤ

A category of words of similar form or syntactic characteristics; esp. a part of speech.

1882A root is an abstraction of all word-classes and their differences. (E. Channing, translation of A. F. Pott in translation of B. Delbrück, Introd. Study Language v. 74.
1914Other word classes which are not expressed by formational similarity. (L. Bloomfield, Introduction to Study of Language iv. 109)
1924We have a great many words which can belong to one word-class only: admiration, society, life can only be substantives [etc.]. (O. Jespersen, Philosophy of Grammar iv. 61)
1953The so-called parts of speech (still more inappropriately word-classes) are classes of stem-morpheme. (C. E. Bazell, Linguistic Form vi. 76)
1998All of the general properties shared by whole word classes..are assumed to be within the competence of the grammar rather than of the lexicon. (Euralex '98 Proceedings vol. I. ii. 261)


Ф1882ǯǡŪˤϿ츻ˤϥɥĸ Wortklasse (1817) ΤʤȤμ⤢롥
̣ǤʻƱͤѤ뤳ȤǤΤΡñϤ򤤤褦ˤǤʬǤդʬˤĤƸ뤳ȤǤ뤿ˡŪˤϤͭѤѸǤ롥

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2025-03-04 Tue

#5790. ʻȤϲ --- OED "part of speech" ɤ [oed][pos][terminology][linguistics][category][morphology][inflection][loan_translation][latin][oe][aelfric]

Ѹǡʻפɽ魯 part of speech (pos) ϡɤΤ褦ƤΤƤĽФΤOED Ǥ part (NOUN1) I.1.c. part of speech ΩवƤ롥Ѥ褦

I.1.c. part of speech noun
   
   Each of the categories to which words are traditionally assigned according to their grammatical and semantic functions. Cf. part of reason n. at sense I.1b.
   
   In English there are traditionally considered to be eight parts of speech, i.e. noun, adjective, pronoun, verb, adverb, preposition, conjunction, interjection; sometimes nine, the article being distinguished from the adjective, or, formerly, the participle often being considered a distinct part of speech. Modern grammars often distinguish lexical and grammatical classes, the lexical including in particular nouns, adjectives, full verbs, and adverbs; the grammatical variously subdivided, often distinguishing classes such as auxiliary verbs, coordinators and subordinators, determiners, numerals, etc. See also word class n.
   
   In quot. c1450 showing similar use of party of speech (compare party n. I).
   
      [c1450Aduerbe: A party of spech þat ys vndeclynyt, þe wych ys cast to a verbe to declare and fulfyll þe sygnificion [read sygnificacion] of þe verbe. (in D. Thomson, Middle English Grammatical Texts (1984) 6 (Middle English Dictionary))
      c1475How many partes of spech be ther? (in D. Thomson, Middle English Grammatical Texts (1984) 61 (Middle English Dictionary))
      1517For as moche as there be Viii. partes of speche, I wolde knowe ryght fayne What a nowne substantyue, is in his degre. (S. Hawes, Pastime of Pleasure (1928) v. 27)
      . . . .


Ǥϡʻ줬ʸˡỤ̄ŪʵǽˤäʬवƤ뤳ȡѸǤŪ8ġʾˤäƤ9ġˤʻ줬ǧƤȡʻʬ˽सƸ (word class) ȤʬˡŪ饹ʸˡŪ饹ʤɤʬ뤳ȤʤɤҤƤ롥
ǽʸ1450ǯΤΤȤʤäƤ뤬Ǥ party of spech θǤ뤳Ȥդ٤Ǥ롥ˤȴϢ party of reason part of reason Ȥ OED ˺ϿƤꡤ˸1450ǯƱ D. Thomson, Middle English Grammatical Texts ʸȤƤ뤳ȤŦƤ
ޤpart ñΤȤơʻפ̣ˡꡤƥɽΤʤȤ̤ǻʤ᤯űѸʸڤƤÆlfric ʸˡˡ

OEÞry eacan synd met, pte, ce, þe man eacnað on ledenspræce to sumum casum þises partes. (Ælfric, Grammar (St. John's Oxford MS.) 107)
OEÞes part mæg beon gehaten dælnimend. (Ælfric, Grammar (St. John's Oxford MS.) 242)


part of speech ȤѸθϡűѸ˳ǧƥʸˡŪѸ츯ˤ䤫ĤġѸ˸졤θѤ褦ˤʤäȤȤˤʤ롥
ʻͤˤĤƤ pos δϢȤ櫓ʲε򻲾ȡ

#5762. ʻȤϲ --- ܸΡʻפŵŵĴ٤ ([2025-02-04-1])
#5763. ʻȤϲ --- ΡָפȸƤǤϥᤫ ([2025-02-05-1])
#5765. ʻȤϲ --- Bloomfield θ ([2025-02-07-1])
#5771. ʻȤϲ --- ʬ ([2025-02-13-1])
#5772. ʻȤϲ --- ̩˰̣ˤʬϲǽ ([2025-02-14-1])
#5773. ʻȤϲ --- ̩˵ǽˤʬλߡ ([2025-02-15-1])
#5782. ʻȤϲ --- ̩˷֤ˤʬहȤɤʤ뤫 ([2025-02-24-1])

Referrer (Inside): [2025-03-05-1]

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2025-03-03 Mon

#5789. ַ Helvillian 3椬ޤ [helwa][heldio][notice][helmate][helkatsu][helvillian][word_play][radio_broadcast][link]


Helvillian_202503.png



ܥ֥ɤߤαѸ˥եγ󡤤Ԥޤ228ʶˤˡط Helvillian 〜ϥѸˡ٤κǿȤʤ2025ǯ35ָޤѸˤ̥Ϥͤޤä¤ƤȤʤäƤޤ
η֥ޥϡhelwa Υꥹʡʤ֥ͭإᥤȤˤǡ28ˡľ1ΥإᥤȤˤ͡ʱѸ˳ưhel(helkatsu) note ǥ󥯤ĥĤľҲ𤷤ƤȤhelǤҥ֥ޥδϤȤʤäƤ note եƤФȻפޤ碌ܥ֥ helvillian ε⤪ɤߤС
ɽΤȤСΤϡꥹʡ Lilimi ˤ뵭ȼ̿Ǥ󥹰ɽǥϡڤߤˤƤޤ
̤ܶϲȤäƤֲۿýǤ1¿ΥإᥤȤ stand.fmʥաˤ̤ƲˤhelϤƤޤ줾ŪʥͥȤʤäƤꡤѸˤ̥ϤƤޤheldio Υѡʥƥ̳ƤȤƤϡhelβۿ֤Ƥ뤳Ȥ򿴶Ƥޤä夬äƤ륷꡼helñ졼 (ewlr) ǤαѸͷӤˤĤƤϡܥ֥ε#5781. helñ졼פĴ³Ƥޤ ([2025-02-23-1]) ⤴
ۤˤ⿷פhel褬о줷Ƥޤˤ YouTube ưAIäꥸʥͶ˥Ե§ư - LEGACY NEVER FADESOPǤԵ§ưȤѸؽԤǺߤμˤͶ˥Υץ˥󥰤ȤǤϤ䡤Τ褦hel褬ƤޤȤϡ
ưۿܤ򽸤ǡ note ʤɤΥƥȥƥĤĴǤѸ츻ŵɥΡȡޡѸ˥ʤɡ֤Ϣܤ³Ƥޤ
ԽѰˤ뻨Ū⸫ɤǤhelwa ΤߡưHelvillian Խ嵭ԽѰˤ뻨ŪǤڤߤˤƤ륳ʡǤߥ˥ƥư΢äʤɤޤޤƤޤ
 Helvillian 5̤ơ͡ʷŸhel򤪳ڤߤǿ3ξҲϡheldio Ǥ#1371. Helvillian 3椬ۿƤΤǡ⤪İС


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2025-03-02 Sun

#5788. ׹ͤȸ --- ̣Ӹůؤ [thought_and_reality][semantics][philosophy_of_language][terminology]

Saeed ΰ̣γ "Thought and reality" ꤹ᤬롥ϰ̣ (semantics) ȸů (philosophy_of_language) Ȥ٤Ѹθʸ (p. 45) Ѥʤ顤̤ΤĤѸǧƤ

We can ask: must we as aspiring semanticists adopt for ourselves a position on traditional questions of ontology, the branch of philosophy that deals with the nature of being and the structure of reality, and epistemology, the branch of philosophy concerned with the nature of knowledge? For example, do we believe that reality exists independently of the workings of human minds? If not, we are adherents of idealism. If we do believe in an independent reality, can we perceive the world as it really is? One response is to say yes. We might assert that knowledge of reality is attainable and comes from correctly conceptualizing and categorizing the world. We could call this position objectivism. On the other hand we might believe that we can never perceive the world as it really is: that reality is only graspable through the conceptual filters derived from our biological and cultural evolution. We could explain the fact that we successfully interact with reality (run away from lions, shrink from fire, etc.) because of a notion of ecological viability. Crudely: that those with very inefficient conceptual systems (not afraid of lions or fire) died out and weren't our ancestors. We could call this position mental constructivism: we can't get to a God's eye view of reality because of the way we are made.


̣ҤƤϸؤؤȤơ׹ͤȸ¤δطˤĤƸůؾΩ줬ʣ뤳ȤΤäƤ

Saeed, John I. Semantics. 3rd ed. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2009.Ụ̄γǤ

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2025-03-01 Sat

#5787. ѸˤϡֱѸˡפȤֱѸˡ --- θԾҲư [notice][helkatsu][youtube][hellog][inohota][hel_herald][khelf]



ν°θ YouTube ַͥ Keio UniversityˤָԾҲưȤ꡼ޤΥ꡼1ȤֱѸˤϡֱѸˡפȤֱѸˡס׷ʸδ춵ޤ4ʬ22äۤɤưǤ
ưȤƤƿܤ˻ƤƤΤǤγˤϥͤ through Tʡ֤إ饸åˤ夿ѤǥݡȤäƤޤcf. #5679. through Tġ ([2024-11-13-1])ˡʤʥݡǼ̿Ƥ򤷤ΤǤǽŪ˺Ѥ줿ΤǤϤθư襵ͤȸ٤⤤ƤΤʬޤ
ưǤϡܥ֥ˤĤƤ⡤ظDZĤƤ뤳Ȥ⤢ꡤƤޤޤƱʸʸ칶ƱνǡѸظԤʼȥܤƤ YouTube ֤ΤۤإͥˤڤƤޤˡkhelfʷѸ˥եȯԤرѸ˿ʹҲ𤷤Ƥޤ
ưΥåե졼ɸ˷Ǥֱ̤ѸˤϡֱѸˡפȤֱѸˡספǤˤĤƤϡܥ֥Ǥ#4361. ѸˤϡֱѸˡפȤֱѸˡס ([2021-04-05-1]) Ǽ夲Τǡ⤴С
ַ Keio Universityˤϡ¾ν°ԤξҲư¿Ƥޤ¿¿ͤʥƥĤƤޤҥͥϿƤС

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