ظλŵ٤įƤȤѲ (language_change) Ȥδؿʬ˴ؤ͡ʵܤӹǤѲˤĤƤϻܥ֥¾͡˹ͤƤԤ10ͤ10̤θѲѤ롥ϡظλŵ٤ pp. 560--62 ˵ܤƤ롤ԻˤָѲװȤΥᥫ˥פꤹ1Ѥ롥
ѲװȤΥᥫ˥
ȤФϻήѲ³ΤǤꡤ˶٥ǤѲ˵ŤˤϤƤ֤ȤФפȤª졤оݤȤʤ롥Ȥʿ»ʸغʤ䡤ñʸȯΤʤɤСѲïܤˤ餫Ǥ롥äơޤȤФѲΤޤǤȤȯΩäƸ츽ݤƤȤפǤ롥Ĥƥ塼Ferdinand de Saussure, 185--1913ˤذ̸عֵ (Cours de linguistique générale)٤̻ (diachronic linguistics) ȶ (synchronic linguistics) ̡˸椹٤ǤȽҤ٤ΤϡޤǯʸˡɤŰ줷ˡ§õ˷پĤ餹ǤäȻפ뤬ɤʸǤ⤵ޤޤʥ٥ǾѲοʹʳˤΤǡŪԤʤǤ̻Ūʻ³뤳ȤڤǤ롥
ǤϤʤȤФѲΤǤŪװȤƤϻҶθ콬βҲŪѰۡŪװȤƤϸܿͤ롥Ҷͤζʤȯäʹʤû֤Τ˸ʸˡηϤ뤬ͤˤʤäƤϤۤɴñˤѲʤĤޤҶθ콬β˸ѲװǤȻפ롥ޤθ츽ݤवޤޤʼҲŪѰۤɤ줬ˤɤΤ褦ʷǺѤƤΤͽǤʤɤ⡤ȤΡ֥ɡפϡ֥ԲפȤιήؤȸָסֿ٤פʤɤΡ֤ȴաפ夷ƤΤ⤷ʤʬβˤϡָ콬פּҲءפθ̤ԲķȤ롥ܿˤѲϡŪܤ֤ʤɤȯѤ뤤¿Ѥˤ륳ɴ֤δĤˤäͶȯ롥ܺ٤ˤĤƤϸҤ롥
ƶ٥ǸѲβ˵ŤȤ⤢뤱ɤ⡤Ѳɴǯǯñ̤ǸˤꤤäϤäǧ롥λ庹ѻ뤿ˤϲʸԲķǤ롥ĤޤꤽΤ褦ʸäƽƸѲװȤΥᥫ˥βǽˤʤȤ롥λŪ椬ˤ礭ȯŸΤ⡤¾θ²ʤʸϿ¿¸ߤǤ롥ʸϲ٤ݼŪǤʤɡɬ줬ΤޤϿƤ櫓Ǥʤαդ뤳ȤɬפǤ롥
ûʸϤΤʤˡѲκǤפǻ̩˵ͤޤƤ롥ǽפΤ٤Ƥ夷Ƥ櫓ǤϤʤΤΡ̩٤϶ä٤䤬ǤͤȽǤ5ȴФ
(1) ֤ȤФѲΤޤǤȤȯΩäƸ츽ݤƤȤפǤ
(2) ֶŪԤʤǤ̻Ūʻ³뤳ȤڤǤ
(3) ֤ʤȤФѲΤǤŪװȤƤϻҶθ콬βҲŪѰۡŪװȤƤϸܿͤ
(4) ֤ʬβˤϡָ콬פּҲءפθ̤ԲķȤ
(5) ʸϲ٤ݼŪǤʤɡɬ줬ΤޤϿƤ櫓Ǥʤαդ뤳ȤɬפǤ
ԡָѲסظλŵ١ ʿԡˡīҽŹ2005ǯ560--82ǡ
ϢҲ𤷤ƤܡĤߡĴظܼ2023ǯˤꡤܽκǤפʼĥ1ĤҲ𤹤롥콬ˤƥΥޥȥڤ䤬礭Ȥƶ4ϤκǸ塤120ڡѤʸ˵ѤƤˡ
콬ˤ륪ΥޥȥڤάͤϡҤɤɴѤͿȤȸ褦μʤ֤ϤʤФʤʤҤɤȡŪʵ礫ʣηϤǤλѡǽ⤯ȤϤȤꡤΩĤȤǤʤäҤɤ⤬ɤΤ褦ˡäƸȤ⤤Ф꤭뤳ȤǤΤ̩뤳ȤꡤƸ콬ȤʤΤǤ롥
ܾϤǤϡȤʳδХƥбŤ륪ΥޥȥڤΥȤŪʵηϤƧ߽Ф֤Ȥ̤ȤҤ٤Ƥ
ΤݤؤζϤʥǥؤζϤΥޥȥڤäȤϡδ顤ơ#5269. Υޥȥڤϻפä⤫ä ([2023-09-30-1]) ȡ#5271. ΥޥȥڤϰճˤΥŪǤ ([2023-10-02-1]) εɤǤС
Ĥߡ ظܼ --- ȤФϤɤޤ졤ʲ١2023ǯ
ѸˤϡŪ첻 (Great Vowel Shift; gvs) Ȥ̤ˡѸζŪʸݤȤƤ "Modern English Vowel Shift Rule (alterations)" ȤΤ롥ԤϡѸڥˤߤ벻ŪѰۤ˴ؤ붦Ūʵ§Ǥ롥Chomsky and Halle üȯθθ÷ǤⰷƤȥԥåȤСΤ褦ʥڥ첻˴ؤƸؤߤ롥various ? variety, comedy ? comedian, study ? studious, harmony ? harmonious; divine ? divinity, serene ? serenity, sane ? sanity, reduce ? reduction, fool ? folly, profound ? profundity (McMahon 342) .
McMahon ϡζŪʵ§Ŭ (Optimality Theory; ot) ʬϤԸŦʤ顤ƱϱΧ (prosody) ΤˤĹƤ뤬첻ؤΤ褦ʬ˴ؤˤŬѤˤΤǤϤʤƤ롥ξϡ̤ˤƱֲפˤȤϤºݤˤΩ⤤ΤǤϤʤȤMcMahon (357) ϡΩκʤ鼡Τ褦Ƥ롥
. . . we must recognise prosodic and melodic phonology as two different systems, and in fact there are many different strands of evidence pointing in that direction. For instance, prosodic phonology shows clearer connections with emotion, with gesture, and with aspects of call systems in other primates. Prosodic and segmental phonology behave very differently in cases of language disorder and breakdown, with some children who are seriously language-impaired finding considerable compensatory strength in prosody, for instance. Prosodic phonology is also acquired early, and there is evidence that the brain lateralisation of prosody and melody is different too, with more involvement of the right hemisphere in prosody, and strong left hemisphere localisation for segmentals. If prosody phonology and segmental phonology are actually two very different systems, which have evolved differently, are processed differently, are acquired differently, and interact with different systems (as with the paralinguistic uses of prosody, for instance), then there is no need for us to expect a single theory to deal with both.
θϡOT Ūʰ˴ؤˤȤɤޤ餺ؤˤ벻ΰ֤ŤˤĤƤƹͤ¥ΤȤʤ
Chomsky, Noam and Morris Halle. The Sound Pattern of English. New York: Harper & Row, 1968.
McMahon, April. "Who's Afraid of the Vowel Shift Rule?" Language Sciences (Issues in English Phonology) 29 (2007): 341--59.
ҥȤθħˤĤơ#1327. ҥȤθ˶̤7Ĥ ([2012-12-14-1]) #1281. ū ([2012-10-29-1]) ʤɤεǼ夲ƤΤ褦ʵǤϡʤҥȤθ줬¾ưʪΤĥߥ˥ʤȤϰۤʤħͭ뤳ȤĴΤ̤δߤȤष̤ħ⤭Ħˤʤ뤳Ȥ롥Aitchison (7--9) ˤСҥȤθĻβ (bird-song) ˤȤ
(1) ޤ˻פ⤫֤ΤϥˤޤͤϥҥȤƱ褦ʰ̣ǡ֤٤äƤפ뤤ϡָѤƤפ櫓ǤϤʤĴˡޤǰۤʤ롥ưʪˤϴʬȯǽϤäƤǤϡϥҥȤƱ
(2) ĻŷŪʸƤ (call) ȸŷŪʲ (song) 2ĤäƤ롥ҥȤˤǽŪʶʤɤȸ˽2ȯ롥ĤޤꡤĻβΤȥҥȤθˤϡŷŪ˽Ȥ롥
(3) ĻβΤǤϡΤġβñȤǤϰ̣ʤϢ³פǤ롥ƱͤˡҥȤθǤ⡤ġʬϰ̣⤿̾綠줬ʣȤ߹蘆äƤǤǰʾñ̤ˤʤäȤ˻ϤựġϡҥȤθκǤħȤƤФлŦʬ (double_articulation) ˤۤʤʤĻβΤˤħߤȤȤˤʤ롥
(4) ˡƱĻǤ⡤ϢϤ뤬㴳ۤʤβΤ뤳Ȥ롥ϡҥȤθǤȤˤۤʤʤCalifornia Ρ֤ߤޤȤɡ (white-crowned sparrow) ȤۥʤĻϡ䡤ˤäƤ San Francisco Ǥ顤ζ̤פѻԤǤиΤν褬狼ȤޤǸʴϢơȵԤΤ꤬Τ褦˰ۤʤȤäʹȤˡ
(5) ̣ȤˡѤƤ뵡ϤޤǰۤʤҥȤθĻβΤ⡤̾ﺸǾ椵ƤȤ롥
(6) ĻΤҤʤˤΤνȥҥȤλҶθ콬˻Ƥ롥ҤʤϰĻȤƤβΤˡȾΤʳФ롥⡤ᤤʳˤƲΤȯã˽פ׳뤳ȤΤƤ롥ϡҥȤθǤȤǸ (babbling) 콬׳б褦ˤߤ롥
Aichison (8) ϡʾΤ褦ˤޤȤƤ롥
In short, both birds and humans produce fluent complex sounds, they both have a double-barrel led, double-layered system involving tunes and dialects, which is controlled by the left half of the brain. Youngsters have a type of sub-language en route to the full thing, and are especially good at acquiring the system in the early years of their lives.
礭ȤϸƨƤϤʤʤ㤨СĻǤΤϡͺΤߤǤ롥ޤĻβΤϡҥȤθ٤ơκ礭ȤˤäƤϿεΥФƥߥ˥ȤΤ⡤ĻβΤθħĻβΤμ礿ŪᰦǤΤФơҥȤθŪϤäȹϤǤ롥
ĻβΤȥҥȤθʤȰۼˤӤƤ狼뤳Ȥϡۤʤˤ褦ħΩȤȤǤ롥ξԤ꤬˥ҥȤθε褦ȤƤ⡤餯ޤʤΤǤϤʤ
Aitchison, Jean. The Seeds of Speech: Language Origin and Evolution. Cambridge: CUP, 1996.
#1632. communicative competence ([2013-10-15-1]) εǡcommunicative competence linguistic competence 椵̣Ǥ communicative competence ϡlinguistic competence ϤᡤưɬפʽǽϤޤࡥºݤ2콬 (Second Language Acquisition) ʬǤϡ2ˤĤƽ٤ǽϤϡŪˤ "communicative competence" ĺȤʲΤ٤ƤǽϤȤƤʲޤ O'Grady et al., p 395 "A model of communicative competence" ͤˤƺˡ

ƹͤƤߤȡؤνʬϤνǽϤбνηϤ뤿¸ߤƤȤ롥ǤƤüԤζŪʥߥ˥ǽϤˤƤΤǤꡤ̻Ūʼǽ (?) ʤˤƤʤäơ˸ؤˤΤ褦ʬϡοޤ;ϤϤʤȤäƸؤȤ鳰٤ȤȤˤϤʤʤؤϸ˴ؤ뤢¦̤ˤΤǤꡤ̻֤ⶦ֤ƱʤǸ椵٤оݤǤ롥ŪǽϤοޤŪˡ줿̻ŪʱĤߤοޤꤷ
οޤ˴ؤƤ⤦1դäȤϡ#1632. communicative competence ([2013-10-15-1])#1633. ٤̱ۤ²ء ([2013-10-16-1])#1644. ٤̱ۤ² (2) ([2013-10-27-1]), #1646. ȯù٤ʸ ([2013-10-29-1]) Ǽ夲Ƥ̣Ǥ "communicative competence" ϤοޤΤʤǤϤɤ˰֤ŤΤȤǤ롥"Sociolinguistic competence" "Cultural references" ˴ޤޤ褦˻פ뤬ȤСäߥۤ٤ߥλľŪ˸äƤ褤ɤä˳äݤεդȤƤβɲä뤳ȤˤʤΤ
O'Grady, William, John Archibald, Mark Aronoff, Janie Rees-Miller. Contemporary Linguistics: An Introduction. 6th ed. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's, 2010. (Companion Site based on the 5th edition available here.)
(2) ǤϡѲͽȤκˤĤƼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥
̤ˤȤФѲˤĤƤͽϡ
(i) ߿ʹѲ
(ii) ˤƼºݤ˵äŪѲ
(iii) ƱϸˤߤѲ
(iv) Ļθ콬
ʤɤ˴ŤƹԤ롥
(i) (iv) ˤơΤݤءü줫̤ؤȴ⤯ʤäƤܤͤ롥(i) θߤˤѲλ¡(ii) βѲλ¡(iii) ƱϸθߤȲѲλ¡ drift εʤɤͿˡ(iv) ϸ줽ΤΤǤϤʤҥȤθ콬 (language acquisition) μʲ⸽ߤ̤ѤȤβǡˤˤ줾롥
(iii) θˡƱϡƱϸΡĤޤΤˤƸߤӲѲλ¤ȤäƤ褤ΤǤϤʤüŪˤС̸ŪʸѲ (typology of language change) ȤǤ롥ָѲͽκפβǤȰʲΤ褦ˤʤ
Ρü á á(1) θѲʸߡ á á(2) θѲʲ á á(3) ƱϸθѲʸߡ á á(4) θѲʸߡ á á(5) 콬ȸѲʸߡ ݡ
ȤФѲϡޤäƱ郎äȤäɬȤϸ¤ʤΰ̣ǡȤФѲϼʳؤˡ§ (law) ȤϤ (trend, tendency) ˤʤ
ɡѲˤĤƤͽҤʤɤϡ֤ȤФѲװϲפȤŪϤ̤ΤǤ롥
ʸϤ顤ԤϸѲͽȤ٤βͤϡ줬뤫ɤȤͽȤƤ٤ˤΤǤϤʤѲθ餫ˤ褦ȤĤߤǤˤȹͤƤ뤳Ȥʬ롥Bauer ȽŪ٤褯ʬΤŪˤΩƱդ
ԡѲѸ١ҤĤ˼2003ǯ
Sapir, Edward. Language. New York: Hartcourt, 1921.
Bauer, Laurie. Watching English Change: An Introduction to the Study of Linguistic Change in Standard Englishes in the Twentieth Century. Harlow: Longman, 1994.
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