ε#6191. 뤤 l ȰŤ l ([2026-04-09-1]) ˰³¦ /l/ ˴ؤꡥѸˤˤ /l/ Υ롼ġ뤤ϼʥˤĤơCruttenden (204) Ѥ롥
Chief sources---PresE /l/ derives from OE [l,ll] (land, climb, all, tell, apple), from OE [hl], [xl] or [l̥] (loaf, ladder)---since OE front vowels tended to be diphthongized before /l/, it seems likely that /l/ in such a position was velarized in OE as it is today; from OF [l] (lamp, close, colour, veal, able). In many cases pre-consonantal [ɫ], especially after back or open vowels, was vocalized to [ʊ] (walk, talk, half, folk) in the early fifteenth century, such a pronunciation being commonly shown by the seventeenth-century grammarians; but in some cases (halt, salt, malt), it has been retained; in others, an /l/ has been re-introduced in spelling and pronunciation (fault, falcon, emerald, soldier, realm) or merely in the spelling (calm, palm, balm). The loss of /l/ in could, should, would occurred in eModE.
űѸˡʤȤ⤢ĶǤϰŤ [ɫ] ԤʤƤŪڵȤȤ뤤 [l] ˤĤƤϤɤʤΤŤ RP Τ褦ʬۤǡ뤤 [l] ¸ƤΤ뤤ϱѸˤ椫餢Ѽˤ۲ȤʬۤϤΤե /l/ Ū뤤 [l] Ǥ뤳Ȥͤ碌ȡݥ饤ȤĴȤƤ뤤 [l] ѸƳ줿ȤȤϹͤʤΤ/l/ ĴҤȤĤȤäƤߤƤ⡤⤷ѸˤǤ
Cruttenden, Alan. Gimson's Pronunciation of English. 6th ed. New York: OUP, 2001.
RP (= Received Pronunciation) Ǥϡ¦ /l/ ˡ뤤 [l] (clear [l]) ȡְŤ [ɫ] (dark [ɫ]) ̤롥뤤 [l] ϡ̤Ÿ˻夲Ĵǡ첻βȤʤ롥Ť [ɫ] ϸ̤˻夲Ĵǡ첻βȤʤ롥
줾줬ʬۤΤǤ롥첻뤤 /j/ ֤Ǥ뤤 [l] ¸졤ʳΤ٤Ƥΰ֤ǤϰŤ [ɫ]¸롥ʲĤΰ۲ñȤȤ˵Ƥߤ롥
뤤 [l]: leave, let, lock; blow, glad, splice; silly, yellow, alloy; medley, ugly, nobly; feel it, fall out, all over ʺǸΤ褦˸춭ˤ뤤 [l]
̵θ֤Ǥ̵뤤 [l] : play, please, plant, apply, aplomb, clean, close, climb
̵̵θ֤뤤̵θ֤ǤʬŪ̵뤤 [l] : placebo, aptly, butler, antler, ghastly; sloppy, slow, slink, fling, flow, earthly
Ť [ɫ]: feel, fill, fell, help, bulb, salt; alpine, elbow, halter
粻Ū [ɫ̩]: table, middle, cudgel, camel, final
̵Ҳθ֤ǤʬŪ̵粻Ū [ɫ̩] : apple, little, satchel, awful
ڤܤ /l/ ˤĤƤϡξζ̩ˤʤäƤ뤬뤤 [l] ȰŤ [ɫ] κǾФüԤȤΤ褦üԤˤƤϡǤζڤ˱ coupling [ˈkʌplɪŋ] (connecting device) coupling [ˈkʌpɫɪŋ] (joining) ̤Ȥ
뤤 [l] ȰŤ [ɫ] RP Ǥ̤뤬ʳѼǤ϶̤ʤȤ¿㤨С̥ꥫѸ졤ɸॹåȥɱѸ졤ȥꥢѸ졤˥塼ɱѸ졤Ѹ졤̥륺ѸǤϡ٤Ƥΰ֤ǰŤ [ɫ] 롥ɱѸ졤ɽѸ졤륺Ѹ졤Tyneside Ǥϡ٤Ƥΰ֤뤤 [l] 롥
ʾ塤Cruttenden (200--05) ˰͵ƼɮϢơ#1817. Ѹ /l/ /r/ (2) ([2014-04-18-1]) ⻲Ȥ줿
Cruttenden, Alan. Gimson's Pronunciation of English. 6th ed. New York: OUP, 2001.
ѲΤʤǤⲻѲ뤳ȤϤȤ櫓ؤˤˤơֲѲפʤΤϤˤϤΤޤǼ夤ˤȤɤޤ롥ʤ첻ѲΤ벻ѲäȤơʤϤΤȤ˵äΤѲϤΤȤ˵ΤȤ̵˵Τ饭꤬ʤΤ˲褷ƤʤȤäƤ褤
زˡ٤路ϡƬ˶ᤤ1.2 ѲפκǽˡΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥
19ʹߤλŪؤȯãȤȤˡ֤ʤѲ뤫װϲפȤ꤬ŪؤˤȤäƽפʴؿ1ĤȤʤäȾεҸءȾѷθܤޤȯŸȤȤ˿ѲƤƤѲϵŪˤϰλ˵ѲΤ餯ʣľŪˤͽΤ뤳Ȥˤ뤬ޤǤθϼȤƸѲؤθȤ夤ȤäƤ롥ʤѲװŪҲŪŪŪװ˵ᡤʸ̮¸ѲˤĤʸ̮θ椬ʸ̮ͳѲˤĤƤϳŪŪװθ椬ԤʤƤ
زˡ٤줿Τ1985ǯ줫40ǯФäǤ⡤ҤξܼŪѤäƤʤѸˤβѲγˤƤ⡤͡ʹͤƤƤΤΡּȤƸѲؤθȤ夤ȤäƤѤ꤬ʤ
丫ǤϡѲΤʤǤ⡤Ȥ櫓ѲϺǸޤΤޤޤ˻Ĥ륿פʤΤǤϤʤ餳ĤΤ롥
סزˡ١Ѹ11罤۽Ź1985ǯ
ε#5863. ֤פˡ ([2025-05-16-1]) ǡפŪʵҤǧƱܸظŵ٤ꡤܸ˴ؤ̸ؤδΡפε (p. 103--04) ɤǤߤ
ڲ۲̾ʸΡ֥פ˳벻ǤꡤϤͤ벻Ȥ⤤˳벻ȽиĶˤĤƤϡ̩ɸȴάɸˤ⤢뤬ά[ɴ]첻Ⱦ첻ڤ [s][ʃ]ľ[ŋ][ŋ][ɡ][k]ľ[ɳ]Ÿ[ɳ]ľ[n]Բ[n][d][dz][dʒ][t][ts][tʃ][ɾ]ľ[m]ξ[m][b][p]ľ˰֤ʬۤʤƤȤ롥Ƥβϡ̣ŪΩ˴ͿɡȤǶ̤ƤꡤľλҲˤĶƱʤ[ɴ]ʳƤľλҲδĶƱˤĴۤˤƤȲǤ뤳Ȥ顤ƱβǤ˳۲ǤȤߤ뤳ȤǤ롥βϡľ첻ȼ˥⡼硤ߤΩ̲ǡ㤨С[ŋ[n][m]ϳ/ŋ//n//m/ˤ˳롥βҲľȤĶΩȤ顤Ǥϡ²ǤǤȤȤǤ롥²ǤϡȤơɽŪ۲ˤ벻Υե٥åȾʸʸ̥ޥޡͤ礭ǵȤˤʤäƤ뤳Ȥ顤ξϡĶƱαƶʤ[ɴ]ɽȤơ/N/ɸΤŪǤ롥ʤ⡼Ȳλߤȡ̥ޥޡ͡ϡ¥ƱͤˡñȤΩ⡼ʤ⡤ñȤǤϲǤʤǤ뤳Ȥ顤ñȤDzǤ뼫Ω⡼ʼΩˤФơü⡼üˤȸƤФ졤/N/ϡü첻ǤȸƤФ롥
²ǡפȤƲ᤹ϰ츫ΤܸüԤȤǧƤ֤פΤŪ˸ʤΤȹͤȡȤԻĤʵ롥̵ռƤ뤳ȤŪ褦ȤȡʤˤɬפʤΤȻפǤ롥ؤ⥷Τϡդ˥ݥȤΤ
ܸظŵ١ ʸۤ ԡ2007ǯ
ܸΡ֤פɽϡܸˤǤȯβǤ롥ܸظŵ٤Ρפι (p. 355) ꡤӲؤδ֤פüƤߤ褦
ڲ֤ۡϤͤ벻פȤ⤤Ť˿ȯܸ첻ΰġ¥ȤȤ˻ҲǤΤߤǥ⡼Ȥܸ첻ˤϤʤäդä⡼ɽˤ /N/ Ѥ롥ɥʥɥ[doki]/doki/ˤФɥʥɥ[doŋki]/doNki/ˤΤ褦ˡ⡼ /N/ 뤫ʤˤꡤΰ̣μ̡ŪħˤʤȤΩġ̤Ǥϡִʸ [kambuN]סִ [kan(d)zi]סִ [kaŋŋo]פΤ褦˸³λҲˤۤʤ벻Ȥʤ뤬ʬۤʤƱ첻Ȳơ⡼ /N/ ΩġͤפȤϡ봶ˤȤ⡤λҲ̾ˤѷȤȤˤ˴ŤȤ롥ˤϡؤȴλΤ [m][n][ŋ] 첻֤줿ˤȤ롥ʸɻȡɽ͡Ǥꡤä˴ˤƸǤ롥m ˤϡ̵ɽõסɽִסɽӸűפʤɤn ˤϡ̵ɽסɽðסɽۥסɽִסüɽפʤɤѤƤ롥ں٤ˤ⡤ŷפ֤Ƥסޤ֤ƤפȵƤ㤬롥Ūˤϡm ϥࡤn ̵ɽȤʤ뤳Ȥ¿ m n ȤκƱϰȸ졤ΥɽȾˤϸ褦ˤʤ롥
ˡθβ꤬Ƥ롥
ڲ۴ʸɻ˸褦ˡɽä˴ˤʣ̯ʻѤ褷ɽظˤ롤μ¼뤳ȤʤΤȤƤ롥ܸ첻Ȥ夷ƤˤĤƤ⡤ʬ餫ˤʤäȤϸؤι͵椬ɬפǤ롥
֤פ뤳Ȥʤ졥ʤǤ롥
ܸظŵ١ ʸۤ ԡ2007ǯ
ε#5860. ֤פȯμ¸ ([2025-05-13-1]) ³ܸ֤פˤޤĤꡥ碌¥֤áפˤĤƤͤ롥
ܸɴŵ٤ˡܸ첻פꤹ (pp. 251--52) ǡ¥˴ؤ붽̣ͻ롥ɽǤϻҲɽΤǻҲŪȲ뤳Ȥ¿ष첻ŪʤΤǤϤʤȤƶ252ǤѤ롥
ʤ¥ϰ츫ҲβȤԼΤ褦ˤפ뤬ϡ̣첻1ȸ뤳ȤǤ롥ʤȤ¥ϡ³ĺ䶹λ³ˤǤmnŋ ptk ǡֲִ뤤Ϥ˽ऺΡˤȰۤʤꡤष첻ʳλ³ˤ˻Ƥ롥ֻʥ١ʥáöפʤɸ治¥ϡ³ȼ褦¥°Ǥʤ³Ҳʥɤ d 䥿 tˤ°ȸ롥
ФѸ "bat" ʤɤ t ϡĺξԤޤ椨ܿͤˤϡ֥Хåȡפǡʹ롥̣¥ϡҲ nt ʤɤȶ̤줾 NTʤ뤤 QˤǡɽΤǤ̡ġ͡
ϲؤǤ⤢ꡤǤ⤢롥Ѹޤ¿θλ٤ȡܸΡü첻ǡפϳΤüǤϤ롥
ܸɴŵ١İ ɧۤ ԡ罤ۡ1988ǯ
ܸǡ֤פɽ벻μ¸¿ͤǤ뤳Ȥϡ褯ΤƤ롥ĶǡŪˤɬƤʤ͡ʲ֤פμ¸ΤѤƤΤüԤˤĿͺ⤢ΤΡ̤ˤϼΤ褦˸Ƥ롥ܸɴŵ٤Ρפι (pp. 246--47) ꡥ
֤פϸ֤ˤäƲۤʤꡤɡҲˤʤɡ첻ˤʤȤʰʲ˼ɽϤʤάʤΤǤˡ
i) ɡĺή
[m] 3 [sammai]
3ա [sambai]
[n] ֽ [onna]
ֲ١ [ondo]
[honrai]
[ŋ] ֶ [kiŋŋjo]
ii) ԻҲ첻Ⱦ첻
[i᷈] ñ̡ [tai᷈i][᷈] [i] 꾯ɡ
ż֡ [de᷈ʃa]
[ɯ᷈] ֺǡ [koɯ᷈wakɯ]
[roɯ᷈soː]
iii) ڤ
ȤС֥ѥפñȤȯˤ [paɴ] ɽ롥[ɴ] ϸɡǤ뤬ѶŪɡҲǤȤϡꡤ㴳Ĥ뤳Ȥˤä벻ǤʤʤɽǤ /ɴ/ ɽ魯 /ɴ/ Ȳɽ /ɴ/ Ȥϰ̣ۤʤˡ
֤ϲδܸˤδ⤪⤷ޤ֤פϥɽȤɤʤΤȤˤĤơѸֻΥȥԥå˴ϢŤƤߤΤ⤪⤷Ϣơʲεȡ
#3852. ʤֿסʤФˤΥɽ Shimbashi ˤ n ǤϤʤ m ѤΤǤ (1) ([2019-11-13-1])
#3853. ʤֿסʤФˤΥɽ Shimbashi ˤ n ǤϤʤ m ѤΤǤ (2) ([2019-11-14-1])
#3854. ʤֿסʤФˤΥɽ Shimbashi ˤ n ǤϤʤ m ѤΤǤ (3) ([2019-11-15-1])
#3855. ʤֿסʤˤΥɽ *Shingkoiwa Ȥʤ餺 Shinkoiwa ȤʤΤǤ ([2019-11-16-1])
ܸɴŵ١İ ɧۤ ԡ罤ۡ1988ǯ
ɸѤʵ¤ϸŪˤϴñˤʤ (syllable) ϲؤǤŪʳǰ¤ϰŪͿΤΤBussmann θѸ콸ɤǤߤ褦
syllable
Basic phonetic-phonological unit of the word or of speech that can be identified intuitively, but for which there is no uniform linguistic definition. Articulatory criteria include increased pressure in the airstream . . . , a change in the quality of individual sounds . . . , a change in the degree to which the mouth is opened. Regarding syllable structure, a distinction is drawn between the nucleus (= 'crest,' 'peak,' ie. the point of greatest volume of sound which, as a rule, is formed by vowels) and the marginal phonemes of the surrounding sounds that are known as the head (= 'onset,' i.e. the beginning of the syllable) and the coda (end of the syllable). Syllable boundaries are, in part, phonologically characterized by boundary markers. If a syllable ends in a vowel, it is an open syllable; if it ends in a consonant, a closed syllable. Sounds, or sequences of sounds that cannot be interpreted phonologically as syllabic (like [p] in supper, which is phonologically one phone, but belongs to two syllables), are known as 'interludes.'
̸βüԤˤȤäľŪñ̤̤ǰƬˤƵҴŪ꼰褦ȻߤƤ⡤ޤʤĴؤİвؤ¦ޤϲŪʲʤɤΤΡɬ⤭줤ˤǤʤǤüԤϲȤñ̤ΤäƤפ餷ȤΤ顤ԻĤ
ᤰäƤϡhellog ǤϢ夲Ƥʲεʤɤȡ
#347. ñʿѲϤɤΤ餤 ([2010-04-09-1])
#1440. ٥ ([2013-04-06-1])
#1513. ʹ١ ([2013-06-18-1])
#1563. ṽ¤ ([2013-08-07-1])
#3715. ṽ¤ Rhyme Ȥñ̤ǧ뺬 ([2019-06-29-1])
#4621. ⡼ --- ܸ줫ΰ̲ؤι ([2021-12-21-1])
#4853. ȥ⡼ ([2022-08-10-1])
Bussmann, Hadumod. Routledge Dictionary of Language and Linguistics. Trans. and ed. Gregory Trauth and Kerstin Kazzizi. London: Routledge, 1996.

*
925Ҥηؤդ10ԤޤΡؤդ٤ˤơǯ١ϢֱܵѸˤįեפƤƤޤϢܤ7Ǥ֥եϱѸβФѤפꤷƵɮޤʲФȤޤ
1. Ҳȯؤαƶ
ե줫μѸ줬ѸȯͿƶˤĤƳƤޤä /v/ γΩ䡤/f/ /v/ βΩηˤĤƲ⤷ޤ
2. 첻ȯؤαƶ
եͳ첻2첻ѸβηϤͿƶƤޤ/ɔɪ/ ƳʤɡʤβǤ
3. Ȥؤαƶ
եѸˤäƱѸζѥɤΤ褦ѲƤޤۤʤ붯ѥζ¸ʤɡѸˤδ鶽̣ޤ
4. Ѹ餷η
ѸϥեαƶĤĤ⡤ȼβηϤȯãƤޤβǷƤȯΡֱѸ餷פˤĤȽŪ˹ͻޤ
εǤϡե줬ѸΡʸäǤϤʤȯͿƶʤ⤷ƤޤեθŪʱƶˤĤƤΤäƤȤ⡤ȯؤαƶˤĤƤϰճʹȤʤΤǤϤʤǤ礦̾٥ԤѸˤȤʤäƤޤ
ҡؤդ10˼äƤФȻפޤ6Ϣܵ hellog ǾҲ𤷤ƤޤΤǡɤȤ
#5449. ؤդ٤DZѸϢܤϤޤޤ ([2024-03-28-1])
#5477. ʤʩѸˤϻƤñ줬Ρ --- ؤդ٤Ϣܵ2ơ ([2024-04-25-1])
#5509. Ѹ˼Ѥ줿ǽʩñ --- ؤդ٤Ϣܵ3ơ ([2024-05-27-1])
#5538. եѸή --- ؤդ٤Ϣܵ4ơ ([2024-06-25-1])
#5566. ѸΥեѸ줬ѸäͿ --- ؤդ٤Ϣܵ5ơ ([2024-07-23-1])
#5600. ե촷줷ƤѸ --- ؤդ٤Ϣܵ6ơ ([2024-08-26-1])
δ졡ֱѸˤįե졡7եϱѸβФѤסؤդ2024ǯ10桤ҡ2024ǯ92554--55ǡ
#5618. īѤʵܥΥå with Ͻؤ --- ֱѸ˥饤2024פ ([2024-09-13-1]) ǾҲ𤷤Voicy heldio īѤʵܥΥå with ϽؤˤơԤ40ʬ30ä餤study student <u> ʬȯλۤʤΤϤʤǤפȤ䤤夲Ƥޤ#3295. study <u> û첻Τ櫓 ([2018-05-05-1]) ǤԽʬǤϤʤȤŦޤ
嵭ܥΥåפǤϼ긵˾ܤʤ֤Ǥ¨βäΤǤθ塤ܤĴ٤Ƥߤȡȹä𤬤褦Ǥstudy 1첻û첻ǤΤϡñ줬ȤȤϥƥͳǤʤ顤եͳƤȤаޤͿƤǤ
ˤĤƤϡѸ첻ˤ (339) ˼꤬꤬ä
F [= French] β̡OF [= Old French] 첻 CL [= Classical Latin] β̤ǤϤʤVL [= Vulgar Latin] IJǤûǤĹȤ§ѤME [= Middle English] βȿ F ̤Ƥοβ̤ФȿǤ롥
û첻ˤʤŪʲĶ3ۤɵƤΤ1Ĥˡ3ư졤̾졤ƻ1פp. 340ˡư study Ѹ studien ιܤ¿1ĤȤƵƤֻǼˡ
(3) 3ư졤̾졤ƻ1ᡧbanisshen (=banish)/ravisshen (=ravish)/vanisshen (=vanish)/perishen (=perish)/finishen (=finish)/florisshen (=flourish)/norishen (=nourish)/publisshen (=publish)/punisshen (=punish)/travailen (=travail)/honouren (=honour)/visiten (=visit)/governen (=govern)/studien (=study)/family/salary/memory/remedy/misery/chalaundre (=calendar)/chapitre (=chapter)/sepulcre/oracle/miracle/ministre (=minister)/vinegre (=vinegar)/covenant/rethorik (=rhetoric)/bacheler (=bachelor)/charitee (=charity)/vanite (=vanity)/jolitee (=jollity)/povertee (=poverty)/libertee (=liberty)/trinitee (=trinity)/facultee (=faculty)/vavasour/amorous/casuel (=casual)/natural/general/lecherous/seculer (=secular)/diligent
ư study ϡѸǤ studīen Τ褦3Ǥξ硤2 student Ȥϰۤʤꡤ1IJȤʤ뤿첻ûݤ롤ȤäȤʤޤ
סزˡ١Ѹ11罤۽Ź1985ǯ
ε#5549. Sturtevant's Paradox --- Ѳϵ§ŪԵ§߽ФԵ§§߽Ф ([2024-07-06-1]) κǸǡFertig "Sturtevant's Paradox" ȽŪΩǤ뤳ȤFertig (97--98) εʤΤǡޤޤѤ
Like a lot of memorable sayings, Sturtevant's Paradox is really more of a clever play on words than a paradox, kind of like 'Isn't it funny how you drive on a parkway and park on a driveway.' There is nothing paradoxical about the fact that phonetically regular change gives rise to morphological irregularities. Similarly, it is no surprise that morphologically motivated change tends to result in increased morphological regularity. 'Analogic creation' would be even more effective in this regard if it were regular, i.e. if it always applied across the board in all candidate forms, but even the most sporadic morphologically motivated change is bound to eliminate a few morphological idiosyncrasies from the system.
If we consider analogical change from the perspective of its effects on phonotactic patterns, it is sometimes disruptive in just the way that one would expect . . . . At one point in the history of Latin, for example, it was completely predictable that s would not occur between vowels. Analogical change destroyed this phonological regularity, as it has countless others. Carstairs-McCarthy (2010: 52--5) points out that analogical change in English has been known to restore 'bad' prosodic structures, such as syllable codas consisting of a long vowel followed by two voiced obstruents. Although Carstairs-McCarthy's examples are all flawed, there are real instances, such as believed < beleft, of the kind of development he is talking about (§5.3.1).
What the continuing popularity of Sturtevant's formulation really reveals is that one old Neogrammarian bias is still very much with us: When Sturtevant talks about changes resulting in 'regularity' and 'irregularities', present-day historical linguists still share his tacit assumption that these terms can only refer to morphology. If we were to revise the 'paradox' to accurately reflect the interaction between sound change and analogy, we would wind up with something not very paradoxical at all:
Sound change, being phonetically/phonologically motivated, tends to maintain phonological regularity and produce morphological irregularity. Analogic creation, being morphologically motivated, tends to produce phonological irregularity and morphological regularity. Incidentally, the former tends to proceed 'regularly' (i.e. across the board with no lexical exceptions) while the latter is more likely to proceed 'irregularly' (word-by-word).
I realize that this version is not likely to go viral.
ǤСؼԤϡηϤε§äơε§ε§Ż뤷ƤΤǤϤʤפ˷нŤäΤǤϤʤȤŦޤ "Sturtevant's Paradox" ζ̵Ƚ˼ƤˤȤäơܤФ褦ʻŦä
Fertig, David. Analogy and Morphological Change. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2013.
Carstairs-McCarthy, Andrew. The Evolution of Morphology. Oxford: OUP, 2010.
ɸϡޤޤ˸뤳ȤǤ롥ֲˡ§ϵ§ŪԵ§߽Фˤ¤Ե§§߽ФפȤ⤤뤷ַˤƵ§ŪʲѲϥȥԡ礵Ե§ŪѤϥȥԡפȤ⤤롥Ѳ (sound_change) (analogy) γơħޤɽΤǤʺε#5548. Ѳν̤ƹͤ ([2024-07-05-1]) ȡˡΰ⤤ˤĤƤϡʲδϢ뵭Ƥ
#1693. §ŪʲѲԵ§ŪʷѲ ([2013-12-15-1])
#838. ηϤȥȥԡ ([2011-08-13-1])
#1674. ѲȶοʿˤĤƤŪͻ ([2013-11-26-1])
ζǽ˽Ҥ٤ΤïäפФȤƤFertig ɤǤơ Sturtevant Ǥȶ줿Fertig (96) ꡤϢʬѤ롥
Long before there was a Philosoraptor, historical linguists had 'Sturtevant's Paradox': 'Phonetic laws are regular but produce irregularities. Analogic creation is irregular but produces regularity' (Sturtevant 1947: 109). It is catchy and memorable. It has undoubtedly helped generations of linguistics students remember the battle between sound change and analogy, and, on the tiny scale of our subdiscipline, it is no exaggeration to say that it has 'gone viral', making appearances in numerous textbooks . . . and other works . . . .
Τ˥åʶǤ롥Fertig ϤΥå椨˸ʤʤäƤʬΤǤϤʤȷپĤ餷Ƥ롥
Fertig, David. Analogy and Morphological Change. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2013.
Sturtevant, Edgar H. An Introduction to Linguistic Science. New Haven: Yale UP, 1947.
Ӹ (comparative_linguistics) ζȤ٤ǯʸˡ (neogrammarian) ˤֲѲ㳰ʤפθ§ (Ausnahmslose Lautgesetze) ϡѲ (sound_change) (analogy) ̤ȤΩ衤θѲ2ĤθϡƤʤΡʤΤȤƲᤵƤ2ˤꡤäˤŪʸѲκƤޤȤۤɤθ̤Ǥ롥
ŪʥơФȿ⡤³ŪФƤ㳰ʤȤ벻Ѳ⡤ѤаΧŬѤ줿ȤƲǤΤǤϤʤȤո¤ΤȤ伫ȤóȻ (lexical_diffusion) ᤰΤʤǡ2θѲθϡߤܶᤷΤǤϤʤȹͤȤä
νפˤĤơFertig (99--100) ŸƤ롥Fertig 2̤٤ȤŪʸΩäƤϤ뤬εϥƥϡFertig Τ褦ΩΩĺҤ٤Ƥ1Ѥ (95) ñȯˤ϶ʤɿΰ۷ (variants) ȤҲθˤǤ롥
The restriction of the term 'analogical' to processes based on morpho(phono)logical and syntactic patterns has long since outlived its original rationale, but the distinction between changes motivated by grammatical relations among different wordforms and those motivated by phonetic relations among different realizations of the same wordform remains a valid and important one. The essence of the Neogrammarian 'regularity' hypothesis is that these two systems are separate and that they interface only through the mental representation of a single, citation pronunciation of each wordform. The representations of non-citation realizations are invisible to the morphological and morphophonological systems, and relations among different wordforms are invisible to the phonetic system. If we keep in mind that this is really what we are talking about when we distinguish analogical change from sound change, these traditional terms can continue to serve us well.
Ѳݤˤϡ٤äꤳ˸礦ɬפȹͤƤ롥
Fertig, David. Analogy and Morphological Change. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2013.
heldio #1018. sch- áϤѸǤ sch- ֻŪȤʤɤˤʸ (graphotactics) Ǥ롥
ʸظˤΤ (phonotactics) Ǥ롥Ƹˤ벻Ǥ¤ӽܤ벻1ʬ2ĤѸ켭ŵꡤphonotactics ˤĤƴϢ̤ѸȤȤ˾Ҳ𤷤ޤϡCrystal ꡥ
phonotactics (n.)A term used in PHONOLOGY to refer to the sequential ARRANGEMENTS (or tactic behaviour) of phonological UNITS which occur in a language --- what counts as a phonologically well-formed word. In English, for example, CONSONANT sequences such as /fs/ and /spm/ do not occur INITIALLY in a word, and there are many restrictions on the possible consonant+VOWEL combinations which may occur, e.g. /ŋ/ occurs only after some short vowels /ɪ, æ, ʌ, ɒ/. These 'sequential constraints' can be stated in terms of phonotactic rules. Generative phonotactics is the view that no phonological principles can refer to morphological structure; any phonological patterns which are sensitive to morphology (e.g. affixation) are represented only in the morphological component of the grammar, not in the phonology. See also TAXIS.
taxis (n.)A general term used in PHONETICS and LINGUISTICS to refer to the systematic arrangements of UNITS in LINEAR SEQUENCE at any linguistic LEVEL. The commonest terms based on this notion are: phonotactics, dealing with the sequential arrangements of sounds; morphotactics with MORPHEMES; and syntactics with higher grammatical units than the morpheme. Some linguistic theories give this dimension of analysis particular importance (e.g. STRATIFICATIONAL grammar, where several levels of tactic organization are recognized, corresponding to the strata set up by the theory, viz. 'hypophonotactics', 'phonotactics', 'morphotactics', 'lexicotactics', 'semotactics' and 'hypersemotactics'). See also HARMONIC PHONOLOGY.
Bussmann ꡥ
phonotacticsStudy of the sound and phoneme combinations allowed in a given language. Every language has specific phonotactic rules that describe the way in which phonemes can be combined in different positions (initial, medial, and final). For example, in English the stop + fricative cluster /ɡz/ can only occur in medial (exhaust) or final (legs), but not in initial position, and /h/ can only occur before, never after, a vowel. The restrictions are partly language-specific and partly universal.
ϡ (linearity) 椨Ǥ¤ӽ硤Ȥ߹碌Ż뤻ʤǤϡ˸¤餺 -tactics ɬŪ˸Ūʰյΰޤ--tactics ̻ŪѲ뤳Ȥ˸ؤǤϽפǤ롥
Crystal, David, ed. A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics. 6th ed. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2008. 295--96.
Bussmann, Hadumod. Routledge Dictionary of Language and Linguistics. Trans. and ed. Gregory Trauth and Kerstin Kazzizi. London: Routledge, 1996.
ܸδˤСʿ̾Ρ֤פФơ֤ס֤פˤơ֤ס֤פФơ֤פΤ褦ˤդ롥˳ˤĤơФ뤿ȯʹ (diacritical_mark) ϹԻҲ㳰Ȥơ§Ȥ̵Фͭ뤿εȤ롥ΤλˤϤۤܰӤƤꡤηŪǤ롥
Ѹ3 [f]/[v], [s]/[z], [θ]/[ð] ˤĤƤϡˡɤΤ褦ʽʬʤƤˤĤƤϡ1ۤ Mond ˴줿ܤγФ褦ʼؤβΤʤʬŪ˵
boss äƤʤ s դĤʤΡ8̼˼䤵ޤʤǤǤ

[f] [v] ˤĤƤϡ줾 <f> <v> ֤Τ縶§ǤꡤۤܰӤƤ롥of [əv] Τ褦ʸϤ뤬㳰Ū
[s] [z] νʬ˴ؤƤϡ嵭βǤ⡤ʤǤ뤳ȤŦ<s>, <ss>, <se>, <ce>; <z>, <zz>, <ze> ʤɤֻʣ߹äƤΤʤ٤ʬȤ̣Ϥ뤬˰Ȥϸ
[θ] [ð] ˻äƤϡ <th> Ȥ1ֻǽɽ蘆졤ʬѤϤʤŪˤСʬ褦ȤտޤϤⴶʤäȤ餤롥
ʾĤС
̾Ѥʬϡ֥ȥåʡ
[f]/[v] νʬϡֹʡ
[s]/[z] νʬϡ֥ꥮ
[θ]/[ð] νʬϡ
Ȥʤ롥νŤΥԥ졼ͿƤ줿Τ Daniels (64) μ1ʸǤ롤
Phonemic split sometimes brings new letters or spellings (e.g. Middle English <v> alongside <f> when French loans caused voicing to become significant; cf. also <vision> vs <mission>), sometimes not---English used <ð> and <þ> indifferently, even in a single manuscript, for both the voiced and voiceless interdentals, a situation persisting with Modern English <th> due to low functional load. Japanese, on the other hand, uses diacritics on certain kana for the same purpose.
ʤˤĤƤϡԤ Voicy ΥץߥꥹʡۿֱͥѸˤء (helwa) ۿ֡ڱѸˤ #95boss äƤʤ s 2ĤʤΡ217ۿˤǼ夲Ƥ롥
Daniels, Peter T. "The History of Writing as a History of Linguistics." Chapter 2 of The Oxford Handbook of the History of Linguistics. Ed. Keith Allan. Oxford: OUP, 2013. 53--69.
#4621. ⡼ --- ܸ줫ΰ̲ؤι ([2021-12-21-1]) ǡܸβñ̤Ȥ⡼ (mora) νѸƳ McCawley (1968) ˿줿Daniels, p. 63 ȡˡ
McCawley ܸβ mora νѸƳǥꥸʥäΤΡmora Ȥǰؤ˻ǽοͤǤϤʤOED mora, NOUN1 ˤȡ 3.b. ѸȤƤ mora ǤꡤФ1933ǯȤ롥ʲˤθιѤ롥
3.b. Linguistics. The smallest or basic unit of duration of a speech sound. 1933-
1933 In dealing with matters of quantity, it is often convenient to set up an arbitrary unit of relative duration, the mora. Thus, if we say that a short vowel lasts one mora, we may describe the long vowels of the same language as lasting, say, one and one-half morae or two morae. (L. Bloomfield, Language vii. 110)
1941 In many cases it will be found that an element smaller than the phonetic syllable functions as the accentual or prosodic unit; this unit may be called, following current practice, the mora... The term mora..is useful in avoiding confusion, even if it should turn out to mean merely phonemic syllable. (G. L. Trager in L. Spier et al., Language Culture & Personality 136)
1964 Each of the segments characterized by one of the successive punctual tones is called a mora. (E. Palmer, translation of A. Martinet, Elements of General Linguistics iii. 80)
1988 The terms 'bimoric' and 'trimoric' relate to the idea that these long vowels consist of two, respectively three, 'moras' or units of length, rather than the single 'mora' of short vowels. (Transactions of Philological Society vol. 86 137)
McCawley ѤƤʤΤǰǤ롥ˤ衤mora Ҥ뼭ǤȤϤ缭ǤϤʤ OED ñǤۤɰפǰǤϤʤΤΤ褦Ϣưʲε⻲ȡ
#4624. ܸΥ⡼鴶С ([2021-12-24-1])
#4853. ȥ⡼ ([2022-08-10-1])
Daniels, Peter T. "The History of Writing as a History of Linguistics." Chapter 2 of The Oxford Handbook of the History of Linguistics. Ed. Keith Allan. Oxford: OUP, 2013. 53--69.
McCawley, James D. The Phonological Component of a Grammar of Japanese. The Hague: Mouton, 1968.
ѲΥᥫ˥ȤƸ椬ޤäƤƤʸˡ (grammaticalisation) ˤĤƤϡ#417. ʸˡȤϡ ([2010-06-18-1]) Ϥ¿εǼ夲Ƥϡ¿ԸȤ Wischer ʸƬʬͤˡʸˡŵŪƻڤʸˡ٤ޤѥҲ𤹤롥
ޤ Wischer (356) Givón (1979: 209) ȤĤġʸˡ1ĤŵŪʷϩȤưʲΥѥƳ롥
discourse syntax morphology morphophonemics zero
ʸˡǤϡ˼Ѳ (unidirectionality) ФȤʤ롥
³ Wischer (356) ϡLehmann (1985: 307--08) ȤĤġʸˡ٤ޤѥ
1. "attrition": the gradual loss of semantic and phonological substance;
2. "paradigmaticization": the increasing integration of a syntactic element into a morphological paradigm;
3. "obligatorification": the choice of the linguistic item becomes rule-governed;
4. "condensation": the shrinking of scope;
5. "coalescence": once a syntactic unit has become morphological, it gains in bondedness and may even fuse with the constituent it governs;
6. "fixation": the item loses its syntagmatic variability and becomes a slot filler.
ƤСʸˡȤϡ«ʤŪñ̤٤¤줿ʸˡŪǤƤƤȤȤ館뤳ȤǤ롥
Wischer, Ilse. "Grammaticalization versus Lexicalization: 'Methinks' there is some confusion." Pathways of Change: Grammaticalization in English. Ed. Olga Fischer, Anette Rosenbach, and Dieter Stein. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 2000. 355--70.
Givón, Talmy. On Understanding Grammar. New York: Academic P, 1979.
Lehmann, Chr. "Grammaticalisation: Synchronic Variation and Diachronic Change." Lingua e stile 20 (1985): 303--18.
#5268. ԡˡWorld Englishes ١ʾƲ2023ǯˡ ([2023-09-29-1]) ǾҲ𤷤νϤˤơɸѸѤҲ첻βǤѸνѼǤ줫αƶưۤʤȯѤ㤬Ƥ롥
ޤֻҲ줫αƶפƤߤ褦 (12)
| Ҳ | ѸѼ |
|---|---|
| [θ] [ð] [t] [d] ѡʻĺˤʤ | ɱѸ [th]ʱѸ졤եԥѸ졤ݡѸ졤ޥ졼Ѹ졤ܤαѸ졤αѸ졤ߥޡαѸ |
| [θ] [ð] [s] [z] ѡʻˤʤ | ɥĤαѸ졤٥˥αѸ졤ڹαѸ [s]ܤαѸ졤αѸ |
| [f] [p] ѡʿξĺˤʤ | եԥѸ졤ڹαѸ [ph]αѸ졤ߥޡαѸ |
| [v] [w] ζ̤ʤ | ɥĤαѸ졤եɤαѸ졤ɱѸ졤üԤαѸ졤αѸ |
| 첻ơź | ѸѼ |
|---|---|
| 첻Ĺ첻ˤʤ | ޥѸ졤ɱѸ |
| 첻ûñ첻ˤʤ | ʱѸ졤եԥѸ졤ݡѸ졤ޥ졼Ѹ |
| Ҳθ첻 | ڹαѸ졤ܤαѸ졤Ρ̱ѡ |
| Ĺ첻û첻ζ̤ʤ | եԥѸ졤ݡѸ졤ޥ졼Ѹ졤ڹαѸ졤٥˥αѸ |

ԡˡWorld Englishes ١Ʋ2023ǯ
ī6ۿƤ Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)פ517ʬȤ#716. Ѹˤؤ֤ʤ鲻ؤ⤷äؤܤϤޤΥ֥ heldio ʤɤ̤ƱѸˤ˴ؿ⤦ǤߤȤϡҲ (phonetics) Ȳ (phonology) ؤǤФȻפޤ
嵭ǡѸˤؤ֤äƲؤ˳ؤӤͳȤ4ޤʲվƤޤΤƤ
(1) äդ universal
(2) ߤȲԤ褹뤿
(3) ѲʸˡѲ⤿餷
(4) äդȽդȤδط뤿
hellog heldio δϢ3ۤɷǤƤޤ
hellog #4231. ѸˤΤβء ([2020-11-26-1])
heldio #712. ϥҥեإ --- khelf Сȳؤ֥ȥФΡֲ
heldio #703. 첻֤ --- إ饸ˡظ¡٤˥ԥ졼ơ
ơΤεμϡֱѸˤؤ֤ʤ鲻ؤˡפƶ֤ȤǤϤޤ嵭 heldio #716 μϿͻҤưȤƻƤΤǡȤǤ Voicy ϿͻҤȤ櫓ǤϤʤؽѡξȯμʤȤ Voicy Τ褦ʲǥͥƤ뤳ȤŪȯԤäǤYouTube ʤɤưǥʼֲˤޤǥǤСäͥ줿Ѥ䥳ѤǾȯǤޤ
嵭 heldio #716 ϡ3ץפ14ʬ51äۤɻ䤬ºݤäƼϿƤޤμϿͻҤΰϽư軣ƤƤߤΤǤheldio Ͽˤϴޤޤʤ塤ץ֤ΰθդ٤ƴޤᡤư軣Ƥ֤21ʬ20äǤθ塤ץΥȥդϥå奿դŽꡤۿͽʤɤκȤ³ޤǤץ饹5ʬ٤ǤĤޤꡤ15ʬ1ˤ¼Ūʻ֤ϡ20ʬۤɤȤȤǤ⤷ YouTube ƱƥĤ褦Ȥȡ˺Ǿ¤ԽǺѤޤˤ衤20ʬȤ֤Ǥ̵Ǥ礦ʤȤ23ܤλ֤Ϥޤ
ʲưheldio 2023ǯ517μϿͻҡǤYouTube Ǥɤˡ
ǥʤɤ̤ƱѸˤξȯƤȤ褤ʤȻפäƤޤһͤˤʤСʤʤˤ١#4815. Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)פμϿͻҤǤ ([2022-07-03-1]) Ȥ heldio ϿͻҤϤƤޤ
GW Τ褦 Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)ˤ khelfʷѸ˥ե˥СȤ̲ϤƤޤkhelf ǤֱѸ˥ƥ50ⳫǤξԤݤ碌ǥƥĤξҲΤ⤪⤷פ#5115. ե٥åȤεȯãˤĤƤ2ĤΥƥġ ([2023-04-29-1]) Ҳ𤷤ޤ
Ѹ˥ƥĤ heldio äǤ420رˤ줿ƥ#7. consumption p Ϥɤ顩ܤޤ

ΥƥĤ heldio ǤޤԤƣ蘆Ȥ̲Ǥ#700. consumption p Ϥɤ顩 --- ƣ蘆κоȤۿƤޤΤǡҤİȯ˴ؤʤΤǥ饸ȤȴǤ
ƥĤ̤ǿƤ治ź (epenthesis) ϡźǤ褯벻Ѳ1Ǥ consumption, assumption, resumption /p/ Τۤ epenthesis ؤñƤߤޤ
September, November, December, number /b/
Hampshire, Thompson, empty /p/
passenger, messenger, nightingale /n/
Τۤ she θεᤰ벾1ĤǤϡepenthesis δͿƤޤcf. #4769. she θ츻 --- Laing and Lass ˤ "Yod Epenthesis" ξҲ ([2022-05-18-1])ˡ
epenthesis ȴϢ뤽¾βѲˤĤƤϡ#739. glide, prosthesis, epenthesis, paragoge ([2011-05-06-1]) ⤴Ȥ
˻䤬ϪξäĤ /m/ ȯפϡ饸Ǥ̤ˤäΤǡưޤΤǤYouTube ǤˡỤ̄äƤС
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