ε#5381. ʸˡƻڤʸˡ٤ޤѥ ([2024-01-20-1]) ǡWischer ȤʸˡƻڤȡȴϢѥҲ𤷤Ȥʸˡ (grammaticalisation) ȤˤϡŪñ̤Ūñ̤ؤѲδŪʥѥȤǧƤĤޤꡤޤ̿ǤʸˡŪѲȤƤȤ館ƤΤǤ롥
̿ꥹפιƥ (text) (discourse) Ȥ٥˴ؤ롤⤦1ĤΥפʸˡ뤳Ȥ狼äƤWischer (356) Traugott Ȥư (unidirectionality) ްդ뼡ηϩƤ롥
proposition text discourse
òȤ⤤٤פʸˡϡפʸˡȤ¿ǰۤʤäƤ롥ºݡѥϡΥפˤϤޤƤϤޤʤ(1) attrition ˤĤƤϡΤ˲ν̣̾ɺʤȤ櫓Ѳˤ䤹ȤϤ롥(2) paradigmaticization ϤޤäƤϤޤʤ(3) obligatorification ˤĤƤϡʸˡ줿٤ϹޤΤΡʸˡ§Τ褦ʵ̳ϵʤ(4) condensation ˴ؤƤϥפ϶ޤΤǤϤʤषȤ뤷(5) coalescence ʤ(6) fixation ˤĤƤϡŪ֤ˤϷ뤬ɬ⸷̩˸ꤵ櫓ǤϤʤ
ʸˡεǤϡΤ褦2ĤΥפƤΤΡ줾줬ȼħäƤ뤿ᡤ̤Ƥ٤
Wischer, Ilse. "Grammaticalization versus Lexicalization: 'Methinks' there is some confusion." Pathways of Change: Grammaticalization in English. Ed. Olga Fischer, Anette Rosenbach, and Dieter Stein. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 2000. 355--70.
Traugott, E. C. "From Propositional to Textual and Expressive Meanings: Some Semantic-Pragmatic Aspects of Grammaticalization." Perspectives on Historical Linguistics. Ed. W. P. Lehmann and Y. Malkiel. Amsterdam: Benjamins, 1982. 245--71.
ѲΥᥫ˥ȤƸ椬ޤäƤƤʸˡ (grammaticalisation) ˤĤƤϡ#417. ʸˡȤϡ ([2010-06-18-1]) Ϥ¿εǼ夲Ƥϡ¿ԸȤ Wischer ʸƬʬͤˡʸˡŵŪƻڤʸˡ٤ޤѥҲ𤹤롥
ޤ Wischer (356) Givón (1979: 209) ȤĤġʸˡ1ĤŵŪʷϩȤưʲΥѥƳ롥
discourse syntax morphology morphophonemics zero
ʸˡǤϡ˼Ѳ (unidirectionality) ФȤʤ롥
³ Wischer (356) ϡLehmann (1985: 307--08) ȤĤġʸˡ٤ޤѥ
1. "attrition": the gradual loss of semantic and phonological substance;
2. "paradigmaticization": the increasing integration of a syntactic element into a morphological paradigm;
3. "obligatorification": the choice of the linguistic item becomes rule-governed;
4. "condensation": the shrinking of scope;
5. "coalescence": once a syntactic unit has become morphological, it gains in bondedness and may even fuse with the constituent it governs;
6. "fixation": the item loses its syntagmatic variability and becomes a slot filler.
ƤСʸˡȤϡ«ʤŪñ̤٤¤줿ʸˡŪǤƤƤȤȤ館뤳ȤǤ롥
Wischer, Ilse. "Grammaticalization versus Lexicalization: 'Methinks' there is some confusion." Pathways of Change: Grammaticalization in English. Ed. Olga Fischer, Anette Rosenbach, and Dieter Stein. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 2000. 355--70.
Givón, Talmy. On Understanding Grammar. New York: Academic P, 1979.
Lehmann, Chr. "Grammaticalisation: Synchronic Variation and Diachronic Change." Lingua e stile 20 (1985): 303--18.
Heine and Kuteva (92) ˤȡˤ괧 (indefinite article) ȯãƤϩɤäƤߤȡФФˤϰ̣ŪŪʴϢʳǧȤ
1An item serves as a nominal modifier denoting the numerical value 'one' (numeral).
2The item introduces a new participant presumed to be unknown to the hearer and this participant is then taken up as definite in subsequent discourse (presentative marker).
3The item presents a participant known to the speaker but presumed to be unknown to the hearer, irrespective of whether or not the participant is expected to come up as a major discourse participant (specific indefinite marker).
4The item presents a participant whose referential identity neither the hearer nor the speaker knows (nonspecific indefinite marker).
5The item can be expected to occur in all contexts and on all types of nouns except for a few contexts involving, for instance, definiteness marking, proper nouns, predicative clauses, etc. (generalized indefinite article).
Ѹ괧ȯãˤƤ⡤ΰϢʳ줿Τɤϡܺ٤ĴƤߤʤʬʤʤȤȯãγϤ1ʳŪΤǤ롥Ĥޤꡤ one ʸűѸ ān) ϤޤäȤϵʤ2--5γʳ¾ڤСʸˡ (grammaticalisation) ΰ (unidirectionality) ٻȤƼ夲뤳Ȥˤʤܤ٤ϡ餯ѸѸˤƤȤʤ˰㤤ʤ
Ϣơ#2144. ȯãȵǽƤȯ ([2015-03-11-1]) ⻲ȡ
Heine, Bernd and Tania Kuteva. "Contact and Grammaticalization." Chapter 4 of The Handbook of Language Contact. Ed. Raymond Hickey. 2010. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2013. 86--107.
must, may, can ʤɤˡư (auxiliary_verb) ˤϡỤ̄ (root sense) ǧỤ̄ (epistemic sense) Ȥ롥̻ŪˤǧŪˤԤԤΤǤ뤳Ȥ顤ԤŪ (root) ȾΤ뤬ǽܤе̳Ụ̄ (deontic sense) ôäƤȤäƤ褤
must ˼Сʸ (1) Ρ?ʤФʤʤפŪʤ뤤ϵ̳Ū˰̣Ǥꡤʸ (2) Ρ?ˤʤפǧỤ̄ȤȤˤʤ (Sweetser 49)
(1) John must be home by ten; Mother won't let him stay out any later.
(2) John must be home already; I see his coat.
ŪˤСỤ̄ϸε̳ġǽϤɽ路ǧỤ̄Ͽˤɬǽɽ魯Sweetser (51) ̤ѸǤС줾 "sociophysical domain" "epistemic domain" ˴ط롥츫ƴطƤȤϻפʤ2Ĥΰ衦ؤθڤƱˡưˤäƤʤƤΤ϶̣
ºݡѸ˸¤餺¿θˤơỤ̄ǧỤ̄ξĸ줬ѻ롥²Ϥࡤեԥɥޥ䡤եνǤݤǧ롥⡤ŪԤԤȤ (unidirectionality) ζߤcf. #1980. Ѳ ([2014-09-28-1]))
Ȥȡ϶ǤϤʤ餫ưŤȤȤˤʤǧθؤǤϡ"sociophysical domain" "epistemic domain" δ֤ΥեȤ褦Ȥ롥ΰ̴طǧΰ̴ط˥ޥåԥ̡Ụ̄ǧỤ̄ΤȤǤ롥
Sweetser, E. From Etymology to Pragmatics. Cambridge: CUP, 1990.
4˥ߤγΩ夲ֱѸƳ2021ꡤåפ줿ƥĤȤּ֡ҲŪפʡֵΥפäƷɲҲ𤷤ޤᤷʡȤʤäƤޤäܸ֥롦ǥפȱѸ social distance/social distancing ˴ؤǤѸΤ2ĤɽˤĤơOED Ѥǫ˾Ƥ餤ޤ
ϡ褽1ǯܹΤߤʤ餺ˤƤޤ͡ʤ줫1ǯǤޤֱפʤֲ̡פȤΤᤷ¤ǤˡܸǤϡ֥롦ǥפ夷ޤѸǤ social distancing ȤɽΤۤŪǤdistance Ȥ̾Ȥ distancing Ȥưͳ̾Ѥ뤳ȤǡֵΥפȤưư٤̲Ƥȹͤޤäܸ˼ޤСȤȤαѸˤ̾ư̾ζ̤ʤɤϿǤޤ櫓ʤΤǡξʤ֥롦ǥפΤۤޤ줿ȤȤǤϤʤȡƤޤ
ʲҤ˸줿1ǯ;ؼԤ⤿㤴ꤷƤ櫓ǤϤޤ#4129. ֥ʲҤȱѸפʤ餳줷ʤǤ硪 --- OED ε ([2020-08-16-1])#4339. American Dialect Society ˤ2020ǯ "Word of the Year" --- Covid ([2021-03-14-1]) ʤɤʬ̤ꡤषŪȤŻʤƤޤCoronavirus Corpus ʤ륳ѥиƤΤǤΥѥϡ2020ǯ1鸽ߤޤǤΥʴϢΥ˥塼97300줫ʤ륳ѥǤñ㸡ˤޤsocial distance 17,180social distancing 243,636郎ҥåȤޤĤޤꡤԤΤۤ15ܶ¿ѤƤ뤳Ȥǧ줿ΤǤ
1ǯ֡बʤ٤äȤ social distancing ǤϤʤ physical distancing ǤϤʤäΤȤɽ˴ؤϡᤤʳ WHO ŦƤꡤ伫Ȥ⤺äȵˤʤäƤޤ嵭ƥǤҤ٤Ƥ̤ꡤsocial distancing Τ褦ˡְ夷ƤޤäΤ㤦֤뤳ȤưפǤϤʤΡפǤ礦
Ρַƻ̾פʤ̾ social distance/social distancing ϡּҲŪʵΥʤ뤳ȡˡפȤͽ¬ǽʰ̣äƤϤǤɽϼ֤ȤƤϤäѤʪŪʵΥʤ뤳ȡˡסŵŪˤ2ȥȸƤޤ͡ˤ̣ޤĤޤꡤ̣Ūͽ¬ǽƤΤǤ̾ǤϤʤʣ̾Ȥñ̤˶ŤƤȸƤ褤Ǥ礦Ĥޤꡤáʹܡ˲ (lexicalisation) ʤΤǤ
ʤߤˡsocial distance/social distancing ϡܥ֥Ǥ⡤ߤδɤȤ̵ط˼ҲؾѸȤѤƤаޤޤ#1127. ʤ thou ǤϤʤ you ̲ ([2012-05-28-1]) ȡ#1935. accommodation theory ([2014-08-14-1]) ѤƤޤΤǡ⻲ȡ
Ѹˤ1500ǯʾˤ錄ޤδ֤ʸˡѲĬήɽʤС礫ʬϤءפ˿Ԥޤ⤷ƥȤDZѸˤʸˡѲ⤷ʤȤ䤤Ф줿ʤСΥե졼Ƥ10060ϼޤʢΥƥȤǤϤñäǤϤʤǤ줯餤פȤȤȤƲᤷƤˡ⤦ǫʤСֱѸŪʸ줫ʬŪʸؤȥեȤƤפȤʤޤ
ѸϡűѸ줫ѸФƶʸѸ˻ˤΤʤǡžƤޤűѸŪ (synthetic) Ȥ졤ḽѸʬŪ (analytic) ȤޤѲϡ礫ʬϤء (synthesis to analysis) ؤΰȤȤˤʤޤ
ǤˤơפʬϡפȤϤ⤽ⲿΤȤǤ礦ޤɤѸǤϤʤȾפäƤΤǤĹ餯ΩƤޤäƤΤǻʤȤäƤޤäޤ礦
ˤפȤϡ˴ؤŪʻɸΤȤǤŪʸǤϡŵŪ˸Ūʰ̣ɽ魯ʡʸ촴ˤʸˡŪʵǽôʡʶʤɡˤȤ߹碌ʤäƤꡤԤˤʣʸˡǽƤ뤳Ȥ¿ǤʾʬǤʤ1ĤξʶˡʣʸˡǽŪפ˵ͤƤȤ櫓Ǥʱñ synthesis ϡۤʤΤ1ĤȢ˵ͤ礹륤Ǥˡ
פФơʬϡפޤʬŪʸǤϡѡĤγơŵŪ1ĤεǽбƤꡤ֤ȵǽɳդаñǤʱñ analysis ϡĤäܰܲۤǤˡ
㤨СűѸǡֲȡΡפ̣ hūsa (hūs + -a) ͤƤߤޤ礦촴 hūs Ụֲ̄ȡפô -a ʣͭʤʸˡǽôäƤޤ-a ϷŪˤϤʾʬǤʤǾñ̤Ǥ˿ȳʤ˴ؤ2ĤξͤޤƤ櫓Ǥ顤θŪƤȤޤѸǡֲȡΡפбɽ of houses Ȥʤꡤhouse- Ụֲ̄ȡפôäƤϸűѸӤǤޤʣ -s ˤäơ°ʡʽͭʡˤ of ˤäɽ蘆Ƥޤȳʤγơεǽ̡ΥѡĤɽ蘆Ƥ櫓Ǥ顤θʬŪȤޤ
ѸˤŪϤ˴ѻޤư3ñ -s ʤɤϡθƤ̤̾ꡤ1ʤ뾮ʤΤʤ3;ΡñߡʡľˡˤȤʣʸˡͤޤƤꡤŪǤޤ;̾Ǥ I, my, me ʤɤΤ褦˸Ѳ뤳ȤǰۤʤʤɸƤΤ⡤ŪΤȤޤ̾졤̾졤ƻ졤ưʤɤμθˤĤƸűѸȸѸӤƤߤʤСѸ줬οȤ̤ơˤʬƤȤϵ褦Τʤ¤Ǥ
Τ褦˱Ѹˤˤϰ̤ˡ礫ʬϡפؤή줬졤ήοʤ߶ˤäƻ礭3ʬˡŪ˺ΤƤޤűѸ϶ζ̤褯ݻƤִʶޤλ (period of full inflection)Ѹ϶ϻĤäƤΤ1Ĥθ˼̤Ƹߤ˶̤ʤʤäƤֿʿޤλ (period of levelled inflection)ƶѸ϶;üּ줿ޤλ (period of lost inflection) ȤޤơŪʻ塤礫ʬϤؤβϴŪ塤ʬŪʻȸƤǤ褤Ǥ礦Ѹˤˤߤ뤳Ĭήϡ¤ϥޥˤ䡤ҤƤϰˤȤˤƤǧĬήǤ⤢ޤ
ˤ˹ߤ롤οˤäư줿ŪμޤϡĬήפȤˤȤɤޤ餺ФСή (drift) ȤߤʤƤޤdrift Ȥϡꥫθؼ Edward Sapir (150) "Language moves down time in a current of its own making. It has a drift." ȽҤ٤ΤǽȤޤƥޥɤν졤Ȥ櫓ѸϡήˤήƤ1ĤɾƤޤ
⤽ʤѸɮƬȤưˤΤ褦ήΤǤ礦Ĺ餯ƤƤǤޤ̤ǤѲˤήϥήǤϤʤήޤ⡤û֤ήǤϤʤĹϤäƻ³ήǤԻĤʤΤϡѲμΤǤϤüԤγơѤݤ˲θѲήʤɰռƤʤˤ⤫餺θѲή䤷ʤᡤƱήؤȰѤǤ椯ȤǤѲήȤϡüԤΰռĶȤǺѤƤ롤ߤϤʤΤǤ礦Ȥ⡤ưϤ̤ΤȤˤΤǤ礦Ǥ
ήθϤƤѸʸˡ礫ʬϤءѲƤȤϳΤǤʸˡˤθϡñ㲽ƤС礫ʬϤءפȤӤعˡ͡ʳ٤ŤܤդꤷƤΤȤäƤǤϤʤǤ礦
Ǹˡ˴ϢΥ֥ΤפʤΤʲ˵Ƥޤɤߤ
#2669. ѸܸʸˡˤĬή ([2016-08-17-1])
#522. ˤ ([2010-10-01-1])
#685. ʤѲˤ drift Τ (1) ([2011-03-13-1])
#1816. drift ˬ ([2014-04-17-1])
#656. "English is the most drifty Indo-European language." ([2011-02-12-1])
#2626. űѸ줫ѸˤƤζο ([2016-07-05-1])
Sapir, Edward. Language. New York: Hartcourt, 1921.
ˤˤή (drift) ȡʸˡ (grammaticalisation) ĥѲΰ (unidirectionality) ϸߤ˴طοǰΤ褦˻פ롥ξԤδطˤĤơ#685. ʤѲˤ drift Τ (1) ([2011-03-13-1])#1971. ʸˡˤӸݤ ([2014-09-19-1]) ǤƤ Hopper and Traugott ε̤ƤͤƤߤ
Sapir ǽήȸƤȤǰƬˤäΤϡѸˤޤξüӱŪɽȯãΤȤä礫ʬϤءפȤήΤȤǤ (cf. synthesis_to_analysis) θԤϡŪʰ̣絬ϤʸѲȤƤȤ館ĤޤꡤʸˡΤȤƤɤƻڤȤƤǤ롥
ʸˡʸ̮ǤФѤȤϡˤŪѲˤĤƸ뤳ȤϤʤʸˡ¤ɤȤƻڤˤĤƤγǰѸǤꡤפˤäȶɽŪʰ̣礤ǻȤȤȤ
Drift has to do with regularization of construction types within a language . . ., unidirectionality with changes affecting particular types of construction. (Hopper and Traugott 100)
ήȰϡŪɽŪ絬ϤϤʸפε§˴ؤΤġιʸפѲ˴ؤΤȤ顤ߤ˰ۤʤΤȤƤȤ館Τ褵ְפȤѸ줬ѤȤˤϡѸȤƤǤϤʤƤʸˡȤѲνѸȤѤȤȤռƤʤȡ㤤ǽΤդǤ롥
Hopper, Paul J. and Elizabeth Closs Traugott. Grammaticalization. 2nd ed. Cambridge: CUP, 2003.
ʵڤӤΩȤƤɬˤȤϲȤ䤤ůؾѲθõݤˤ̤櫓ˤϤʤ׳ؼԡΨԤǤˤֶפ˴ؤ뿷ɤǤߤ
ϡֶɬŪʪ (139) ȤɽƤ褦ˡɬΩ복ǰȤϡषȤ߹蘆äƸݤϢ³ŪưǤȹͤƤ롥㤨СʪʲˤĤơѰۤεˤϤʤΰϤΤȤǡѤ߽ŤͤˤפȽҤ٤Ƥ (138) ѰۼΤϤޤǡֶפζθΤäΤˤäơΰ褬ޤꡤ褬ФΨޤ롥Τ褦˲⤫ʤǤˡǽŪˤ褬1Ĥ˹ʤ졤Ψ1ʤɬפȤʤ롥ʤֶפȯʤ⡤ˡפʤ졤ĤˤϡɬפؤϢʤ롤Ȥ櫓
̤ȹ̤2ĤλԤͤƤߤ褦ޤ1λԡˤƱ̤ȹ̤äƤȤ롥̵٤1ĤФ̤̤Ͽ᤹ȤȤ֤줫ζ̤ФΨϡˡ§ˤ1/2Ȥʤ뤳ȤϼǤ롥Ǥϼ2λԡǤϡ̵٤1ļФˡƱΤ⤦1Ĥζ̤ä᤹ȤȤ֤Ƥߤ롥ǽμФǤοФ뤫γΨ1/2㤨Фޤ̤ФȤơ᤹ݤˤϡ⤦1Ĥ̤ä᤹ΤǡμФ˺ݤƤγΨηϡ̤ͭʼؤѤμ㴳ͭ椨˼ºݤ˼β̤ФȤȡμβˤϤ̤ͭȤʤŤͤ뤴Ȥ̤ͭǽŪˤ̤ФΨϸ¤ʤ1˶ŤƤϤǤ롥ǽ϶äΤǸˤϤۤɬȤʤäƤޤǤ롥
2ĤλԤ顤Ѥˡ2ढ뤳Ȥʬ롥1ܤǤϤĤޤǤäƤ1/2ȤΨѤ餺ष㲽ƤΤ褦Сȥԡ硤뤤Ͼ̤θǤ롥2ܤϡǽζˤˤФäƤǽŪɬ˶ŤƤϡȥԡθ뤤Ͼ̤Ȥ (74) ϡΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥
Τʶ̤ˤơ֥ȥԡˡ§פȡ־ˡ§פȤƯƤȻפĤޤꡤˤɬȤʤȤΤ¸ߤƶˤˡ§Ω褦ʡ˸¤ˤƴʰ⤿餹ΤΤȡѤ뤳ȤˤäƾȤƯδĶβǿФ褦ʤΤȤब롥Ԥζϥȥԡ⤿餹ԤϾ̤⤿餹ΤǤ롥ܤС˺Ф줿ƥˤäª뤳Ȥˤäơꤷݻ뤳ȤˤʤΤǤ롥
븽ݤǤ⤢ɬǤ⤢ȤΤϰ츫̷⤷Ƥ뤬Τ褦˹ͤĴ¤롥θϡѲˤ¿μͿƤ롥㤨СѲ˴ؤˡunidirectionality invisible_hand spaghetti_junction ȸƤФ벾⤬ʡ#2531. Ѳ "spaghetti junction" ([2016-04-01-1])#2533. Ѳ "spaghetti junction" (2) ([2016-04-03-1])#2539. ָפˤѲ ([2016-04-09-1]) ʤɤȡˡޤˤ륨ȥԡˤĤƤ entropy γƵǰäƤΤǡ⻲ȡ
ضȤϲѶỤ̄١ȽŹҴȿӡ2010ǯ
ε#2575. Ѳΰ ([2016-05-15-1]) Ǽ夲褦ˡʸˡΰβФȿȤơæʸˡ (degrammaticalisation) λ㤬Ȥ롥ʸˡŪǤŪǤѲȤǤϡæʸˡϸò (lexicalisation) ΥץȤᤤ#1974. ʸˡȯŸȳ (1) ([2014-09-22-1]) Ǥϡ2ĤѸµ
æʸˡȹͤȤ ifs, down, -'s ʤɤ¾ԡԡ (101, 223) 褦ܸγʽ֤פ֤礭פΤ褦Ӥȯã㤬𤵤Ƥ롥³֤פŪ˼Ωơ³ȤʸƬѤ⤢롥֤ǡפ֤ȡפ褦ȯã֤ƤˤϡפΤޤ̾ž줿äƤ褤⤷ʤŸνư֤פ顤֤ĤסʽˤˤȤɽޤ줿Τ⡤֤פ̾ؤžǤ롥
ѸǤϡomnibus θ bus Ω䡤 ism θȤƤΩȤƵ롥#133. ƻĤ -ish γηϩ ([2009-09-07-1]) ǤߤñȤѤ Ish. Ǥ롥⡤æʸˡȤߤ뤳ȤǤ뤷òȤȤ館롥
εǸ褦ˡϰؤοȿȤϤʤʤȤΩ⤢롥ޤȤȿǧˤ衤ϤȤƤŪˤޤǤȤ¤ưʤȤȡʤΤ褦ʬۤ٤ФäƤΤ䤦٤ȤʤʸˡæʸˡòȤơΥץˤĤơưŤʤɤõɬפ롥
סԡˡؿԡǧθإɻŵ١ҡ2013ǯ
ɸˤĤƤϡȤʸˡ (grammaticalisation) ή (drift) Ȥδطˤ unidirectionality γƵǰäƤϡԡԡ (227) ȤơʸˡȴϢƵƤѲñˤĤơŪ餤ԤˤСΤ褦ˤ롥
ʸˡ ȤϡŪǤδĶǷ֤Ȥ졤ʸˡŪʵǽ̤ǤؤѲʸˡŪʵǽŪʤΡ㡧ֻˤ餵˷ŪʤΡ㡧ܼˤؿʤळȤؤʸˡΥץʤʤŪ > Ū > ŪǡˤդؤϿʤޤʤȤñפβȸ
㤨Сmeans Ȥ̾ޤ by means of ʤɽ魯ʸˡŪǤˤʤ뤳ȤϤäƤ⡤ǤʸˡŪǤǤ with 㤨 "tool" ΰդ̾ȯŸ뤳ȤϤʤȤˤʤ롥ifs, ands, buts ʤɤ³줬̾첽Ƥ뤷ְߴפΰ̣ư down ֻͳǤꡤȿ餷ΡĤޤæʸˡ (degrammaticalisation) ⸫롥
ʸΩ줫ΡΤ褦ʡֵפФȿȤơʸˡȤιʸǹͤ٤ΤǤȤĥ롥㤨С̤ɽ魯 be going to ϡgo ñȤʸˡ櫓ǤϤʤbe to ȼäιʸΤʤʸˡΤȹͤ롥ifs, down ʤɤϡñȯʻž (conversion) ˤΤ褦äưؤȿȤߤʤȤϤǤʤ롥ޤѲΥץŪǤ뤫ݤȤǤ be going to ifs ϰۤʤäƤꡤƱɶǤʤΤȤ⡥
Ǥ⡤ȿȸƤ٤ϵ¸ߤ롥°ʤɽ魯ä -es -'s Ȥܸ (clitic) ѲϡŪǤŪǤؤѲǤꡤؤȿȤʤ (cf. #819. his °ʡ ([2011-07-25-1])#1417. °ȯã ([2013-03-14-1])#1479. his °ʤο ([2013-05-15-1]))
βϡѲΤߤʤ餺ŤκƷܻؤӸؤ䡤θλѤ餫ˤ褦Ȥ쵯θˤƤʴߤġΤᡤȿ㤿æʸˡθݤȹ碌ơǮ깭Ƥ롥
סԡˡؿԡǧθإɻŵ١ҡ2013ǯ
ؼԤǤʤ̤¿ο͡ˤϡѲȤȤ館ꡤդȤߤʤߤ롥ʲʹѤäƲ᤹봷ԤθˤĤƤϡ#432. ѲФ뻰Ĥιͤ ([2010-07-03-1]) #1728. Jespersen θѡ ([2014-01-19-1]) ˤ
θؼԡä˸ؼԤϡϤΤ褦ʲʹѤȤ̵طˡѲΤȤƤꡤʾǤʲǤʤȼĥ롥ΩˤĤƤϡ#448. Vendryes ۩ָѲϿǤϤʤס ([2010-07-19-1]) #1382. ָѲϤѲǤס ([2013-02-07-1]) ǾҲ𤷤θŪΩФƤ1 McMahon (324) ˸ĤΤǡѤƤ
The modern view, at least of historical linguists if not the general public, is simply that languages change; we may try to describe and explain the processes of change, and we may set up a complementary typology which will include a classification of languages as isolating, agglutinating or inflecting; but this morphological typology has no special status and certainly does not represent an evolutionary scale. In general, we have no right to attack change as decay or to exalt it as progress. It is true . . . that individual changes may aid or impair communication to a limited extent, but there is no justification for seeing change as cumulative progress or decline: modern languages, attested extinct ones, and even reconstructed ones are all at much the same level of structural complexity or communicative efficiency. We cannot argue that some languages, or stages of languages, are better than others . . . .
ǤϡѲΤȤä˿Ȥ褦ʲʹѤȼäܻؤƤ櫓ǤϤʤġѲˤĤƤϡ¤줿٤ˤƥߥ˥νˤʤä˸ˤʤäꤹ뤳Ȥ⤢ȽҤ٤Ƥܤͤ롥ϡ#2513. Samuels "linguistic evolution" ([2016-03-14-1]) ǰѤ Samuels (1) "every language is of approximately equal value for the purposes for which it has evolved" Ρ֤褽פȤɽȸƱƤ褦˻פ롥
ѲѲȤڤäƤڤΥʤѲˤˤϡλĬΰܤѤռػŪʴäܶᤷƤʤФʤʤ
McMahon, April M. S. Understanding Language Change. Cambridge: CUP, 1994.
Samuels, M. L. Linguistic Evolution with Special Reference to English. London: CUP, 1972.
˸ؤ̻ؤʤɸѲΰˤƤ⡤ճʤȤˤλŪ¦̤ϤۤȯŸƤʤѲʶʤּ˷ѵǤϤ뤬ष椨˻֤ȤȤطʲ졤켫Τؤδؿ餿ʤäΤǤϤʤȹͤƤ롥óȻ (lexical_diffusion) Τ褦ʻּŻ뤹ϳȯ줬йƤǯʸˡ (neogrammarian) θѲˤĹ롥ޤ#1872. Constant Rate Hypothesis ([2014-06-12-1]) ʤɤ⡤ѲּˤƹͻƤ롥Ǥ⡤ѲλŪ¦̤ˤĤƤϡޤʬ˿ʤǤȤϸʤ
νפʸơޤȤƤθѲλŪ¦̤ΰڤָѲΥ塼 (schedule_of_language_change) ȸƤ֤Ȥˤˤϡactuation, implementation, diffusion ˴ؤ (see #1466. Smith ˤѲ3ʳ3 ([2013-05-02-1])) 䡤Ѳν® (speed_of_change)ϩ³֡λ˴ؤꡤäˤ餬ɤΤ褦װˤꤵΤȤ䤤ʤɤޤޤƤ롥
Ѥ De Smet (6) ϡѲγȻˤĤŪ˹ͻ˼ָѲΥ塼פν˴ؿƤ롥
. . . it is important to see that the problem of diachronic diffusion has two sides. On the one hand, we have to explain the phasedness of diffusional change---that is, to explain why diffusional change happens in stages with different environments being affected at different times, and what determines the order in which environments are affected. On the other hand, there is the more intractable question of what drives diffusion---that is, why does diffusion seem to go on and on, and what gives it its unidirectionality?
De Smet λŦ1ϡʤѲγȻʳŪ˿ʹԤʳνƤΤϲʤΤȤΤȤޤȤƤ褤2Ĥϡ⤽ѲγȻưƤΤϲʤΤ˿ʤޤϤϲʤΤȤΤưϤȤäƤ褤 (see #2299. Ȼζư3 ([2015-08-13-1])#2302. ȻŪѲΰ ([2015-08-16-1]))
De Smet ϡʳνȤ̩ܤ˴ϢϩˤƤ롥"diffusion follows a path of least resistance" (6) ȽҤ٤Ƥ뤳Ȥ鼨褦ˡѲηϩװ1ĤȤơŪηϤˤʤ¿ˤǰƬˤƤ뤳ȤϵʤѲΥ塼νˤϡ֤̻֤ΩۤϡꥦΤ褦 "integrated synchrony" ɬפʤΤǤϤʤˤĤƤϡ#2295. Ѳϸξ֤ϳؤǤ ([2015-08-09-1]) ȡĥäε碌ƻȤ줿
De Smet, Hendrik. Spreading Patterns: Diffusional Change in the English System of Complementation. Oxford: OUP, 2013.
#2299. Ȼζư3 ([2015-08-13-1]) ǰѤ De Smet (3) ϡѲγȻ˷֤2Ĥħ˿Ƥ롥"gradualness" "unidirectionality"
. . . diffusional changes do have two recurrent characteristics. First, they are gradual and their gradualness is context bound, which means that different environments are affected by change at different times or in a different pace. This context-bound gradualness has been disputed for some changes . . . ; yet in many cases, . . . context-bound gradualness is immediately apparent from the data. While this suggests that gradualness is perhaps more pronounced for some changes than for others, there is no denying that it is a central aspect of some major grammatical developments.
Second, diffusional changes are unidirectional, in the sense that once an environment has been conquered by change it is not normally yielded back. Unidirectionality here does not mean that diffusion proceeds indefinitely but simply that there is a time window in which distributions can grow continuously, without any serious fallback or fluctuation. This consistency of change sometimes seems natural. For instance, in actualization it might be thought of as a systematic bearing out of the logical consequences of syntactic reanalysis. In grammaticalization, consistent collocational expansion often follows from semantic bleaching. But in other cases, . . . a single straightforward explanation for directionality seems lacking, making the directionality observed all the more mystifying.
De Smet ε1ĤħѲϴĶȤ˽˳ȻƤȤħϡΤ˼Ƥ褤Aitchison ήˤ "rule generalisation" (95) ˤäơĿʤǤΤŵǤ롥
2ĤħѲΰ (unidirectionality) ˤĤƤϡ٤꤬Ĥ褦˻פ롥ޤDe Smet ѤκǸѲΰ "mystifying" Ǥ뤳ȻŦƤ褦ˡθ餫ˤȤ礭꤬ĤƤ롥ϡSapir drift ήˤͿ "mystical" Ȥɾפ (see #685. ʤѲˤ drift Τ (1) ([2011-03-13-1]))
ˡѲγȻˤϡܺäƤޤΡ뤤ϰŪǤϤήꡤʤȤ֥졼äꤹ륱뤳ȤǤ롥㤨С伫ȤιԤäѸˤ̾ʣ -s γȻȤǤϡˤưŪй -n δꡤ-s γȻˤϤष֥졼äθ塤-s γȻᤷΤǡǽŪˤϡפȤ뤫⤷ʤŪѲΰƤ褤ΤʤΤƹͤ¥ǤϤ롥
De Smet ⡤Τ褦㳰ˤߤβǽǰƬ֤ʤ顤Ť "unidirectionality" ȤǰƤ褦ǤϤ롥â1Ĥ "a time window" ¤ϡ줬ԹΤ褹복ǰ֤ʤΤǤϤʤȤפäƤ롥Ǥ -s ǤСȻ˥֥졼ľޤǤ1ĤλȤСΤ˰˿ʤǤ褦ˤߤ롥ޤ֥졼ľ夫⤦1ĤλȤСޤ˿ʤǤ褦ˤߤ롥뤿ˤϡԹ褯ꤹ뤳ȤǤ褦˻פ롥
De Smet, Hendrik. Spreading Patterns: Diffusional Change in the English System of Complementation. Oxford: OUP, 2013.
Aitchison, Jean. Language Change: Progress or Decay. 3rd ed. Cambridge: CUP, 2001.
դΤ (figure of speech) ΤʤǤ⡤ԤȤΤ (metaphor) Ǥ롥ưʪǤʤΤ˰ػҤΡ֤פȤȤǤʤΤ˿͵μؤơ֥פȤȤʤƤߤ櫓ǤϤʤΤˡִŤȤȤȤѤƤ롥ɽޤ˸ŤƾȤʤäȤˤϡȤκѤۤȤɴʤʤꡤե (dead metaphor) ȸƤФ롥ܸˤѸˤեդƤꡤΰ̣եǤȤޤǸʤۤɤ
metaphor ˤƤϡӤδȤʤ source ӤŬѤ target 2ĤɬפǤ롥ػҤΰǤСsource Ͽʹ֤ưʪεӤǤꡤtarget ϰػҤλ٤ʬǤ롥ʪΤΡȶΤΤǤǡsource target 2Ĥΰۤʤɥᥤ (domain) °Ȥ롥2Ĥϸߤ˴طΤʤΩɥᥤ֤פʤΤβˤäΤ٤ΤΡפȤ塤ǽζ̹ˤꡤξɥᥤ֤˶ͤ롥Τ褦ˡmetaphor ˤɬ餫 (similarity) 롥
#2102. Ѹˤˤ̣γȽ̾ ([2015-01-28-1]) Ƥ줿 Williams ϡmetaphor ˭٤ͿƤƤ (184--85) ʲθäϡ츫Ȥ metaphor ȰռʤΤФθŪȯŸޤǤ롥줾ˤĤơ source Dz target ʤΤ2ĤΥɥᥤϤ줾첿ϤȤʤäƤ붦̹ϲõäƤ餤ե˶ᤤΡ˺ƤȤܤΤˤĤƤϡθȤθ줾첿ˤĤƥҥȤͿƤʤä f. ȤΤϸɽ魯ˤΤǡȤʤθ줿
1. abstract (f. draw away from)
2. advert (f. turn to)
3. affirm (f. make firm)
4. analysis (f. separate into parts)
5. animal (You animal!)
6. bright (a bright idea)
7. bitter (sharp to the taste: He is a bitter person)
8. brow (the brow of a hill)
9. bewitch (a bewitching aroma)
10. bat (You old bat!)
11. bread (I have no bread to spend)
12. blast (We had a blast at the party)
13. blow up (He blew up in anger)
14. cold (She was cold to me)
15. cool (Cool it,man)
16. conceive (f. to catch)
17. conclude (f. to enclose)
18. concrete (f. to grow together)
19. connect (f. to tie together)
20. cut (She cut me dead)
21. crane (the derrick that resembles the bird)
22. compose (f. to put together)
23. comprehend (f. seize)
24. cat (She's a cat)
25. dig (I dig that idea)
26. deep (deep thoughts)
27. dark (I'm in the dark on that)
28. define (f. place limits on)
29. depend (f. hang from)
30. dog (You dog!)
31. dirty (a dirty mind)
32. dough (money)
33. drip (He's a drip)
34. drag (This class is a drag)
35. eye (the eye of a hurricane)
36. exist (f. stand out)
37. explain (f. make flat)
38. enthrall (f. to make a slave of)
39. foot (foot of a mountain)
40. fuzzy (I'm fuzzy headed)
41. finger (a finger of land)
42. fascinate (f. enchant by witchcraft)
43. flat (a flat note)
44. get (I don't get it)
45. grasp (I grasped the concept)
46. guts (He has a lot of guts)
47. groove (I'm in the groove)
48. gas (It was a gasser)
49. grab (How does the idea grab you?)
50. high (He got high on dope)
51. hang (He's always hung up)
52. heavy (I had a heavy time)
53. hot (a hot idea)
54. heart (the heart of the problem)
55. head (head of the line)
56. hands (hands of the clock)
57. home (drive the point home)
58. jazz (f. sexual activity)
59. jive (I don't dig this jive)
60. intelligent (f. bring together)
61. keen (f. intelligent)
62. load (a load off my mind)
63. long (a long lime)
64. loud (a loud color)
65. lip (lip of the glass)
66. lamb (She's a lamb)
67. mouth (mouth of a cave)
68. mouse (You're a mouse)
69. milk (He milked the job dry)
70. pagan (f. civilian, in distinction to Christians, who called themselves soldiers of Christ)
71. pig (You pig)
72. quiet (a quiet color)
73. rip-off (It was a big rip-off)
74. rough (a rough voice)
75. ribs (the ribs of a ship)
76. report (f. to carry back)
77. result (f. to spring back)
78. shallow (shallow ideas)
79. soft (a soft wind)
80. sharp (a sharp dresser)
81. smooth (a smooth operator)
82. solve (f. to break up)
83. spirit (f. breath)
84. snake (You snake!)
85. straight (He's a straight guy)
86. square (He's a square)
87. split (Let's split)
88. turn on (He turns me on)
89. trip (It was a bad (drug) trip)
90. thick (a voice thick with anger)
91. thin (a thin sound)
92. tongue (a tongue of land)
93. translate (f. carry across)
94. warm (a warm color)
95. wrestle (I wrestled with the problem)
96. wild (a wild idea)
ƥͳθ줬¿ޤޤƤ뤬̤¿ǤʤƥѸϡαѸǤϡʸŵƥˤƤ˸ȤѤ⡤ŪȯŸѤ뤳ȤΤۤ¿Τ̤ưʪɽ魯Ȥ source Ȥʤ뤳Ȥ¿ (synaesthesia) λ¿ޤŪʸ¯Ūʶ⾯ʤʤ
Τ褦ȤˤϤħ졤̸Ūˤѻ뤳Ȥ顤̣ѲΰŪ뤳ȤǽȤʤ롥ˤĤƤϡ#1759. synaesthesia ([2014-02-19-1])#1955. ̣ѲΰŪ ([2014-09-03-1])#2101. Williams ΰ̣Ѳ ([2015-01-27-1]) ʤɤεȡ
Williams, Joseph M. Origins of the English Language: A Social and Linguistic History. New York: Free P, 1975.
#2144. ȯãȵǽƤȯ ([2015-03-11-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡѸˤƤפѲϤֵǽƤȯפȤª뤳ȤǤ뤬ϡֵǽ¤γŬפȴ뤳ȤǤ롥űѸ衤οȼäƸ¤ (Lexical Projection) ǽ¤ (Functional Projection) ؤȺʬϤˤƤ濴Ȥ빽¤ǽƤ濴Ȥ빽¤ؤȳŬƤäȤΤ
ʸˡεǤϡʪʲʬŪѤ볰Ŭ (exaptation) ȤǰѤ褦ˤʤäƤݺ (151) Τ狼䤹
ŬȤϡȤСʪʲ¦̤ǤϡȤβݻΤ¸ߤƤӤΩ줬¸Ŭ夲̤ȤʤꡤĻؤοʲĤʤäȤͤǤά͡Lass (1990) ϤγǰѲ˱Ѥư DO ȯãγŬʤȤȻưäΤ̵̣¸ߤȤʤꡤ̤Ӥ˳Ѥ줿ˤƤޤܽǤϡιͤʤᡤ¤ޤŬȼĥȻפޤά͵ǽƤϤȤȰĤ FP (Functional Projection) ȹͤ졤Ŭη̡ޤޤʹ¤ȤƶȤ櫓ǤѸϤ̻ŪѲβǡ̾ưζ֤ξüȶˡ濴ι¤鵡ǽ濴ι¤ؤȰܹԤƤȹͤ졤η̡졤ư졤ư֡λʹԷ¿ͤʬۤȸ櫓Ǥ
Τ褦ʸѲѤϡɭοʲȤͤˤĤʤ롥ҥȤͭθȯȿʲָʲפȸƤ֤ȤС嵭Τ褦ʸѲϡָξʲפȤߤ뤳ȤǤȤĴ碌ʤֿʲפȤߤǸ椬ʤƤ롥
ݺ (158) ϡμȿκѤ˿ʤ顤κǸΤ褦äƤ롥
켫ΤĤƻõѤϡ뼫ȿʼȯŪȤޤˤȸʤȤǽǤȿȤη뾽䥷ޥޤΥ֥ͭ̾ǤʪŪʪŪ¦̤ФǤʤȤСϤĻФԷ֡ʰδֳֻ֤ѡˡݸݡкѥƥҲΩʤɤˤڤӤޤξʲޤˤΰȤƹͤ졤ưŪŬѲᥫ˥ߤ¸ߤȤǤ줳ȤФοʲƳָפȸΤǤϤʤǤ礦ѸˤʸˡθݤϤޤˤιǤꡤѲθ椬ʣηϤʳؤĤμʤˤʤ뤳ȤƤƤΤǤ
Ѳ礭1ĤβǤ롥
ݺ ƻͺʸˡѸ١ҡ2014ǯ
Williams αѸˤɤǤợѲΰܳŪǤ7Ϥ8Ϥ̣ѲƤƤˡѸ˳ΤʤǤŪ褯ޤȤޤäƤ褦˴ʲĤȤ
Williams (170) ϰ̣Ѳζ̤ "reasons", "mechanism", "consequences" 3ʬƹͤ褦ȤƤ롥ƶˤꡤ̣Ѳʬ˴ؤƤĤƤƬꥢˤʤä褦˻פȤΤϡʬǤϤζ̤ޤŪ˶̤Ƥʤäܥ֥Ǥ̣ѲʤθˤʬˤĤơ#473. ̣ѲŵŪʥѥ ([2010-08-13-1])#1109. ̣Ѳθʬ ([2012-05-10-1])#1873. Stern ˤ̣Ѳ7ʬ ([2014-06-13-1])#1953. Stern ˤ̣Ѳ7ʬ (2) ([2014-09-01-1])#1973. Meillet ΰ̣Ѳ3Ĥθ ([2014-09-21-1])#2060. ̣Ѹ콸ˤߤ̣Ѳʬ ([2014-12-17-1]) Ǽ夲ƤޤŪʬȤΤϤʤȤäƤ褤ʬˡϡԤοȤäƤǤϤʤۤɤStern ֤ⷫƤ褦ˡ2Ĥΰ̣ѲưŤƱפäȤƤۤʤ륿פ˵뤹뤳ȤϤ뤷դ˵ΥפƱǤäƤ⡤ͳΥפϰۤʤȤ褦ʰ̣Ѳ⤢롥ޤۤʤʣװ߹äơ1Ĥΰ̣ѲȯȤȤ⤴̤ˤߤ롥⤽̣ѲʬȤäƤ⡤̣ѲΤɤζ̤ܤʬह뤫Ȥͤ⤢ꡤǤϤʤäΤWilliams ä˲ȤҤ٤Ƥ櫓ǤϤʤΤ"reasons", "mechanism", "consequences" 3̤̤ƤɾǤ롥
ޤWilliams ϰ̣Ѳˡ§ (semantic laws) 1䤤Ƥ (207--10) ˤĤƤϡ#1756. ̣Ѳˡ§餷Ρ ([2014-02-16-1])#1759. synaesthesia ([2014-02-19-1])#1955. ̣ѲΰŪ ([2014-09-03-1]) εʤɤǿƤWilliams (207) ⡤̣Ѳˡ§ȤϤ鷺ȤⷹȤƻŦǤ뤳ȤȤơŪ̵ʹܤĤƤ롥
1. Words for abstractions will generally develop out of words for physical experience: comprehend, grasp, explain, and so on.
2. Words originally indicating neutral condition tend to polarize: doom, frame, predicament, luck, merit.
3. Words originally indicating strong emotional response tend to weaken as they are used to exaggerate: awful, terrific, tremendous.
4. Insulting words tend to come from names of animals or lower classes: rat, dog, villain, cad
5. Metaphors will be drawn from those aspects of experience most relevant to us: eye of a needle, finger of land; or most intense in our experience: turn on, spaced out, freaked out, for example.
Williams (208) ϡ궯Ϥʰ̣Ѳˡ§Ȥơ#1756. ̣Ѳˡ§餷Ρ ([2014-02-16-1]) ǿ줿Ѹ®ע֤ˡפΰ̣Ѳ夲Ƥ뤬ϡ־ˡ§פǤϤʤֲˤĤƤθꤵ줿̲פǤɾƤ롥⤦ˡ§̾ͤΤȤƤϡBasic Color Terms ˤߤ̸Ūȡ餬붦 (synaesthesia) ƤʸԤˤĤƤϡ#1759. synaesthesia ([2014-02-19-1]) ȡˡWilliams ˤСְ̣Ѳˡ§פˤʤΤϡ"universals of change which, because they are so regular and so general, reflect internal influences either peculiar to the particular language or to human language and cognition in general" (208) Ǥ褦
Williams ϡ̣ѲȴϢ slang, argot, cant, jargon ȤäѰΡ㤤ˤܤƤꡤ "A Social and Linguistic History" ˤդ路ҲŪʴƶäƤ롥
Stern, Gustaf. Meaning and Change of Meaning. Bloomington: Indiana UP, 1931.
Williams, Joseph M. Origins of the English Language: A Social and Linguistic History. New York: Free P, 1975.
Williams, Joseph M. "Synaesthetic Adjectives: A Possible Law of Semantic Change." Language 52 (1976): 461--78.
εǼ夲#1980. Ѳ ([2014-09-28-1]) ȡ#1981. ּѲ ([2014-09-29-1]) ˤĤơ롥ȥ饦åȤˤѲĤۤ (32) ˤ꼨
ΰ̣εҴŪʡϻǤϤʤäȤߥ˥ˤäʽˤΡμŪʡϻ٤֤ηвΤʤǡ沽褦ˤʤᥫ˥ (Traugott 2003: 126)
ȥ饦åȤˤּѲϡƱĤۤ (32--33) ˤȡ
äʽˤʹɤˤΡּʡפظդΤɽ뤳ȡ (Traugott 2003: 128) Ǥ롥ǤաפȤϡȯäǸƤƤФ롤ʹɤˤ٤˸աפȡʹɤˤ̻Ҥȡʹɤˤݻ褦Ȥ륤ФաפΤȤǤ롥ּѲϡְ̣ʹ˾֤Τˤʤᥫ˥פǤꡤäʽˤʹɤˤΡؼʡ٤ظդްդ֤Фơ沽ץʤǤäդϡǧŪҲŪξδؿؤˤ뤳ȤǤ롥äơּѲȤϡŪˡѲꤢȤ˵סּѲפȤפΤؤȤˤʤΤǤ (Traugott 2003: 129--130)
üŪɽСä١ʼˤɲΤѲäʹؤθʴּˤɲΤּѲȤ롥
ѲȴּѲΥץˤĤ˸ؤδŪ˺Ǥפϡ"non-subjective > subjective > intersubjective" Ȥβ⤬Ƥ뤳Ȥβ̸Ū¿λˤٻƤꡤƱ褦˰Ƥʸˡ (grammaticalisation) ȤߴطˤĤƤ蘆Ƥ롥ΰβˤϰ⤢뤬ˤ̣Ѳؤθι϶ǯ뤷
ܸ줫μѲȴּѲȤơǫ?ޤפȯã롥ȤȼĮˤƵҴŪˡֵͤκ¤פ̣Ƥָ¡̾ˡܤưˡפȤɽ16˲Ūˡ֤פȤĤŤޤȤȤ˰̣ǺɸȤƤʪɸˤѤ褦ˤʤäɸλѤüԤμŪȽǤ˴ؤΤ顤ɸ첽ȤϼѲˤۤʤʤˡ֤פϡ?ޤפȷѤߤǤмԷɸʹɸˤȤƴּŪ˵ǽƤ롥
ԡ̾ ҡ ŵҡˡ˸硡Υߥ˥١罤ۡ2011ǯ
Traugott, Elizabeth Closs. "From Subjectification to Intersubjectification." Motives for Language Change. Ed. Raymond Hickey. Cambridge: CUP, 2003. 124--39.
ϡε#1980. Ѳ ([2014-09-28-1]) ȯŸȤּѲ (intersubjectification) ˤĤƼ夲롥Traugott ϡ"nonsubjective > subjective" Ȥ̣ѲαĹ "subjective > intersubjective" Ȥ⤦1Ĥʳ뤳ȤƤƤ롥ޤּѲ (intersubjectification) ιԤ夯Ǥּ (intersubjectivity) ˤĤơTraugott (128) ߤƤߤ褦
[I]ntersubjectivity is the explicit expression of the SP/W's attention to the 'self' of addressee/reader in both an epistemic sense (paying attention to their presumed attitudes to the content of what is said), and in a more social sense (paying attention to their 'face' or 'image needs' associated with social stance and identity). (128)
ơּѲ (intersubjectification) Ȥϡ"the development of meanings that encode speaker/writers' attention to the cognitive stances and social identities of addressees" (124) 롥
Ѹ줫ּŪɽ褦Actually, I will drive you to the dentist. "Actually" ּṲ̄ƤȤ "Actually" ϡ֤ʤϤƤǤ뤫⤷ʤȤΤǤƸޤפۤɤΰ̣ޤǤꡤʹ face ФƤθɽ魯ä٤ɽ路Ƥ롥ޤĤƤαѸˤ2;̾ you thou λȤʬ (cf. t/v_distinction) ⡤ŵŪʴּŪɽǤ롥
ּѲȡLet's take our pills now, Roger. ˤ let's 롥 let's ϡlet us (allow us) Ȥ̿ʸȯãǤꡤlet's ṳ̂ʤ "I propose" ۤɤξ塦ΰդɽ魯褦ˤʤä줬˿ƤҤˤʤ褦ư¥ "care-giver register" ǤˡؤȯŸΤǤ롥塦ȯãϼѲȤߤƤ褤μȯŸʳϡäʿơˤʹʻҡˤؤΡ֤ʤ¥פ٤ɲƤȤǴּѲȤȤ館뤳ȤǤ롥̿ʸԤ please pray ʤɤˡȯã⡤Ʊͤ˴ּѲȤߤ뤳ȤǤ롥ˡ֤ޤȤǤƱդޤפۤɤ̣ɸ well ȯã⤦1ĤȤߤƤ褤
ʹ face Ťä٤Τּ뤤ϴּѲȤСѸȤϤषܸν֤ºݡּּѲθǤϡܸϰĥǤ롥Ƽηɾɽ˻Ϥޤꡤ졤ɸȤƤΡ֤ơפʤɡ¿ɽ˴ּߤ롥Traugott "nonsubjective > subjective > intersubjective" ȤѲꤹΤǤСܸϡΤɤͤޤˤޤǹԤڤäɽ¿¸ߤ롤ŪȤȤˤʤ롥ǤϡɤͤޤˤޤǹԤڤäɽΤθϤɤʤΤȯŸʳʤȤȤˤʤСɤͤޤˤϼɽѤ뤳ȤˤʤꤽѤȤʤäƤɽ¿Traugott (136) ϡΤ褦Ƥ롥
. . . by hypothesis, intersubjectification is a semasiological end-point for a particular form-meaning pair; onomasiologically, however, an intersubjective category will over time come to have more or fewer members, depending on cultural preference, register, etc.
Traugott, Elizabeth Closs. "From Subjectification to Intersubjectification." Motives for Language Change. Ed. Raymond Hickey. Cambridge: CUP, 2003. 124--39.
(pragmatics) ʸˡ (grammaticalisation) ̣Ѳ (semantic_change) θǤϡѲ (subjectification) ȤȤФˤ롥ǤСֻؼŪ̿Ụ̄ƥŪɽŪ뤤ϡпŪ (interpersonal) ؤΰ̣Ѳסʽp. 11ˤǤ롥̿ΰ̣üԤμŪ٤˽Ṭ̌ؤѲǤꡤʸˡˤŵŪˤߤǤȤ롥ŪˤС"propositional > textual > expressive/interpersonal" Ȥ
(11--13) ˽äƱѸˤȡư̤ΰջ֡ɽ魯 be going to ȯãˡư must, may ʤɤε̳Ūˡ (deontic) ǧŪˡ (epistemic) ؤȯãɸȯãĴȯãʤɤ롥Ūˡư promise ηФѲߤƤߤ褦Ѹ˥ե줫Ѥ줿 ư promise ϡͭμȤꡤ«Ȥȯ٤ԤȤ̣16ˤ̾Ūơͽ𤹤롤ͽפΰ̵̣μƤ褦ˤʤ롥18ˤϡʸȤäŪ夲ˡȯãջŪǧŪʰ̣˻롥̡The conflict may promise to escalate into war. Τ褦ʸǽˤʤäư promise ФƤѲΥץϡ"full thematic predicates > raising predicates > quasi-modals > modal operator" ȿǤ
⤦1ġƻ lovely μѲˤĤƤƤ褳ηƻϿʹ֤°̣18Τɽ魯褦ˤʤꡤDzͤɽ魯褦ˤʤä19溢϶ո (intensifier) ȤƤѤ褦ˤʤꡤĤˤϤˡ餷פۤɤ̣ȿ (response particle) ȤƤˡȯã "descriptive adjective > affective adjective > intensifier/pragmatic particle" ȤäȤϢơƻ줬ɾŪʰ̣ˤĤƤϡ#1099. Ҥηƻɾηƻ ([2012-04-30-1])#1100. Farsi ηƻʬ̻Ūʰ̣礤 ([2012-05-01-1])#1400. relational adjective qualitative adjective ؤΰ̣Ѳθưϡ ([2013-02-25-1]) Ǽ夲ΤǡȤ줿ոȯãˤĤƤϡ#992. ոȡָ³ˡ§ס ([2012-01-14-1])#1220. Ѹˤ붯γ ([2012-08-29-1]) ȡ
ۤˤ⡤Traugott (126--27) ˤСafter all, in fact, however ʤɤɸȤƤȯãeven μٻȤƤȯãonly ξȤƤȯãʤɤ뤷ܸ줫ȤơʸƬΡ֤ǤפɸȤƤȯã䡤ʸΡ֤櫓פμŪ٤ޤͳˡȯãʤɤŦ롥
μΰ̣ѲȤˤʤȡɬȿ餷ΤŦ롥ºݤˡȿѲ (de-subjectification) ܤ⤢롥㤨Сcriminal law criminal ϵҴŪǵŪʰ̣äƤ뤬ŪˤϤηƻǤ a criminal tyrant ˤ褦ʼŪɾŪʰ̣ԤƤȤޤѸǤŪ˼ư֤ȯãƤư֤ŵŪưʤȿŪɽȤ롥
¼䡡ʸˡȥǥಽ١ҤĤ˼2014ǯ
Traugott, Elizabeth Closs. "From Subjectification to Intersubjectification." Motives for Language Change. Ed. Raymond Hickey. Cambridge: CUP, 2003. 124--39.
εǰѤ Luraghi ƱʸǸѲŪ (teleology) ˤĤƤ롥teleology ˤĤƤܥ֥Ǥ⤿ӤˤƤäƴϢǰˤĤƤɬפ롥
ޤѲ therapy ʼšˤ prophylaxis ͽɡˤȤ롥#835. ǽŪʸѲѤؤȽ ([2011-08-10-1]) ָѲˤ therapy or pathogeny ([2011-08-12-1]) Ǽ夲ˤƤȤƵǽŪʸѲ (functionalism) 롥Kiparsky "language practices therapy rather than prophylaxis" (Luraghi 364) Ȥΰ⤤ĤƤ뤬Lass ʤɤϤɤǤʤȤƤ롥
Ǥϡfunctionalism teleology ƱΤʤΤۤʤΤʤΤˤĤƤ⡤Ȥδ֤ǰոϰפƤʤLass Ʊ뤷Ƥ褦Croft ʤɤҤԤ "functional proper"Ԥ "systemic functional" Ȥƶ̤Ƥ롥"systemic functional" ϸ teleology "functional proper" üԤΰտޤˤᥫ˥ؤޤüԤΰտޤˤᥫ˥ȤƤ "functional" ȤɽѰۤѲˤĤƤѤ¤ˤơüԤΤǤϤʤ˸ "functionalism" äƤ褤⤷ʤ줬°ؤΤüԤ°ؤΤ̤ƤȤפ
Teleological explanations of language change are sometimes considered the same as functional explanations . . . . Croft . . . distinguishes between 'systemic functional,' that is teleological, explanations, and 'functional proper,' which refer to intentional mechanisms. Keller . . . argues that 'functional' must not be confused with 'teleological,' and should be used in reference to speakers, rather than to language: '[t]he claim that speakers have goals is correct, while the claim that language has a goal is wrong' . . . . Thus, to the extent that individual variants may be said to be functional to the achievement of certain goals, they are more likely to generate language change through invisible hand processes: in this sense, explanations of language change may also be said to be functional. (Luraghi 365--66)
ΰѤˤ⤢褦ˡפʤȤϡָ줬ѲפȡüԤפȤǰ̤ƤȤǤ롥#1549. Why does language change? or Why do speakers change their language? ([2013-07-24-1]) ǽҤ٤褦ˡζ̼Τˤ⤢꤬ޤޤƤ뤬ޤüԡʽġˤäƤθǤꡤѲǤ롥üԼΤθѲˤƤ teleology ֤ϤʤȤLuraghi (365) ۩
Croft . . . warns against the 'reification or hypostatization of languages . . . Languages don't change; people change language through their actions.' Indeed, it seems better to avoid assuming any immanent principles inherent in language, which seem to imply that language has an existence outside the speech community. This does not necessarily mean that language change does not proceed in a certain direction. Croft rejects the idea that 'drift,' as defined by Sapir . . ., may exist at all. Similarly, Lass . . . wonders how one can positively demonstrate that the unconscious selection assumed by Sapir on the side of speakers actually exists. From an opposite angle, Andersen . . . writes: 'One of the most remarkable facts about linguistic change is its determinate direction. Changes that we can observe in real time---for instance, as they are attested in the textual record---typically progress consistently in a single direction, sometimes over long periods of time.' Keller . . . suggests that, while no drift in the Sapirian sense can be assumed as 'the reason why a certain event happens,' i.e., it cannot be considered innate in language, invisible hand processes may result in a drift. In other words, the perspective is reversed in Keller's understanding of drift: a drift is not the pre-existing reason which leads the directionality of change, but rather the a posteriori observation of a change brought about by the unconsciously converging activity of speakers who conform to certain principles, such as the principle of economy and so on . . . .
Ϣ drift, functionalism, invisible_hand, unidirectionality γƵ⻲ͤˤ줿
Luraghi, Silvia. "Causes of Language Change." Chapter 20 of Continuum Companion to Historical Linguistics. Ed. Silvia Luraghi and Vit Bubenik. London: Continuum, 2010. 358--70.
Powered by WinChalow1.0rc4 based on chalow