131ڡˤˡǯ٤ī㡼Υֺ˾äȤԻĤʱñ10ߴ1ȤƳ֤ޤơޤϡvery --- ʪפ纮ζոءפǤ
very ȤСǤŪ̵ɸʶո (intensifier) ǧƤȻפޤޤܶñʤΤǿͤȤʤ⤷ޤѸŪˤ͡ʴǤ롤οԤʤùܤǤֵǤϡvery εȯŸɤꡤ¾ӤոȤðۤޤǻ̩90ʬȤʤäȻפޤ
īֺ10Ƥ markmap ˤޥɥޥåײޤѤˤȤС

ʤīֺ¤Υ19ˤĤƤޥɥޥåפƤΤǡ⤴Ȥ
#5857. 2025ǯ٤ī륷ֺ¤1she --- 츻䤨ʤ̾פޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2025-05-10-1])
#5887. 2025ǯ٤ī륷ֺ¤2through --- ޤ¿ֻͤĸפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2025-06-09-1])
#5915. 2025ǯ٤ī륷ֺ¤3autumn --- ³ƤפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2025-07-07-1])
#5949. 2025ǯ٤ī륷ֺ¤4but --- Ĥ¿³פޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2025-08-10-1])
#5977. 2025ǯ٤ī륷ֺ¤5guy --- ̾饫եʰ̣Ѳ뤲פޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2025-09-07-1])
#6013. 2025ǯ٤ī륷ֺ¤6English --- ƤñɤޤǤꤹפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2025-10-01-1])
#6041. 2025ǯ٤ī륷ֺ¤7I --- 1;ñ̾ᤰʪפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2025-11-10-1])
#6076. 2025ǯ٤ī륷ֺ¤8take --- ⤿餷ĶܸפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2025-12-15-1])
#6076. 2025ǯ٤ī륷ֺ¤8take --- ⤿餷ĶܸפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2025-12-15-1])
#6098. 2025ǯ٤ī륷ֺ¤9one --- ñʤ͡ˡعäפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2026-01-06-1])
11228ڡˤǡϡthat --- ؼ줫¿ǽؤפȤʤޤַϰ³饤Τߤǡֻ֤ 15:30--17:00 ǤؿΤϡī㡼ɶθHPܺ٤ǧξ塤ߤйǤ

ǯ٤Ϸ1ī㡼ɶDZѸ˹ֺ¤Ƥޤȥϡ˾äȤԻĤʱñפǤѸŪ˸ߤȴߤΤñ1ӡ⤭ơرѸ츻ŵʸҡˤرѸ츻ϥɥ֥åʸҡεҤȤʤ顤αñˡҤƤϱѸΤˤޤ
1ָ塤131ڡˤιֺ¤ߴνȤʤޤ夲ΤϡѸؽԤˤȤäơʤ¿αѸüԤˤȤäƤ˺Ǥ߿1ĤǤʤ顤˶ä٤äƤ very Ǥ
䤿ʡʤ֤ȤƤ⡤ˡפȤ̣ very ȤäƤޤǽ˶ᤤ̤դ줿ñǤѸˤδ餳θįȡˤϡֶĴפȤʹֿˤĤޤȤ㤷¸ˤƤޤʲvery ᤰäƼ夲ĤƤߤޤ
ٸ very ϡ¤ϱѸǤϤʤե줫μѸǤʤΤ褦ʴŪñ줬Ѥ˻äΤǤ礦
եǤϤȤȡֿ¤Ρפ̣ƻ (cf. Fr. vrai) ǤꡤѸäƤƻȤѤƤޤthe very man ֤ޤˤˡפʤɤˡˤκפĤäƤޤ줬ʤ뤭äǶդȤʤꡤ⤳ޤǹ٤ˤʤäΤǤ礦
ոˤϡֶˡ§פȤ̣ν̿ޤĴɽϻȤ줹ȼ깤ĤĴٹ礤긺äƤޤΤǤ
Ѹˤ̤ơӤո줬ƤϾäƤޤűѸѸǻȤƤɽŪʶոƤߤޤ
¿ζո줬ä椯ʤ뤤岽ˤʤǡʤ very Ĥꡤ˸ѸˤƤۤɤΰ괶ƤΤǤ礦礭Ǥ
ŪˡֶĴפȤϲֶոפȤϸˤƤɤΤ褦ʰ֤ŤˤΤˤĤƤͤƤߤȻפޤ
Τ褦ˡvery Ȥ츫ññظˡƻ줫ؤʻẓ̌ɺȤζȤäѸû˾ΤΥåͤޤäƤޤΥƥˤ90ʬǤäޤ
ֺ¤ؤλˡϡ⥪饤äΤߤȤʤޤꥢ륿Ǥμ֤Τۤ2֤θƨۿӥ⤢ޤΤԹΤ褤ˡǤäйǤֻ֤ 15:30--17:00 ȤʤäƤޤֺ¤ȿߤξܺ٤īڡꤴǧ
ʤߴΥ饤ʥåפϰʲ̤Ǥ2026ǯ볫⡤DZѸˤڤؤǤޤ礦
- 10131ڡ 15:30?17:00very --- ʪפ纮ζոء
- 11228ڡ 15:30?17:00that --- ؼ줫¿ǽؤ
- 12328ڡ 15:30?17:00be --- ѸΡ¸ߡפ٤ĶԵ§ư
߷ ˧ͺԽ紴ˡرѸ츻ŵٿǡҡ2024ǯ
߷ ͧ ɹ δˡʡ 쵮 ءʹܶϡˡرѸ츻ϥɥ֥å١ҡ2025ǯ
khelfʷѸ˥եǡʲΤϤƷ郎ȯޤ
ѸؽѤʸˡͽVintage ʸˡˡ١2ǡp. 295ˤˤϡsomething of a֤̾äȤ̾ӡʤΡ̾ӡפȽФƤޤ漭ŵˤƱͤʤȤƤޤ֤äȤפȡ֤ʤΡפܸŪ˰ۤʤޤʤΤ褦ʰ㤤ΤǤ礦⤽ something ΰ̣ʬäƤʤ㤤ǤʤΤǤ礦
ܸȤƤϳΤˡ֤äȤפȡ֤ʤΡפϰ̣ۤʤ褦˻פޤǹͤСԤ٤㤯Ԥ٤⤤ΤƤꡤषеδޤ֡ʰճʤȤˤϤäȤʤβڲȤʤǤפȤʸͤȡθỤ̄϶Ƥ褦ˤפޤѸ something of a(n) ܸΡ֤äȤפ⡤̣ȸΥ˴ؤ̯Τ褦Ǥ
Ϣ quite ִˡס֤פξĤȤפޤ#4247. quite Ρִˡפ֤פؤΰ̣Ѳ ([2020-12-12-1])#4233. ʤ quite a few ֤ʤΡΡפΰ̣ˤʤΤ ([2020-11-28-1])#4235. quite a few ϡ¤餲Ǹǵž ([2020-11-30-1]) Ȥո (intensifier) θ˴ؤǤΤǡ#4236. intensifier ʬ ([2020-12-01-1]) ⻲ͤˤʤ뤫Ȼפޤ
ơsomething of a ˤĤơإ˥缭ŵ٤ǤϼΤ褦˵ܤƤޤ
*sómething of a ...
((ά))[ʸ] äȤġʤΡ?She is ~ of a musician. βڤκͤϤʤΤΤǤԢڲȤǤϤʤͤѤ/I found it ~ of a disappointment. ˤϤʤ꤬äꤷޤ(I found it rather disappointing.)/Life has always been ~ of a puzzle. ϤޤǾᤤȤä.
֡ԢڲȤǤϤʤͤѤաפȤŦϡƽפǼ٤ȻפޤȤ¾μˤϡΤ褦ϤޤǤ
˳ؽѱѱѼ餤ĤʸäƤߤޤ礦
She found herself something of a (= to some degree a) celebrity.
Charlie's always been something of an expert on architecture.
The news came as something of a surprise.
The city proved to be something of a disappointment. . .
He has a reputation as something of a troublemaker.
Dz something of a(n) ϡ֤äȤפʤΤ֤ʤΡפʤΤȤäƹͤƤߤޤ礦ɽˤ anything of a(n) nothing of a(n) ȤϢɽޤsome, any, no 3ԤδطˤĤƤϡ#679. assertion and nonassertion (1) ([2011-03-07-1])#680. assertion and nonassertion (2) ([2011-03-08-1]) ǹͻޤ
no(thing) δ̵ܵפǤΤФ some(thing) δܵϡͭפǤȹͤƤޤ̵פξˤϥǤ̵Τ̵ȸäƤޤǤͭפǤˤϡ֤äȤפʤΤ֤ʤΡפʤΤʤ٤꤬ޤޤǡ̵פǤϤʤͭפʤΤȤΤ some(thing of a(n)) Ρְ̣ŪʸʤΤǤϤʤǤ礦٤ˤĤƤϡְ̣פȤƤϸꤻޤǡָŪʲǤȤäȤǤϤʤˤǤޤ
̵פȤƤȤˡҤä֤ơͭפǤ뤳ȤĥΤ some(thing of a(n)) δŪƯȹͤޤ̤Ȥơ٤㤤⤤̣ˤʤΤϡʸ̮˰¸ŪȽǤ˰ѤͤΤǤϤʤȡȤϤŪȤƤϡ̵פФơͭפǤ뤳ȤƼĥŪѤ櫓Ǥ顤٤տޤƤ륱¿ΤǤϤʤȻפޤǽŪȽǤϤϤ٤ʸ̮ʤΤǤϤʤȡ
ʤʤǤ͡
ϥݥŪʵǿ̣ʤƤߤޤǤ̣Ѳ (semantic_change) δʤΤǡǤ夲뼡Ǥ
2ۤMondȤ䥵ȤˤơѸˤ˴ϢΤ˲ȤȤԤʤäƤޤǶμȤơζ̣䤤Ƥޤ
ʤˤȤդˤ
äȤۤɶ
³Ƥ롥ʡ
Ȥ2Ĥΰ̣ޤԤΰ̣ǼѤƤݤǤѸ¾θˤ⼺ĤḤ̂ñϤΤǤ礦
ϡޤ˸źθŪʰ̣ѲΥѥ˴ؤǤո (intensifier) ϡȤ줹ȶդ긺äƤΤʤΤǡ˶դɽ魯ɽ˵ΤǤʶոΥϡȤΤǤŵ1ĤŪʴפǤݤޤˤ줷Ȥۥ顼ѸϡɤƤĴˤʤ䤹ΤǤ͡ϡʤ10äۤɹͤʬȻפޤδ10³顤äȻޤ͡
嵭μơʴDzޤ
ȤƤȶǤ⤷Ŧ꤬Ȥޤ֤פ2Ĥΰ̣ȤΤϡ줾ߤ餫Ǥ͡㤨С֤ܤĤפȤСֶפΰ̣Ȥ狼ޤ֤͡פȤС³줿פΰ̣Ȥ狼ޤ2Ĥΰ̣ä̤ʤСֶפϴμࡦ˴ؤ̣ǡ³줿פʪ١̤˴ؤ̣ȤȤˤʤޤŪˤԤԤƤΤǡ̤ؤΰ̣ѲȸäƤƤ褤Ȼפޤ
Ρּ̤ؤΰ̣ѲפȤΤϡʤŪʤ褦ǤȤ櫓ֶסˤס֤ҤɤפȤäŪʴγФɽ魯ƻ졦ϡФдμΤΤ⡤δ٤οӤܤ졤̤Ȥñʤ붯Ĵɽˤʤ겼ȤȤ褯ѥΤ褦Ǥ
ܸΡֶͥסˤס֤ҤɤפΤ褦㤫ʬ̤ꡤʸ̤Ūʼΰ̣Dz᤹ȡष̷⤹褦ɽ⤢ޤ͡Ǥ̤ΰ̣ˤʤ겼äƤȤȤȻפޤ
Ѹ줫㤬Ǥޤterrible/terribly θ촴 terror ֶݡפƱǤΡֶפΰ̣ǻȤ뤳ȤϾʤǤ (ex. a terrible weapon ֶ) ष٤η㤷ȤζĴȤ in a terrible hurry ˵ޤǡפΤ褦˻ȤȤΤۤ¿Ǥ̤ؤΰ̣Ѳ⤦1ĤǤ͡
ۤˤ amazingly, awfully, desperately, dreadfully, horribly, marvellously, sorelyʤɴ˵ϡĴˤʤ겼㤬¿褦Ǥ
äȤꡤθǤϡμŪʰ̣ϴˤʤäƤޤۤȤɤξ硤Ūʰ̣ǶĴȤѤ˻äΤȻפޤ
θǤ⡤¹ŪʸݤȤΤϡؤǤ꤬͡Ȥޤ
ϢơѸ˴ؤǤϤޤɮԤˤε
ԤϳؤӤδܤȻפޤ褯褯䤦ۤŪǤ⤦1֤ǿǯ٤ϤޤޤȤ櫓Τʤǡ䤦ˡפƤ
ո˴ؤƤϡʲε intensifier ⤴Ȥ
#992. ոȡָ³ˡ§ס ([2012-01-14-1])
#1220. Ѹˤ붯γ ([2012-08-29-1])
#1219. ոϤʤब˭٤ ([2012-08-28-1])
#2190. μޤäո ([2015-04-26-1])
#4236. intensifier ʬ ([2020-12-01-1])
εǡ#4426. hedge ([2021-06-09-1]) 夲ѸˤĤƤ sort of hedge ɽȤƵ뤳Ȥ¿ºݤΤȤ hedge μ¿ͤǤ롥
ΰʸǿ줿 Lakoff ʸɤp. 472 "SOME HEDGES AND RELATED PHENOMENA" ꤹɽǤƤ롥Ѹ hedge ʴϢɽζȤơʲ˷ǺܤƤ
sort of
kind of
loosely speaking
more or less
on the _____ side (tall, fat, etc.)
roughly
pretty (much)
relatively
somewhat
rather
mostly
technically
strictly speaking
essentially
in essence
basically
principally
particularly
par excellence
largely
for the most part
very
especially
exceptionally
quintessential(ly)
literally
often
more of a _____ than anything else
almost
typically/typical
as it were
in a sense
in one sense
in a real sense
in an important sense
in a way
mutatis mutandis
in a manner of speaking
details aside
so to say
a veritable
a true
a real
a regular
virtually
all but technically
practically
all but a
anything but a
a self-styled
nominally
he calls himself a ...
in name only
actually
really
(he as much as ...
-like
-ish
can be looked upon as
can be viewed as
pseudo-
crypto-
(he's) another (Caruso/Lincoln/ Babe Ruth/...)
_____ is the _____ of _____ (e,g., America is the Roman Empire of the modern world. Chomsky is the DeGaulle of Linguistics. etc.)
ʬ褦ˡ#4236. intensifier ʬ ([2020-12-01-1]) ǵ̣Ǥζո (intensifier) ϡ hedge ΰȤߤʤȤǤ롥ޤ hedge ñˡ֤ܤաפ餤ǧƤǤʤȤʬäƤ̿餷ˤꡦ¤άƤΤ褵
Lakoff, G. "Hedges: A Study in Meaning Criteria and the Logic of Fuzzy Concepts." Journal of Philosophical Logic 2 (1973): 458--508.
quite ̣ŪǤ뤳ȤˤĤơ#4233. ʤ quite a few ֤ʤΡΡפΰ̣ˤʤΤ ([2020-11-28-1])#4235. quite a few ϡ¤餲ʤǸǵž ([2020-11-30-1])#4236. intensifier ʬ ([2020-12-01-1]) Ǽ夲Ƥˤϡִˡ (fully, absolutely) ΰ̣ǡ̤ξˤϡ֤ (fairly, rather) ΰ̣Ѥ뤫ոǤСMaximizer ȤƤ Compromizer ȤƤѤ뤳ȤˤʤꡤɬǤ롥
quite Maximizer ȤơִˡפΤߤ̣Ƥ19 Compromizer ȤƤΡ֤פθȯãOED quite, adv., adj., and int. ƤߤȡʬIII˸Ԥ夲ƤꡤФ1805ǯȤʤäƤ롥
Room μŵˡΰ̣ѲȤεˤĤƼΤ褦ʲ⤬äΤǡѤ롥
quite (fully, absolutely; fairly, rather)
This word is notoriously tricky for foreign learners of English, who find it difficult to decide which sense to use, or which is meant. 'I was quite alone' means that I was absolutely alone, but 'I am quite tired' means that I am fairly tired, not very. And if she is 'quite ill', is she very ill or only slightly indisposed? The original meaning of 'quite' in English was the 'absolutely' one, which dates from the fourteenth century. As John Skelton wrote in his charming poem Phyllyp Sparowe (1529):
Comfort had he none
For she was quyte gone.
And as Robert K. Douglas wrote in his Non-Christian Religious Systems (1879): 'A man should be quite certain what he knows and what he does not know'. Quite. Yet it was in the nineteenth century that the now common sense of 'fairly' for 'quite' arose. It developed out of a special usage of the word, from the eighteenth century, that meant 'actually', 'really', implying that what the writer or speaker said was really so. For example, Fielding, in Tom Jones (1749), wrote that a certain widow was 'quite charmed with her new lodger', meaning that she really was charmed (not simply satisfied), and in one of his essays (1848), the astronomer Sir John Herschel wrote that: 'A ship sailing northwards passes quite suddenly from cold into hot water', meaning that the change really was sudden, not gradual, as one might expect. So when Thoreau, in his narrative account Walden (1854), wrote: 'Perhaps I have owed to this employment and to hunting, when quite young, my closest acquaintance with Nature', which did he mean, 'surprisingly young' (as in the earlier sense) or 'fairly young' (as in the new sense)? It is not always so easy! What has actually happened is that the earlier use of 'quite' (meaning 'really') has come to be associated with certain adjectives, such as 'different', 'separate', 'right', 'wrong', 'sure' and so on, while with other, less 'definite' adjectives the modern sense is the commoner. But it is still quite difficult to determine on occasions, and one needs to be quite certain which of the two senses is meant.
ˤʤäƤ quite a few 19ȾνФäquite ξ嵭ΰ̣ѲȴطƤΤʤΤ
Room, Adrian, ed. NTC's Dictionary of Changes in Meanings. Lincolnwood: NTC, 1991.
intensifier ֶ̾ոפ뤬Ū˹ˤϡ̣δ¡ĤޤޥʥΡֶաפޤѸȤƤȤ館Ƥɬפ롥Quirk et al. (8.104--115) ˤȡintensifier ϰ̣δʲΤ褦˲̶ʬ롥
INTENSIFIERS
AMPLIFIERS
Maximizers: absolutely, altogether, completely, entirely, extremely, fully, perfectly, quite, thoroughly, totally, utterly, in all respects, most
Boosters: badly, bitterly, deeply, enormously, far, greatly, heartily, highly, intensely, much, severely, so, strongly, terribly, violently, well, a great deal, a good deal, a lot, by far, very much
DOWNTONERS
Approximators: almost, nearly, practically, virtually, as good as, all but
Compromisers: kind of, sort of, quite, rather, enough, sufficiently, more or less
Diminishers: mildly, partially, partly, quite, slightly, somewhat, in part, in some respects, to some extent, a bit, a little, least (of all), only, merely, simply, just, but
Minimizers: barely, hardly, little, scarcely, in the least, in the slightest, at all, a bit
ο֤ˡ#4233. ʤ quite a few ֤ʤΡΡפΰ̣ˤʤΤ ([2020-11-28-1])#4235. quite a few ϡ¤餲ʤǸǵž ([2020-11-30-1]) ε quite ˡܤƤʬˤ quite Maximizers Compromizers 2ĤΥꥹȤΤʤ˸롥̤ˡ٤γǰȼʤȶˤ Maximizer ȤƵǽ٤ͭȶˤ Compromiser ȤƵǽȤ롥줾ʸƤ
[ Maximizer Ȥ ]
Flying is quite the best way to travel.
I quite forgot about her birthday.
I quite understand.
The bottle is quite empty.
You're quite right.
[ Compromizer Ȥ ]
He plays quite well.
I quite enjoyed the party, but I've been to better ones.
It is quite cold, isn't it?
She quite likes him, but not enough to marry him.
The food in the cafeteria is usually quite good.
٤ι⤤ƳȤ
Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman, 1985.
#4233. ʤ quite a few ֤ʤΡΡפΰ̣ˤʤΤ ([2020-11-28-1]) ơˤĤƤ⤦ͤƤߤƼθˡŵƤߤȡquite ȤϤȤˤȤȤʬ롥ƻΰ̣Ūʤɤ˱ơ֤ޤäˡפȤդɽ魯ȻפС֤ޤޤȡפȤष٤¤餲褦Ѥ뤳Ȥ⤢롥Τ褦¿ĸŪʶḤ̂ŪʬϤǤԿʤȤ¿䤽¾διͻɬפȤʤäƤ롥
(893) ϡquite a/an ιܤκǸǼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥
ʤ quite a few/bit quite a lot ȤۤƱդնŪƹɽǤ롥Quite a few people turned up.---CEED ¿ο͡줿ˡ
ǤϡնŪפȤѸ줬ȤƤ롥Τ quite ˤϡ嵭̤ɽ¤餲Ȥǽǧ롥ŪˤСquite ̤Τ褦٤ĸȶȡŪˤ "downtoner" 䡤Ĥޤ٤ȤƸ̤ˤä٤졤Ʊ˶ȤƤΥĤ¤餲롥ޤնɽ (euphemism) ȤäƤ褤
Ȥquite a few ξ硤ͽ۳ȯŸ뤲褦Ȥȿ̤٤㤤Ȥ̣ a few ˾ʤ褦 quite դ¤餲ɽȤˡ̤ˤäƤޤޤȿž褦ʤΤǤ롥ϡŪʸ̮ˤ particularized conversational implicature ȤƤޤ߽ФŪʰ̣ˤʤäȻפ뤬줬֤Ѳ˵ڤǡgeneralized conversational implicature ؤȾʤΤǤϤʤ
⤷ζڽʤС̣ˤ֤äפλȤʤ롥
ͧ ԡظѸˡŵ١Ʋ2006ǯ
quite ȤϡˡʸǤ롥ŪˤϷƻɽ魯٤ĴȤȤ館Ƥ褤͡ʰ̣αƤޤ롥ΤʤǤⲿȤե졼ɸ quite a few Ǥ롥quite ٤ζĴȤȤǤС֤ȤƤ⾯ʤפΰդȤʤꤽºݤˤϸˤơ֤ʤΡΡפͽ۳ΰդȤʤ롥quite a lot (of) ͽ̤֤ȤƤ¿ʤΡˡפ̣뤳Ȥͤȡɤˤ˺롥
OED Ƥߤ褦quite a few ϡfew, adj., pron., and n. θФΤȤ Phrases 1ĤȤΩƤƤ롥
d. Originally U.S. quite a few.
(a) Used adjectivally: a considerable number of.
1833 Nolan County (Sweetwater, Texas) News 26 Jan. Quite a few White Flat people attended the singing at Trent.
1939 L. Hughes Let. 9 Dec. in Remember me to Harlem (2001) 159 That phase of Harlem's rise to culture and neo-culture seems to be of historical importance and interest to quite a few people.
2014 Providence (Rhode Island) Jrnl. (Nexis) 22 July (News section) 1 I went fishing yesterday afternoon and caught quite a few spotted trout.
(Hide quotations)
(b) Used as noun: a considerable number; also with of-phrase as complement.
1844 Christian Advocate Apr. 139/5 We were glad to find 'honorable brethren', quite a few 'tis true, prepared to go with us.
1883 P. Robinson in Harper's Mag. Oct. 706/1 There's quite a few about among the rocks.
1933 L. Bloomfield Language xi. 172 Quite a few of the present-day Indo-European languages agree with English in using an actor-action form as a favorite sentence-type.
2006 S. M. Stirling Sky People ix. 204 Cries of welcome greeted them; quite a few had observed the shot from a distance, and fresh meat was always welcome.
ˤȡ19Ⱦ˥ꥫѸޤ줿ŪɽǤ뤳Ȥʬ롥ʤͽ۳ΰ̣ˤĤƤϡä˲Ϥʤ
ͤΤϡquite θŪˡȤд¤ͳ褹ǽǤ롥ܸΡ֤äȡʤˡפˤȤʸ̤ˤϡ־̡פ̣뤬֤äȥޥˤʤäƤʤפȤ֤ϤäͤĥޤפȤˤϡ־̡פǤϺѤޤʤʴޤߤ롥¼Ūˡ¿̡פ̣Τˡɽ̾ϡ־̡פɽѤ
quite a bit, quite a little ʤɤɽ⡤ȿžơ¿פɽ魯Ȥǡquite a few Ʊ롼פquite a little ˤĤƤϡOED Ǥ little, adj., pron., and n., and adv. ΤȤ "10. Used as an (ironic) intensifier in various constructions, as quite a little ---, quite the little ---, a nice little ---, etc." ȸڤꡤФ1763ǯȤʤäƤ롥ȤɽǤ롥
ˤѲβž®ΰȤΤ롥#992. ոȡָ³ˡ§ס ([2012-01-14-1]) #1219. ոϤʤब˭٤ ([2012-08-28-1]) ǽҤ٤褦ˡո (intensifier) 䡤֡ɽ (taboo) ζ餲նɽ (euphemism) ޤƤϾä뤳Ȥϡ褯ΤƤ롥ѤСɽϥ饤ե뤬ûȤȤˤʤ
Ʊͤˡε#3267. ɸȤηϩ ([2018-04-07-1]) Ǽ夲ɸ⡤Ū饤ե뤬ûȤƤ롥ºݡɸŪ˿ɽޤƤϾä֤ƤεǤ⼨褦ˡɸääդˤ٤⤤ȡƼθ줦뤳ȤطʤˤΤˤĤ Lewis (909) Τ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥
Discourse markers are known for their frequent renewal. Particularly subject to sociolinguistic factors and fashion, they tend to be "caught" easily, spreading quickly among social networks. Choice of markers therefore can reflect age, social position, and so on. Discourse markers date quickly: many of the most frequent discourse markers and connectives of the 20th century arose only in the 18th or 19th century, including of course, after all, still, I say.
饤ե뤬®ȤäƤʾλ֤褦Ǥꡤոնʸˡ˸饤եۤ®櫓ǤϤʤΤˤäѤˤʤȸ路ۤɤˤϡֵ§ŪʡѲΰȤߤʤޤѤκǽˤ褦ˡɸüԤħŤȤΤⶽ̣˼ҲŪʴѻоݤˤʤ뤳Ȥ̣뤫ɸήԤȤƤ¦̤ϡäܤƤ褤
Lewis, Diana M. "Late Modern English: Pragmatics and Discourse" Chapter 56 of English Historical Linguistics: An International Handbook. 2 vols. Ed. Alexander Bergs and Laurel J. Brinton. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2012. 901--15.
֤ޤˡפ̣붯Ĵ too ʣ (reduplication) Ĵٹ礤˶ too too ʤ줬롥too Ȥֻ졦 to βỤ̄ŪʶȤ٤ǤꡤŤͤ too too ˤƤϡĴޤ˶ˤޤꡤȤäȤShakespeare Ǥ O that this too too sallied flesh would melt. (Hamlet 1. 2. 129) ȤѤƤꡤߤǤ She is too-too kind. ʤɤѤ롥
OED ˤȡĤƤ1 toto, totoo, tootoo ʤɤ֤줿Ȥ⤢äȤƻ٤ȤƤνФϤۤɸŤʤ1542ǯ㤬ƤʤưȤƤ a1529 ˽Фˡ
1542 N. Udall tr. Erasmus Apophthegmes f. 271, It was toto ferre oddes yt a Syrian born should in Roome ouer come a Romain.
ɽȯưŤϡĹɬפʤʣȤϷ֤Ǥꡤ֤ϰ̣ŪĴ̤롥ʣȶĴϡiconicity ʿˤǡƼ̩ܤʴطȤ櫓Τ䤹ˤƤϡ츽ݤȤӻȤʴϢơ#65. Ѹˤ reduplication ([2009-07-02-1]) ȡˡ
ʤˤҤ٤褦˶Ĵ too Τֻ졦 tō ζǤ롥űѸǤ to ñȤǡ֤ξ塤ˡפΰդȤѤ뤳ȤǤƻʤɤȶȡ֤ޤ?פΰ̣ɽ魯ȤǤȤơ첻夯ûȯֻˡĹȯжĴȤƵǽΤǤ롥ʬˤ⤫餺ֻƱ to ֤³16鶯ĴΤۤ too ֤褦ˤʤꡤΩ
ˤζȼΩ̤θǧ褦ˤʤϡѸˤǤ⾯ʤ餺Ƥ롥#55. through θ츻 ([2009-06-22-1])#86. one ȯ ([2009-07-22-1])#693. as, so, also ([2011-03-21-1])#2077. you ȯˡ ([2015-01-03-1]) ȡ
ܥ֥ǤϡոˤĤ intensifier γƵǼ夲ƤȤ櫓#992. ոȡָ³ˡ§ס ([2012-01-14-1]) #1219. ոϤʤब˭٤ ([2012-08-28-1]) Ǥϡո줬Ū˼ȸƤѤƤˤĤѸˤˤ붯ոȯãζεǤϡŪѤƤѸǤ⤢٤褯Ѥ붯μθðؤǫͿƤΤϡWilliams (191--92) Ǥ롥ʲΤ줾ˤĤơθ餤ˤƶĴΰ̣ȯãΤθϺǤϤɤٴ뤫ˤĤ䤦ƤߤƤۤ
| Intensifier | Example Phrase | Earlier Meaning | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1. | abominably | abominably tired | (excite disgust) |
| 2. | amazingly | amazingly dull | (cause to lose wits) |
| 3. | astonishingly | astonishingly minor | (stun with a blow) |
| 4. | awfully | awfully unimpressive | (cause dread or awe) |
| 5. | confounded | confounded happy | (bring to perdition) |
| 6. | damned | damned pleased | (doomed) |
| 7. | dreadfully | dreadfully small | (excite dread or awe) |
| 8. | enormously | enormously good | (abnormally evil) |
| 9. | excessively | excessively happy | (go beyond just limits) |
| 10. | extraordinarily | extraordinarily normal | (beyond the ordinary) |
| 11. | extravagantly | extravagantly unambitious | (wander beyond bounds) |
| 12. | extremely | extremely limited | (uttermost) |
| 13. | fabulously | fabulously cheap | (fabled) |
| 14. | fantastically | fantastically real | (exist in imagination) |
| 15. | full | full weary | (complete) |
| 16. | frightfully | frightfully boring | (full of horror) |
| 17. | grandly | grandly expensive | (great) |
| 18. | greatly | greatly exhausted | (great) |
| 19. | hideously | hideously expensive | (excite terror) |
| 20. | horribly | horribly expensive | (excite horror) |
| 21. | horridly | horridly embarrassed | (excite horror) |
| 22. | hugely | hugely amused | (immense) |
| 23. | immensely | immensely unimportant | (large beyond measure) |
| 24. | immoderately | immoderately hungry | (beyond limits) |
| 25. | incredibly | incredibly real | (not to be believed) |
| 26. | intensely | intensely tired | (stretched) |
| 27. | magnificently | magnificently pleased | (greatness of achievement) |
| 28. | marvelously | marvelously stupid | (miraculous) |
| 29. | might(il)y | mighty weak | (power) |
| 30. | monstrously | monstrously excited | (deviating from natural) |
| 31. | outrageously | outrageously ordinary | (exceeding limits) |
| 32. | perfectly | perfectly stupid | (complete in all senses) |
| 33. | pretty | pretty ugly | (firm, nice, proper) |
| 34. | powerful | powerful tired | (force,influence) |
| 35. | really | really imaginative | (objective existence) |
| 36. | right | right foolish | (what is good) |
| 37. | simply | simply confusing | (without complication) |
| 38. | sore(ly) | sore(ly) afraid | (cause pain) |
| 39. | stupendously | stupendously alert | (struck senseless) |
| 40. | tremendously | tremendously calm | (excite trembling) |
| 41. | terribly | terribly pleased | (excite terror) |
| 42. | terrifically | terrifically happy | (excite terror) |
| 43. | vastly | vastly insignificant | (of great dimensions) |
| 44. | very | very false | (true, real) |
| 45. | violently | violently opposed | (producing injury) |
| 46. | wonderfully | wonderfully boring | (causing astonishment) |
| 47. | wondrously | wondrously tedious | (causing astonishment) |
͡ʼΰ̣ѲʬहߤϿ¿ʤƤܥ֥Ǥ⤹Ǥˡ#1953. Stern ˤ̣Ѳ7ʬ (2) ([2014-09-01-1])#1873. Stern ˤ̣Ѳ7ʬ ([2014-06-13-1])#473. ̣ѲŵŪʥѥ ([2010-08-13-1]) ʤɤƤϰ̣Υå semantic change Ȥܤ˵ƤʬʤҲ𤹤롥Ūˤ Cruse Ѹ콸Ǥ롥
(1) γȾü (gain and loss of meaning) ԥ塼νиˤꡤmouse ϽưʪΥͥߤΰդ˲äơԥ塼ޥΰդäޤJane Austen λˤ direction ϰ̾ (address) ΰ̣ѤƤߤϤΰ̣ϼƤ롥γȾüˤ metaphor metonymy ѤƤ뤳Ȥ¿
(2) ǥեȸѲ (change of default meaning) 礿ŪʸȤʤäꡤŪʸ礿ˤʤ륱100ǯ expire μ礿̣ϡֻ̡פäߤϡֻ̡פŪʸؤȹ߳ʤˡˤʤפ礿̣ؤȾʤintercourse Ρָήפΰ̣Ʊͤ˼礿ϰ̤߳ʤפ˼äƤ롥
(3) ̣Ūɺή (semantic drift) ƥΥץȥŪȤȤѤäƤΤϢưץȥŪʸѤäƤȡweapon vehicle ϡˤäƤŵŪʻؼоݤȤʤΤѤƤStern ΰ̣ѲʬǤ (substitution) 롥
(4) ü첽Ȱ̲ (specialisation and generalisation) ĤƤ doctor Ϲֶաؼԡפ̣ߤǤϼȤü첽ְԡפθѤ롥actor ϽϡͥפΤߤ̣̤֡ˤ餺ͥפȤѤ褦ˤʤäƤƤ롥ü첽Ȱ̲ϡ[2010-08-13-1]ʬǤ夲
(5) ɲ (pejoration and amelioration) interfere ϸŤϡֲߤ (intervene) ΰ̣ɾˤĤƤΩŪѤƤߤǤɾӤӤּ⤹פΰ̣ѤƤ롥typical ɾӤӤ֤褯褦˰פΰ̣Ѥ褦ˤʤäƤ롥ɽ魯줬Ф䤹ȤˤĤƤϡ#1908. ɽ魯ΰ̣ΰ (1) ([2014-07-18-1]) ȡ#1909. ɽ魯ΰ̣ΰ (2) ([2014-07-19-1]) Ǽ夲ΤǻȤ줿ɲŪʤ֤֤äܤʡ˽ʡפΰ̣äΤ֤ޤʡפΰ̣ؤѲʤɤ롥ɲϡ[2010-08-13-1]ʬǤ夲
(6) ɺ (bleaching) to make a phone call ˤơmake Ρֺפΰ̣ɺ֤롤ʤפȤۤɤΰŪʰ̣ؤޤäƤ롥awful, terrible, fantastic ʤɤζո줬դäƤɺǤ (cf. #992. ոȡָ³ˡ§ס ([2012-01-14-1])#1219. ոϤʤब˭٤ ([2012-08-28-1]))
ϰ̣Ѳװ̤ʤʣδˤȤŤʬǤꡤʬȤϲվ˶ᤤ̣ѲΥݥȤΤϡĤŤ
Cruse, Alan. A Glossary of Semantics and Pragmatics. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2006.
(pragmatics) ʸˡ (grammaticalisation) ̣Ѳ (semantic_change) θǤϡѲ (subjectification) ȤȤФˤ롥ǤСֻؼŪ̿Ụ̄ƥŪɽŪ뤤ϡпŪ (interpersonal) ؤΰ̣Ѳסʽp. 11ˤǤ롥̿ΰ̣üԤμŪ٤˽Ṭ̌ؤѲǤꡤʸˡˤŵŪˤߤǤȤ롥ŪˤС"propositional > textual > expressive/interpersonal" Ȥ
(11--13) ˽äƱѸˤȡư̤ΰջ֡ɽ魯 be going to ȯãˡư must, may ʤɤε̳Ūˡ (deontic) ǧŪˡ (epistemic) ؤȯãɸȯãĴȯãʤɤ롥Ūˡư promise ηФѲߤƤߤ褦Ѹ˥ե줫Ѥ줿 ư promise ϡͭμȤꡤ«Ȥȯ٤ԤȤ̣16ˤ̾Ūơͽ𤹤롤ͽפΰ̵̣μƤ褦ˤʤ롥18ˤϡʸȤäŪ夲ˡȯãջŪǧŪʰ̣˻롥̡The conflict may promise to escalate into war. Τ褦ʸǽˤʤäư promise ФƤѲΥץϡ"full thematic predicates > raising predicates > quasi-modals > modal operator" ȿǤ
⤦1ġƻ lovely μѲˤĤƤƤ褳ηƻϿʹ֤°̣18Τɽ魯褦ˤʤꡤDzͤɽ魯褦ˤʤä19溢϶ո (intensifier) ȤƤѤ褦ˤʤꡤĤˤϤˡ餷פۤɤ̣ȿ (response particle) ȤƤˡȯã "descriptive adjective > affective adjective > intensifier/pragmatic particle" ȤäȤϢơƻ줬ɾŪʰ̣ˤĤƤϡ#1099. Ҥηƻɾηƻ ([2012-04-30-1])#1100. Farsi ηƻʬ̻Ūʰ̣礤 ([2012-05-01-1])#1400. relational adjective qualitative adjective ؤΰ̣Ѳθưϡ ([2013-02-25-1]) Ǽ夲ΤǡȤ줿ոȯãˤĤƤϡ#992. ոȡָ³ˡ§ס ([2012-01-14-1])#1220. Ѹˤ붯γ ([2012-08-29-1]) ȡ
ۤˤ⡤Traugott (126--27) ˤСafter all, in fact, however ʤɤɸȤƤȯãeven μٻȤƤȯãonly ξȤƤȯãʤɤ뤷ܸ줫ȤơʸƬΡ֤ǤפɸȤƤȯã䡤ʸΡ֤櫓פμŪ٤ޤͳˡȯãʤɤŦ롥
μΰ̣ѲȤˤʤȡɬȿ餷ΤŦ롥ºݤˡȿѲ (de-subjectification) ܤ⤢롥㤨Сcriminal law criminal ϵҴŪǵŪʰ̣äƤ뤬ŪˤϤηƻǤ a criminal tyrant ˤ褦ʼŪɾŪʰ̣ԤƤȤޤѸǤŪ˼ư֤ȯãƤư֤ŵŪưʤȿŪɽȤ롥
¼䡡ʸˡȥǥಽ١ҤĤ˼2014ǯ
Traugott, Elizabeth Closs. "From Subjectification to Intersubjectification." Motives for Language Change. Ed. Raymond Hickey. Cambridge: CUP, 2003. 124--39.
ε#1219. ոϤʤब˭٤ ([2012-08-28-1]) ǻȤ Peters ϡѸζΰ۾ʳˤĤĴƤ롥λϡγ礬Ѹ˾äȤ㤷äǤ롥⡤ζ븻ŵŪä locality, dimension, quantity ɽ魯⡤quality ɽ魯ؤȰܤäƤäȤΤħŪǤȤ (Peters 271)
OED ǤĴˤȡ1Υԡϡ1590--1610ǯˤꡤΤ褦ʸ줬ޤޤ (Peters 272)
ample, capitally, damnable, damnably, detestable, exquisitely, extreme, grievous, grossly, horribly, intolerable, pocky, rarely, spaciously, strenuously, superpassing, surpassing, terribly, tyrannically, uncountably, unutterably, vehemently, villainous, violently
2Υԡ1650--60ǯˤꡤۤܤ٤ƼѸ줬ȤʤäƤΤħŪȤˤĤƤϡؤʰͿƤʤä
ǤϡʤѸǶ줬礷ΤPeters ϡ븻Ǥä¿ʼѸޤˤȸŪʸΤʸϤƤȤ¤ŦƤ (273) Ŧ褦ˡոˤϾ˼ʺȤ⤤٤ѤƯƤ롥Τ褦ⰵäƤȤءѸˡѸήȸŪʸΤνиȤää⳰װȤ߹蘆ꡤȤ櫓λ˶줬礷ΤǤϤʤ
ƱμѤȤؤαƶˤĤƤϡä˰ʲεȡ
[2009-08-19-1]: #114. ѸμѸεȳ
[2010-08-18-1]: #478. ѸΤ褦˼ڤƤϼΤƤ줿ƥ
[2012-01-06-1]: #984. flat adverb ϥƥϤηƻ줬ƻ
[2012-07-12-1]: #1172. ѸΥƥñ
Peters, Hans. "Degree Adverbs in Early Modern English." Studies in Early Modern English. Ed. Dieter Kastovsky. Mouton de Gruyter, 1994. 269--88.
ո˺Ѥ³ˡ§פˤĤƤϡ[2012-01-14-1]ε¾ǿƤɽϻȤƤ椯˽˶դƤ뤿ᡤüԤϿʶɽ롥ơοɽ٤ޤꡤɽߤʤ롥αʱΥึָ³ˡ§פǤ롥ɽߵظˤϡζդȤտޤƯƤ뤳Ȥϴְ㤤ʤǤϤʤüԤŪǤꤿȤ˾ߤýѤȤ˾ʹδؿ椭Ȥ˾κˤ롥Τ褦ߵ˾ưϤȤʤäơȿո줬ޤƤ롥
Ťո줬ĤǤ⿷ոˤȤä櫓ǤϤʤŤ줬ʻ¸⾯ʤʤξ硤ո췲ߡѤ߽ŤͤƤ椭ŪˤߤС˼˭٤쥫ƥȤʤ롥̤ξˤϡոϡüԽĤˤΤ߹Ѥ shibboleth ȤƤ̤"group identification" (Peters 271) ˴Ϳ䤹ȤơҲŪˤפʸǤ롥
ɸμФƤϡ⤦1Ĥβ褦˻פ롥Ǽ夲Ƥ붯ոȤϡ̩ˤ maximizer booster ؤȤ櫓 booster ϼब˭٤Ǥ롥ϡmaximizer ٤κǹɽ魯Ȥ̣Ū (ex. absolutely, completely) booster ٤ι⤵ɽ魯ȤŪǤꡤʤϰϤ (ex. greatly, highly, uncommonly) booster ζ븻˴ɽ魯줬ʤʤ (ex. desperately, terribly, violently) ϴޤŪǤꡤʤȤȴطƤ (Peters 271) ơɽ魯ϡޤǤʤ˭٤ʸ췲Ǥ롥
³ˡ§ߥ˥ߵᡤgroup identification ΤμʡȤ٤ιꡤɽ̵¢ζ븻װˤäơոϡ̻Ūʥи³ǤʤŪʥꥨƤ椯ΤǤ롥
ܸζոˤĤƤϡ[2012-01-19-1]ε#997. real bad ȡ֤Фספȡ
Peters, Hans. "Degree Adverbs in Early Modern English." Studies in Early Modern English. Ed. Dieter Kastovsky. Mouton de Gruyter, 1994. 269--88.
[2012-07-29-1]ε³ԡѸǤϡ##1172,992,984 εˤ褦ʶդñ줬³ȸ줿Ūʶ뤳Τ褦ʶդñ줬Ѹɸಽ䵬ϼĬήΤʤ졤äƤäΤ⡤ƱΤȤäˤϡŪ˵ǽη֡ŵŪ -lyˤäƤ٤ǤꡤƻƱΤΤȤƵǽΤʤȤ "correctness" ȯۤǻǤ롥Strang (138--39) ϼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥
Secondary modifiers or intensifiers differed considerably. The old forms, full, right, were still in general use; newer very was known, but not used by everybody even in the 17c. For a more forceful degree of modification, wonderous and mighty were inherited, but such terms wear out quickly, and changes have been considerable. During II [1770--1570], pretty, extraordinary, pure, terrible, dreadful, cruel, plaguy, devillish, take on this role, and most of them have lost it again since. We must distinguish here the built-in obsolescence affecting such items at any time, from the particular factors operating between II and I [1970--1770]. These arose from a sense of correctness which prescribed that forms with the appearance of adjectives should not be used in secondary modification. Very was all right because it did not have this form; but instead of extraordinary, terrible, dreadful, etc., the corresponding -ly forms came to be required.
Strang ϡȤƤ extraordinary terrible Ѥϡո˺Ѥָ³ˡ§ ([2012-01-14-1]ε#992. ոȡָ³ˡ§ספȡˤˤΤȤϡϼŪ "correctness" ˴ŤˤΤȹͤƤ褦2Ĥװ "distinguish" ɬפϤǰȤƶ̤٤ȤȤǤгΤˤ̤¤ˤϡξԤ䴰äƤΤǤϤʤոϤȤ櫓äաˤȯã䤹ǤϡؤΩؤ꿷ո줬ƤϵäƤ椯ǡϼϤäѤաʸ˴ŤѤǤ롥Ǥϡ경褦ȤտޤǻǤ롥ξԤδطϿΤ褦ʴط˸뤬СʵϼˤʸŪʶΰ۾ȯãˤɽΤŬڤȤΤ褦˻פ롥ˤñλѤոȯãˤΩäƤФۤɡϤˤоݤȤʤ뤷֤Ȥơ -ly 줬夵褦ˤʤäΤǤϤʤʤȤѲȯǤˤޤ줬Ǥ롤ȤȤ⤷ʤ
Strang, Barbara M. H. A History of English. London: Methuen, 1970.
ε#1189. Ѹˤ -ly ε§طʡ ([2012-07-29-1]) ǻȤ Nevalainen ʸϡ̾μȤꡤѸˤ͡夲Ƥ롥¿ʰݤ뤬ΤȤƼ2ŦƤ褦ɤ롥(1) ѸˤϡΰѤ˵ҤƤȤꡤ-ly ε§ή줬Τǧ뤬٤ߤñ¸ʾˤäƤϳ礹ˤƤꡤޤϴȹͤ٤Ǥ롥(2) λˤϡ-ly ˤñˤ衤줬¿Ͳǽ̣礷
(1) ˤĤƤϡ#984. flat adverb ϥƥϤηƻ줬ƻ ([2012-01-06-1]) #1172. ѸΥƥñ ([2012-07-12-1]) ǿ줿ȤꡤոȤƤ exceeding dreadful ʤɤä¤夲Ƥ[2012-01-14-1]ε#992. ոȡָ³ˡ§פ⻲ȡˡޤʬñ줬ѸʸڤΤΡѸǽƳǧΤ⤢ꡤ¸줫ˤȹͤ (ex. shallow, tight, rough, blunt, dark, quiet, weak, dirty, cheap, bad) ʤ[2012-07-16-1]ε#1176. -ly ΩפǽҤ٤Donner ˤѸǤ -ly ñΰ̣ζ̤ˤĤơNevalainen (251) ϡѸǤϤζ̤ηŪ˸ʤȤƤꡤ̣
(2) ˤĤƤϡλʸ (sentence adverb) äȡäˡ (modal adverb) ¿ͲȤ˿Ƥ (ex. probably, necessarily, undoubtedly, possibly, perhaps) ޤ (focusing adverb) Ȥơeven 16ˡ?פΰ̣Ȥˤ졤Ѹˤ̤Ƹ adverbialization ήΤʤ˰֤ŤƤ (254--55)
Nevalainen ϡȯãˤΤʤǡѸȤ "the transitional status" (256) ɽ路Ƥꡤ"a drift towards a more subjective expression by adverbial means" (257) ΤǤȷŤƤ롥
Nevalainen, Terttu. "Aspects of Adverbial Change in Early Modern English." Studies in Early Modern English. Ed. Dieter Kastovsky. Mouton de Gruyter, 1994. 243--59.
ܥ֥Ǥ١夲Ƥ André Martinet (1908--99) ϡθؤ˱Ѥȼʿ¤ؼԤǤ롥[2012-04-20-1], [2012-04-21-1]εǡ; (redundancy) ˿ƤMartinet ;ȴϢƳΨ (probability) (information) (frequency) (cost) ȤäǰƳδطΤʤ˸ѲθõȤʲϡѸƳΰǤĤǡˡ
Ce qu'il convient de retenir de tout ceci pour comprendre la dynamique linguistique se ramène aux constatations suivantes : il existe un rapport constant et inverse entre la fréquence d'une unité et l'information qu'elle apporte, c'est-à-dire, en un certain sens, son efficacité ; il tend à s'établir un rapport constant et inverse entre la fréquence d'une unité et son coût, c'est-à-dire que représente d'énergie consommée chaque utilisation de cette unité. Un corollaire de ces deux constatations est que toute modification de la fréquence d'une unité entraîne une variation de son efficacité et laisse prévoir une modification de sa forme. Cette dernière pourra ne se produire qu'à longe échéance, car les condition réelles du fonctionnement des langues tendent à freiner les évolutions. (189--90)
ϳؤ뤿ˡΤΤˤĤ٤ȤϡγǧǤ롥ñ̤٤Ȥ줬ľʤʤ̣ǤϤθ̡ˤΤˤϰˤȿδط롨ϡñ̤٤Ȥѡʤʤñ̤Ѥ뤳ȤǾ륨ͥ륮ˤΤΰˤȿδطȤʤ뷹롥2ĤγǧεȤơñ̤٤ѤФθ̤Ѳ뤷η֤Ѳͽۤ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥θԤѲϤޤĹ֤ΤǤ롥ȤΤϡѤθ¤ξȯã뷹뤫
Martinet ϡѤβսǡ;⤤ȤȤͽ¬ǽ⤤ȤȤǤꡤϸǤνиΨ뤤٤Ȥ̩ܤ˴ϢȤȤƤ롥̤ˡǤ٤⤱;⤯ͤ㤤 "plus une unité (mot, monème, phonème) est fréquente, moins elle est informative" (188) ơѤȤǤळȤˤäơƶ줿üԤˤȤäơ٤⤱й⤤ۤɡ1ȯɬפȤ륨ͥ륮̤ϾʤۤԹ礬褤¿Υͥ륮פȯ٤֤ⷫΤԷкѤդˡ٤㤤ɽϡȤȯ礭ʥͥ륮ɬפȤƤ⤢ޤ꺤ʤˤ衤ȯ뵡
Τ褦ˡѡפȯˤ륨ͥ륮̤Ȳ᤹硤̩ˤϸġβȯɤΤ餤Ѥפ뤫Τɬפ뤬η¬ˤ٤ƤñȯƱ٤ѤפȲꤹСɽפѤϤβĹ˰¸ϤǤ롥Ѥñ˲ĹƱͤȤСδطǤ롧ָǤϡ٤⤱вûסѲƤϤСָǤϡ٤⤯ʤвûʤפȤʤ
٤ѤȿδطϡиŪˤ褯Ǥ롥褯ȤȯˤƤɽˤƤû̡ά뷹롥ˤäƤϡû̡άεˤηȤơ̵˵Ȥ餢롥ʸˡŪʴɽṳ̂Ǹ경褯졤ʸˡ (grammaticalisation) Ȥưˤۤʤʤޤ[2012-01-14-1]εǼ夲#992. ոȡָ³ˡ§ספ⡤٤ѤδطȤȤ館ʤȤǤ
ΰѤκǸˤ̤ꡤ٤ѤδطѲ褦Ȥݤˤϡֺθɬפ롥٤ƤƤ餽θṳ̂ޤǤˤϡ٤λ֤ɬפޤ٤ѤشطϡޤǴˤ䤫ʤΤǤ뤳ȤˤդƤɬפ롥ΰԤɸ꤬ "Laxité du rapport entre fréquence et coût" ٤Ѥδطδˤ䤫ˤǤ뤳ȤդäƤ
Martinet, André. Éléments de linguistique générale. 5th ed. Armand Colin: Paris, 2008.
flat_adverb ˴ϢơȤѤ real bad mighty hungry pretty cold ʤɤɽˤĤĴ٤ʤ顤äȹͤƤȤ real ܸΡ֤פζŪˡȤ褯Ƥ롥ȡʲ̤ꡥ
(1) ٤ΤϤʤϤȤդȤѤ
(2) ƻ줬촴Τޤޤη֡ʽߡϢηˤϢѽˤȤѤ
(3) 졤¯ȤƹԤʤƤꡤϤΩ줫ɸȤ
ܸθˤơ֤ڤפǤ˻̱Ƥ뤳ȤϲƻŦޤǤʤդˤϻȤʤȤϰռϤΤΡäդǤλѤˤĤƶ٤ϲƤ褦˻פ
3ϡǯΡ֤פΤߤƤϤޤħǤϤʤ (78) Ѥ褦
Τ褦ˡ֤פϡֵ§ȿƿȤϤɽȹͤ櫓Ǥ뤬֤פˡ֤פѤΤϺǶǤϤäƤ⡤ˤ褯϶ˤ⸫ΤǤä
Ρַƻ콪ϢηŪˡפϡ٤ΤϤʤϤפɽ魯ƻ˸ˡǤ롥
ˤơ٤ΤϤʤϤפɽ路ϢѷηǷƻ졦ưʤɤƻȤơ֤餤ס֤ס֤ס֤ޤס֤Ф餷ס֤Ҥɤס֤ΤפȤä줬롥Τ̵ۤǷƤưʤɤǽʤΤȤʤȡ֤餤ס֤ס֤ס֤Τפ˸¤롥
ϡˤǤΡ֤餤פȡ֤פϢѽˡ¾ŪĴˤ (82) ˡ֤餦פäѸ֤餤פ졤ԤˤԤȸ¤٤ۤɤĹäˡ֤餤ʤޡˤפΤ褦ˡƻ콪ϢηˤϸĴԹǤ֤餤פΤߤѤ줿¤νẢˤϡ֤פϤϴ˸ष֤פˤĤƤϡˡ֤פѤ줿㤬ߤ뤬ˤϤĤʤ餺˽ä֤פοˤĤƤϡηƻˤΡֶפȤĤäƤˡ٤ΤϤʤϤɽ魯ˡŪˤȤɤޤ餶ʤäΤǤϤʤȡƤ롥
֤餤פȡ֤פȯãκϡ[2012-01-14-1]ε#992. ոȡָ³ˡ§ספǼ夲̣ɺ (bleaching) ȴϢƤ褦ˤߤ롥֤餤פǤϰ̣ɺƽʶոȤʤä֤פǤϸǻĤäƤꡤոؤɺʤäȤȤǤϤʤ̣Τۤˤϡɺ֤餤פϡ֤פ5٤3ûȤͿƤ뤫⤷ʤ֤פ3Ǥ롥ϤΤ褵餷ȤȤǤСûۤĴҤФ
֤餤ס֤פȯãˤĤƤηȤơ (84--85) ϤҤ٤Ƥ롥
Ѳϡ°פñ˿ʤȤ뤬θѲΰĤȤƷƻ̵Ѳߤ졤ήDZΤ褦ˡФƤȤͤ⤢νϢηŪˡϷƻ̤ˤߤΤǤϤʤ٤ΤϤʤϤפĴˤΤ߸뤳Ȥͤȡñˡְ°פñή̵ѲΡפȤȤդŤˤϤ餤롥षĴ̤뤿˰տŪ˽ϢηѤΤȹ֤ͤ餦ס֤פȳѲꡤǤ֤餤ס֤פηݤͿȤռƯ̤ǤϤʤȻϹͤ롥
ϢѷˤФƷƻʽߡϢηˤΤ϶ˤĤƤϡε#996. flat adverb ΤӤӤʡ ([2012-01-18-1]) Ϥ ##983,993,995 ǵѤߤǤ롥Ǥߤ (1), (2), (3) ħʤ̣֤ñ㤵餷ϡ֤ӤӤʡפȤƤޤȤ롥real bad ȡ֤Фפˤ flat adverb ϡˤ
Ǹˡ֤פθˡФ롤ҤβȤ褦 (238) ԤոȻפ
ʤ֤ڤפȤήԤƤΤͤƤߤȡޤ٤¡ǤʤפΤɽ魯ƻǤ뤳Ȥ礭¡ǤʤȤĴ褦ȤơĤФ˳ʤɽȤäƤޤäȹͤޤޤ錄ϡĤ⿷Ƥޤ顤ιߤˤäƤΤ⤷ޤơʤˤ⡤錄ϡפ̣ʤΤäƤޤϡ̣ʤؤΡäȤʤΤ⤷ʤ
ŵסַƻ콪ϢηŪˡ ---֤餤ס֤פ濴 ---סعظ27桡ءֹظ״Բ1987ǯ77--86ǡ
ҤذҤ̡ܸ١Ĭҡ2011ǯ
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