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reduplication - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2023-09-28 Thu

#5267. ˤ륢ˤĤƹͤƤߤޤ󤫡 [iconicity][sound_symbolism][onomatopoeia][phonaesthesia][reduplication][phonetics][prosody]

Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)ˤ#849. ˤȥꤹۿ



(iconicity) ϡϢܥ֥Ǽ夲Ƥ롤ĤߡĴظܼ2023ǯˤǤ礭夲ƤꡤȤ櫓2ϡ֥ --- Ọ̇̄פǾܤƤ롥֥ɥɥס֤ꤽס֥󥰥ס֥֡֡פΤ褦ܸ쥪Υޥȥ (onomatopoeia) ŵŪˤߤνʣ (reduplication) ˻ϤޤꡤȤ櫓첻Ҳβץǥʤɲħ (sound_symbolism) ɽ벻ΥܤƤ롥
ȤϡΥΤ䥳Ȥ˼̤ݤ˼տ路ƤΤȤǤ롥ҥȤϡ¤ΥΤ䥳Ȥ100%Τޤޤ˸˥ԡ뤳ȤϤǤʤʥץꥫϤɤƤʤΤǤ롥ҥȤǽϤˤϸ³뤷⤽ȤΡʤǤäդ˸ꤷƹͤˤˤ¤롥ǤΤϡ¤ƤΤ褦˶Ū˼̤뤳Ȥ餤Ǥ롥
줰餤ˤ̤Ǥ뤫顤ष嵭¤ΤʤǤϤʤʤ˼ͳǤꡤ礭դϤʤΤΡϰǤϥꥨ˭٤Ǥ롥ƱǤϤʤˤˤʤ餳Ŭ٤ʼŬ٤ͷӤäѤ䤹ȤȤ
ˤ륢ϡȯˤĤƸ뤳Ȥ¿礭ñ̤ˤĤƤ뤳Ȥꤽޤäդ˸ꤻ񤭸դ˹ͻϰϤȤСŪΤǤ뤫饢γξϷŪǤƱˡ¿ʬ˥ŪǤ롥
⡤ˤ륢ˤĤƻ󤲤ĤĹͤƤߤޤ󤫡嵭 heldio ۿΥʤɤˤ󤻤С


 Ĥߡ ظܼ --- ȤФϤɤޤ졤ʲ١2023ǯ



Ĥߡ ظܼ --- ȤФϤɤޤ졤ʲ١2023ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2024-01-01-1]

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2019-11-11 Mon

#3850. ѸưʪĤ [history_of_linguistics][onomatopoeia][origin_of_language][reduplication]

ưʪĤϡؤˤˤƤϽ׻뤵Ƥ#431. ʶθε ([2010-07-02-1]) Ǥߤ褦˸ε (origin_of_language) Ȥ̩ܤʴطȼ꺻ƤȿȤʤ륪Υޥȥ (onomatopoeia) ζ븻Ǥ⤢롥Ϥ줬ۤʤĤۤʤ롥ʲѸˤפưʪĤư̾ˤǤ褦ʡرѸŵ (474--76) ˡ

Animalcry ưcry ̾
bear ʷgrowl ٹŨդ򼨤ˤʤgrr
roar 礭Ǥۤrooaar
bird Ļchirp åäĤchirp-chirp
sing Τ褦ˤ
tweet = chirptweet-tweet
burro ʾСbray ʤʤhee-haw
cat ǭhiss ٹ򼨤˥塼äȤФhisses; sssss
meow ˥㥪Ĥmew; miao
purr ­ˤΤɤĤ餹purrrr
spit ܤäƤĤФǤ褦Фpffft
chick ʤҤ褳cheep ԥԥĤcheep-cheep
peep ԥԥĤpeep-peep
cock [rooster] ͺĻcrow åȤȤĤcock-a-doodle-do
cow ʵbawl ⤤ΤФĤ
low; moo ⥦Ĥmoo
cricket ʥchirp ⤯û³ŪĤchirp-chirp; chirr
crow ʥ饹caw Ĥcaw-caw
dog ʸbark Ȥۤbow-wow
growl ٹŨդ򼨤ˤʤgrrr
howl ܤ򤹤ow-ow-ow-oooow
whine 󥯥ɡĤ餹
woof 㤤Ǥۤwoof-woof
yap; yip 󥭥Ĥyap-yap; yip-yip
donkey ʥСbray ʤʤhee-haw
dove ȷcoo Ĥcoo-coo
duck ʥҥquack Ĥquack-quack
squawk Ԥ郎Ĥ
elephant ʾݡtrumpet 褯̤礭Ĥ
fox ʥĥ͡bark û⤤Ĥ
frog ʥcroak Ĥcroak-croak; reebeep-reebeep
goat ʻӡbleat ᥨᥨĤbah-bah
goose [wild goose] ʥ祦gabble Ĥgabble-gabble
hiss 塼äȤФ
honk 祦äĤhonk-honk
hen ʻĻcackle 򻺤Ǥ⤯³ŪĤbuck-buck-buck-budacket
cluck åäȤҤʤƤcluck-cluck
horse ϡneigh ҥҡȤʤʤwheee
snort ɡ򶯤Фɡ©򤿤Ƥ
whicker = neigh
whinny = neigh
hyena ʥϥʡlaugh ͤФ褦Ǥۤhee-hee-hee
jay [blue jay] ʥscold ޤ
lion ʥ饤growl ٹŨդ򼨤ˤʤgrrr
roar 礭Ǥۤrooaar
monkey ʱchatter åäĤchitter-chatter
scold ޤĤ
mouse ʥͥߡsqueak 奦奦Ĥeek-eek; squeak-squeak
mule ʥСbray ʤʤhee-haw
nightingale ʥʥ󥲡sing
warble = sing
owl [screech owl] ʥեhoot ۥۥĤwhoo-whoo
screech ڤФ
parrotscreech ڤФ
shriek ڤФeek-eek
talk ͤθޤͤ򤹤"Polly-wanna-cracker?" ʥ󡤤ˤ ˸碌ʸ
pig ڡgrunt ֥֥Ĥ
oink ֥ͭĤoink-oink
squeal ڤФee-ee
pigeon ʥϥȡcoo Ĥcoo-coo
rat ʥͥߡsqueak 奦奦Ĥeek-eek; squeak-squeak
robin ʥޥɥchirp åäĤchirp-chirp
sheep ӡbleat ᥨᥨĤbah-bah
snake ʼءhiss 塼äȤФsssss
sparrow ʿchirp åäĤchirp-chirp
swan Ļtrumpet 褯̤礭Ĥ
tiger ʸסgrowl ٹŨդ򼨤ˤʤgrr
roar 礭Ǥۤrooaar
turkey ʼĻgobble Ĥgobble-gobble
wolf ϵhowl ܤ򤹤ow-ow-ow-oooow


ش۳켭ŵԽԡˡرѸŵ١شۡ2006ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2021-04-21-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2017-11-26 Sun

#3135. -ed ε [suffix][preterite][participle][germanic][indo-european][verb][inflection][etymology][reduplication][gothic][grammaticalisation][preterite-present_verb][degemination][sobokunagimon][-st][dental_suffix]

Ѹˤưβʬ˷ -ed "dental suffix" ȤƤФ졤ղäϥޥͭηֲǤʡ#182. ޥɤħ ([2009-10-26-1]) 򻲾ȡˡˤäƥޥϡ촴첻ѲƲ췿ζѲưԵ§Ѳưˤȡ dental suffix ղäѲưʵ§ѲưˤȤ2ʬ뤳ȤˤʤäԤϡֵ§Ūפʤ˸¿ưعäƤѸưˤ礭ʱƶڤܤƤʡ#178. ưε§Ѳά ([2009-10-22-1])#764. ѸưѤ3Ĥʬˡ ([2011-05-31-1]) 򻲾ȡˡ
Ѹ -ed Υޥˤ뵯ˤĤƤϽ⤢ꡤ夬ĤƤʤͭϤˤȡư do ƱǤϤʤȤdo ΤưṲ̄ȤȤǧˤ衤ʬˤΰ̣ɤФƤΤϼǤϤʤƱˤȡޥˤ do 촴Τʣ (reduplication) ȤŤֲäƤˡƱҲ2ٸ *dēd- ʤɤη֤Ȥʤä䤬첻üλҲ蘆äƽŻҲȤʤäæŻҲơɤΤȤ *d- ˼ޤäĤޤꡤ-ed λҲϡdo θ촴ҲбƱˡ줬Τ˽ʣƱҲˤб뤳Ȥˤʤ롥
Ǥϡϲ餫ʸˤٻΤȸ˾嵭ηֲ򤦤碌㤬ĤȤLass (164)

The origin of the weak preterite is a perennial source of controversy. The main problem is that it is a uniquely Germanic invention, which is difficult to connect firmly with any single IE antecedent. Observing the old dictum ex nihilo nihil fit (nothing is made out of nothing), scholars have proposed numerous sources, none of which is without its difficulties. The main problem is that there are at least three consonantisms: /d/ (Go nasida 'I saved', inf. nasjan), /t/ (Go baúhta 'I bought', inf. bugjan), and /s/ (Go wissa 'I knew', inf *witan).
   But even given this complexity, the most likely primary source seems to be compounding of an original verbal noun of some sort with the verb */dhe:-/ 'put, place, do' (OHG tuon, OE dōn, OCS dějati 'do', Skr dádhati 'he places', L fēci 'I made, did').
   This leads to a useful analysis of a Gothic pret 3 ppl like nasidēdun 'they saved':
   
(7.18) nas - i -dē - d - un
       SAVE-theme-reduplication-DO-3 pl

I.e. a verbal root followed by a thematic connective followed by the reduplicated perfect plural of 'do'. This gives a periphrastic construction with a sense like 'did V-ing'; with, significantly, Object-Verb order . . ., i.e. (7.18) has the form of an OV clause 'NP-pl sav(ing) did'. An extended form also existed, in which a nominalizing suffix */-ti/ or */-tu/ was intercalated between the root and the 'do' form, e.g. in Go faúrhtidēdun 'they feared', which can be analysed as {faúrh-ti-dē-d-un}. This suffix was in many cases later weakened; first the vowel dropped, so that */-ti-d-/ > */-td-/; this led to assimilation */-tt-/, and then eventual reinterpretation of the /t/-initial portion as a suffix itself, and loss of the 'do' part from verbs of this type . . . . The problematic /s(s)/ forms may go back to a different (earlier) development also involving */-ti/, in which the sequence */tt/ > /s(s)/ . . . but this is not clear.


פˡ-ed ղäθϼ̤ޤư촴̾첽ܤư̾Τ褦ʤΤ롥ľˡdo β did Τ褦ʤΤ֤ơΤȤơ֡ưˤưԤʤäפȤ롥Τ褦ˤȤȤOVαŪ칽¤ȤƻϤޤä䤬ΤĤŤޤäʣΤ褦ʤΤȤƤȤ館褦ˤʤꡤŪʲؤȰܹԤʳ˻äơ-ed ʬϡŪǤȤʤ«ǤȲᤵ줿ʸˡ (grammaticalisation) ȤߤƤ褤
ΰѤ Lass Go wissa ˸ڤȤȤˡǸ /s(s)/ ˸ڤǤ뤬бűѸˤư wāt βȤ wiste/wisse ꡤŪ񤷤ꤲƤ롥ˤĤƤϡ#2231. ưβ˸ -st- ([2015-06-06-1]) 򻲾Ȥ줿

Lass, Roger. Old English: A Historical Linguistic Companion. Cambridge: CUP, 1994.

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2017-05-27 Sat

#2952. Shakespeare ȤäĶĴ too too [reduplication][intensifier][adverb][preposition][iconicity][shakespeare]

֤ޤˡפ̣붯Ĵ too ʣ (reduplication) Ĵٹ礤򤵤˶᤿ too too ʤ줬롥too Ȥֻ졦 to βỤ̄ŪʶȤ٤ǤꡤŤͤ too too ˤƤϡĴޤ˶ˤޤꡤȤäȤShakespeare Ǥ O that this too too sallied flesh would melt. (Hamlet 1. 2. 129) ȤѤƤꡤߤǤ She is too-too kind. ʤɤѤ롥
OED ˤȡĤƤ1 toto, totoo, tootoo ʤɤ֤줿Ȥ⤢äȤƻ٤򶯤ȤƤνФϤۤɸŤʤ1542ǯ㤬󤲤Ƥʤư򶯤ȤƤ a1529 ˽Фˡ

1542 N. Udall tr. Erasmus Apophthegmes f. 271, It was toto ferre oddes yt a Syrian born should in Roome ouer come a Romain.


ɽȯưŤϡĹɬפʤʣȤϷ֤Ǥꡤ֤ϰ̣ŪĴ̤롥ʣȶĴϡiconicity ʿˤǡƼ̩ܤʴط򼨤Ȥ櫓Τ䤹ˤƤϡ츽ݤȤӻȤʴϢơ#65. Ѹˤ reduplication ([2009-07-02-1]) 򻲾ȡˡ
ʤˤҤ٤褦˶Ĵ too Τֻ졦 ζǤ롥űѸǤ to ñȤǡ֤ξ塤ˡפΰդȤѤ뤳ȤǤƻʤɤȶȡ֤ޤ?פΰ̣ɽ魯ȤǤȤơ첻夯ûȯֻˡĹȯжĴȤƵǽΤǤ롥ʬˤ⤫餺ֻƱ to ֤³16鶯ĴΤۤ too ֤褦ˤʤꡤΩ
ˤζȼΩ̤θǧ褦ˤʤϡѸˤǤ⾯ʤ餺Ƥ롥#55. through θ츻 ([2009-06-22-1])#86. one ȯ ([2009-07-22-1])#693. as, so, also ([2011-03-21-1])#2077. you ȯˡ ([2015-01-03-1]) 򻲾ȡ

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2014-08-15 Fri

#1936. ʹΤѲ [phonetics][consonant][function_of_language][language_change][causation][h][sonority][reduplication][japanese][grimms_law][functionalism]

4֤εǡưˤʹ꤬äƱ餤뤤Ϥʾ˱ƶϤĤȤ򸫤Ƥʡ#1932. Ѳ monitoring (1) ([2014-08-11-1])#1933. Ѳ monitoring (2) ([2014-08-12-1])#1934. audience design ([2014-08-13-1])#1935. accommodation theory ([2014-08-14-1])ˡ#1070. Jakobson ˤưԲķ6Ĥιǡ ([2012-04-01-1])#1862. Stern ˤ4Ĥεǽ ([2014-06-02-1])ޤεǽ˴ؤ뤽¾ε (function_of_language) Ǹ褦ˡʹϸưԲķǤ1ĤǤ뤫顤ͤƤߤΤȤǤ롥 (139) Τ褦ˡθѲθˤơʹˤ줬ɤΤ褦ʹ뤫Ȥ˷ƤפȤϤ褽ǧʤФʤʤ³ơäŪϡ򤵤뤿ᡤ򤵤뤿Ǥ뤫顤äȤڤʤΤϡäΰտޤȤʹ򤵤뤳ȤǤ롥ϡʹ꤬Τʹ褦äȤǤפȽҤ٤Ƥ롥
ʹΤθѲ¸ߤ̵뤵Ƥ櫓ǤϤʤѲΤʤˤϡʬ (metanalysis) ˤꤦޤΤ⤢СƱ۵ (homonymic_clash) ⤢뤳ȤϻŦƤ#1873. Stern ˤ̣Ѳ7ʬ ([2014-06-13-1]) ǤϡʹδͿ̣Ѳˤ⿨줿ʹδͿϤ褽׻뤵ƤȤϤ
(118--38) ϡܸΥϹԻҲηϤ԰ꤵŪʥϹԻҲʹΰ˵Ƥ롥ΥϹԻҲϡ11 [ɸ] [w] Ѳʡ#1271. ܸȤθ ([2012-10-19-1]) 򻲾ȡˡ㤨СβѲ˽äơ [ɸawa] [ɸiwi]ˤ [ɸowo] ȤʤäΤޤ޼ȯã뤲ƤʤСƬ [ɸ] [h] Ȥʤꡤϡ֥ϥסϡ֥ҥסˤϡ֥ۥסʼºݤˡ֥ۥۡפ¤ǡ֥ۥפ⤢ˤȤʤäƤΥϹԻҲμ夵䶯٤ޤҲνƱˤꡤĻŵŪƱ˽ʣ (reduplication) ޤä2ܤΥϹԻҲ褷ߤϡ֥ϥϡס֥ҥҡס֥ۥۡפȤʤäƤ롥ϹԻҲĴϢѲ뤲ƤȤϡľܤˤäˤ˰㤤ʤŪˤŪϹԻҲʹΰŪʼ夵˵ȹͤ롥­ʹΰȤʹΩΩäɸǤ롥ҤλҲˤĤ [h] > [ç] ȤѲΤ⡤[h] ʹΰ䶯ȤƤ롥
ܸΥϹԻҲȴϢơѸ [h] Ȥμդβ˴ؤˤʣˡ§ (grimms_law)#214. ԰ʻҲ /h/ ([2009-11-27-1]) h γƵ#1195. <gh> = /f/ б ([2012-08-04-1]) ʤɤ꤬ط롥 (132) ܸȱѸˤݤŦƤꡤ<gh> ˤĤƼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥

ġıѸ light, tight ʤɤ gh ɤޤʤ«ˤʤäƤ뤬 h ϡʹæڥ󥰤ˤ줬ĤäΤǤ뤷rough, tough ʤɤ gh [f] ˤʤäƤΤϡʹΰ [h] [f] ֤줿̤Ǥ롥[ɸ] [f] Ȥΰ㤤Ϥ뤬ܸΤ뿰ಽȵäƤ뤳Ȥܤ


ȤСrough tough [f] ϡ#1195. <gh> = /f/ б ([2012-08-04-1]) Ǽ褦äΤβѲη ([x] > [xw] > f) ȤƤǤϤʤ[x] 뤤 [h] ʹΰˤʤʤʹΤΡ [f] ǤִȤȤˤʤ롥󡤤줬˵äȤ¾ڤ뤳Ȥ񤷤

ͺܸˡĿϤʤʤΤ١޴ֽ񱡡2001ǯ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2014-04-26 Sat

#1825. ޻ <F> εȯŸ [grammatology][grapheme][latin][greek][alphabet][consonant][f][reduplication]

Ѹ <f> Ϥܾۤ /f/ бƤͣ㳰 ofˡΰꤷطѸˤޤ̤롥θűѸǤ <v> 礤ƤΤǡ<f> [f] ȤȤ [v] ˤбƤѸ˥ե󥹸ֻ˱ƶ <v> Ƴ뤳Ȥˤꡤ<f> = /f/ ΰդδطΩηаޤˤĤƤϡ#373. <u> <v> ʬ (1) ([2010-05-05-1])#374. <u> <v> ʬ (2) ([2010-05-06-1])#1222. ե󥹸줬ѸβǤͿʱƶ ([2012-08-31-1])#1230. over offer ϺǾФǤϤʤ ([2012-09-08-1]) 򻲾Ȥ줿
ѸˤϰǸ¤ꡤ<f> äȤʤ뤳ȤϤʤʸ̵໤б褦ˤʤäΤϡƥˤ׿椨Ǥ롥奮ꥷΥե٥åȤΤäƤͤϡ<f> бʸʤȤ˵Ť奮ꥷǤˤ <f> ʸĤäƤǤǽʳˤϤ줬ä koiné Ȥʤ1ѼǤ Attic ǤϤ줬ƤΤǡ˻륮ꥷե٥åȤˤ <f> ޤޤƤʤΤǤ롥
ꥷˤ¸ߤ <F> ϡ岼ˤ餷2¤٤褦ʻäˡ"digamma" ȤΤƤϡࡦե٥åȤ6ܤʸʣ٤˻ǡ"wāu" ȸƤФˤѤΤǡꥷǤȾ첻 [w] ˶ᤤ໤βɽ路ǤϤβϾüʸΤƵ줿Ⱦ첻 [w] Фƽ첻 [u] ƱΦʸɽ蘆졤줬˥ƥʹߤν <U>, <V>, <W>, <Y> ؤʬƤäĤޤꡤ޻ <F>, <U>, <V>, <W>, <Y> Ϥ٤ƥࡦե٥åȤ wāu ˵ĤȤˤʤ롥
ơƥϥꥷǤޤĤäƤ <F> = [w] δط줿ƥǤ [w] <V> ɽ魯ΩΤǡ<F> פȤʤäפȤʤä <F> ϥꥷΤȤΤ褦ѤȤʤǽ⤢äƥϤ;äʸ򥮥ꥷˤϤʤƥˤϤä̵໤ [f] ɽ魯ΤžѤ뤳Ȥ᤿ϡľܤžѤˤ񹳤ä餷<F> ñΤǤϤʤ <FH> Τ褦2ʸ碌 [f] ɸ뤳Ȥߤڵ򤬤롥㤨С7κǸŤΥƥǵ줿֥ޥ˥ʸפˤϡ麸 "IOISAMVN DEKAHFEHF DEM SOINAM" (Manios made me for Numasios) Ȥꡤ3ܤ "FHEFHAKED" ʸŵƥ fecit Ťýŷ reduplicationˤ桤p. 71ˡˤ <F> ñΤ [f] ɽ魯Ȥˤʤäδطƥ줪ӤʹߤνݻƤ롥
Υե٥åȤ̤θ˰ܿݤˡפʸѤȤʤäꡤžѤ줿ꡤʸ­ʤɡѹä뤳Ȥϡե٥åȻˤ̤Ʋ٤Ȥʤ֤ƤʸȲδطϡȤݻ뤳ȤϤäƤ⡤ѲΤ̤ΤȤäȤ狼
ʾ塤 (pp. 125--28) 򻲾ȤƼɮ

סرѸ쥢ե٥åȯãˡʸȲ١ʸҡ1970ǯ

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2013-12-11 Wed

#1689. ʿϰΥԥȥ쥪θ [pidgin][creole][map][reduplication][lexicology][etymology][tok_pisin]

ε#1688. Tok Pisin ([2013-12-10-1]) ơʿϰΥԥȥ쥪ꡥϢʬۿޤGramley (220) Ͽޤ򻲹ͤ˼Ƥߤ

Map of Southwestern Pacific Pidgins and Creoles

˵󤲤Ƥԥ䥯쥪Ū˴ϢŪˤᤤѸظ (superstrate language) ڤӸö (lexifier) Ȥ뺮ǡºݤˤä8ϱѸ١Ǥ롥Mühlhäusler 򻲾Ȥ Gramley (220) ɽˤȡ̥Ĥ Bislama ʡ#1536. ǤʤعǤλѤػߤƤ Bislama ([2013-07-11-1]) 򻲾ȡ, ѥץ˥塼˥ Tok Pisin, Solomon Pijin 3ԥǤߤȡʬۤϰʲ̤Ǥ롥


EnglishIndigenousOthers
Bislama90%53 (French)
Tok Pisin77167 (German etc.)
Solomon Pijin8965


̤˥ԥ䥯쥪θäϡظȤȡ (loan_translation)̣Ѳý (reduplication)ʬϤʤɤƤ롥ʲˡGramley (220--22) ˵ä Tok Pisin 򼨤hair Ȥ gras bilong hed (grass that belongs to the head)beard Ȥ gras bilong fes (grass that belongs to the face) ȤäǤ롥߷Ȳζ̤Ϥʤ㤨 stei (stay) ʸ̮Ǹߡΰ̣ˤʤꤦ롥tudir (too dear) ϡֹʡפɽ魯1ȤʬϤ졤Ʊͤ lego (let go) ϡֹԤ, sekan (shake hands) ϡ²򤹤פȤƸòƤ롥Ѹ arse ʿˤ˵, as ʸŪΩʡָפǤꡤ˰̣Ѳ򵯤ơֵפΰդǤѤ롥that's all ˵ tasol ϡŪ but ΰ̣³ȤȯãýŤˤĤƤϡ#65. Ѹˤ reduplication ([2009-07-02-1]) 򻲾Ȥ줿
ϤʸäȿǤ뤳Ȥ⤢롥Ȥ櫓²̾ (kinship terms) Ǥϡmama (mother), papa (father) ޤǤɸѸƱϤΤȤФϤ줾 smalpapa, smalmama ϤΤȤФϤȤ kandare Ȥ1ɽ魯¹̤ζ̤ʤ勞 tumbuna ɽ롥⡤ƱǤ brataǤ susa ѤȤǡɸѸȰۤʤ롥

Gramley, Stephan. The History of English: An Introduction. Abingdon: Routledge, 2012.

Referrer (Inside): [2021-08-16-1]

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2013-09-27 Fri

#1614. Ѹ title Фƥե󥹸 titre ǤΤϤʤ [etymology][reduplication][consonant][phonetics][dissimilation][doublet][metathesis][french][sobokunagimon]

912ˡѤʵץʡǼΤ褦ʼ򤤤#1597. star stella ([2013-09-10-1]) ơƱ [r] [l] θؤ˴ؤǤ롥

uca 2013-09-12 02:50:55
ΥȥԥåstellaȱstarδطˤĤƿƤޤ˵˴ȤޤϡʩtitreȱtitleδطǤˤϤɤаޤäΤǤ礦ƥǤtitulusʤΤǡѲϤޤǥե󥹸ǤѲʤΤǤ礦йǤ


Ѹ title Фƥե󥹸ϳΤ titre Ǥ롥츻ҤȤȡĸ *tel- (ground, floor, board) ̤롥θ캬βýŷ (reduplication) Ȥ˰ĸ *titel- ƷƤꡤ줬ʸڤƥ titulus (inscription, label) ȯŸȤ롥ʿ̤Ĥ˹ΡפۤɤθáʸˡʸɽפʤɤθǤ˥ƥȯãƤΥƥϡťե󥹸 title ȤȯŸ줬ѸؼѤ줿Ф14νẢǤ롥űѸƱƥѤ titul ѤƤȤ顤Ѹ tītle ϡθűѸȯãΤȲ᤹ OED Τ褦Ω⤢롥ˤ衤ѸǤϰӤƸ츻Ū [l] ѤƤȤϳΤǤ롥
ȡե󥹸 titre [r] ϡե󥹸ˤʤФʤʤȤȤˤʤ롥Ѹե󥹸θ츻ŵʤɤˤĤäƤߤ¿ñ [l] > [r] ȵҤΤߤǡʾϤʤäͣ Klein ϡ"OF. title (in French dissimilated into titre)" ۲ (dissimilation) κѤη̤Ǥ뤳ȤŪ˽Ҥ٤Ƥ
Klein ʤ餺Ȥ⡤[r] [l] θؤȤСפĤϰ۲Ǥ롥#1597. star stella ([2013-09-10-1]) ǤȤꡤ۲ϡ̾ƱǶܤƤΤǤꡤΥ۲Ȥˤ񹳤롥㤨Сե󥹸ǤŵŪʰ۲ϡcouroir > couloir ϭ murtrir > multrir ʽĤˤΤ褦ʤΤǤ롥ƱζܤȤϤ鷺Ȥ⡤ĴŪưŤϡˤϤ롥[t] [l] ǤĴ֤ʷԡˤǤۤܰפƤΤǡĴ֤η֤äȤͤ뤫⤷ʤ[r] Ȥơե󥹸ȰۤʤĴ֤ [t] [l] ȤۤɰۤʤʤäϤǤꡤϤĴŪʰŪϤĤˤ۲ΤΤԵ§ñȯβtitle > titre ϡΤʤǤȤ櫓Ե§ñȯΥäȹͤʤ롥
㤬롥ƥ -tulus/-tulum θĸǡ[l] [r] ظؤ⤦1Ĥˡcapitulum > chapitle > chapitre 롥Ūˤϡե󥹸ˤϱѸ -tle ϻ¾ʤΤǡƯƤΤŪ -tle ͽۤȤˡ-tre бƤȤȤ⤷ʤդ̻ŪʲӶŪʬۤϥե󥹸ʻˡˤǤꡤǰʤ餳ʾˤɵǤʤ
ȤդäСѸ title 뤤ϥե󥹸 titre ˤ [l] [r] ʬۤߤƤߤȤ⤷ե󥹸Ǥϡ titulaire, titulariser Ǥϡƥ줫Ū [l] ݤäƤ롥󡤱Ѹ titular [l] Ǥ롥ѸαѸ titrate ũ, titration, titrable, titrant ϡե󥹸̾ titre äư titrer μѤǤꡤ[r] ɽ路Ƥ롥ޤѸ title Ʊ tittle ʾˤˤĤƤ⿨Ƥ22ŸǤꡤ־첻Ĺûκۤ򼨤ˤʤڥʸ ñ ȷε tilde ȸƤФ뤬ϥƥ titulus 2Ҳ3Ҳž (metathesis) ڥȤˤʤäƤ롥äơtitle, tittle, tilde ϡŪˤ̣Ūˤˤ䤫˷ӤĤ3ŸȤäƤ褤⤷ʤ

Klein, Ernest. A Comprehensive Etymological Dictionary of the English Language, Dealing with the Origin of Words and Their Sense Development, Thus Illustrating the History of Civilization and Culture. 2 vols. Amsterdam/London/New York: Elsevier, 1966--67. Unabridged, one-volume ed. 1971.

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2012-08-26 Sun

#1217. wheel reduplication [etymology][indo-european][reduplication]

[2009-10-10-1]ε#166. cyclone ȥˡ§פǡꥷѸ cycle cyclone Ѹ wheel ȤȤˡĸ *kwelo-s ̤뤳Ȥǧcycle ΤۤOE hweohl, Vedic Sanskrit cacrám, Tocharian A kukäl "chariot", Hittite kugullaš "ring-shaped bread, donut" ʤɤǤϡ캬ƬˤҲ֤졤첻ȤȤ˿᤬ƬղäƤΤ狼롥캬Ф reduplication ʽʣˤŬѤƤŵǤ롥νʣΤ *kwe-kwl-o- "wheel" ȤƺƷƤ롥
Fortson (117) ˤСreduplication ˶դ䴶ղäϤꡤ*kwe-kwl-o- ο͡򤢤äȸ碌Ǥ뤯ƻνиȼòȹͺۤ˸äƤΤǤϤʤȤreduplication ϡ[2009-07-02-1]ε#65. Ѹˤ reduplicationפǤҤ٤褦ˡȤϢ֤뤯ס֤ײžؤˤϡȯȼưȶդȤؤäơreduplication Τˤդ路褦˻פ롥
ĸüԤؤäƤȤϡ֤סּּס֤Ӥס֤ʤסּؤĤʪסּؤĤʪDZ֡פб줬Ȥ˺Ʒ졤¿̼ˤб줬뤳Ȥμ¤Ǥ (Fortson 36)

Fortson IV, Benjamin W. Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2004.

Referrer (Inside): [2019-07-19-1]

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2012-03-08 Thu

#1046. Ҳνʣˤʣɽɽ [iconicity][reduplication][plural][grapheme][grammatology]

[2009-07-02-1]ε#65. Ѹˤ reduplicationפκǸǡpp. (= pages) Τ褦ʻҲʣ (reduplication) ˤüʣˤĤƿ줿񤭤ȤиɽȤȤǡ "graphemic reduplication" ȸƤ¾õƤߤȡޤΤƤʤΤޤưʲ9郎Ĥä

cc. = chapters
ff. = following pages, lines, etc.
ll. = lines
mm. = messieurs
pp. = pages
qq. = quartos or questions
ss. = sections
SS. = Saints
vv. = verbs, verses, violins, volumes


pp. 100--200 ΤȤˤΤϡ"pages 100 to 200" 뤤 "page 100 to page 200" ǤꡤڡȤǰ2۵Τǡ<p> ʸ2ٽŤͤȤȯۤϡ񤭤ȤФȿǤ줿 iconicity ˤΰȹͤ[2009-08-18-1]ε#113. ̤Ф --- iconicityפ򻲾ȡˡ
ơ嵭ɽɤ߲ˤϡchapters, lines, pages ʤɤбñʣȯФ褤Τff. ʤɤ "and (the) following (pages [lines])" ʤɤȯΤ긵μǤϡ̣ϼƤ뤬ɤߤϼƤʤ
pp. ʤɤΤ褦ˤȤθưפŸǤˤϡɽά (abbreviation) ǤȤȤɽŪ (logographic) ǤȤߤʤ롥ff. Τ褦ˤȤθ礬ɬŪޤʤˤϡɽɽŪȤɽŪ (ideographic) ȸƤ֤ۤŬڤɽŪɽħϡ̣ǽפǤꡤɤߡˤտŪǤȤˤ뤫顤б벻ɤߡˤϡäƤޤФɤǤ褤ʸ򸫤ựȤСɬⲻɤɬפʤΤǤ롥[2012-03-04-1]ε#1042. Ѹˤβɤߤȷɤߡפ󤷤 i.e. ⡤񤭤ȤѤǤꡤɤߤϤɤǤ̣狼ФǤ褤ȤǤϤɽŪǤä
ե٥åȤɽʸκǤΤ (see ##422,423) 嵭Τ褦ˡάȤưŤơɽŪѤ⤢뤷ɽŪѤ礹餢뤳Ȥ򸫤ʸˤǤϡɽʸɽʸɽʸʸηϤȯŸƤ⤫뤬ŵŪɽʸˤäƤ⡤ɽʸɽʸΤĵǽͤʬŪݤƤΤǤ롥
ɽŪ뤤ɽŪʸηϤǤ˴ƤܸüԤˤȤäơѸ ff. Τ褦ˡ϶äͤʤַδפʤϸ򸫤С֥奦פȤɤʤȤ⡤ܤȤꤢäʤΤʤỌ̇̄Ͽ¬Ǥ뤷ټפ֥åġפɤʤȤ⡤ϲ˷äʤĤ

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2010-01-21 Thu

#269. pidgin English ˤ reduplication [reduplication][pidgin][homophone]

[2009-07-02-1]ε reduplication ʣפˤĤˤѸǤϡreduplication ϤäѤ¤䶯ĴѤȤƤĤ󤲤pidgin English θäθΤǤСοϰ쵤ä롥pidgin English Ǥϡ̣ζĴΤۤƱξͤ򤱤ʤȤƤ reduplication ѤƤȤ (Jenkins 56)

tok "talk" --- toktok "chatter"
look "look" --- looklook "stare"
sip "ship" --- sipsip "sheep" (in some Pacific pidgins)
pis "peace" --- pispis "urinate" (in some Pacific pidgins)
was "watch" --- waswas "wash" (in some Atlantic pidgins)

pidgin ϤƤǤμबʤѸʤɸä󶡤¦θ ( lexifier language ) äȡȤ homophones Ʊ۵פƤޤäơΤ褦 therapeutic ֤ȯưȤȤʤΤpidgin English Ǥϡreduplication Ū¤쵡ǽôäƤ褦Ǥ롥

Jenkins, Jennifer. World Englishes: A Resource Book for Students. Abingdon: Routledge, 2003.

Referrer (Inside): [2010-08-09-1]

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2009-07-02 Thu

#65. Ѹˤ reduplication [reduplication][onomatopoeia]

reduplication ʣפϤ餯Ūʸ츽ݤThe Oxford Companion to the English Language ǤϡΤ褦ͿƤ롥

The act or result of doubling a sound, word, or word element,usually for grammatical or lexical purposes.

פˡʣñ̤͡褦Ǥ򷫤֤Ȥˤäơ¤줷ꡤʸˡŪǽѲꤹѤǤ롥ѸǤϡpapa mama ʤɤĻ˻Ϥޤꡤbow-wow, tut-tut, zig-zag ʤɤε䵼ָ졤helter-skelter ֺ, mishmash ֤ޤ, mumbo-jumbo ʬ̸ա, yum-yum ʤɤθɽagain and again, far far away ʤɤζĴɽˤޤǡ¿ɽϽФ˹׸Ƥ롥
ܸϼ¤ reduplication դǤ롥֥֡֡ס֥åפʤɤĻ˻Ϥޤꡤ֥㡼㡼ס֤Ȥȡס֤פʤɤε䵼ָ졤֤㤯ס֤Ϥס֤ɤפʤɤθɽΡס硹ŪʡפʤɤζĴɽˤޤˤȤޤʤ
ޤǤǤбѸƱܸˤñʤϽФˤȤɤޤ餺ʸˡǽô reduplication κѤ⸫롥̾˸¤Τ֤ȤˤäʣɽȤǤΤ롧ֻסֲȡסڡסֿ͡ס
Ѹ reduplication ϾǸ褦ˡäѤ¤䶯ĴˤѤ줺ʸˡǽôȤϤʤűѸΥޥĸʳǤϡưδλΤˡƬλҲ򷫤֤ reduplication Ѥ줿㤨СűѸ feallan "fall" β feoll "fell" Ԥ *fe-fall f 򷫤֤֤äΤ̤ޤäΤǤ롥λˤƸƬҲ򷫤֤ȤѤϡºݡ奮ꥷƥǤϹԤƤ롥㤨Сƥ currō "I run" δλ cucurrī Ȥʤ롥
Ѹˤʸˡǽô reduplication ϤʤȾǽҤ٤ФܸΡֻפΤ褦ʣ򼨤 reduplication ˼Ūʷ¸ߤƤ뤳Ȥ˵ŤϽ񤭸ոʤΤ graphemic reduplication ȤǤƤ֤٤Τ⤷ʤϡʣڡɽ pp. 䡤ʣԤɽ ll. Ǥ롥줾졤pages, lines άҲŤͤ뤳ȤˤäʣɽƤ롥ϡѸˤʸˡǽɽ reduplication ˤʤʤ

McArthur, Tom, ed. The Oxford Companion to the English Language. Oxford: OUP, 1992.

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