ε#5720. little i ϲħ ([2024-12-24-1]) ˰³Jespersen ˤ[i] = פβħ (sound_symbolism) ˴ؤͤꡥ
Jespersen Ʊʸβħθ¿Ƥ뤬Ƭ˶ᤤʬǡħεˤ꤬ʸ2ˤĤơտ⤷Ƥ롥
In giving lists of words in which the [i] sound has the indicated symbolic value, I must at once ask the reader to beware of two possible misconceptions: first, I do not mean to say that the vowel [i] always implies smallness, or that smallness is everywhere indicated by means of that vowel; no language is consistent in that way, and it suffices to mention the words big and small, or the fact that thick and thin have the same vowel, to show how absurd such an idea would be.
Next, I am not speaking of the origin or etymology of the words enumerated: I do not say that they have from the very first taken their origin from a desire to express small things symbolically. It is true that I believe that some of the words mentioned have arisen in that way,---many of our i-words are astonishingly recent---but for many others it is well-known that the vowel i is only a recent development, the words having had some other vowel in former times. What I maintain, then, is simply that there is some association between sound and sense in these cases, however it may have taken its origin, and however late this connexion may be (exactly as I think that we must recognize secondary echoisms). But I am firmly convinced that the fact that a word meaning little or little thing contains the sound [i], has in many, or in most, cases been strongly influential in gaining popular favour for it; the sound has been an inducement to choose and to prefer that particular word, and to drop out of use other words for the same notion, which were not so favoured. In other words, sound-symbolism makes some words more fit to survive and gives them a considerable strength in their struggle for existence. If you want to use some name of an animal for a small child, you will preferably take one with sound symbolism, like kid or chick . . . , rather than bat or pug or slug, though these may in themselves be smaller than the animal chosen. (285--86)
1Ĥϡ[i] = פβħŪɬŪʤΤǤϤʤޤdzŪʤΤˤʤγǧǤ롥2ĤϡβħθƤˤĤơβỌ̇̄δط츻餫餢äΤ˷줿ΤʤȤȤ碌ơŪˤ̻Ūˤ⡤ħμطϴˤˤȤɤޤꡤꤹ붯ϤäƤ櫓ǤϤʤפǤ롥
Ǥ Jespersen ϡѤκǸǤѸȤ鷺⤷Ƥ̤ꡤħˤϸΡŬ¸ (survival of the fittest) Ĺ̤ȳοƤ롥ħϡˤʤ˺ѤƤϤȤߤʤȤǤȡ
Jespersen, O. "Symbolic Value of the Vowel I." Philologica 1 (1922). Reprinted in Linguistica: Selected Papers in English, French and German. Copenhagen: Levin & Munksgaard, 1933. 283--303.
ħ (sound_symbolism) ϡؤǤŪ˼ŪʰƤηˤĤƤϡ#1269. ؤˤ벻ħΰ֤Ť ([2012-10-17-1]) ϤȤϢεǼ夲Ƥ
Τ褦ǡJespersen ϰۿǤ롥1922ǯʸǡѸ䤽¾θˤ [i] βħˤĤǮäݤƤΤʸƬǮ
Sound symbolism plays a greater role in the development of languages than is admitted by most linguists. In this paper I shall attempt to show that the vowel [i], high-front-unround, especially in its narrow or thin form, serves very often to indicate what is small, slight, insignificant, or weak. (283)
[i] ־פȷӤĤ벻ħϹΤƤꡤܥ֥Ǥ#242. phonaesthesia 羮 ([2009-12-25-1]) ǿ줿Jespersen ϡʸΤʤǡ¿ʤ [i] Ρ־פˤĤƥȵƤ
äˤ⤷Τϡ little ȤȤδϢǿ˻פ⤫ֱñˤĤƤͤǤ롥"Semantic and Phonetic Changes" ꤹ7ǡΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥
The influence on sound development is first seen in the very word little. OE. lytel shows with its y, that the vowel must originally have been u, and this is found in OSax. luttil, OHG. luzzil; cf. Serb. lud 'little' and OIr. lútu 'little finger' (Falk and Torp); but then the vowel in Goth. leitils (i.e. lītils and ON. lítinn is so difficult to account for on ordinary principles that the NED. in despair thinks that the two words are "radically unconnected". I think we have here an effect of sound symbolism. The transition in E. from y to it of course is regular, being found in innumerable words in which sound symbolism cannot have played any role, but in modern English we have a further slight modification of the sound which tends to make the word more expressive, I refer to the form represented in spelling as "leetle". In Gill's Logonomia (1621, Jiriczek's reprint 48), where he mentions the "particle" tjni (j is his sign for the diphthong in sign) he writes "a lïtle tjni man" with ï (his sign for the vowel in seen), though elsewhere he writes litle with short i. NED. under leetle calls it "a jocular imitation of a hesitating (?) or deliberately emphatic pronunciation of little". Payne mentions from Alabama leetle "with special and prolonged emphasis on the î sound to indicate a very small amount". I suspect that what takes place is just as often a narrowing or thinning of the vowel sound as a real lengthening, just as in Dan. bitte with narrow or thin [i], see above. To the quotations in NED. I add the following: Dickens Mutual Fr. 861 "a leetle spoilt", Wells Tono-B. 1. 92 "some leetle thing", id. War and Fut. 186 "the little aeroplane ... such a leetle thing up there in the night".---It is noteworthy that in the word for the opposite notion, where we should according to the usual sound laws expect the vowel [i] (OE. micel, Sc. mickle, Goth. mikils) we have instead u: much, but this development is not without parallels, see Mod. E. Gr. I. 3. 42. In Dan. dial, mög(el) for the same word the abnormal vowel is generally ascribed to the influence of the labial m; in both forms the movement away from i may have been furthered by sound-symbolic feeling. (301--02)
[i] = פȤħˤĤơlittle 첻ϥݥƥˡе much 첻ϥͥƥȿѲФƤȤԤƶȤȤθ츻ȤδϢDzħΤߤʤ餺ѲưŤȤƤβħͻƤȤޤפʤΤǤϤʤȵդ줿
Jespersen, O. "Symbolic Value of the Vowel I." Philologica 1 (1922). Reprinted in Linguistica: Selected Papers in English, French and German. Copenhagen: Levin & Munksgaard, 1933. 283--303.
Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)ˤ#849. ˤȥꤹۿ
(iconicity) ϡϢܥ֥Ǽ夲Ƥ롤ĤߡĴظܼ2023ǯˤǤ礭夲ƤꡤȤ櫓2ϡ֥ --- Ọ̇̄פǾܤƤ롥֥ɥɥס֤ꤽס֥ס֥֡֡פΤ褦ܸ쥪Υޥȥ (onomatopoeia) ŵŪˤߤνʣ (reduplication) ˻ϤޤꡤȤ櫓첻Ҳβץǥʤɲħ (sound_symbolism) ɽ벻ΥܤƤ롥
ȤϡΥΤ䥳Ȥ˼̤ݤ˼տ路ƤΤȤǤ롥ҥȤϡ¤ΥΤ䥳Ȥ100%Τޤޤ˸˥ԡ뤳ȤϤǤʤʥץꥫϤɤƤʤΤǤ롥ҥȤǽϤˤϸ³뤷⤽ȤΡʤǤäդ˸ꤷƹͤˤˤ¤롥ǤΤϡ¤ƤΤ褦˶Ū˼̤뤳Ȥ餤Ǥ롥
줰餤ˤ̤Ǥ뤫顤ष嵭¤ΤʤǤϤʤʤ˼ͳǤꡤ礭դϤʤΤΡϰǤϥꥨ˭٤Ǥ롥ƱǤϤʤˤˤʤ餳Ŭ٤ʼŬ٤ͷӤäѤ䤹ȤȤ
ˤ륢ϡȯˤĤƸ뤳Ȥ¿礭ñ̤ˤĤƤ뤳Ȥꤽޤäդ˸ꤻդ˹ͻϰϤȤСŪΤǤ뤫饢γξϷŪǤƱˡ¿ʬ˥ŪǤ롥
⡤ˤ륢ˤĤƻĤĹͤƤߤޤ嵭 heldio ۿΥʤɤˤС

Ĥߡ ظܼ --- ȤФϤɤޤ졤ʲ١2023ǯ
GW ϡVoicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)ˤ khelfʷѸ˥ե˶̴ŸƤޤ khelf СؤΩؤ긽졤夤̤ꡤ뤤ϥѡƥΤ褦䤫夬äꤷƤޤ
heldio ī6˹Ƥޤī줿ǿ#704. ʤܸˤϵ졦ָ줬¿Τ --- ĤޤˤꤵƣȲħвǤħ (sound_symbolism) ᤰä4ͤ䤫˻̤Ƥޤ
βϡ#702. ͡ߥȤϡ --- ¤ƣ蘆ޤˤȤ̡³ԤǤ⤢ޤΤǡҤ⤪İ
夲ħϡ˿͵ΤǤܸˤƥΥޥȥ (onomatopoeia) ϤȤƤȶǤŪʾɸʤɤȿǤƤ벻Υؿޤħϡι⤵ȤʢˡؤˤƤϼŪ¸ߤȤߤ뤳Ȥ¿ΤǤʤȤȡ־ħפȤƤ̾Ȥꡤ˰̣ΤʤΤ褯ʬʤ̯ʰ֤ŤǤŪʤ褦ʡǤŪʤ褦ʡ
ħˤĤܥ֥Ǥ͡˼夲Ƥޤ heldio ̤Ȥḁ̇̄Ū4ͤǺˬǤ
ʲˡνб3̾ΥץեڡؤΥĥäƤޤ
¤ء: https://researchmap.jp/mamg
֤ޤˤפȿĿФ¢رء: https://note.com/masanyan_frisian/n/n01938cbedec6
ƣ蘆ʷر: https://sites.google.com/view/drevneanglijskij-jazyk/home
̤κǸ˿Ƥ롤ޤˤˤ YouTube ֤ͥޤˤͥڱѸˡۡ2.4ؤ͵ưָ츻dzؤֱñ?st, fl, sw, sp, glۡǤϡѸˤ벻ħζ̣㤬夲ƤޤҤ⤴İ
ޤǤˡVoicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio) YouTube ְʼδѸظإ̤ͥơʣˤ錄ءˤɸ (trademark linguistics) ˤĤ̤Ƥޤ
ΡVoicy
#667. ¤Ȥ --- ɸؤȤϲ329
#671. ¤Ȥ --- ɸεŪͻ42
#674. ¤Ȥ --- ɸŪˡ45
ΡYouTube
#112. ɸθ --- ¤о322
#114. ޥƤ뤳ȡƤʤȡƤȤϲ̣뤫 --- ޥμҲỤ̄ --- ¤μȡ329
#116. ǤϤʤɸ¤ؤڤǥץ45
#118 412ͽˤ³ʸ嵭2023/04/12(Wed)#118. ¤ꤹˡءɸ --- ѥˡؤء
ɸθؤȤΤϻˤȤäƤߤäΤǤ¤ŪäƤ뤳Ȥ⤢ꡤϢʬ¿ΰ褬ȤȤ褯ʬޤ伫ȤδؿϱѸˡ˸ؤǤδͤƤ¿ޤפĤΤվǵƤߤޤ
ΰ̣ѲȤΥᥫ˥ࡥä , metonymy, synecdoche ʤɡ rhetoric Ȥɤ
ͭ̾ (onomastics) ̡̾ (personal_name)̾eponym ʤɡ餬ˤư̾βΤȤꡥ
ΰ̣ѡʲ˴ؤ벾ȤƤ "Onymic Reference Default Principle" (ORDP) ˤĤƤϡ#1184. ͭ̾첽 (1) ([2012-07-24-1]) ȡ
(semiotics) ̤νꡥ
ħ (sound_symbolism) Ȳ (phonaesthesia)
դˤʸʸޥΡåΤ (cf. capitalisation)
ïȥ뤹ΤȤȻۤȸμҲŪꡥ츢 (linguistic_right) ײ (language_planning) Υơޡ
٤Ƥȥ꤬ʤǤ˾ɸθؤ¸ߤǰƬ֤ƤȻפޤ
ֱܲѸƳ2021꺣Ҳ𤹤륳ƥĤϡꥢåפ줿ָʤ̸ǭ!?ǤܸǤϤҤɤΰȤָפɽ褷ơָǭפȤϸʤ櫓ǤѸǤͽ̤ʡ cats and dogs Ȥ̣ǤThey fight like cats and dogs. Τ褦ѤۤޤФꤷ餷Ƥ뤳Ȥ to lead a cat-and-dog life ʤɤȤɽޤ褯Τ줿ںߤפΥǥ#493. It's raining cats and dogs. ([2010-09-02-1]) ǡǤ
ϤȤưʪ˴ؤʸѺȤƤ⤷ǤˤʤäΤϱѸ cats and dogs θǤܸǤϡָǭפɡ嵭αѸΥǥɽȤƤϡǭפνˤʤäƤޤϤʤʤΤǤ礦
1ĹͤΤϡװǤ2ĤǤӤĤжȤƵǽˡŪνޤ뷹ޤβװˤ͡ʤΤޤ绨ĤˤвηڤΤơŤΤȤΤ§Ǥ⤦ΤˤС "openness and sonorousness" 㤤Τơ⤤ΤˤȤǤȤƤϡᡦڤ硦ŤؤήȤƤȤ館ޤ륤ϡħ (sound_symbolism) 뤤ϲ (phonaesthesia) ȸƤФޤ줬2Ǥֽ˴ͿƤȹͤޤ
첻ˤĤƹͤƤߤޤ礦ŵŪˤϹ첻첻ؤȤˤʤޤ#1139. 2।ǥν벻Ūʾ (2) ([2012-06-09-1]) Ǽ褦 flimflam, tick-tock, rick-rack, shilly-shally, mishmash, fiddle-faddle, riffraff, seesaw, knickknack ʤɤ㤬äƤޤ#1191. Pronunciation Search ([2012-07-31-1]) ^([BCDFGHJKLMNPQRSTVWXYZ]\S*) [AEIOU]\S* ([BCDFGHJKLMNPQRSTVWXYZ]\S*) \1 [AEIOU]\S* \2$ ȤƸƤߤȡۤˤ chit-chat, kit-cat, pingpong, shipshape, zigzag ʤɤޤding-dong, ticktack פĤޤ͡졦ָ (onomatopoeia) ¿褦Ǥ
Ǥϡ cats and dogs ŬѤȤɤʤǤ礦ξԤ첻 /æ/ /ɔ/ ǡ첻Ȥ纹ޤξˤϡ٤ΡפȤΩƤΤǤϤʤȵäƤޤؤȤήǤ첻 /æ/ ޤ cats ǡ첻 /ɔ/ ޤ dogs Ȥ櫓Ǥٻ붯ڵϺΤȤˤƤޤͤޤǤˡ#242. phonaesthesia 羮 ([2009-12-25-1]) ȡ#243. phonaesthesia ߡ ([2009-12-26-1]) ɤжǤϤޤưθ߷Ȳ catch/caught, hang/hung, stand/stood ʤɤΩޤ
ơ⤽ cats and dogs νǥեȤǤ뤫Τ褦ǵʤƤޤʤΤǤ礦ˡֱѸΥǥɽȤƤϡפȽҤ٤ΤǤ¤Ͻˡָǭפɽˤ dogs and cats 褯ȤƤΤǤƤɽŪʥѥ BNCweb COCA ñ㸡ƤߤȤΥѥˤƤ dogs and cats ΤۤषͥΤ褦ǤȤȤϡνϡǤϤʤˤʤäΤǤ礦
ǤʤȻפäƤޤ18--19θѸΥѥ CLMET3.0 Ĵ٤Ƥߤȡcats and dogs 18㡤dogs and cats 8ȽФޤ⤷ȡȤŪˤ cats and dogs ͥäȤˡ20ʹߡǶˤʤä dogs and cats 餫ͳɤ夲ƤȤǽޤºݡꥫѸ˥ѥ COHA Ǥäȳǧ¤ꡤΤ褦ʵۤǻʤΤǤ
ָǭפǭפñʤǤѸŪˤϱǤ
ֱѸƳ2021ΰĤȤƺ줿줿ΤMAZDA Zoom-Zoom Zoom äƲȤ˿ȶ˴ꡥ䥪Υޥȥ (onomatopoeia) ˴ؿˤϡ֤ؤʤۤɡפɤ륳ƥĤȻפޤ
ƥǾܽҤƤȤꡤ֤ᤫƼ벻ܸǤϡ֥֡դ꤬ŪǤѸǤ zoom ʤɤȤʤ櫓Ǥ͡/z/ /b/ ϻҲȤĴĴͼۤʤäƤꡤ̤ϷӤĤʤ2ȻפޤѸ켪ܸ켪ȤǤϤʤκȤȤǤ礦̤γꡤzip ʥӥáˤäƤޤ
ǻפФΤ䤬#4196. ʤѸǤӤ zzz ʤΤǤ ([2020-10-22-1]) ǤܸΤӤβ֥פФơѸǤ zzz ȯɽ뤳ȤϤ褯ΤƤޤzzz ϤӤβȤαɽ魯ȤƥȤޤܸαȤС֥֡פ֥֥֥פŵȻפޤǤѸ /z/ ܸ /b/ бƤ뤳Ȥˤʤޤ͡Ѹ켪ܸ켪Ϥ˰äƤǤΰ㤤ˤϥѥΤ⤷ޤ
̤˸ؤǤϡΥޥȥڤϸ (arbitrariness) ȿȤޤϡ줬ۤʤäƤ⤽ƤΤȤȤްդƤޤ嵭ξбߤƤȡ֤㤦ʤȤݤޤ͡#3850. ѸưʪĤ ([2019-11-11-1]) ʤɤѸ٤ƤߤȡȯȻפޤ
112俷ʹīˡɡͤαФפꤹ뵭ǺܤƤܥΥƥȤ¼Ϻˤ֤äʤ켭ŵפεǤ롥
〽ͼƤޥååȤӤؤΡͼƤȤӡפǡҶκ˻Ĥäᡥ֤ȤӤפΡ֤פ֥פȤ˶ɡκμϤʤäɡäդȰ㤤ΤǤϴŤݤ줬ʡȻפäƤ
ɡɡȴȱͤΰݤǤɡα˹ƶ롥̤ȯĤǼ餫ԤΤ벻ˡˮڤ侼¤βضʤʤɤǤɬܤɡܻۤѤäɡФΤϰεΥʤͤʤޤȱϲդޤĤʼĥˤϤ줬İˤҤ뤬Τޤޤサޤɡ̤⤢뵤롥
ݥȥDzΤܥΥɡϤȤ롥ݥ켫ΤħǤ뤬ʾˡδꤲĤ褦̵褵ȤжˤΤȯġġ祢٥ȤİȤ˻פ
ɡȤϿΤθˤΤǽˡξԤȯȱϾζѤ롥äĤƤɽˤؤ֤Ȥ¿Ȼפ
Υ֤ͤ /ŋ/ ȲĤޤҶäݤ /g/ Ȥ椬⤷ɡɡִŤݤפȤΤ⡤ԻĤȶǤ롥ɡݥƥʥϡͭΤ⤷ʤ
ؤ䲻Ω줫餤Сɡ1Ҳˤʤܸʶ̸ˤǤ /g/ ΰ۲ѸǤΩǤȤ㤤Ϥ뤬Ƹ1ˤǽŪˤ¾ΰ۲䲻ǤѤȤʤ˲餫Υտ路ƤȤС嵭Τ褦İпŪʲ (phonaesthesia) ꤫뤤ϼҲŪ
Ѹ /ŋ/ ҲŪʴ鰷äȤƤϡ-ing ˴ؤΤΤƤʡ#1363. ʤˤ˽Τ --- ݼ ([2013-01-19-1])#1370. Norwich ˤ -in(g) ʸŪѰۤĴ ([2013-01-26-1])#1508. ѸˤɡβDz ([2013-06-13-1])#1764. -ing -in' μҲŪͤεž ([2014-02-24-1]) ȡˡ̩ˤ /ŋ/ ΤΤȤ⡤/ŋ/ ޤǤΰ۷֤Ȥ٤εɤǤ館ʬ褦ˡտ魯륤ϡŪʤΤȤ⡤¿ʬ˸춦ƱΤ˰¸ҲŪʤΤ⤷ʤɸΡܸΥɡαפ⡤ʤΤȤ⡤ҲŪʤΤʤΤ⤷ʤ
ֿФѤлȤʤפбѸθˤĤơ#564. Many a little makes a mickle ([2010-11-12-1]) Ǽ夲岻֤ trochee οϤ褤ꥺξˡƬȤ m 3ٷ֤Ƭ (alliteration) ͿƤꡤΧŪˤե졼Ǥ롥
θˤɸΡ줿ץꡤ褯ʹ褦muckle ϸ츻Ūˤ mickle ΰۤʤˤƱȤäƤ褤
#1557. mickle, much θ캬ͥåȥ ([2013-08-01-1]) ǽҤ٤褦ˡűѸ myċel ƱѸǤˤä1첻2Ҳ͡Ѱۤ¿ΰ۷֤ǧ롥绨ĤˤСmickle ꡤmuckle ȤȤ館ƤƤ褤MED muchel (adj.) ΰֻȡˡ
mickle muckle ƱȤȤˤʤȡɸΥϡֻѤлȤʤפȤȤˤʤꡤȤựʤʤ줬ͭյ뤿ˤϡmickle little ƱǤȴ㤤ƤʤФʤʤơΥϡºݤˤΤ褦ʸΤȤΩäƤ˰㤤ʤָ̱츻 (folk_etymology) 1Ȥߤʤ
θʤ괪㤤˴Ṯָ̌츻ϡʤʤ褯ǤǤ롥ޤŪ1¿ƬƧǤ뤳ȤˤʤꡤꥺŪˤϴ˶ᤤˡmickle ־פ muckle פȤʤ뤤ϸˤϡ#242. phonaesthesia 羮 ([2009-12-25-1]) ǿ줿褦ˡѸβ (phonaesthesia) бƤ롥Ѹˤϡ첻 /ɪ/ ʤΤ, 첻 /ʊ/ ʸߤ /ʌ/ Ϥθ첻ȯãˤ礭ʤΤħ㤬ʤʤơ줿ץϡѸüԤβħ (sound_symbolism) ľˤŬäƤΤǤ롥ΥϽ㤬1793ǯȤʤäƤꡤ1250ǯʤˤ٤ФäȿΤ͵夲Ƥǽ뤫⡪
ideophone, ideophonic Ȥݤ롥ɽղʤΡˡפ뤬ޤߤʤäΤĴ٤ƤߤOED ˤȡ2Ĥθ롥
Linguistics (a) a term used by A. J. Ellis (in contradistinction to ideograph) for a sound or group of sounds denoting an idea, i.e. a spoken word; (b) an onomatopoeic or sound-symbolic word, especially one belonging to particular classes in Bantu languages.
1ܤϡideograph ɽʸˤбΤǡºŪˤϡ̣ͭñ̤ǤǤΤȤؤΤƤؤѤΤ2ܤθˤƤǤꡤä˥եꥫνˤߤ뵼Ụ̄ͭǤؤĤޤꡤΤƤѸǤСħ (sound_symbolism) (phonaesthesia)Υޥȥ (onomatopoeia) ȤäݤȽŤʤ롥
Ū ideophone ¸ߤϡ¿θdzǧ롥㤨Сꥫ̱ˤää Yuman 췲 Kiliwa Ǥϡn, l, r 3Ҳ̣Ūʴǡ٤䵬Ϥ٤ˤäơؤΤȤn ־סl סr פб롥㤨С־ʴݡפ tyinݡפ tyilݡפ tyir ȸ֤̤뤤פ panǮפ palֶ٤Ǯפ par ɽ魯Ȥ
ƱͤˡLakota (Siouan) Ǥϼλδ֤ǸؤְŪ˹Ӥ줿ɽ̡פ waza ǡֱʵפ˹Ӥ줿ɽ̡פ waž, ˹Ӥơ֤ͤ줿ʤäפ baxa ɽ蘆Ȥ
ǤϡỌ̇̄ˤäƹ뤢Ρηϡפ졤ƻҲ˲餫Ρְ̣פȼäƤɾƤ褵˻פ롥Ρְ̣פŪǡŪΤˤΤʰ̣ͭʤֲǡפ̣ͭΤʰַ̣ͭǡפ̵̣ǤȤǡ¤ؤηͤ褦ñ̤ȤߤʤȤǤȤ̾դñ̤Τ褦ñ̤ϡ¤ϸźθˤʤŪ¸ߤȻפäƤ롥
ˡŪʲȤƤϡΤ褦꤬¤ؤˤƤϡ¤ۣñ̤Ǥ뤬椨˰ˤȤȤǤ롥ؤȤơޤȤ˿ܤ˰ɤǥϤʤΤ
Ϣơ#1269. ؤˤ벻ħΰ֤Ť ([2012-10-17-1])#2222. ؤˤ벻ħΰ֤Ť (2) ([2015-05-28-1])#2605. ؤˤ벻ħΰ֤Ť (3) ([2016-06-14-1]) ʤɤεȡ
Campbell, Lyle and Mauricio J. Mixco, eds. A Glossary of Historical Linguistics. Salt Lake City: U of Utah P, 2007.
ĹαñˤĤơ#63. پɤϱѸǺǤŤµ ([2009-06-30-1])#391. antidisestablishmentarianism ȿѻס ([2010-05-23-1])#392. antidisestablishmentarianism ˤߤѸΥޥ첽 ([2010-05-24-1]) εƤ⤦1ġɤɽȤѤɸñ floccinaucinihilipilification ΤäإϥѸ켭ŵ٤ǤϡֱѸǺǤĹñȤư礤˽ФפȤ롥
OED ˤȡ"humorous. The action or habit of estimating as worthless." Ȥ롥̵ͤȤߤʤȡڻʡפΰդǤ롥
츻Ū˲⤹ȡƥ floccus ϡӤΤդסnaucum ϡּʤΡסnihil ϡ̵סpilus ϡְܤӡפ̣Ρ֤ĤޤʤΡפ«ˡ¾ư facere ղäơ̾첽Ǥ롥ƥθ§§äƤޤDZѸǤ¤ǤȤǤϡαǤʴϢơ#1493. Ѹʤ̱ ([2013-05-29-1]) ⻲ȡˡ
OED ˤȡФ1741ǯʲˡ2ĤۤʸѤ褦
1741 W. Shenstone Let. xxii, in Wks. (1777) III. 49, I loved him for nothing so much as his flocci-nauci-nihili-pili-fication of money.
1829 Scott Jrnl. 18 Mar. (1946) 39 They must be taken with an air of contempt, a floccipaucinihilipilification [sic, here and in two other places] of all that can gratify the outward man.
ʤȯ /ˌflɒksɪnɔːsɪˌnɪhɪlɪˌpɪlɪfɪˈkeɪʃən/ ȤʤäƤ롥12ᡤ27ǤʤĹ1ñǤ롥12첻ǤΤ8ĤޤǤ첻 /ɪ/ ǤȤȤϡ#242. phonaesthesia 羮 ([2009-12-25-1]) phonaesthesia פ롥Ρʤ̵ͤʤΤϡħδ첻褤ȤȤ⤷ʤ
ɸ4 (cf. [2012-10-17-1], [2015-05-28-1])[2016-06-14-1]) Samuels ϡphonaesthesia Ȥݤ켫ȡѲ1ȤƽפǤǤϤʤ̼θѲβˤͿȹͤƤ롥ʲΤ褦ˡ֤̣ؤδͿƿˤȽҤ٤Ƥ (Samuels 48)
(a) a word changes in form because its existing meaning suggests the inclusion of a phonaestheme, or the substitution of a different one;
(b) a word changes in meaning because its existing form fits the new meaning better, i.e. its form thereby gains in motivation;
(c) a new word arises from a combination of both (a) and (b).
(a) ζȤ Samuels εƤΤdrag, fag, flag, lag, nag, sag Τ褦 phonaestheme -ag /-ag/ ĸ췲Ǥ롥Τʤ flag, lag, sag ˤĤƤϡΤƤ츻Ϥ /g/ ǤϤʤ /k/ äƤ롥˾Τ줫ʳ /k/ /g/ ִ줿Ȥ뤬ϲѲη̤ǤϤʤ phonaestheme -ag αƶˤΤ̣Ǥ (analogy) ȤäƤ褤פǤ礭Ǥ꾮 phonaestheme Ȥñ̤εˤðۤǤ롥ۤˡդɽ魯Τ˻ҲŤͤ "expressive gemination" ⡤(a) Υפ˶ᤤ
(b) ȤƤϡcl- br- ĤĤθΰ̣ phonaestheme ΤĴްաʤ줾 "clinging, coagulation" "vehemence" ۤɡˤ˶ŤĤѲƤäҲ𤵤Ƥ (Samuels 55--56)
| earlier meaning | later meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| CLOG | fasten wood to (1398) | encumber by adhesion (1526) |
| CLASP | fasten (1386), enfold (1447) | grip by hand, clasp (1583) |
| BRAZEN | of brass (OE) | impudent (1573) |
| BRISTLE | stand up stiff (1480) | become indignant (1549) |
| BROIL | burn (1375) | get angry (1561) |
#1269. ؤˤ벻ħΰ֤Ť ([2012-10-17-1])#2222. ؤˤ벻ħΰ֤Ť (2) ([2015-05-28-1]) ˰³Ƥꡥ (phonaesthesia) 䥪Υޥȥ (onomatopoeia) ޤħ (sound_symbolism) ФƤϡ¿θؼԡȤ櫓ѸؼԤؿƤ
ˤĤƤȽ⾯ʤʤä phonaesthsia ˤĤƤ褯ʹȽϡޤƤϤޤ㤬ȻפСƱ餤㳰¿ȤȤ㤨СѸ첻Τɽ魯Ȥϡlittle ˤƤϤޤ뤬big ˤƤϤޤʤ#2222. ؤˤ벻ħΰ֤Ť (2) ([2015-05-28-1]) ǰѤ Ullmann ϡỌ̇̄ޤƤϤޤˤϡΩɤ phonaesthesia ȤʤꡤǤʤˤ phonaesthesia θ̤ʤȡȡȥΤ褦ʤȤҤ٤Ƥ뤬줬¤ʤΤǤϤʤȻפѸθѲŪ Samuels ⤳ˤĤͤUllmann ΤΤƤϤ뤬̻Ūʴޤ˰Ƨ߹ŸƤ롥
The answer to such objections is that the validity of a phonaestheme is, in the first instance, contextual only: if it 'fits' the meaning of the word in which it occurs, the more its own meaning is strengthened; but if the phoneme or phonemes in question do not fit the meaning, then their occurrence in that context is of the common arbitrary type, and no question of correlation arises. (Samuels 46)
ˤƲỌ̇̄Υեåȴʸ̮˸ȡ phonaestheme Ȥ٤Τޤ롥Υեåȴθ1ĤǤʤۤθˤ⤿ޤȡեåȴϸߤ˶礤ˤ̣ĸؼ鼡ؤȵڤƤΤ褦ʸ줬ۤɡphonaesthesia θ̤礭ʤꡤ¸ߴʤ롥ϡphonaesthesia ȯĹȻȤ̻ŪʽʳεҤˤۤʤʤ³ Samuels ϡphonaestheme homonymy Ȥ̣ݤˤĤƻŦƤ롥
Furthermore, just as a phonaestheme may or may not be significant, depending on its context, so it may have two or more separate values which are again contextually determined. It may often be possible to treat them as one, e.g. Firth classed all exponents of /sl-/ together as 'pejorative'; but, firstly, this entails a great loss of specificity, and secondly, it is clear from the historical evidence that we are dealing with two patterns that have in the main developed independently from separate roots containing the meanings 'strike' and 'sleep' in Germanic. It is therefore preferable to reckon in such cases with homonymous phonaesthemes; if connections subsequently develop that suggest their unity, this is no more than may happen with normal homonymy of free morphemes, as in the historically separate words ear (for hearing) and ear (of corn). (Samuels 46)
Ūˤǧ phonaesthemes phonaesthesia ϡΤ褦ʸ̮ζȯãη̤ȤǧƤΤǤäơˤβǺƤ췲Ǥ괶ФʤΤǤ롥Ȥꡤȿ㤬˻ŦΤˤդ路ۤŪʤĸݤǤϤʤ
ʤΰѤ̾εäƤ Firth ϡphonaestheme ȤѸȯƼԤǤ (Firth, J. R. Speech (London, 1930) and The Tongues of Men (London, 1937), both reprinted in one volume, London, 1964. p. 184.)
Samuels, M. L. Linguistic Evolution with Special Reference to English. London: CUP, 1972.
ε#2431. դμΩ˴ؤ Bolinger ε ([2015-12-23-1]) ǡBolinger λŪ (visual morpheme) ȤѸФˤȡΰˤϡ𤷤ʤľŪɽ㤬ȤBolinger (335--38) ϸѸˡֻȤơĤμʬƻҲ𤷤Ƥ롥¾䤤ʤ⤷褦
(1) Ʊָ (homonyms) 㤨С"Sea is an ocean and si is a tone, as you can readily see." ȤͷӤ˸褦Ǥʸ̮ΥҥȤͿƤ뤬3줬ñΤȯж̤ĤʤˤƤ3ԤΤ˶̤롥äơܤ˸Ƕ̤ǤȸƤǤ褤⤷ȤǤϡ"The big clock tolled (told) the hour." "The danger is safely passed (past)." Τ褦ˡñФλȤʬۤȤɰ̣ΰ㤤˷ӤĤʤ褦⤢롥
(2) ֻΰ̣ȯã (semantic evolution of spellings) ŪˤƱñֻۤʤ餻뤳Ȥˤꡤ̣ǽ㴳㤨륱롥let us let'sgood and good ʤɤǤ롥gray grey ǤϡԤ She has lovely gray eyes. ʤɤΤ褦˹ŪѤ뷹ΤФơԤ It was a grey, gloomy day. ʤɤΤ褦ŪѤȤ롥check/cheque, controller/comptroller, compliment/complement ʤɤȤȤ館뤫⤷ʤʤHall (17) ϡ (2) μֻ "semantic representation" ȸƤǤꡤʸإȤƤ fantasy ȸۤȤƤ phantasy ΰ㤤䡤Ye Olde Gifte Shoppe ʤɤˤ;Ū final_e θ̤ܤƤ (cf. #13. ѹΥѥ֤ ye äƤ椷 ([2009-05-11-2])#1428. ye = the ([2013-03-25-1])) (1) (2) ΰ㤤ϡԤ homonymy ǡԤ polysemy бȹͤФ褤
(3) (constellations) ֻĸ췲˶̣ͭĤȤֻỌ̇̄ӤĤ褦ʾ롥㤨Сټ (agentive suffix, subject suffix) -or ϡadjustor, auditor, chancellor, editor, mortgagor, sailor, settlor, tailor ʤɤ˼褦ˡ-er ٤ҿι⤵ްդ褦Ǥ (see #1748. -er or -or ([2014-02-08-1])) ޤ -y -ie ǤϡԤΤۤؾ (diminutive) ȤƤʤ褦˴롥Τ褦ʻ㤫顤ˤ phonaesthesia νǤȤ "graphaesthesia" ʤѸäƤ褤ΤǤϤʤ
(4) Ūʳݻ (visual paronomasia) ŪϸȤơ˰Ƥ City Haul ǤȤտŪʸֻȤƸŤᤫ The Compleat Military Expert ʤɡֳ±ʣ <z> ([2011-07-05-1]) #825. "pronunciation spelling" ([2011-07-31-1]) ⻲ȡ
(5) ֻǤϤʤ (punctuation) ѤΤ⤢롥the dog's masters the dogs' masters ϸߤ˰ۤʤ̣ɽ魯the longest undiscovered vein the longest-undiscovered vein ۤʤ롥#1772. greengrocer's apostrophe ([2014-03-04-1]) ⡤μ˿
ʾ "visual morpheme" ϡˤΤͿƤ뵡ǽǤ롥
Bolinger. "Visual Morphemes." Language 22 (1946): 333--40.
Hall, Robert A., Jr. "A Theory of Graphemics." Acta Linguistica 8 (1960): 13--20.
Υޥȥ (onomatopoeia) 䲻 (phonaesthesia) Ȥäħ (sound_symbolism) ϡ쵭 (arbitrariness) ȿȤƤФиڤ롥쵭椬ФŪǤʤưŤäƤ餷ȤϡŤƤƤ⤭奮ꥷǤϡ#1315. analogist and anomalist controversy (1) ([2012-12-02-1]) ȡ#1316. analogist and anomalist controversy (2) ([2012-12-03-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡ礭ȤʤäܤǤϡ#1876. ġ ([2014-06-16-1]) Ȥƿ줿
ħʸؼԤϡߤǤפ䤿ʤܥ֥Ǥ⡤ޤǡ#242. phonaesthesia 羮 ([2009-12-25-1])#243. phonaesthesia ߡ ([2009-12-26-1])#800. you ˤ ye ִ phonaesthesia ([2011-07-06-1])#1269. ؤˤ벻ħΰ֤Ť ([2012-10-17-1]) ǻҲ𤷤ꡤƤ̤Ǥ롥ǡΤ褦ʵȿФԤ⾯ʤʤ
ʸɤϾʬ䤹㳰ߤĤ뤫ȿɤϡĥ餺Ȥ롥ϤۤñǤϤʤϤβħʸɤϡΤ٤ƤħǤʤɤȤϼĥƤ餺ħλ㤬ʤƤפΤۤ¿ˤȼĥˤȤɤޤ뤫Ǥ롥ʸɤϺǽ餫㳰פ̤ˤ뤳ȤϰǧƤΤǤꡤȿɤΤ褦ʡ㳰פФƤȤǤޤƤʤΤǤ롥ʿɤꡤŪʵȯŸܤߤĤ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥奮ꥷ³ѥ
ξˤĤƤϡUllmann (87) ʸƤ롥
The principle of harmony between sound and sense explains some apparent anomalies which have often perplexed students of onomatopoeia. It is, for instance, generally agreed that the vowel |i| is admirably adapted to convey an idea of smallness and is frequently found in adjectives and nouns of that meaning: little, wee, French petit, Hungarian kicsi; bit, tit, whit, jiffy and many more. Yet this tendency seems to be contradicted by the adjectives big and small, and also by such examples as German Riese 'giant' and Hungarian apró 'tiny'. The explanation is quite simple: where a sound happens to occur with a meaning to which it is naturally attuned, it will become onomatopoeic and will add its own expressive force to the sense by a kind of 'resonance' effect. Where there is no intrinsic harmony the sound will remain neutral, there will be no resonance, the word will be opaque and inexpressive.
It has often been suggested that the vitality of words may be affected, among other things, by phonetic motivation The Latin word for 'small', parvus, for example, was ill fitted by its form to convey that meaning and was therefore replaced by more expressive rivals such as French petit, Italian piccolo, Rumanian mic, etc. This sounds plausible enough, but the undiminished vitality of English small, which must have suffered from the same handicap and has yet withstood the pressure of its more expressive synonym little, is a warning that too much importance should not be attached to such factors.
ħεΤ⤦1Ĥϡ벻˲餫ΰ̣뤫ݤδĿͤˤäưۤʤΤǤꡤƱĿͤǤĶʸ̮ˤäưۤʤΤǤ뤳ȤפˡѤ餶ʤUllmann (88--89) ۩
More than half a century ago, Maurice Grammont enunciated an important principle concerning onomatopoeia: 'Un mot n'est une onomatopée qu'à condition d'être senti comme tel.' This introduces a subjective element into the study of phonetic motivation. While there would be a fair measure of agreement on the more obvious types of onomatopoeia, such as imitative interjections, the more subtle and more interesting cases will often be a matter of personal opinion; their evaluation will depend on the speaker's sensitivity, his imagination, his cultural background, and other imponderables. It might be possible to devise some statistical method . . . to establish a kind of average reaction to specific words, but there would still be the influence of context to reckon with, and one may wonder whether the statistical net would be fine enough to catch these delicate and elusive phenomena.
Ullmann, Stephen. Semantics: An Introduction to the Science of Meaning. 1962. Barns & Noble, 1979.
ħ (sound_symbolism) ȡβ̶ʬǤ onomatopoeia ڤ phonaesthesia ϡ쵭Ȥ륽塼ʹߤθؤˤȤäƤϡŪǤ롥Ū餳ؿ椯Ȥ¦̤⤢ꡤȤܸüԤˤȤäƤϡܸ˵졦ָȤݤˡ;פ˴ؿ롥ϡħؤΤʤǼŪǤʤ⤢֤ŤݤäƤȤˤĤƹͤƤߤ
ħꤲϡ쵭 (arbitrariness) ؤȿȤJespersen ϤȤȤȤˤĤƤ뤷Bloomfield ⡤˿ŤʤǤϤ뤬ħΰ̣Ѥ䲻ħηˤĤƻ̤䤤Ƥ[2010-01-10-1]ε#258. ư䲻 phonaethesiaפȡˡ20θȾʹߤ⡤##207,242,243 Ǹ褦ˡSamuels Smith ʤɤħǮޤʤƤ롥
ͤϡħֵοݤȤ⡤षƼŪ¤ΤǤסʥࡼʥp. 87ˤȤμĥȤ᤹뤳ȤǤŪ˸쵭θ§ĴƤȤ⤤롥ħŪʤˤĤƤϡJespersen ⽽ʬǧƤꡤ֡ԤΡոˤĤơΤϤϲζΥܥɽΤ褦ʤΤ¸ߤסֲŪܥɽ¤ˤޤѤƤϤʤס֤βŪܥɽʤꤿΰϲɤΤ褦ʲξˤ줬ʤꤿĤΤΤθؼԤλŻפȽҤ٤Ƥʥࡼʥp. 88ˡJespersen εˤƤ顤ħϼդˤȤɤޤ餶ʤäΤ
ħΤ̤θŪʰյϡεˤΤǤ롥[2010-07-02-1]ε#431. ʶθεפǸ褦ˡε onomatopoeia ˸Ȥ⤬뤫ͭյʵȯŸȤϹͤ줺ϤդˤȤɤޤ餶ʤ
ħκҤȤĤΰյϡꥫʬۼԤˤñ̤ڤФμˡ˴Ϣ롥Bloomfield Harris ȤԤǤ顤there, then, thither, this, that ʤɤθ췲 th ȤħŪñ̤ڤФΤǤϤʤȤͶǤ˶줿[2010-01-11-1]ε#259. phonaesthesia ۲פȡˡHarris ϡglide, gleam ʤɤĤġ֤Ȥ gl- Τ褦Ϣ³˷ǤȤƤλʤǧ٤ȼĥ뤳ȤȤƤ⡤gl- ǻϤޤϢ³Τ˰̣ѤʬŪĤΤۤ¿Ȥ¤ʤǤۤäƤȤޤǤʤפȽҤ٤Ƥʥࡼʥp. 208ˡ
˵Ƥħ˴ؿ븦Ԥ٤ƱѸؤ˴פĸؼԤǤ뤳Ȥܤ٤Ǥ롥ࡼʥ (87, 209) μȤˤȡΤʤǤ⡤ޥ졤Ȥ櫓ѸϤƲħ㤬˭٤餷ΤѸϤθؼԤŪŤʤΤФơѸϤθؼԤϳǮơ졦ָ˭٤ܸȤѸ츦ԤޤǮʤ꤬ȤȤΤ⤷ʤ
른塦ࡼʥƣ θء١ҡ2001ǯ
[2012-06-06-1]ε#1136. ۤʤδ֤줬פǡ(3) (language universals) 1Ȥơ¿θǡƤɽ魯 ma, ba, da, ta Τ⡤ΰפȤϹͤ줺餫θͿƤȤפȽҤ٤ʤĶŪʤΤιŪˤϿʤäƤ mama ǡƤ papa ʤΤϤʤ
͡⤬ƤƤĤƤ褯줿ΤϡѸ papa mam(m)a 䡤ɥĸ졤ǥޡ졤ꥢбϡե줫μѤǤȤǤ롥Υ衼åѤνΤߤʤ餺奮ꥷˤ⡤θˤ㤬ߤ뤳Ȥ顤ե櫓ˤϤʤΤˡä17˥衼åѤ˹ޤäƤեʸήԤ衼åѤζ٤θˤ papa mam(m)a ʤɤλѤ¥ȤȤϤä⤷ʤθȯϡ̸ŪΩΤǤȹͤ٤ (Jespersen, VIII. 8 (p. 159))
ޤɽ魯줾θϡĻˤϽФǤϤʤ¾θäƱͤˡ夫ؤȼѤƤˤʤȤԤ⤤Jespersen (VIII. 8 (p. 160)) ڤΤƤƤ褦ˡ¿θҲĤθ줬ǧ뤳Ȥ顤줬
Ǥϡpapa mama ΩȯȤȡϤɤΤ褦˹Ūphonaesthesia δ顤m ϵῴŪľŪǤꡤp ϱŪİջŪǤꡤ줾ΥŬ礹Ȥ⤬줿Ȥ롥Τ褦ˤʤäΤϡ Jespersen (VIII. 8 (p. 154)) ξ褦ʡǤ롥
In the nurseries of all counties a little comedy has in all ages been played---the baby lies and babbles his 'mamama' or 'amama' or 'papapa' or 'apapa' or 'bababa' or 'ababab' without associating the slightest meaning with his mouth-games, and his grown-up friends, in their joy over the precocious child, assign to these syllables a rational sense, accustomed as they are themselves to the fact of an uttered sound having a content, a thought, an idea, corresponding to it.
ĻʤȯޤỤ̄⤿ʤΤĤʤƤʬؼƤΤȴ㤤롤ȤǤ롥Ļˤ콬θθٻǤϤϤ뤬ȾŪ줬 /m/ 㤬 /p/ бΤϤʤʤΤͿƤʤ
Jespersen, Otto. Language: Its Nature, Development, and Origin. 1922. London: Routledge, 2007.
ε[2012-06-08-1]³ơbinomial 2।ǥˤιǤνȲŪꡥϡ1 and 1˶Τ2פȤ binomial ¿¸ߤ뤳Ȥطʤˤϡ嶯ΥꥺŬ礹ȤȤ⤢뤬Bolinger λŦ褦ˡû and ĹפȤŪʽˤ礹Ȥװ롥äȤŵŪĹûκۤ2Ǥβΰ㤤ȤȤƱñΡ˾ˤϡĹûκۤϲλ³ʹ٤ΰ㤤ȤƤȤ館뤳ȤǤ롥Bolinger ɽǤС"openness and sonorousness" (40) ΰ㤤Ǥ롥
ʬ "open and sonorous" ٤ι⤤ۤ㤤ۤؤʬहȡ(1) 첻(2) ͭ³(3) ͭĺ˻(4) ̵³(5) ̵ĺ˻Ȥʤ롥δû and ĹפСopenness and sonorousness 㤤 and ⤤פȤȤˤʤBolinger (40--44) ϡ¤ˤ¸ߤʤˤ binomial ƻǤäǤνؤơѸüԤ︳Ԥˤɤ餬Ф"He lives in a plap and plam house." vs "He lives in a plam and plap house." ΤȤǤ롥̤ϡŪɬΤǤϤʤä٤ηϸ줿Ȥ
Ǥä binomial ˤ¸ʾ˶̣Τϡp. 40 ˵ƤϢƬɽǤʴϢơ[2011-11-26-1]ε#943. Ƭˤפȡˡflimflam, tick-tock, rick-rack, shilly-shally, mishmash, fiddle-faddle, riffraff, seesaw, knickknack. Ǥϡ2Ǥ¤Ӥϡ줾첻ʹ٤㤤Ρܹ⤤ΡפνˤʤäƤ롥νˤĤƤϡphonaesthesia δ顤ŪˡֶᤤΡܱΡפȤǤ뤫⤷ʤ (see ##207,242,243)
ꥺࡤʹ١Ƭphonaesthesia binomial ȤˤϱѸβԻĤͤޤäƤ褦
Bolinger, D. L. "Binomials and Pitch Accent." Lingua (11): 34--44.
AȸBñꥹȤ٤ợ֤⽽ʬ˻̤ä줬äȤ롥Τ褦ʾˤϡ4ĤβǽΤ줫뤤ʣȤ߹碌ꤵ롥Fortson (1--3) ͤ褦
(1) ΰ (chance) 쵭Ū (arbitrary) ǤꡤΤȤ̡֥פȸƤɬʤСdog ȸƤɬʤäơ2ĤΰۤʤƱʤ뤤˰̣ĸ줬Ʊʤ뤤˷֤IJǽ㤤ȹͤ뤬ǤϤʤ̵ñ٤Сޤް̣ȷ֤פ褦ʹܤ23ϸĤ褯뤳ȤǤϤʤΰפȤǽӽ뤳ȤϤǤʤ
(2) (borrowing) AB餽θѤ뤤Ϥεդξ硤ʤ顤Ѥ줿θΰ̣ȷ֤ξǶͭ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥ܸ֥ԥ塼פϱѸ computer μѤǤꡤ̣ȷ֤ʴƱǤϤʤȤƤ˻Ƥ뤳ȤϤޤǤʤ
(3) (language universals) ȿȤƤФнФ onomatopoeia phonaesthesia ޤ sound_symbolism 㡥ĻϱѸ cuckooե coucouɥĸ KuckuckǤܸǡ֥åפǤ롥¿θǡƤɽ魯 ma, ba, da, ta Τ⡤ΰפȤϹͤ줺餫θͿƤȤ롥
(4) Ʊ (genetic relation) (2), (3) βǽӽ졤ĸ֤¿ñ줬ͭƤ硤(1) ζΰפǤǽ¤ʤ㤤ξ˲ǽͣϡθ줬ĤƤ1ĤǤäȲꤹ뤳ȡиߤƱǤȲꤹ뤳ȤǤ롥
ӸؤƷ (reconstruction) θ̩ʼ³ˤƱϾϡ塤(1), (2), (3) βǽξΩäƤȤȤդ(1) (3) ˤϸ (arbitrariness) ꤬äƤꡤ(2) (4) ζ̤ˤϡȱƶ (##369,371) äƤ롥ƱϾȤϡܼäǤοʤΤǤ롥
Fortson IV, Benjamin W. Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2004.
塼 (Ferdinand de Saussure; 1857--1913) (arbitrariness) Ȥƾư衤̵褬֤Ƥ㤨СθȿΤȤơΥޥȥ (onomatopoeia) ħ (sound_symbolism) ФеƤϡӤǤꡤͭȤ2Ĥΰۤʤ̤в褹ȼĥ
(24--27) ˤСܼȤƵ뤳Ȥϵʤ signifiant signifié ϡ˼ҲŪʵˤäƷӤĤƤ롥ˤȤȡ֤Ǥפ֥פΤ褦פ⤫٤뤫⤷ʤɬͭӽ櫓ǤϤʤष֤ɤʸߤʸ츻ŪˤͭŪǤ (25) ͭŪȤȤˤϡŪͭȸṲ̄ͭƤɬפ롥Ԥϼˤ벻첻˼̤ onomatopoeia ǤꡤԤʣʤɤηŪʤˤäߴط㤨Сpossible impossible δطˤǤ롥ޤ캬 (root_creation) ơ٤ƤθϤ줫μͭˤä߽ФȤ¤ܤͤ롥
פʤΤϡͭϸŪǤʤŪǤʤ˼ͳǤȤŪǤʤȤΤϡäޤä signifiant signifié бѤǤϤʤͳ˴طƤ褤ȤȤǤ롥ŪǤʤȤΤϡȡʣ硤ǥಽʤɡɤˡѤƤ⡤̣̿̾ŤǤȤȤǤ롥
äơۤܤ٤Ƥθ͡ʼʤˤͭŪ߽Ф졤 signifiant signifié бꤹ뤬ꤷˤϺƤбѲ뼫ͳ롥СͭŪʴطϻ֤ȤȤޤꡤ˺졤Ĥˤ̵ŪȤʤ뤬̵ﲽ椬ȯȤʤäƺƤͭﲽƻ߽ФͭﲽȤϰռŪϢ³θĿͤϺǤꡤ̵ﲽȤ̵ռŪϢ³ŪʽĤŤǤ (45) ͭﲽ̵ﲽΤαʱΥϡ̣ܼˤǤ롥ΰ̣ѲͭȤСʲΤ褦ˤʤ

ˤȤäơ塼ΤȤϡĤǤ⼫ͳͭﲽ̵ﲽ뤳ȤǤʤľ˵ŪǤȤؤΤʤΤǤ롥
#1056. ѲϿʹ֤ˤѶŪʺѤǤ ([2012-03-18-1]) #1069. ե顼ɡɡ --- üԸĿͤοŤѡ ([2012-03-31-1]) εǤߤĹˤθѲϡΥͭﲽʬˤȤ櫓ܤȤȤˤʤ
ԥ롦 ƣ ذ̣١ҡʸ˥ӡ1990ǯ
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