ϢܺΤԡˡʣθƻ̡١ʤǡ2022ǯˤȤƤ ([2023-04-17-1], [2023-04-19-1]) ްȤäŤäƤΤåɤߤ䤹Ƥ뤿ᡤᤷ䤹ƾդ줿ʸͭѤǤ롥

Ƭ1ϡ̴äʤ --- οȤȡסʻܺΤˤΥơޤϡɸ˵褦ˡް̾괹ƻǤ롥۸줬۸˰äȤϸźǤߤ뤬βϤۤñǤϤʤ (12--14) Ѥ롥
Ѹžϡްη̤Ǥ⤢С뤳ȤˤĤƤμȯŪȿǤƤΤ⤢뤬¿ξˤϡĤξäΤ̱Ԥϡ̤ˤϡϸ䤷ˤ٤ųݤ櫓ǤϤʤϸ꾯ʤΰȵǽؤȥƥޥƥå˸ꤷƤޤŪʡʳΡ˸˴ؤŪʸѤ롥ΤȤˤäơϸ¸ߤʤʤäƤΤ (Migge & Léglise 2007, p. 302)
äȡֲΤȡפȸͤ⤤롥ֺϤ⤦̱ϼʤ¸ߤʤåȤᤵȤȺϹԤʤפȡζʤǤɸ줬Ѥ뤳Ȥξʤ̱²サϰ¼ˤƤ⡤ձǤɸѤƸƱײȯɽΤǯΤȤɸȤȤǡˤ錄ȯŸδäĤ뤳ȡפָġͤĹס¼οס̱²ƱΰռηפʤΤȤڿ̱¹2021ˡ
ָϸפ֤꾯ʤΰȵǽؤȥƥޥƥå˸פƱˡֻŪʡʳΡ˸˴ؤŪʸפήۤȤ֤ϡۤϪǤϤʤȤ⡤絬ϤˡȯƤ롥Сޤ줿Ķǽβͤ㲼ۤθʲXȤˤΰҿ궯Ȥ֤Ǥ롥ȤХޥߤǡǡʤɸξǡˤX줬Ȥ褦ˤʤäƤ顥ǤϸϤθǤϤʤXȤ褦ˤȡ顥XΤǤ̥ͤŪʻŻ˽褦ˤʤäʤ顥
줬֤꾯ʤΰȵǽؤȥƥޥƥå˸פƤ domain_loss ȸƤФcf. #4537. Ѹ줫ΰϤˤ̲ "domain loss" ([2021-09-28-1])ˡǤ졤˸äƥ兩ȼäƤǤ롥
ָλ (language_death) Ȥơޤϡ¾δϢڤΥʤ㤨и (language_shift) (linguistic_imperialism)츢 (linguistic_right) (revitalisation_of_language) (ecolinguistics) ʤɤȤ̩ܤ˴ؤ롥ƼҲؤ礭Ǥ롥
Τԡˡʣθƻ̡١ǡ2022ǯ
ޤǤˡVoicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio) YouTube ְʼδѸظإ̤ͥơʣˤ錄ءˤɸ (trademark linguistics) ˤĤ̤Ƥޤ
ΡVoicy
#667. ¤Ȥ --- ɸؤȤϲ329
#671. ¤Ȥ --- ɸεŪͻ42
#674. ¤Ȥ --- ɸŪˡ45
ΡYouTube
#112. ɸθ --- ¤о322
#114. ޥƤ뤳ȡƤʤȡƤȤϲ̣뤫 --- ޥμҲỤ̄ --- ¤μȡ329
#116. ǤϤʤɸ¤ؤڤǥץ45
#118 412ͽˤ³ʸ嵭2023/04/12(Wed)#118. ¤ꤹˡءɸ --- ѥˡؤء
ɸθؤȤΤϻˤȤäƤߤäΤǤ¤ŪäƤ뤳Ȥ⤢ꡤϢʬ¿ΰ褬ȤȤ褯ʬޤ伫ȤδؿϱѸˡ˸ؤǤδͤƤ¿ޤפĤΤվǵƤߤޤ
ΰ̣ѲȤΥᥫ˥ࡥä , metonymy, synecdoche ʤɡ rhetoric Ȥɤ
ͭ̾ (onomastics) ̡̾ (personal_name)̾eponym ʤɡ餬ˤư̾βΤȤꡥ
ΰ̣ѡʲ˴ؤ벾ȤƤ "Onymic Reference Default Principle" (ORDP) ˤĤƤϡ#1184. ͭ̾첽 (1) ([2012-07-24-1]) ȡ
(semiotics) ̤νꡥ
ħ (sound_symbolism) Ȳ (phonaesthesia)
դˤʸʸޥΡåΤ (cf. capitalisation)
ïȥ뤹ΤȤȻۤȸμҲŪꡥ츢 (linguistic_right) ײ (language_planning) Υơޡ
٤Ƥȥ꤬ʤǤ˾ɸθؤ¸ߤǰƬ֤ƤȻפޤ
ʱѸ춵ˤǤܸζʹ춵ˤʤˤƤΤϡ椷ȤǤ롥Τ褦ʵˤȤºݡѸΤܸ줬ˤʤäƤޤȤϺ˻Ϥޤä櫓ǤϤʤŪǶεС㤨С#3010. ָο̱ϲܤ̵ۤФʹϤʤס ([2017-07-24-1]) #3011. Ǥ٤ƤŤϵǤ ([2017-07-25-1]) ʤɤȤ줿
ŪˤܤǤϤΤ褦ʷǰϤۤɶʤԹѸ줬ƩƤ餺ڼ¤ȤʤʤषѸѤҲ˹äƤꡤѸ줬դȤϰǤڼ¤Ǥ롤줬Ѹ˿Ƥޤǽ̣ӤӤ뤫㤨С̲Ūˤ EFL ϰʬव뤬ҲǤαѸѤμºݤ˾Ȥ餻 ESL ϰ˶ᤤ֤Ťˤꡤ˱ѸΰϤƤ (#56. Ѹΰ֤ŤѤĤĤ ([2009-06-23-1]) ȡˡΤ褦ϰǤϥӥͥڡؽѤʬDZѸ줬ƩƤꡤѤΰ褬ʤäƤƤȤĤޤꡤ"domain loss" Ƥ褦ʤΤPhillipson and Skutnabb-Kangas (325) Ѥ롥
One might think that European countries with strong national languages are unaffected by greater use of English, that its use and learning represent merely the addition of a foreign language. However, the international prestige and instrumental value of English can lead to linguistic territory being occupied at the expense of local languages and the broad democratic role that national languages play. An increasing use of English in the business, entertainment and academic worlds in Scandinavia has led to a perception of threat that tends to be articulates as a risk of "domain loss." This term tends to be used loosely, and minor empirical studies suggest that there has been an expansion rather than a contraction of linguistic resources hitherto.
ºݡ̲ "domain loss" ζҤơ2006ǯˡ̲פǧƤ롥ʸ̲Τ٤Ƥν̱θ츢 (linguistic_right) 𤤤Ƥ롤طʤˤθ˰ݤˤʤ뤳Ȥ褦Ȥʣ (plurilingualism) λۤ롥
̲Ǥ顿餳嵭Τ褦ʾ롥ܤξäƤ¾ȤӤפ
Phillipson, Robert and Tove Skutnabb-Kangas. "English, Language Dominance, and Ecolinguistic Diversity Maintenance." Chapter 16 of The Oxford Handbook of World Englishes. Ed. by Markku Filppula, Juhani Klemola, and Devyani Sharma. New York: OUP, 2017. 313--32.
Ҳؤμǡָλ (language_death) ˿ȡؿij¿ܲ121ȤϥڡǸ줬ƤȤ¤Τȡʤ饷åΤΤȤ٤ΩˤܸȤѤƤꡤ٤ؤĶǤѸ̳ΤʤdzؽƤԤˤȤäơǴΤ줬ˤۤ¿¸ߤȤȤϡưפǤʤˤʤʿŪܿͤˤȤäơָλפȤϤ̣DZä
ܹˤΤʣ롥ޤȸСλࡤʤȤοȤʹȤ
ѸɮƬȤŪʱƶϤĶʸϡ¿μ微λƤΤݤȤ⤢롥⤷ȤСѸΤ褦ʸϻŪʸǤꡤԤȤߤʤ٤ʤΤ⤷微ߤȤΤǤСïɤΤ褦˵ߤΤ⤽ߤɬפΤʤΤ餬Ѥָ֡סʸ츢ˤĿͤǧȤʤСθĿͤ˲ݤֵ̳פϲˤʤ
Τ褦ˡָλפͤϤȡ٤³ȵäƤ롥ҲؤȤΥơޤǤ롥˻뻲͵Ȥָλפεåɤ
#407. եꥫ¹ Afrikaans ([2010-06-08-1]) ǿ줿褦ˡˤ11θѸ줬¸ߤ롥衼åѿͿ̱Ԥ English, Afrikaans Τۤ Sepedi, Sesotho, Setswana, siSwati, Tshivenda, Xitsonga, isiNdebele, isiXhosa, isiZulu ȤäեꥫϽ줬ޤޤ롥1994ǯ˥ޥǥˤꤵ줿ˡ6ǵꤵƤ롥̾ˡǸѸˤϡ1Ĥ2Ĥ˸¤뤳Ȥ¿11θ̾ȤΤϿҾǤϤʤ졤̱²ºŤȤȤ뤳ȤǤ뤬ºݤˤϤ줫ʤҲθ¤ȿǤ줷ȤȤ館٤
Ҳθ¤طʤˤϡ2ĤǤ롥1ĤϡŪ˱ƶϤݤäƤݼŪϤȤƤ Afrikaans ϰ̤̱²ζϤȤƤαѸ˲졤ɤۤƤȤϿޤѲǤ롥ˡǤϱѸ Afrikaans ʿѸ§Ƥ줬űѤ줿Ȥˤꡤ2֤Ǥμͳ褬ޤ졤̤ȤƱѸ줬ȴǤƤĤޤꡤθȤŪͥä Afrikaans ֻݾäסʻܡp. 233ˤȤˤ롤ҲŪκεǤ롥̤Ȥҥ륭ϡѸ줬ȥåפΩβ Afrikaans ³β¾9줬Ω¤֤ȤޤǤ롥ˡˤѸǤ11줬եåȤƤꡤҥ륭ʤդˤСޤˤθᤰǺ롥
⤦1ĤǤϡˡ11եåȤ¤٤Ƥ뤳Ȥ⼨̤ꡤŪʸ줿ȤǤ롥̡̱ͰͤμŪʸºŤ褦ˤʤäƤ (235) ۩
ܤˤζʤʤäˡܤϴˤǡϰع˶˴ؤȽǤͤƤ롥ΤᡤDz (home language) Ѥ뤫ɤȤʤ鲿ǯֻѤ뤫줫Ѹʤ⤷ϥեꥫˤؤڤؤϲǯܤˤ뤫ʤɤˤĤơü˸СعˤۤʤäƤꡤγع?פȤդˤҤȤ뤳ȤǤʤޤŪեꥫϤγعˤͤؤ褦ˤʤꡤѸˤ붵ơʸŪˤ륢եꥫʡȥȥ֥ˤʤ뤳Ȥ⤢롥¿졦¿ʸҲΰĤλѤǤ롥
11θѸפϹ̱θ츢ΤǤ⤢뤬ҲʣħΤǤ⤢롥뤿ˤϡŪطʤޤơ褯Ƥɬפ롥
եꥫ¹αѸˤĤƤϡ#343. եꥫ¹αѸѡ ([2010-04-05-1]) ȡ#1703. եꥫο̱ˤȹ ([2013-12-25-1]) ⻲ȡ
ԡ10ϡեꥫȱѸΤ礤סϸӾˡθ¿Ҳܡ١ǡ2002ǯ225--45ǡ
ǤϥסΤ4ܤޤꡤ³Ÿ뤳ȤޤƤ롥228俷ʹī8̤ˡ¿̱²ΤӤפȤФεǺܤƤס100ʾ̱²ĤˤֹȤΰפȡּҲķפĴƤ뤬μĥŪȿǤȤơȡ̱²ζ̤θȤƤΥʤˤǤФƤ롥֤ƤС̱²θڻ뤹Ǥ롥
ʹǼ夲ƤΤϡ⥹800ۤɡ뻳̮Υܥ륬ή˰֤륿륹¹ˤ륿 (TaTar, Tartar) Ǥ롥ϡ륿²륯ɤ°ǡ衤ϰ˺դƤʡ#1548. 륿² ([2013-07-23-1]) ȡˡŪˤϡή७ץ㥯ϥθȤʤäϥ15--16˱ɤԤΥˤ濴˥ʸֺ餤ͤΩ줫鸫С1237--1480ǯޤǡ֥ΤӤפΤȤDzʻۤθ1552ǯ˥뤬ƤϤȤȤˤʤ롥Ϣˤϥ뼫¹Ȥ¸ߤߤϥϢˮ°̱²¹1ĤȤ¸ߤ롥륹¹θߤο388ͤǡΤäͤ53%ͤ40%ʥΤȤƤ⥿ͤϥͤ˼¿̱²Ǥˡ¹Ǥϥȥ줬ѸȤʤäƤ롥

̳عǤϡɬܤȤƤ뤬ǯɤæɬΰϤƤƤȤȿȯݸԤ佻̱¿ɤΥڻϥͤºĤƤƤ롥춵꤬ҲȤʤäƤǤ롥
ˤĤƤϡEthnologue Ͽ⻲ȡ
ǶΡ#2562. Mugglestone ԡˤαѸǯɽ ([2016-05-02-1]) ˰³ѸǯɽMomma and Matto αѸ˥ѥ˥ pp. xxix--xxxiii ˷ǤƤǯɽƸ롥ѸˤĤơ춵顤츢 (linguistic_right)ײ (linguistic_planning) ʤɤαѼҲŪʹܤ¿ΩƤƤˡǯɽħ롥
1000 BCE Indo-European languages spread throughout Europe and southern Asia, some already attested in writing for hundreds of years. ca. 1000--1 BCE Gradual sound shifts (Grimm's Law) take place in Germanic languages. 55--54 BCE Julius Caesar invades Britain. 43 CE Romans under Claudius conquer Britain; the "Roman Britain" period begins. ca. 50--100 Scandinavian Runic inscriptions are produced, which remain the oldest attestations of a Germanic language. ca. 98 Roman historian Cornelius Tacitus writes ''Germania''. ca. 350 Bishop Wulfila translates the Bible into Gothic, an East Germanic language. 410 roman troops withdraw from Britain as Visigoths sack Rome; the "Roman Britain" period ends. 449 According to tradition,Anglo-Saxons (Angles, Saxons, Jutes) begin invasion and settlement of Britain, bringing their West Germanic dialects to the islands. 597 Pope Gregory sends Augustine to Kent where he converts King Æthelberht and 10,000 other Anglo-Saxons to Christianity. 793--ca. 900 Vikings (Danes, Norwegians, Swedes) raid England periodically and establish settlements. 878 King Alfred's victory over Guthrum's Danish army at Edington paves the way for the creation of the Kingdom of the Anglo-Saxons. 886 King Alfred and Guthrum sign a treaty establishing the "Dane law" north and east of London, heavily settled by the Norse-speaking vikings. 890s King Alfred translates Pope Gregory's ''Regula pastoralis'' into English. ca. 900 Bede's ''Ecclesiastical History'' is translated from Latin into Old English. ca. 975--1025 The four great manuscripts containing Old English poetry (Exeter Book, Junius Manuscript, Vercelli Book, and ''Beowulf'' Manuscript) are compiled, though many of the texts they contain were likely composed over the previous 300 years. 993--5 Aelfric composes his Latin-Old English ''Glossary''. 1066 William the Conqueror leads the Norman conquest of England, solidifying French as the language of the nobility. 1171 Henry II leads the Cambro-Norman invasion of Ireland, bringing French and English speakers to the island. 1204 King John of England loses Normandy to France. ca. 1245 Walter of Bibbesworth compiles his ''Tretiz de Langage'' to improve the French of English-speaking Landowners. 1282 Wales is conquered by King Edward I of England. 1348--50 The Black Plague kills about one-third of the English population. 1362 Statute of Pleading requires English be spoken in law courts. 1366 Statutes of Kilkenny outlaw (among other Irish customs) speaking Irish by Englishmen in Ireland. 1370--1400 Chaucer writes his major works. 1380s John Wycliffe and his followers illegally translate the Latin Vulgate Bible into English. 1380--1450 Chancery standard written English is developed. ca. 1450 Johannes Gutenberg establishes the printing press in Germany. 1476 William Caxton sets up the first printing press in England. 1492 Christopher Columbus explores the Caribbean and Central America. 1497 Italian navigator John Cabot explores Newfoundland. 1500--1650 Great Vowel Shift takes place. 1525 William Tyndale prints an English translation of the New Testament. 1534 The first complete English translation of the Bible from the original Greek and Hebrew is produced. 1536 and 1543 Acts of Union (Laws in Wales Acts) annex Wales to England. 1542 Crown of Ireland Act makes the English king also the Irish king. 1558--1603 Queen Elizabeth I reigns. ca. 1575--1600 English becomes an important trade language in West Africa. 1580s--1612 Shakespeare composes his plays. 1583--1607 British attempt unsuccessfully to establish colonies in America. 1588 The Bible is translated into Welsh. 1589 George Puttenham publishes his ''Art of English Poesy''. 1600 British East India Company receives its charter, facilitating economic expansion into India. 1600s Atlantic slave trade begins, bringing Africans to America. 1603 Union of the Crowns: James VI of Scotland becomes James I of England and Scotland, accelerating the Anglicization of Scots-English. 1604 Robert Cawdrey compiles ''A Table Alphabeticall'', the first monolingual English dictionary. 1607 The Virginia Company of London successfully establishes a colony in America at Jamestown, Virginia. 1610 British establish fishing outposts in Newfoundland. 1611 The King James Bible is published. 1620 Pilgrims establish a colony at Plymouth Rock. 1623--ca. 1660 British establish colonies throughout Caribbean. 1642--51 English Civil Wars are ongoing. 1660 The Restoration: Charles II returns to the throne. 1663 The Royal Society is founded. 1689 British establish the three administrative districts of Bengal, Bombay (now Mumbai), Madras (now Chennai) on the Indian subcontinent. 1694 French publish a national dictionary. 1695 The Licensing Act expires, giving anyone the freedom to publish without government permission. 1707 Acts of Union unite governments of England and Scotland, creating the Kingdom of Great Britain. 1712 Jonathan Swift writes his "Proposal for Correcting, Improving and Ascertaining the English Tongue.". 1755 Samuel Johnson's ''Dictionary of the English Language'' is published. French-speaking Acadians are expelled from Canada by British, settle in Louisiana and are called Cajuns. 1773 British establish a Governor Generalship in India. 1776 Thomas Jefferson drafts American Declaration of Independence. 1780s British begin to settle in Australia. 1783 Treaty of Paris recognizes an independent United States of America; Noah Webster's "blue-back" spelling book is published. 1786 William Jones suggests a common root for Sanskrit, Greek, and Latin, promoting comparative linguistics and Indo-European studies. 1787 English speakers of African origin are repatriated to Africa in Freetown, Sierra Leone. 1789--99 The French Revolution takes place. 1795 Lindley Murray's ''English Grammar'' is published. 1800 Act of Union unites governments of Ireland and Great Britain, creating the Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and requiring that Irish politicians speak English in British government. 1803 The Louisiana Purchase allows US to expand westward. 1811--18 Jane Austen's novels and published. 1819 The British government passes the Six Acts, aimed to suppress the publication of radical newspapers. 1820 Freed English-speaking slaves repatriated from America to the newly created West African nation of Liberia. 1828 Noah Webster's ''Dictionary of American English'' is published. 1831 A system of Primary School Education is introduced in Ireland, with English as the medium of instruction. 1835 Lord Macaulay's Minute initiates the introduction of English language education into South Asia. 1836 The phrase "standard English" first appears in a philological sketch on the history of the language in the ''Quarterly Review''. 1837--1901 Queen Victoria reigns. 1840s British begin to settle in New Zealand. 1845--9 Many monoglot Irish speakers die as a result of the Great Famine in Ireland. 1852 ''Roget's Thesaurus'' is first published. 1858 Act for the Better Government of India results in the British governing India directly. 1859 ''Proposal for the Publication of a New English Dictionary'' initiates work on what will be the ''Oxford English Dictionary''. 1873 Harvard University introduces the first American college program in English composition for native speakers. 1898 Americans take over control of the Philippines from Spain, beginning America's colonial period. 1914--39 James Joyce's major works are published. 1922 Ratification of the Anglo-Irish Treaty recognizes an independent Irish Free State, which will become the Republic of Ireland. 1925 The Phelps-Stokes Commission recommends teaching both English and native languages in Africa. 1926--62 William Faulkner's major works are published. 1928 ''Oxford English Dictionary'' is completed. 1946 The Philippines achieve independence from the United States. 1947 India achieves independence from Britain; Pakistan splits from India. 1953 English made a compulsory subject in national examinations in elementary schools throughout Anglophone Africa. 1957--68 Most of Britain's African colonies achieve independence. 1967 The Official languages Act makes English and Hindi India's two official languages. Tanzania launches a "Swahilization" program. 1970- Toni Morrison's major works are published. 1875-- Salman Rushdie's major works are published. 1979 Lawsuit (''Martin Luther King Jr Elementary School Children vs. Ann Arbor School District Board'') sets precedent for requiring teachers to study AAVE. Urdu replaces English as the language of instruction in schools in Pakistan. 1991 Helsinki corpus of English words from the Old English period through 1720 is completed. 1993 Welsh Language Act makes Welsh an official language in Wales alongside English. 1996--7 The "Ebonics" debates begin in Oakland, California. 1998 The Good Friday Agreement grants "parity of esteem" to the Irish language and to Ulster Scots (Ullans) in Northern Ireland.
Momma, Haruko and Michael Matto, eds. A Companion to the History of the English Language. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2008.
εǡ#1785. 츢 ([2014-03-17-1]) ϢȤƸλˤĤƤ language_death γƵǼ夲Ƥǯwelfare linguistics ecolinguistics Ȥ褦ʹͤƤȤ顤Τ褦ˤĤƿ͡ΰռޤäƤƤ뤳ȤǧǤ뤬ճȵŤƤʤΤбλǤ롥
#1636. Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian ([2013-10-19-1]) ¾εǡŪˤϸ̩˶̤뤳ȤԲǽǤ뤳ȤˤĤƿƤǤʾ塤츢λλϡܼŪƱꡤĤϢ³ΤξˤȲᤷʤФʤʤ̤ˤϡꥰХʴ츢λˤϴؿ͡Ǥ⡤ʴλФƱ٤δؿȤϾʤϸԤΤۤȶǤꡤɬפȻפФΤγưˤȤ䤹ϤǤˤ⤫餺Trudgill (195) ϡλ¤ԤŦƤ롥
Just as in the case of language death, so irrational, unfavourable attitudes towards vernacular, nonstandard varieties can lead to dialect death. This disturbing phenomenon is as much a part of the linguistic homogenization of the world --- especially perhaps in Europe --- as language death is. In many parts of the world, we are seeing less regional variation in language --- less and less dialect variation. / There are specific reasons, particularly in the context of Europe, to feel anxious about the effects of dialect death. This is especially so since there are many people who care a lot about language death but who couldn't care less about dialect death: in certain countries, the intelligentsia seem to be actively in favour of dialect death.
λλˤĤƤϡפΤʤ¦̤뤳ȤǤʤҲŪ˼夤ΩΩƤ˾üƤ椭ŪŪ¿Ƥ椯ȤĬήΤΤʤ겡Ȥɤꤹ뤳ȤϸŪˤθ¤Ȥ¸ߤ롥¸³Ƥ¤ϡ夤ΩθƤüԡʽġˤ̤褦ʤȤäƤϤʤ餺ºŤʤФʤʤդˡΩθ˴ؤƤϡؤֵͤ˳Ƥ٤Ѥ褦ʤȤäƤϤʤʤ嵭ΰѤθεǡTrudgill ϤޤǤΤȤĥƤΤǤϤʤ
Trudgill, Peter. Sociolinguistics: An Introduction to Language and Society. 4th ed. London: Penguin, 2000.
ϡε#1784. ([2014-03-16-1]) ˴ϢƸڤ츢 (linguistic_right) ˤĤƹͤƤߤ롥
A˼Ϥޤơ¸³δ֤ޤ微B줬ʬۤƤꤹ롥BüԤϡ顤Ҳݾ㡤кѳưʤɬפ顤ʤȤ⤢٤AХ벽ʤϡҶζϫǤ⸺餽ȡҰƤˤäơAʤ롥ʤˤ϶ƱΤǤBAΤߤǻҰƤʤƤ⤤뤫⤷ʤΤ褦BμҲŪǽ㤵ʤäҶϡξǤϤȤꡤŪʵˤBǤϤʤAѤ뷹ޤ롥Τ褦˿夬³ȡBή礦äϤʤʤBƵƤǸ夬˴ʤȤθĤǤӤƤ椯
ΰΥߥ졼ºݤˤƱȤǤ̤˵Ƥ롥θλͫΩμԤϡʤB춦ƱΤƧĥäBݻ褦ȤʤäΤȤ䤬뤫⤷ʤB϶ƱΤΥǥƥƥǤꡤʸˤڿͤǤϤʤΤȡ⤷Τ褦ʼBݻ˿Ϥ͡Ʊ˸С嵭Υߥ졼̤ˤʤʤäǽ⤢롥¤ݻˤϻ֤ȷΤǤꡤ糵αưϾħŪʤΤˤȤɤޤΤ¤Ǥ롥A춦ƱΤʤɤι˱ƶϤΤҲθŪʱʤ¤ꡤΤ褦ʷײμ¸ʬŪǤ
λϳΤͫ٤ȤǤϤ뤬ȤäƷζƱΤο͡Bä³٤ȳʤǤ˶뤳ȤϤǤʤϥǥƥƥβǤȲᤵ줫ͤʤüԤϡΥǥƥƥΤBλѤ֤⤷ʤҲŪкŪɬפάŪAλѤ֤⤷ʤξԤŬȤʬȤάΤ뤫⤷ʤ٤ƤüԸĿͤˤäƤꡤμͳºŤʤФʤʤΤǤϤʤ줬츢ιͤǤ롥ƣ (31--32) ϡ츢ιͤ狼䤹Τ褦Ƥ롥
֤٤Ƥοʹ֤ϡߤΰջ֤ǻѤ뤳ȤǤġºŤͤФʤ餺ޤθλѤˤäפäƤϤʤפȹͤΤǤϡָμͳפȡָˤ빬ʡפʬ뤳ȤǤޤͳȤϸäƤ⡤ͤޤƤ֤ȤϤǤʤΤǡ֤˷뤳ȤϤǤޤ٤ǯˤʤСʡȿʤ¤ꡤΰջ֤ǻѸ줬٤褦ˤ뤳ȤϲǽǤѤμͳ˸ʤȸäƤ⡤ȤФãǤʤˤޤ顤ïΤʤȤäã˼Ԥ»ΤͤȤȤˤʤޤͳˤǤȼΤǤ
ָˤ빬ʡפϡθޤˤȤȤפʤҲǤ٤ȤͤˤޤܤμҲؤδäŤϡեƥȤǰޤϡʹ֤ȤФѤʾ塤줬߳˱Ĥޤ褦ˡ¾Ĵ١ޤޤͤɬפȤΩθ츦ؤƤޤȤФȤäƤ⡤ºݤˤ¿¿ͤʷ֤ꡤ㤨С㳲Х롤微ꡤˤ륢ǥƥƥäȤä졤̸졤Ϸ졤졤춵顤춵ȤäޤޤʥơޤؤäƤޤ٤Ƥοʹ֤ϡߤνм䥢ǥƥƥȿؤäȤǡפäꡤ̤줿ꤹ٤ǤϤʤΤǤ
츢ιͤϡ˺̤˹복ǰǤʤȤʤꤦȤƴԤƤ롥
ƣ ŹسؤӤΥȤФβʳء١ҤĤ˼2007ǯ
#1741. ȤƤȳ (1) ([2014-02-01-1]) εDz夲ǡëز٤ɤεˤε˿줿ϤʤðۤΤ褦ǡëˤڿƤʤΰʸؼԤ䲭ο͡δ֤ǤϡΤϤäꤷʤֲϳعȯ (170) ꤶƤ褦ëϤ̵ȤڤΤơषˤ뼫ȯĥƤ롥
ëѰդƤ¿̤ˤ錄뤬פ1ĤȤơ־ʤȤɽŪˤϰ٤ȤơȤפʤɤȤ褦ʾ㤬ꤵ줿ꡤãФꤷȤϤʤä (8) Ȥ¤롥20Ƭ60ǯޤDz츩Ѥ줿٤١פȤϤäƤ⡤ײȤäѸ줬ƤϤޤۤɸŪȿ줿ΤǤϷ褷Ƥʤޤ¼٥롤ع٥ǹԤ줿¯˶ᤤȤ
⤦1Ľפϡ֡פΤǤ¼ˡʡִڡפϲȼιʬ̾Ρˤˤȳ١פˤƸŤŪפξΩ٤Ǥ (8) Ȥëϡ2礿˿ơμȯ֤⤤Ƥ椯ܽΤʤǡԤμݤǤ褯Ƥȹͤ褦
Ҥ褦ˡϡפŪȼμĥ䡤̱ϼŪƱ顤ޤƤָפξħȤİ뤳ȤˤȽŪΩΩĤΤǤ롥ñ˸äơϹȤΰŪʶǤǤǤϤʤѤ˴ؤƤϡΤ˶ŪʻȤ̤ȤϤ̤Ǥ뤬ƱͷȾʬ˻Ȥ塦⤢ꤨ¨ŪǤ뤳Ȥϻ°ȤϸڤʤϴطΤʤǻª뤳ȤϡλΤŪʤȡΤޤǺҲ˺ĥꤨΤȤߤʤ롥⡤ϡפ¾ΧŪ identity ξħפȤª٤ȹͤ롥¨ʸꤷʬ¸ߤ¾ʸ¾زȤ岭ҲκߤξħȤªϡȤŦ褦ˡˤǤäΤǤϤʤ˶ޤ줿ΩȤŪ˴פΤǤꡤβˤȤäƤϤ̣ǤԲŪ˶줿ʤǤä (85--86)
ëϡ1940ǯڤμͤȯפ礭ư衤ϡֲ춵ˤηݤΤҤȤĤΥƥ˶ᤤ (30) ΤȤơ¨θ֤ȤƵǽ褦ˤʤäƤޤäȤòƤ롥ºݤˤϡڸζǮȳؽǮιޤȤȤ˲ǼȯΤˤʤˤ⤫餺ȡ
糰λˤϲȯˤĤƷȤϤǤʤʤȤëεϡŪ˶Ϥʸ˰Ϥޤ줿微ʸ䤽üԤɤΤ褦ƻɤΤȤŪˤĤƺƹͤ뵡ͿƤ롥ϡλ (language_death) μ (language suicide)λ (dialect death), (language_shift) (linguistic_imperialism)츢 (linguistic_right) ȤäɤƤ롥ϡ줬ʤȯΤǤ졤Ѥ븢ľ뤹뤳ȤϳΤ
츢ˤĤƤϡܥ֥Ǥϡ#278. ˥塼ɤˤޥγ ([2010-01-30-1])#280. Τ˴Ϣ륵ȡ ([2010-02-01-1])#1537. פˤޤĤ3Ĥ ([2013-07-12-1])#1657. ꥫαѸѸ첽ư ([2013-11-09-1]) ʤɤʬŪ˰äƤˤʤεϤܤƤߤ
ë ɧزޤ褨벭θդᤰ͡١ܡ2006ǯ
ɧؤȤФȹȡ١ȽŹ1981ǯ
ꥫˤ⥤ꥹˤˡΧѸȤΤϤʤѸ줬¾θѸǤ뤳Ȥ餫ޤ˻¾夽ǤȤͳǡäˡΧɬפʤΤǤ롥䡤ΤˤϡޤǤɬפʤäȸ٤1980ǯʹߡꥫǤϱѸѸ첽ư깭Ƥ
طʤˤϡѸäʤꥫͤäȤ𤬤롥U.S. Census Bureau פˤȡ5аʾΥꥫͤǡѸ줬ޤääʤ뤤Ϥޤäʤͤο1980ǯǤ2%ä1990ǯǤ2.9%äǿ2011ǯΥǡ (PDF)Ǥ4.65%ãƤ롥ˤ2050ǯˤ6%ãΤǤϤʤȤ롥Language Use - U.S. Census Bureau γƼפȡ
ꥫǤ1968ǯ2춵ˡˤꡤѸüԤˤʤʤ褦θʤƤѸüԤλҶˤϱѸؤֵɬͿ뤷ܴʪΰ⡤žȵɮʤɤDZѸʳθ֤ȤǤ롥θˤͽ롥ˡˤ⤫롥ä̱αѸΥϡꥫȤȤƤνפʵῴϤϤƤħǤϤʤȹͤ͡Ƥ⤪ʤơѸѸ褬Ϥޤä
Ϣˮܥ٥DZѸѸ챿ưϤޤäΤϡ1981ǯǤ롥ʥޤϿͤǸؼԤǤϢˮ屡İ S. I. Hayakawa ѸѸȤ뽤ˡղä뤳ȤƤƤऱ줿٥Ǥϱư³뤳ȤˤʤäNebraska, Illinois, Virginia, Indiana, Kentucky, Tennessee 6DZѸѸȤˡΧΩΤ³1986ǯ California DZѸѸ첽ˡ Proposition 63 ̱ɼη̡̤줿ǥʤɤɾȽʤơɼ73%ǤˡΩäޤǤ¾ǤˡƤ¼ŪȤϾħŪʰ̣礤ĤˤʤäΤФơCalifornia Proposition 63 (or the English Is the Official Language of California Amendment) ϤƧ߹ˡƤȤʤäƤʲȴ褷褦
English is the common language of the people of the United States of America and of the State of California. . . . The legislature and officials of the State of California shall take all steps necessary to insure that the role of English as the common language of the State of California is preserved and enhanced. . . . Any person who is a resident of, or does business in the State of California shall have standing to sue the State of California to enforce this section . . .
ˡƤϡܤ˱ѸѸ첽˸Ƥ֤餻븢¤Ϳ̱˱ѸѸ첽֤̤Ȥ˵ʸͿȤΤǤ롥ˤˡƤðۤʤΤϡUS English ȤΤ濴Ȥ̱̽˾ˤ뽻̱ɼDzķ褷ȤǤ롥
θ⡤Arizona, Colorado, Florida ʤɤǤⱿưä Arizona Proposition 106 ϤͤùƤȤʤäƤ롥"As the official language of this State, the English language is the language of the ballot, the public schools and all government functions and actions."
US English Τ褦ΤȿФΤ⸽Ƥ롥English Plus Information Clearinghouse (EPIC) ǤϡEnglish Only ǤϤʤ English Plus λۤǤФ츢ʸʤƤ롥
ʾ塤 (197--205) ȤƼɮϢơ#256. ƹ Hispanification ([2010-01-08-1]) ȡ
ؼҲ硡ǡ١ҡ2009ǯ
פϸؤѸȤ櫓ǤϤʤ̤ˤؤˤȤƤ롥Ѹ "mother tongue", ե "langue maternelle", ɥĸ "Muttersprache" ǤꡤθפȤƱǤ롥ŵŪƤ齬롤üԤˤȤäƤ1ΤȤǤꡤʸƾΤΤ褦˻פ뤫⤷ʤפȤѸˤϤĤ꤬ޤޤƤ롥Ǥ夷ƤѸǤꡤȤΤȤΤŦƤȤϽפ
1ܤϡѸˤޤĤɽŪǤ롥줫ȤϾŪǤϤ뤬¤ˤʳʹΤϤǤ⤢롥ȤϤޤܰԤ̾ǤȤϼȤƤ⡤#1495. ä٤ޥʸ multilingualism ([2013-05-31-1]) Ǽ褦ˡҲ٤Ȥθ줬1Ȥʤ褦ʸ¸ߤ롥ξˤϡषפθƾΤդ路
2ܤϡˤĤƤǤ롥Ǥ1ȤɽѤ줬ްդΤϡȤüԤǽ˽ؤȤȤǤ롥ۤȤɤξ硤ǤޤˤäޤȿŪºߤȤƤȤפʤޤˤ뤫⤷ʤ֥ȥ (34--35) ˤʲʸϤȡ
ȤĴ»ܤ뤿ͿƤ¿ͤʡΡϡŪȿŪȤ2ĤεΤԤĤ뤿餤ȿǤƤ롥ԤϤĤޤꡤϺǽθǤȤȤǤꡤԤϡͤä³ʤǻͤ줬ǤȤ櫓Ǥ롥ǯȤǯˤƽȤȤҴŪǤϰ̤˺ǤפȤƤʥɡᥭեԥʥ⡼ꥷ㥹ʤɡˡ¿ѤκĥΤ褦ʹϡȤϼʬ֤褯狼äƤȿĤǻͤȤȤΤ˼Ƥ롥ʤѤ褦Ȥ⡤줿餷ƤܼŪ˽פʲͤȡ줬ĿͤμҲʸŪ°˴ؤƽפʻɸǤ뤳ȤˤĤƤϡ̤˸ΰפƤ롥
3ܤˡܼŪüԸĿͤ°ȤƤ줬ѸȤƼҲŪʸ̮˸ȤۤȤɵդ뤳Ȥʤΰ̣ƤҲ졤椬ƤޤȤ꤬롥㤨СUNESCO 1953 ϡΤ褦˽Ҥ٤ơǤζεʸƤ롥
On educational grounds we recommend that the use of the mother tongue be extended to as late a stage in education as possible. In particular, pupils should begin their schooling through the medium of the mother tongue, because they understand it best and because to begin their school life in the mother tongue will make the break between home and school as small as possible.
տޤȤɿŪǤꡤݤˤϻǤ롥"the mother tongue" ȤѸ줬ȤҲŪʸ̮Ѥ뤳ȤˤꡤŪüԸĿͤȷӤĤƤϤ꤬ҲؤȤؤ줨褦˻פ롥
üԸĿͤˤȤäȤΤʶʤŪºߤȤƤ⡤θ줬ҲŪΩȤǧΤƤ뤫ɤǤ롥㤨Сθ줬ҿ1Ȥư֤ŤƤˤΩȤ̾ͿƤʤǽ롥ξˤϡüԤǤζεͿ뤳ȤϤʤޤüܿͤθ𤹤ݤˡ𤷤ʤǽ⤢롥Romain (37) ˤСꥹˤơ Panjabi äѥϤο͡ϡ Panjabi üԤǤϤʤѥιǤ Urdu üԤǤȿ𤹤ȤˤϸιŪŪװǤ롥
Ū˸Ŀͤ°ȤơʤĿ (idiolect) ȤƲ᤹ΤǤСǤζȤüԤοब뤳Ȥˤʤ롥Τ褦˶ܤȤŪǡݲѼ (variety) ȤªΤǤСѼϸʤΤʤΤȤƬˤҲŪ˵ꤷƤޤҲŪʸ̮Ѥ줿ȤѸϡǤ˼Ҳ줿̣ƤäƤޤäƤΤǤ롥
֥ȥ ͵ ظء١ҡʸ˥ӡ1988ǯ
Romain, Suzanne. Language in Society: An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. 2nd ed. Oxford: OUP, 2000.
εǼ夲Ƥ "endangered languages" ˴ϢơWebǤʣεؤƤ롥ʲϡäȤؤΥ
Committee on Endangered Languages and Their Preservation (CELP)
Endangered Language Fund
Ethnologue
European Bureau for Lesser-Used Languages (EBLUL)
Foundation For Endangered Languages
Gesellschaft für bedrohte Sprachen (GBS)
The Society for the Study of the Indigenous Languages of the Americas
Terralingua: Unity in Biocultural Diversity
The International Clearing House for Endangered Languages ʢεءܸǤˡ2010/09/10(Fri)ߡξڡȤڤ
UNESCO Culture Sector - Intangible Heritage - 2003 Convention: Safeguarding endangered languages
Universal Declaration of linguistic rights
Τ뤿μηäѤ뤳ʬϤޤ夷̾ΤͿƤʤ20ǯ餺ΤǾĴؿޤäƤȤϻ¤Τ褦Ǥ롥ʤߤˡCrystal "preventive linguistics"Matisoff "perilinguistics" ȸƤǤ (Crystal 93)
嵭ؤ The International Clearing House for Endangered Languages ϡΤʤǤŪᤤ1995ǯΩ夬ä˴Ϣ뵡ؤǤ롥2010/09/10(Fri)ߡڤ
Crystal, David. Language Death. Cambridge: CUP, 2000.
ENL ΰ New Zealand ǡ40ǯۤɡ轻̱ޥθ Maori ƤƤ롥
ǯθ¿ΰռιޤȤȤˡϰξɸ줬ư̤Ƴˤ뤬Welsh ¤̾㤬 Maori Ǥ롥ȤƸưθɤˤΤƤ줫ưϤ褦ȤˤɤΤ褦άΩƤ٤̤θʬƤͤˤ٤ȤϤޤǤʤ
In the case of the Maori of New Zealand, a different cluster of factors seems to have been operative, involving a strong ethnic community involvement since the 1970s, a long-established (over 150 years) literacy presence among the Maori, a government educational policy which has brought Maori courses into schools and other centres, such as the kohanga reo ('language nests'), and a steadily growing sympathy from the English-speaking majority. Also to be noted is the fact that Maori is the only indigenous language of the country, so that it has been able to claim the exclusive attention of those concerned with language rights. (Crystal 128--29)
Maori ξˤϡ(1) ޥγθǤ붦Ʊΰռ(2) ޥμι⤵(3) ܤιŪʶ(4) Ϥ¿ɤǤѸüԤ(5) ¾ξɸ줬¸ߤʤȡȤҲŪ郎Ф餷äƤ뤳ȤˤĤʤäƤ褦
[2010-01-26-1]εǿ줿褦ˡ100ǯ3000θ줬Ǥ뤪줬뤳ȤͤȤ¿ˤĤƤΤ褦ʹǽ˾Ū(1) (4) ΰռפʬˤϰߤδ˾ΤǤϤʤʬȡ츦˷ȤԤȤơ˾ǤǤФȹͤ롥
ľܤ˱Ѹ˴ؤǤϤʤαѸΤͤǡȤδطмषƤȤ linguistic ecology δפCrystal (32, 94, 98) ˤСǶ ecology of language ecolinguistics ȤǰƤƤꡤˤ֥פλ夬褷ĤĤ褦
Crystal, David. Language Death. Cambridge: CUP, 2000.
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