եꥫäѸ "South African English" ᤰϡˤäƤꡤͿ졦Ѽ¿ͤǰǤϹԤʤܥ֥Ǥϡ#343. եꥫ¹αѸѡ ([2010-04-05-1]) ϤȤơsouth_africa εǼ夲Ƥ
ϡեꥫѸüȯƱѼħŤäҲ𤷤3ʸȤեꥫѸ餷ñʣʤ2ĤΥꥹȤ롥
ڡBaugh and Cable (312--13) ꡡ
aardvarkʥĥ֥ˡapartheidʿͼΥ١ѥȥإȡˡveld(t)ʹȤˡcommandeerħʼˡcommandoʻ̱Ϸġˡtrekʵ֤ιˡbiltongʱ̣ڤ괳ˡbraaivleisʥС٥塼ѡƥˡdongaʶëˡgoggaʺˡkoeksistersʤҤͤɡʥġˡkopjeʾ֡ˡmealiesʥȥˡouʤġˡˡspruitʾˡstoepʥ٥ˡveldskoenʳ
ڡCrystal (English, 40) Crystal (Encyclopedio, 377) ꡡ
advocate ˡ۸Ρˡbad friends ä礦ۤɤǤϤʤμԤˡbakkie ʷڥȥåˡbell äˡbioscope ʱDzˡboer ʥܡ͡ˡbottle store ʼˡbutchery ˡcamp ϡˡdinges ʲȤΡˡdorp ¼ˡeland ʥˡfundi ȡˡgnu ʥ̡ˡhomeland ʥۡɡѥȥإˤäߤ줿ͽ̱Τμˡimpala ʥѥˡindaba ʲġˡindri ʥɥˡkloof ʶëˡkraal ¼ˡlekker ɤˡmamba ʥޥСˡputu ʥѥΤˡrand ʥɡեꥫ¹̲ߡˡrobot ʿ浡ˡshebeen ʤ⤰ιͼˡspoor ʤˡspringbok ʥץܥåˡarvey ʸ塨= afternoonˡtse-tse ʥĥĥХˡverkrampte Ķݼԡˤƴ¤ʡˡvoorskot ߤ
ʤեꥫѸθäˤĤƤϡƱѼǤ OED Ȥ٤ A Dictionary of South African English on Historical Principles (OUP, 1996) ܤŵȤʤ롥
Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.
Crystal, David. The English Language. 2nd ed. London: Penguin, 2002.
Crystal, David. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language. Cambridge: CUP, 1995. 2nd ed. 2003.

1130ڡ 17:30--19:00
ꡧī㡼ɶ
̡饤Υϥ֥åɷ1֤θƨۿ
ߡī㡼֥
ǯ٤ī륷ָֺ츻ŵǤɤѸˡ˰٤ΥڡǽĴ˿ʤǤޤرѸ츻ŵ١ʸҡȤʤ顤ѸûˤɤäƤǤ
1ָ˳֤8ǤϥȱѸθܿޤѸˤϡɤϥޤ (the Low Countries) ȤξŪʸήǡŪˤǻܿäȹͤƤޤŪʱѸ˵ҤˤƤϡȤθܿϡƥ졤ե졤ťΥɸʤɤȤθܿ٤٤㤯硹Ūˤ뤳ȤϤۤȤɤޤפʥѸĤƽꡤȤȤŪǤαѸؤαƶŪˤϰ̤˹ͤƤʾ礭ֺ1ʬεβͤϽʬˤȻפޤ
ιֺ¤Ǥϡޥɤˤ륪ʤӴϢ졦ˤΰ֤ŤǧĤġƱ줬Ѹθä䤽¾ͿƶˤĤƵޤޤطʤȤƤαطˤˤܤޤˡñ줬ܸä¿Ǥ¤ˤܤȻפޤ
ܥֺ¤γƲΩƤޤΤǡؤλáԻäˤ餺餴äȤǤޤ7ʬˤĤƤϡơפޥɥޥåפˤޤȤƤޤΤǡʲε
#5625. ī륷ֺ¤1ֱѸ츻ŵڤפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2024-09-20-1])
#5629. ī륷ֺ¤2ֱѸäˤѤפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2024-09-24-1])
#5631. ī륷ֺ¤3ֱñȡ֥ˡ§ספޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2024-09-26-1])
#5639. ī륷ֺ¤4ָαѸ˻ĤűѸκספޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2024-10-04-1])
#5646. ī륷ֺ¤5ֱѸ졤ƥȽвפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2024-10-11-1])
#5650. ī륷ֺ¤6ֱѸ졤θȸפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2024-10-15-1])
#5669. ī륷ֺ¤7ֱѸ졤ե˿פޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2024-11-03-1])
ֺܹ¤ξܺ٤ȤߤɤرѸ츻ŵ١ʸҡϡ˵֤Ĥļ֤Ф¸ޤʴϢդޤΤǡŵʤȤ֤ˤꤢޤˡ

ʰʲ嵭2024/11/27(Wed)
߷ ˧ͺԽ紴ˡرѸ츻ŵٿǡҡ2024ǯ
#407. եꥫ¹ Afrikaans ([2010-06-08-1]) ǿ줿褦ˡˤ11θѸ줬¸ߤ롥衼åѿͿ̱Ԥ English, Afrikaans Τۤ Sepedi, Sesotho, Setswana, siSwati, Tshivenda, Xitsonga, isiNdebele, isiXhosa, isiZulu ȤäեꥫϽ줬ޤޤ롥1994ǯ˥ޥǥˤꤵ줿ˡ6ǵꤵƤ롥̾ˡǸѸˤϡ1Ĥ2Ĥ˸¤뤳Ȥ¿11θ̾ȤΤϿҾǤϤʤ졤̱²ºŤȤȤ뤳ȤǤ뤬ºݤˤϤ줫ʤҲθ¤ȿǤ줷ȤȤ館٤
Ҳθ¤طʤˤϡ2ĤǤ롥1ĤϡŪ˱ƶϤݤäƤݼŪϤȤƤ Afrikaans ϰ̤̱²ζϤȤƤαѸ˲졤ɤۤƤȤϿޤѲǤ롥ˡǤϱѸ Afrikaans ʿѸ§Ƥ줬űѤ줿Ȥˤꡤ2֤Ǥμͳ褬ޤ졤̤ȤƱѸ줬ȴǤƤĤޤꡤθȤŪͥä Afrikaans ֻݾäסʻܡp. 233ˤȤˤ롤ҲŪκεǤ롥̤Ȥҥ륭ϡѸ줬ȥåפΩβ Afrikaans ³β¾9줬Ω¤֤ȤޤǤ롥ˡˤѸǤ11줬եåȤƤꡤҥ륭ʤդˤСޤˤθᤰǺ롥
⤦1ĤǤϡˡ11եåȤ¤٤Ƥ뤳Ȥ⼨̤ꡤŪʸ줿ȤǤ롥̡̱ͰͤμŪʸºŤ褦ˤʤäƤ (235) ۩
ܤˤζʤʤäˡܤϴˤǡϰع˶˴ؤȽǤͤƤ롥ΤᡤDz (home language) Ѥ뤫ɤȤʤ鲿ǯֻѤ뤫줫Ѹʤ⤷ϥեꥫˤؤڤؤϲǯܤˤ뤫ʤɤˤĤơü˸СعˤۤʤäƤꡤγع?פȤդˤҤȤ뤳ȤǤʤޤŪեꥫϤγعˤͤؤ褦ˤʤꡤѸˤ붵ơʸŪˤ륢եꥫʡȥȥ֥ˤʤ뤳Ȥ⤢롥¿졦¿ʸҲΰĤλѤǤ롥
11θѸפϹ̱θ츢ΤǤ⤢뤬ҲʣħΤǤ⤢롥뤿ˤϡŪطʤޤơ褯Ƥɬפ롥
եꥫ¹αѸˤĤƤϡ#343. եꥫ¹αѸѡ ([2010-04-05-1]) ȡ#1703. եꥫο̱ˤȹ ([2013-12-25-1]) ⻲ȡ
ԡ10ϡեꥫȱѸΤ礤סϸӾˡθ¿Ҳܡ١ǡ2002ǯ225--45ǡ
ε#2645. 줫Ѥ줿ߤΤñ ([2016-07-24-1]) ڤӡ#148. եޥȥ ([2009-09-22-1])#149. եޥȱѸˡ ([2009-09-23-1]) Ǽ夲Ƥ褦ˡȴϢѼʥեޥ졤ϥɥĸ졤եꥫʤɤޤߡȤȤˤ٤ƹ碌 "Low Dutch" ȸƤФˤѸäѸϰƳ¿Durkin ˤ OED3 ˤʬŪĴˤСθ줫μѸˤޤĤȾȤˤޤȤȡʲΤ褦ˤʤ (Durkin, p. 355 "Loanwords from Dutch, Low German, and Afrikaans, as reflected by OED3 (A--ALZ and M-RZZ)" ꤹɽƸ)

Ѹˤ̤ƤŪʿǤСLow Dutch μѸϡ¤˸ťΥɸ줫μѸ¿ȤΤϰճ⤷ʤ#126. 7ˤѸؤαƶӡ ([2009-08-31-1]) ɽǤϡDutch/Flemish θŪƶ "minimal" ɽƤ뤬ºݤˤϤ⤦ɾɽǤäƤ褵ťΥɸۤɱѸδܸä˾Ϳ櫓ǤϤʤξӤ뤳ȤˤդʤФʤʤLow Dutch θüѤ˴ؤƸħȤơ鸽ޤڤ뤳Ȥʤä뤷ƤϻŦƤ
̤ˤߤȡѸпǤιפ϶ḽιפ뤬ȤƤä˸Ѹ˼ѤäȤ褯狼롥Ѹ Low Dutch μѸȤϸ츻ŪŪ˶̤ΤĤʤȤ¿ºݤˤϸűѸǤ⾯ʤ̼ѤäǽȡLow Dutch ѸΤıѸ˾ŪʰյϾʤ褦˻פ롥
Low Dutch ѸפˤĤơDurkin (356--57) ϼΤ褦˵Ƥ롥
The fullest study of words of Dutch or Low German origin in English remains that of Bense (1939), who drew his data chiefly from the first edition of the the (sic) OED. Bense's study groups loanwords from Dutch and Low German together under the collective heading 'Low Dutch', although at the level of individual word histories he frequently distinguishes between input from each language. His companion work, Bense (1925), provides a summary of the main historical contexts of contact. Bense discusses over 5,000 words, for most of which he considers Low Dutch origin at least plausible; this is thus much higher than the OED's etymologies suggest. His total includes some words ultimately of Dutch origin that have definitely entered English via other languages, e.g. plaque (from a French word that ultimately has a Dutch origin), and also many semantic loans; OED3 has over 150 of these in parts so far revised, e.g. household (a. 1399) or field-cornet (1800, after South African Dutch veldkornet). Nonetheless, Bense does make a case for direct borrowing from Dutch for many words for which the OED does not posit a Dutch etymon; even if one agrees with the OED's (generally more conservative) approach in all cases, Bense's suggestions are by no means absurd, and his work highlights very well the difficulty of being certain about the extent of the Dutch contribution to the lexis of English.
5000ĶȤ Bense λϤ緶ǤäƤ⡤ȤƤϼƤʤΤǤϤʤȤ Durkin ɾ⡤ʤʤŪǤ롥
Durkin, Philip. Borrowed Words: A History of Loanwords in English. Oxford: OUP, 2014.
Bense, J. F. Anglo-Dutch Relations from the Earliest Times to the Death of William the Third. Den Haag: Martinus Nijhoff, 1925.
<look>, <blood>, <dead>, <heaven>, ʤɤ첻ʬϡ2Ĥ첻֤뤬ȯȤƤϤ줾û첻Ǥ롥ϡѸˤͽ̤ۤ2äΤθ塤û1ȤʤäǤ롥<oo> ֻȯδطӤطʤˤĤƤϡ#547. <oo> ֻб3ȯ ([2010-10-26-1])#1353. 첻Ĺû ([2013-01-09-1])#1297. does, done 첻 ([2012-11-14-1])#1866. put but 첻 ([2014-06-06-1]) ǿ줿<ea> ˤĤƤϡ#1345. read -- read -- read γѡ ([2013-01-01-1]) Ǵñ˿줿ˤʤΤǡȤƼ夲
Ҥ̤ꡤ<ea> Ĺ첻ɽ路ǤѸˤƤλ3Ҳ֤ûäƤꡤdream / dreamt, leap / leapt, read / read, speed / sped Τ褦첻̤Ω (cf. #1854. ̵ѲѤư set -- set -- set, etc. ([2014-05-25-1])) ޤñҲ֤ˤƤ⡤ѸޤǤˤĤñˤûƤ (ex. breath, dead, dread, heaven, blood, good, cloth) ΰۤʤûβˤĤƤϡ#2052. Ѹˤˤ첻μפʼŪŪѲ ([2014-12-09-1]) #2063. Ĺ첻Ф¶ˡ ([2014-12-20-1]) ǸȤǤꡤ˲Ūʴ뤳ȤǤ뤫⤷ʤä˽Ѹˤûϰθä˸¤ƤȤ𤬤ꡤޤǤ롥
Görlach (71) ϡεˡŪǤϤ뤬˷ŪʴǤ롥
Such short vowels reflecting ME long vowel quantities are most frequent where ME has /ɛː, oː/ before /d, t, θ, v, f/ in monosyllabic words, but even here they occur only in a minority of possible words. It is likely that the short vowel was introduced on the pattern of words in which the occurrence of a short or a long vowel was determined by the type of syllable the vowel appeared in (glad vs. glade). When these words became monosyllabic in all their forms, the conditioning factor was lost and the apparently free variation of short/long spread to cases like (dead). That such processes must have continued for some time is shown by words ending in -ood: early shortened forms (flood) are found side by side with later short forms (good) and those with the long vowel preserved (mood).
Ҳǽñ촴ηƻϡѸޤǡŪʾ˱ơƶ e ݤĤȤä (cf. #532. Chaucer ηƻζޡ ([2010-10-11-1])) e ̵ͭϲṽ¤Ѳ촴첻Ĺûꤷ1Ĥηƻˤ뤳ĹûѰۤǥȤʤäơṽ¤¾δĶˤƤĹûѰۡʤƸûˤ褦ˤʤäΤǤϤʤȤ Görlach glad vs. glade ʤҤ٤ƤΤϡϡ˷ŪʵǽͭƤ -e Ū˾üƤǡεǽ촴첻Ĺûΰ㤤ˤκפĤΤߤȤʤäƤäȤаޤǤ (cf. #295. black Blake ([2010-02-16-1])) Ϣơ#977. ƻζο syntagma marking ([2011-12-30-1]) ǿ줿եꥫˤƻΡʸˡפλ㤬פФ롥
Görlach, Manfred. Introduction to Early Modern English. Cambridge: CUP, 1991.
եꥫ (South Africa) Ǥϡ1/10ۤɤι̱ѸȤäƤ롥ΰ̣Ǥ ENL (English as a Native language) ȤäƤ褤Afrikaans, Xhosa, Zulu ۤ¿θ줬̱ˤäѤƤꡤƤΤ褦 ENL ȤϾۤʤʡ#177. ENL, ESL, EFL ϰΥꥹȡ ([2009-10-21-1]) ȡˡեꥫäƤѸѼˤĤƤϡ#408. South African English American English Ѽﹽ ([2010-06-09-1]) Ǵñ˼夲Ʊ̱ˤȹä
1488ǯݥȥιҳ Bartholomew Diaz (1450?--1500) ˾ (Cape of Good Hope) ƥؤȸϩ衼åѿͤȤƽƳθ塤¿Υ衼åιϩ褷17ƬˤϥȥꥹιϩΥݥȥˤۤĩ魯褦ˤʤä1652ǯ쥤ɲҤΤζϤȤ Table Bay ʸߤ Cape Townˤ˿̱ϤߤͿ̱Ԥϥ̱̣ Boer ȸƤФ褦ˤʤꡤ Afrikaner ȤƾΤ줿ϥեꥫϡɡޥ졼ʤɤϫƯԤȤĤΦؿʽФƤäơKhoekhoe San ʤɤ轻̱²ȾͤȡǤ餫Ƥä
1795ǯꥹ Cape ̱Ϥå1814ǯ㤤ä1820ǯꥹϡܡͤȥ² (Xhosa) Ȥʶ˳äꡤξԤο̱Ϥߤˤꥤꥹλ۸϶ޤäϰ¤1830ǯ夫40ǯƬˤơȿܡͤ Cape ̱ϤæФؤΰܽ (the Great Trek) Ϥ̤Ȥơ1850ǯ˥ܡͤˤȥ (Transvaal) ȥͳ (Orange Free State) 줿
19Ⱦ⻳ȯȡꥹͤɥĿͤϤ˲ꥹ̱ Natal ȥܡͤ Transvaal Ȥδ֤ǶĥޤꡤԤԤ˷άȤǡܡ (the Boer War; 1880--81, 1899--1902) ȯ1902ǯ˥ܡͤܡͤξ¹ϥꥹ̱ϤȤʤä1910ǯCape, Natal, Transvaal, Orange Free State 4̱ϤϡĹĤФơեꥫϢˮ (Union of South Africa) ؤ硥1961ǯ˸ߤեꥫ¹̾Ѥä
եꥫϰʾΤ褦ʣʿ̱ˤФƤꡤ⤽ȿǤƤ롥ߤιϲ˷Ǥ¦ΤΤǡ6ʻѿ¿ˤΥǥ1994ǯ˲줿ΤǤ롥1928--94ǯˤϱ¦Τ褦ʿްƤѤƤοްƤǤϡ礭ʹ3Ĥξʹ֤Ƥ롥礭ʲĤβʤιΤΥιǤ롥ʹˤĤƤϡ Union JackͳιȥιǤ롥ȱΤΤˤϡĤμʤ뤬ϸߤΥιǤ롥ĤޤꡤΤȤƥΥ롼ġʥܡ͡ˤȤɤʤ⡤ꥹ̱ϤȤƤˤǤ롤̱ˤθ褦ʹäȤ褦
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[2011-11-10-1]ε#927. ޥζޤοءפǡO'Neil ȤĤġѸ줬ťΥɸܿƶޤñΤƱͤˡΦʥӥ줬ϥɥĸ (Middle Low German) ܿեꥫ (Afrikaans) (Dutch) ϥޥ (Low German) ܿơޤñȤ˿줿
ƱݤθڤGörlach (340) ǡ¾θȤǤʤƤǥޡ (Danish) ϡ13--15˶ޤʬäλϡǡͤǥޡϥɥĸ2ѼԤȤʤäƤǤ롥ơ2ϡѸȸťΥɸδطäϳͶ̤ޤ礭ۤʤȤطˤä
եꥫˤĤƤϡ1700--1750ǯλˡѸǥޡƱͤʿCape Province ο̱Ԥ35%ϥϡ35%ϥɥķϤǡ͡͡ʶޤκۤʤ⡤ȤʬŪʤ˰¸ưջ̤ޤäƤȤߤ롥
ξˤ⡤Ʊ°2ܿؤäƤꡤξΤΤʼҲŪ岼طΤʤȤ̤Ƥ롥ɸΥޥ3ʿԴطˤ϶ʾΤΤȹͤƤ褵
ʤ쥪ϡѸΤߤʤ餺եꥫˤĤƤ⾧Ƥ褦ơޥˤ⡥Görlach References ȡ
O'Neil, Wayne. "The Evolution of the Germanic Inflectional Systems: A Study in the Causes of Language Change." Orbis 27 (1980): 248--86.
Görlach, Manfred. "Middle English --- a Creole?" Linguistics across Historical and Geographical Boundaries. Ed. D. Kastovsky and A. Szwedek. Berlin: Gruyter, 1986. 329--44.
ε#976. syntagma marking ([2011-12-29-1]) Ǽ夲ϺΤäΤϡ˸زˤơ̳ƻؤΡ֥ޥΡnæפȷƻѲΡʸˡספꤹ븦ȯɽΤʤǤ̾ƤǤ롥
űѸ䡤ʬŪѸˤ⸫줿ޥηƻѲŵŪʸ -n ǤƤ椯ȤˤäơʤΰפȤʸˡŪǽͭƤѲζηϤʸˡפƤ椯ˤĤ븦ȯɽä-n ޤƻѲ˾üƤޤäΤǤʸˡⲿʤ櫓꤮ΤȤ -e ʤɤ첻ĤäƤꡤǤƤθϤĤƤΤ褦Ūʰפ櫓ǤϤʤȤȾüʳĤΥޥ˸롥㤨СեꥫǤϡĤƤζͳ褹 -e ̵ͭϡƻ촴ηŪˤäƼưŪ˷ޤäƤΤǤꡤŪʾϴƤʤȤ
ϡƻʸˡȤϡ̤θС줬ַƻ̾פϢ뤹ñʤ֥ơספƤȤȤǤȻŦ롥֥ơספȤϡƻ̾Ϣ٤뤿첻 -n ֤˶߹Ȥ syntagma marker ȤƤƯˤۤʤʤϲ (euphony) ȤƤΩĤȻפ졤Ūǽϸ¤ʤ夤ȤƤ⡤¸߰յޤäʤȤȤˤϤʤʤޤ¿ΥޥǡˡǤϷƻζݤˤȤ¤뤬ϴط̾ȤϢ٤ˡξ夤Ǥ
ޤޡܲѸηƻηϤ (ilame) ˴ؿΤǡβDzŪ˻ĤäƤƻϡޤ syntagma marker ȤơĤʤΡ֥ơספȤơǽƤˤʤȹͤ뤳ȤǤ뤫⤷ʤȡȯɽİƻפäǤ롥
ѸΤƻϾüˤʤʤ⡤֤Ȥʤ館ƤŪʰפΰռƻĤäƤ椨Ȥͤ뤬Ȥ̤ˡŪ syntagma marking ä椨뤳ȤǤ뤫⤷ʤspeculative ǤϤ뤬ɷŪʵȤʤꤦ롥
Ϻظء١罤ۡ1981ǯ

ΥޥɤüԤʬۤϿޤ˼ȡü Continental Scandinavianü High Germanü Englishü Icelandic ˤĻշ롥Ͽޤ붽̣ϡĤǼ English Continental Scandinavia Ū˶ޤ㤷פƤޥǤꡤ֤Ǽ Icelandic High German Ū˶ޤǤ褯ĤƤޥǤȤ¤ơŪ졦üݼŪü˰Ϥޤ줿ФǼշ˴ޤޤ Faroese, Dutch, Frisian, Low German ϡޤ٤פƤ뤬٤ݻƤȤŪʤȸѲشطϸΤΤ뤤ϼ¼ŪʤΤ
ˤĤƹŸƤΤO'Neil Ǥ롥
Now from the point of view of their inflectional systems, it is in the languages of the extreme southwest and northeast areas, among the Scandinavians and the English, that things are farthest from the state of the old languages, where --- in fact --- the old inflectional system has become so simplified that the languages can barely be said to be inflected at all. It is in the other two areas, in the northwest in Iceland and in the southeast among the High Germans (but most especially in Iceland) that an older inflectional system is best preserved. Between these two extremes and their associated corners or areas and languages, lie other Germanic languages (Faroese, Frisian, Dutch, etc.) of neither extreme characteristic: i.e. not stripped (essentially) of their inflections, nor heavily inflected like the older languages. (250)
ľܤ˸Ѳ˱ƶڤܤȤȤϤʤüԤŪΩ˱ƶڤܤŪΩ줬ˤ˱ƶڤܤˤȯŸ˱ƶڤܤȤŪʴطꤹ뤳Ȥϲǽ
ޤ礤ñ㲽Ѹξ硤ťΥɸ (Old Norse) Ȥܿñ㲽ηŪʰȤʤäȤϡǤϹƤ[2009-06-26-1]ε#59. ѸˤˤťΥɸΰյäפȡˡǡɸ (Icelandic) Ū˸ΩƤ뤬椨ˡŤޤޤǤ褯ĤƤȤȤ褯[2010-07-01-1]ε#430. Ѳ˳װפȡˡŪ˷иƤܿ٤ȤδؿȤƤ뤬θܿˤȤؾװˤä礤˾դƤΤǤ롥ǤϸѲŪˤŪưŤƤȤ
ǤϡѸ䥢ɸʳΥޥˤĤƤ⡤ƱͤǽO'Neil ϡΦʥӥζޤñ㲽ѸΤʿŪʴطˤȼĥ롥ξ硤Φʥӥ줬ܿΤϥɥĸ (Middle Low German) Ǥ롥
It is clear then that Continental Scandinavian is inflectionally simple like English, with --- however --- its idiosyncratic sense of simplicity. The reasons for its simplicity seem to be exactly those that led to the development of the neutralized northern Middle English inflectional system: language contact between Middle Low German and Danish in the countryside and between Middle Low German and all Continental Scandinavian languages in the centers of trade. (267)
ˡѸΦʥӥƱ褦ñ㲽ޤĥեꥫ (Afrikaans) ˤĤƤ⡤ƱͤεΩġǤϡ (Dutch) ϥޥ (Low German) ȤܿͿƤ롥
. . . the original population that settled Capetown and then the Cape was not a homogeneous Dutch-speaking population. The group of people that arrived in Capetown in 1652 was first of all predominantly German (Low German mercenaries) and the Dutch part of it was of mixed Dutch dialects. Thus just the right conditions for the neutralization of inflections existed in Capetown at the time of its settlement. (268--69)
¾ˤ⡤եꥸ (Frisian) ȥ (Dutch) ȤԻǸܿи̤ȤƤ "Town Frisian" (268) 롥
ȿФˡʣʶޤŪ褯ݤäƤȤơɸ¾˵ƤΤϥɥĸ (High German) Ǥ롥Ǥ O'Neil ϡϥɥĸ⥢ɤۤɤǤϤʤŪ˸ƳΥƤƤ롥
. . . High German has not been so completely isolated as Icelandic. But then neither is its inflectional system as conservative. Yet in fact the area of High German has been generally isolated from other Germanic contact --- the sort of contact that would lend to neutralization, for the general motion of High German has always been away from the Germanic area and onto its periphery among non-Germanic peoples. (277)
ǸˡϿλշǼޤŪʶ٤췲ˤĤƤ O'Neil ŪشطǧƤΤǡŦƤʲϡե (Faroese) ζޤŪħŤƤʬΰѤǤ롥
. . . the Faroese fished and worked among the Icelanders and still do, at the same time being administered, educated, and exploited by continental Scandinavians. Thus for centuries was Faroese exposed to the simplified inflectional systems of continental Scandinavia while in constant contact with the conservative system of Icelandic. Unless this conflict was resolved Faroese could neither move toward Continental Scandinavian, say, nor remain essentially where it began like Icelandic: neither completely neutralize its inflections, nor simplify them trivially. The conflict was not resolved and as a consequence Faroese moved in a middle state inflectionally. (280)
O'Neil, Wayne. "The Evolution of the Germanic Inflectional Systems: A Study in the Causes of Language Change." Orbis 27 (1980): 248--86.
ε[2010-06-08-1]Ǥϡ17Υ˴ŤեꥫȼȯãȤƤ Afrikaans ˤǤ Afrikaans ¤DZѸ졤̱²ɤĶƹ⥳ߥ˥˶Ƥ롥ѸϡȤƤϿ1ۤɤѤ˲ʤȤƤϿȾʬۤɤȤ롥Τ褦 ENL ESL ¸붽̣Ǥ뤳Ȥϡ[2010-04-05-1]εǤꤢ

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絬ϰ̱19ȾФ˹Ԥ줿ΤȤˤϼҲι⤤Ԥ¿Yorkshire Lancashire ʤ̥ɽΰ̱¿ä Natal ˽夭ܹȤϢ³ᡤαѸѼϰҿΤ륤ꥹɸѸ˶ᤤޤޤݤ줿 Natal English ȸƤФ롥ޤϰ˸ꤵ줺ǹʹ General South African English ȸƤФѼȯã
嵭ξϡꥫѼޤ줿丽ߤʬۤ˻Ƥ롥˥ο̱Ԥꥫ Jamestown Ωƥꥫü˥ο̱Ԥꥫ New England ĤȤʤä䥹åȥɤʤɤ饢ꥫŸ̱ԤϡGeneral American ȸƤФϰ迧ꥫѸѼμºݤˤϰ̱ˤϤñǤϤʤѼ٤κϤ¾ѼȤκˤäȯŸƤƤ뤬̱Ȱ̱ѼϢ³ȤǤȥꥫξӤ롥¤ΤȤΤ褦Ϣ³䥢ꥫΤߤʤ餺ȤƤαѸ줬ܿ줿쥤ꥹ̱ϤǤϹ븽ݤǤ롥
ʤߤˡˤϾ˵Ѹ컰ѼΤۤˡä South African Indian English ʹ롥1860ǯʹߡɿͤϫƯϤȤ Natal Ϣ졤äʱѸѼä褦ˤʤäΤǤ롥
ƤѸѼϾʤʤ䡥
Svartvik, Jan and Geoffrey Leech. English: One Tongue, Many Voices. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006. 112--15.
FIFA World Cup γŤ South Africa ǮSouth Africa αѸѤˤĤƤ[2010-04-05-1]εǿ줿ϱѸȤ̴طˤ Afrikaans ˤ롥

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Afrikaans ˤĤƤϥȤδطǡ[2009-09-22-1]εǤ⾯ƤΤǤȡEthnologue Afrikaans ε⻲ȡ
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