hellogѸ˥֥     ChangeLog ǿ     ƥǿ     1 2 3 ڡ / page 1 (3)

german - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2026-02-14 Sat

#6137. űѸ sc θ (3) [metathesis][oe][palatalisation][sound_change][phonetics][consonant][digraph][dutch][german]

űѸ sc ɽ蘆벻ŵŪˤ /ʃ/ Ȥ롥ʳ /sk/ (palatalisation) Ȼ򵯤ΤΤŪǤ롥ñˤäƤϤβѲФ/sk/ ˤȤɤޤäƤΤ⤢СξΤɤ򼨤Τ⤢롥/sk/ ˤȤɤޤäΤϡž (metathesis) ˤ /ks/ 򼨤Τ⤢ꡤñˤäƤʣʰ۷֤򼨤Ȥˤʤ롥ˤĤơʲε濴˵Ƥ

#60. ž ( metathesis ) ([2009-06-27-1])
#1511. űѸ sc θ ([2013-06-16-1])
#5626. űѸ sc θ (2) ([2024-09-21-1])

ϡˤĤ Lass (58--59) θ򿷤˲äƤߤ

   A different sort of palatalization contributes further to the new series: a change of */sk/ > /ʃ/. The mechanics are not clear, but one reasonable suggestion would be something like [sk] > [sc] > [sç], with a later 'compromise' articulation /ʃ/ emerging from the back-to-back alveolar and palatal. Or, the [k] may have weakened first to [x], as in modern Dutch, without palatalizing; in this case we could see at least three of the stages mirrored in modern Germanic, in the verbs meaning 'to write': Swedish skriva /skri:va/ representing the original, Dutch schrijven /sxrɛivə(n)/ a further development, and German schreiben /ʃraebən/ the final stage (cf. English shrive).
   The reason for this palatalization is obscure; it occurs in both front and back environments, and before consonants, so it is not obviously assimilatory like the ones discussed above. The OE spelling <sh> for instance appears to represent /ʃ/ not only in scīnan 'shine' (cf. OIc skína), sc(i)eran 'shear' (OIc skera), but also in scofl 'shovel' (OSw skofl), scanca 'shank' (Dutch skank), scūr 'shower' (Go skūra).
   There is however occasional failure in back environments, as shown by the spelling <x> = /ks/, which is due to metathesis (/sk/ > /ks/), in places where <sc> would be expected. This must have occurred while the cluster was still /sk/. Palatalized and nonpalatalized variants of one lexeme may even occur in the same text: the poem Andreas has for 'fish' (Go fisks) both gen sg fisces and dat pl fixum. Failures of palatalization (or dialectal variants: see below) also lead to doublets in later periods, even including ModE: hence ask (OE āscian, ācsian), now frequently with the nonstandard doublet ax (which was the norm in many pre-modern standard varieties). Another example is tusk (OE tūsc, pl tūscas, tūcas), where the nonpalatalized form has come down in most standard varieties, but there are so many dialects with tush.


žȤŪڵˤꡤäƤʤ֤뤳ȤǤȤΤ⤷۷ (variants) ϡ¿ʸŪˤĤƵŤʻǤ롥

Lass, Roger. Old English: A Historical Linguistic Companion. Cambridge: CUP, 1994.

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2025-08-15 Fri

#5954. ֻҶפ̣űѸ bearn她åȥ bairn ˤĤ --- ykagata Υ֥ [hee][german][dialectology][oe][scottish_english][scots][germanic]


ykagata_blog_heartyfluid_re_baby.png



إᥤȤ ykagata HatenaBlog ŸƤ֥ blog.heartyfluid --- ٶ뤳Ȥɤˤơ֡رѸ츻ϥɥ֥å٤ˤĤƳؤ֥ɥĸפꤹ̥Ūʥ꡼ϤƤ롥ޤǤرѸ츻ϥɥ֥å a/an, baby, cake, dad/daddy, each 夲5ĤεƤꡤA to Z ˤ롥ʱ礷Ƥޤ
811Ƥ줿꡼2֡رѸ츻ϥɥ֥å٤ˤĤƳؤ֥ɥĸ #2 babyꡤñ baby ¾ؤŸͻҤ򤪤⤷ɤǤ;̡ޥĸ *barną ֤פˤĤơפ1ܤαޤä֤פžơֻҶפ̣褦ˤʤäñȤơ*barną ΤΤϡɸɥĸǤϻĤäƤʤȤǤϡष *kiną Ϥ Kind ᤯̲ȤΤȤȤɥġȥꥢΰǤϡ*barną Bua ʾǯˤ Bar/Bärn ʻҡˤѤƤȤ
ѸˤؤǤȡǥԥȤ롥űѸǡֻҶ¹פ̣ѽи̾ bearn ΤȤOED ˤȡθѸǤϼ barn Ȥ¸³ʤθˤϸťΥɸƱ줬ͿƤǽˤɸѸˤϤۤȤɻĤʤäåȥɤǤ bairn ηˤ̤ƻѤ³Ǥ̤ѤƤ롥ɸѸǤ1700ǯ衤ʸظȤ bairn Ȥ˸뤬ϥåȥɸˡμѤȲ᤹Τ褵
ɥĸˤƤѸˤƤ⡤ֻҶפ̣֤򤬡˱ƳƤȤΤ⤷ưʪͷӤθդʤɡҶŪ˹Τ̾ˤФ䤹Ȥ뤬ֻҶפȤ줽ΤΤˤΤ

Referrer (Inside): [2026-01-01-1]

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2025-07-21 Mon

#5929. but ֻ³ˡӳʻۤ [but][preposition][conjunction][case][german][danish][prescriptive_grammar]

ε#5928. ¿ but ([2025-07-20-1]) ³butbut ˤϡ~ơפֻ̣줪³ˡ롥ֻǤи³ΤϾŪʤǤꡤ³ǤС줬ƳǤ˱Ƴʤꤵ롤ȤΤǤ롥ϤޤˤȤɤޤꡤɬ⸽¤λȿǤƤ櫓ǤϤʤ㤨СʸΤʤ׵ᤵƤʤǤ졤no one but meno one but I ⤢롥ϲʤΤ
Jespersen "Preposition and Conjunction" ꤹܤҤ (§6.3) ʲˡεҤκǽʬ1Ѥ롥

   6.31. A good deal of confusion arises from some words being both prepositions and conjunctions. A characteristic example is but; cf NED with examples, especially under the heads C. 3 and 4. It should, however, be noted that the confusion in the use of but is not, as said in NED, a consequence of the want of distinct case-endings in the nouns and the use of the obl. case instead of the nom. in other connexions. In my opinion, on the contrary, the existence of such two-sided words as but, etc, is one of the primary causes of mistakes of me for I or vice versa, and careless uses of the cases generally. Even in such a language as German, where the cases are generally kept neatly apart, we find such combinations as "niemand kommt mir entgegen ausser ein unverschämter" (Lessing); "wo ist ein gott ohne der herr" (Luther); "kein gott ist ohne ich," etc. See Pau, Principien4 372; In Danish similar examples abound (ingen uden jeg, etc).
   If we use in one place the term preposition and in another conjunction in speaking of such words, the real meaning is that in one case the word concerned is definitely felt as part of the (main) sentence (no one but me),


ѸȾˤ褦ˡȺϡѸˤ̤̾ʶˤγʤζ̤Ūʤ褦ˤʤäȤ򤬤롥Jespersen ϤषդιͤƤƤ롥but ֻǤ⤢³Ǥ⤢Ȥ2Ū򼨤椨ˡŪʳʤκƱĹ줿ΤȤΤϤƷܤ褫褫

Jespersen, Otto. A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles. Part 7. Syntax. 1954. London: Routledge, 2007.

Referrer (Inside): [2025-07-30-1]

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2025-03-05 Wed

#5791. "word class" ʸˤ OED ˤ1882ǯ [oed][pos][terminology][linguistics][category][morphology][inflection][word_class][loan_translation][german]

ε#5790. ʻȤϲ --- OED "part of speech" ɤ ([2025-03-04-1]) ʤɤǿƤʻ (pos) ȽŤʤĤĤ⡤äȴˤǤ (word_class) ˤĤ OED Ƥߤ

A category of words of similar form or syntactic characteristics; esp. a part of speech.

1882A root is an abstraction of all word-classes and their differences. (E. Channing, translation of A. F. Pott in translation of B. Delbrück, Introd. Study Language v. 74.
1914Other word classes which are not expressed by formational similarity. (L. Bloomfield, Introduction to Study of Language iv. 109)
1924We have a great many words which can belong to one word-class only: admiration, society, life can only be substantives [etc.]. (O. Jespersen, Philosophy of Grammar iv. 61)
1953The so-called parts of speech (still more inappropriately word-classes) are classes of stem-morpheme. (C. E. Bazell, Linguistic Form vi. 76)
1998All of the general properties shared by whole word classes..are assumed to be within the competence of the grammar rather than of the lexicon. (Euralex '98 Proceedings vol. I. ii. 261)


Ф1882ǯǡŪˤϿ츻ˤϥɥĸ Wortklasse (1817) ΤʤȤμ⤢롥
̣ǤʻƱͤѤ뤳ȤǤΤΡñϤ򤤤褦ˤǤʬǤդʬˤĤƸ뤳ȤǤ뤿ˡŪˤϤͭѤѸǤ롥

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2024-04-28 Sun

#5480. 2022ǯ˸زΥݥʩоȸˡäζ岽ᤰäơפγפޤ [notice][jshl][symposium][historical_linguistics][lexicology][standardisation][emode][japanese][contrastive_language_history][german][french][chinese][latin][greek][renaissance]

1ǯȾۤΤȤˤʤޤ2022ǯ1210˸زˤƥݥʩоȸˡäζ岽ᤰäơפޤΥץ򻲾ȡˡؽؤǤΥϥ֥åɳŤǤƱǯ˽Ǥ줿 ԡ Ϻ δˡظɸಽͤ --- ʩоȸˡפλߡ١罤ۡ2022ǯ J-STAGE ǸޤPDFǼͳ˥ɤǤޤΤǡҤɤߤФȻפޤ󤴤ȤʬƤޤΤǡʲ˥ȥȤȤ˾ϿؤΥ󥯤ĥäƤޤ

ʩоȸ --- äζ岽ᤰäơסʹԡؽء
ֱ1ܸäζ岽ˤ볰ǤμƤĴסϺء
ֱ2θö岽ָŪͻ --- ηȡŬ¸פΥᥫ˥סŹء
ֱ3ֽѸˤü --- оȸŪסδ졤ء
ֱ4֥ɥĸθóȽ --- ¤ȤƤΥǥƥƥ ---סʹԡؽء
ֱ5֥ǥߡե󥻡μˤե󥹸ɸಽȸäζ岽 ---ե󥹸ɸಽؤߡסԡء
ǥå֤ޤȤȵ

ֱ3ôξϿϼ̤Ǥ

Ѹ1500--1700ǯˤϱѹͥ󥹤λޤߡƱͭ ŵؤηݤȼƥ䥮ꥷ줫μѸ줬̤˱ѸήƱζ٥ʥ顼Ǥե󥹸졤ꥢ졤ڥ졤ݥȥʤɤθäμѤäμѸϡ줫ľܱѸäƤΤ⤢С¾졤ŵŪˤϥե󥹸ȤơŪ˱ѸäƤΤ¿ˤϡǤȤ߹碌¤줹뤳Ȥ⤷ФйԤʤ줿ĤޤꡤѸˤäζ岽Ƚϡ͡ʷϩˡ̤ʣŪ˼¸ƤΤǤ롥Τ褦ʽѸθûϡ¤ΤȤĤˤܸθûƤ롥ǤϡѸܸˤĤоȸŪʻĤġäζ岽ˡȵˤĤƵ롥


˿줿ظɸಽͤǽоȸ (contrastive_language_history) ȤץƳޤͤϤΥץˤ뿷ĩȤ򤷤ƤФȻפޤ

standardisation_front_cover_small



ԡ Ϻ δ졦 ԡʩоȸˡäζ岽ᤰäơס˸ء12˸زԡˡ2024ǯ89--182ǡ
ԡ Ϻ δˡظɸಽͤ --- ʩоȸˡפλߡ١罤ۡ2022ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2025-01-01-1]

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2024-04-20 Sat

#5472. Ѹ˱Ѹ̾Ƴ줿ط (3) [onomastics][personal_name][name_project][norman_conquest][sociolinguistics][by-name][german]

#5346. Ѹ˱Ѹ̾Ƴ줿طʡ ([2023-12-16-1]) ȡ#5451. Ѹ˱Ѹ̾Ƴ줿ط (2) ([2024-03-30-1]) ³ˤĤƤ3ơε#5471. Ѹο by-name β͡ ([2024-04-19-1]) ǰѡȤ Fransson "The Rise of Surnames" ꤹǤ夲Ƥ롥űѸ줫Ѹˤ surname ʤ뤤 by-nameˤλѤ̲ƤаޤطʤɤǤǤߤ褦 (20--21)

   In Old English times people generally had only one name, the Christian name, and there were a great many such names. But already during this period the need of a second name began to be felt, and a number of such names have been delivered to us . . . . How common these by-names were, is impossible to decide, as we have not sufficient material for this. What we especially want are rolls or books containing the names of the lower people. It is possible, therefore, that by-names were in fairly common use at the end of the Old English period. In the Charters, however, people usually appear without any second names throughout the period.
   In Domesday Book there are many instances of second names, but most persons still appear with a Christian name only. In the beginning of the Middle English period the development advances rapidly, and in the documents from this time second names become more and more common; in the 13th century one rarely finds a person mentioned only by his Christian name.
   The reason why the need of second names became stronger after the conquest is that Christian names were completely changed. Most of those that existed in Old English died out, and instead the Christian names of the Normans came into common use, but there were not so numerous. Thus there were only about 25 male names that were common: it is true that others existed, but they rarely occurred. Within the same village, therefore, one very often meets with persons who have the same Christian name. Owing to this an extra name was required to distinguish such persons; the next stage was to give other persons, too, a second name.
   The Normans had second names when they came to England, and these were added to those that already existed, thus accelerating the development.


εǿ줿ΤȤ褽ƱŦƤ롥Υޥ塤̾ѸϤΥޥϤ֤äԤμबϼäȤ礭ƶƤ롥¼˼夲ĴˤȡWillelmusRobertus 5ˡJohannes 3ˡRicardusRadulphusAdamPetrus 3ξǤ (Fransson 21fn)
ޤűѸդϻפΤۤ夷Ƥǽ⤯ƱĥΥޥʸäƤơν궯ǤʤΤȤȤ⤢ä
ʤߤˡդȯãϡ󥰥ɤǤϾ嵭̤ѸΤȤäɥĤǤϤäȤä٤ϰˤäƤ14ޤǵäȤä (Fransson 20fn) ƥΥޥ礭ʸ̤򴶤롥

Fransson, G. Middle English Surnames of Occupation 1100--1350, with an Excursus on Toponymical Surnames. Lund Studies in English 3. Lund: Gleerup, 1935.

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2024-03-11 Mon

#5432. ʣ -(r)en ϤȤǶǤϤʤä [exaptation][language_change][plural][morphology][derivation][inflection][indo-european][suffix][rhotacism][sound_change][germanic][german][reanalysis]

Ĺ餯̾ʣˤ򸦵椷ƤȤűѸǸԵ§פʣ -ru -n 줾ĸʳǤäȤΤʤäԤ ċildru "children" ʤɤˤߤ뤬ư̾äȤԤ ēagan "eyes" ʤɤˤߤ뤬̲ΰ̣ôä褦
ˤĤơFertig (38) ޥʣܼάˤ򤨤ʤ鶽̣äƤ롥

There are a couple of cases in Germanic where an originally derivational suffix acquired a new inflectional function after regular phonetic attrition at the ends of words resulted in a situation where the suffix only remained in certain forms in the paradigm. The derivational suffix *-es-/-os- was used in proto-Indo-European to form action nouns . . . . In West Germanic languages, this suffix was regularly lost in some forms of the inflectional paradigm, and where it survived it eventually took on the form -er (s > r is a regular conditioned sound change known as rhotacism). The only relic of this suffix in Modern English can be seen in the doubly-marked plural form children. It played a more important role in noun inflection in Old English, as it still does in modern German, where it functions as the plural ending for a fairly large class of nouns, e.g. Kind--Kinder 'child(ren)'; Rind--Rinder 'cattle'; Mann--Männer 'man--men'; Lamm--Lämmer 'labm(s)', etc. The evolution of this morpheme from a derivational suffix to a plural marker involved a complex interaction of sound change, reanalysis (exaptation) and overt analogical changes (partial paradigm leveling and extension to new lexical items). A similar story can be told about the -en suffix, which survives in modern standard English only in oxen and children, but is one of the most important plural endings in modern German and Dutch and also marks a case distinction (nominative vs. non-nominative) in one class of German nouns. It was originally a derivational suffix with an individualizing function . . . .


child(ren), eye(s), ox(en) ˴ؤϡޤǤ͡˼夲ƤʲΥƥ򻲾ȡ

hellog #946. ̾ʣˤγס ([2011-11-29-1])
hellog #146. child ʣ children ʤ櫓 ([2009-09-20-1])
hellog #145. child children 첻Ĺ ([2009-09-19-1])
hellog #218. ʣ ([2009-12-01-1])
hellog #219. eyes ɽ172ֻ̤ ([2009-12-02-1])
hellog #2284. eye ȯˡ ([2015-07-29-1])

hellog-radio ʢ heldio ȡ #31. ʤ child ʣ children ʤΤǤ

heldio #202. child children 첻Ĺ
heldio #291. ͺ ox ʣ oxen
heldio #396. ʤ I eye ƱȯˤʤΡ

Fertig, David. Analogy and Morphological Change. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2013.

Referrer (Inside): [2025-01-01-1]

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2024-03-09 Sat

#5430. ԰ټ -er ưǤϤʤ̾δΤˤĤ [analogy][reanalysis][agentive_suffix][suffix][morphology][word_formation][dutch][german]

-er ŵŪ԰ټ (agentive_suffix) 1ĤǤ롥̤ưδΤղä뤳Ȥǡб԰ټԤ̾ȤƤȤ館Ƥ롥
ϡ̾δΤˤĤơ~˴ط͡פۤɤ̣԰ټ̾Τä㤨 fisher ʵաˤϡư fish -er ĤΤȻפ뤫⤷ʤ츻Ūˤ̾ fish -er ĤΤʤΤǤ롥
رѸ츻ŵ٤ -er1 ˤȡȤȤ̾ˤΤղä줿ޤѲưˤĤ褦ˤʤꡤ˶ѲưˤĤ褦ˤʤäȤʤŬϰϤưˤȤäȤСޤ˾˵󤲤 fish Τ褦̾ưͤΤϤȤʤꡤʬ (reanalysis) ¥Τȹͤ롥
Fertig (35) μκʬϤȤơޤ -er 夲Ƥ롥

An even more striking example is the English/German/Dutch agentive suffix -er (< proto-Germanic *-ārjo-z). Originally, this suffix could only be attached to nouns to produce new nouns with the meaning 'person having something to do with X' (where X is the meaning of the base noun). This use can still be seen in Modern English words such as hatter and is highly productive with place names, e.g. English New Yorker; Dutch Amsterdammer; German Pariser, etc. In the older languages, we see this original use clearly in examples such as Gothic bôkareis/Old English bócere 'scribe', derived from the noun corresponding to Modern English book. As this example suggests, the construction was used especially to designate professions and occupations, and there was very often also a related denominal verb. In Gothic, for example, we find the basic noun dôm- 'judgment', the derived verb dômjan 'to judge' and the noun dômareis 'judge (i.e. person who judges)'. Nouns like dômareis were then reanalyzed as being derived from the verbs rather than directly from the basic nouns.


ˤĤƤϡhellog Ǥ¿夲Ƥʲεʤɤ򻲾ȡ

#1748. -er or -or ([2014-02-08-1])
#3791. ԰ټ -er, -ster ϥƥͳ褹롩 ([2019-09-13-1])
#5392. Ѹȿ̾ ([2024-01-31-1])

Fertig, David. Analogy and Morphological Change. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2013.

Referrer (Inside): [2025-01-01-1]

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2024-02-16 Fri

#5408. 3;̾ϥޥĸζ̴̤ʤ [indo-european][comparative_linguistics][personal_pronoun][pronoun][person][germanic][german][reconstruction]

Ѹ3;̾ he, she, it, they ʳơϼʤηˤζηϤϸǤʣʤۤŪˤˤƤаޤ롥бűѸμʷ󤲤С줾 , hēo, hit, hīe Ȥʤ뤬ܤǤ⸽Ȥκ礭Ȥʬ (cf. #155. űѸο;̾ζޡ ([2009-09-29-1]))
ޥο;̾ηϤ٤ȡΤȤƤȤϤȤ櫓3;ΤθġγʷˤĤƤϡɬƱθ츻̤櫓ǤϤʤޤƤĸޤ̤餻뤳ȤǤʤĤޤꡤ1Ĥζ̴Ʒ뤳ȤǤʤȤȤˤʤ롥3;̾ϡ12;̾䡤ؼ졤ʤɤȤϻ𤬰ۤʤ롥Lass (139) ϢѤ褦

Proto-Germanic did not inherit a fully coherent pronoun or determiner system; nothing quite like this reconstructs even for Proto-IE. Rather the collections labelled 'pronouns' or 'articles' or 'demonstratives' in the handbooks represent dialect-specific selections out of a mass of inherited forms and systems. There are clear IE first-, second-person pronoun systems: we can easily identify a first-person nom sg root */H1egh-/ (l eg-o, Go ik, OE ic 'I') and a second-person root in */t-/ (L tu, OCS ty, OE þū). There is also an interrogative in */kw-/ (L qu-is, OE hw-ā 'who?') and a deictic in */to-/ (Go to 'def art, masc nom sg', OE þæ-s 'def art m/n gen sg'). There is no reconstructable third-person pronoun, however. The personal pronouns may be heterogeneous even across Germanic: Go is, OE 'he' are not cognate. But overall the main systems are related, at least in outline.


ϲ̣Τ3;̾줬¾ȯǤ뤳Ȥ򼨺ΤƬ˽Ҥ٤褦ˡѸˤǤ˻˸¤äƤƱ礭ƤȤаޤ롥ȤȤϡ֤֡μѤηȤؤˤʸǤȤȤʤΤ

Lass, Roger. Old English: A Historical Linguistic Companion. Cambridge: CUP, 1994.

Referrer (Inside): [2025-01-01-1]

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2023-05-22 Mon

#5138. Ӥȯãȸܿ [comparison][adjective][suffix][superlative][contact][synthesis_to_analysis][latin][french][grammaticalisation][german][dutch][french_influence_on_grammar]

ƻ졦ӵ顦Ǿκˤϡ -er/-est դŪˡ more/most ֤Ūˡ롥줾ֶӡפȡֶӡפȸƤǤˤĤƤϡhellogheldio¾Ǥ͡˾Ҳ𤷤Ƥ#4834. ӵ顦Ǿˡ ([2022-07-22-1]) ˴Ϣ󥯤ޤȤƤΤǻȤ줿
Ѹޥ󥹽ˤǤϡӤӤؤѲƤ²˰̤˴ѻ礫ʬϤء (synthesis_to_analysis) Ĭή˱äȤƸ뤳Ȥ¿ѲϡӹʸΩȤʸˡ (grammaticalisation) 1ȤȤ館롥
Heine and Kuteva ˤܿ˴ؤҲ𤷤Ѹ䤤ĤθˤŪ˶Ӥȯã1װȤơޥ󥹽ȤθܿطƤΤǤϤʤȤѸ줬ե󥹸ƥαƶΤȤ˶ӤȯãȤ⼫ΤϸŤ餢ꡤ嵭ΥǤƤ̤Ǥ롥Heine and Kuteva ϡѸΤߤʤ餺¾θˤƤܿθ̤ȤܿŪװäȤϸ鷺Ȥ "an accelerating factor" (96) ȹͤ뤳ȤϲǽǤȽҤ٤Ƥ롥Ѹޤ4Ĥλ㤬󤲤Ƥ (96)

a. Analytic forms were still rare in Northern English in the fifteenth century, while in Southern English, which was more strongly exposed to French influence, these forms had become current at least a century earlier . . . .
b. In German, the synthetic comparative construction is still well established, e.g. schön 'beautiful', schön-er ('beautiful-COMP') 'more beautiful'. But in the dialect of Luxembourg, which has a history of centuries of intense contact with French, instances of an analytic comparative can be found, e.g. mehr schön ('more beautiful', presumably on the model of French plus beau ('more beautiful') . . . .
c. The Dutch varieties spoken in Flanders, including Algemeen Nederlands, have been massively influenced by French, and this influence has also had the effect that the analytic pattern with the particle meer 'more' is used increasingly on the model of French plus, at the expense of the inherited synthetic construction using the comparative suffix -er . . . .
d. Molisean has a 500-years history of intense contact with the host language Italian, and one of the results of contact was that the speakers of Molisean have given up the conventional Slavic synthetic construction by replicating the analytic Italian construction, using veče on the model of Italian più 'more' as degree marker. Thus, while Standard Croatian uses the synthetic form lyepši 'more beautiful', Molisean has più lip ('more beautiful') instead . . . .


Τ褦ʥǤϡȯãȯãϡܿˤäɬ ("propel") 줿ȤϸʤΤΡ® ("accelerate") ȤϸΤǤϤʤȤΤ Heine and Kuteva θǤ롥

Heine, Bernd and Tania Kuteva. "Contact and Grammaticalization." Chapter 4 of The Handbook of Language Contact. Ed. Raymond Hickey. 2010. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2013. 86--107.

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2023-04-01 Sat

#5087. ֱѸ˥ with ޤˤ in Voicy heldio ȥδϢ [masanyan][helquiz][link][silent_letter][etymological_respelling][kenning][oe][metonymy][metaphor][gender][german][capitalisation][punctuation][trademark][alliteration][sound_symbolism][goshosan][voicy][heldio]

ǯ٤λϤޤǤؤӤΰߤʨΩĤλޤޤѸˤγؤӤϤƤФȻפޤhelפϤƤޤ
¤ϤǤ˿ǯ٤ΡhelפϻϤޤäƤޤȺȤǯ٤ޤǤϤޤVoicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)פˤơֱѸ˥ (helquiz) ͻҤۿǤԤ khelfʷѸ˥ե˲Ĺޤˤ (masanyan)ƲԤϥꥹʡɽʡˤ޽; goshosanˤȻǤ磻磻䥬䤫ˤäƤޤ

#669. Ѹ˥ with ޤˤ
#670. Ѹ˥ with ޤˤ³ԡˡ



ºݡƤߤʬ̤ꡤȿ򤿤󤤤Ƥޤİˤϡ˳ڤǤƤ褦ǤбԤΤͤˤ⥳Ȥ˻路ƤƤꡤ쳰Ǥ⤪٤꤬³ƤǤʤդ˱Ѹˤڤؤ٤뵡ϤޤʤȻפޤΤǡ hellog ɼԤγˤİƻäФȻפޤ
ʲꤵ줿˴Ϣ򰷤ä hellog ؤΥ󥯤ĥäƤޤϤơҿؤӤء

Ρۻ (silent_letter) ȸ츻Ūֻ (etymological_respelling)

#116. 츻֤֤ --- etymological respelling ([2009-08-21-1])
#192. etymological respelling (2) ([2009-11-05-1])
#1187. etymological respelling ζ ([2012-07-27-1])
#580. island --- ʤֻȯ ([2010-11-28-1])
#1290. ۻۻ⤿餷üΰ ([2012-11-07-1])

ΡűѸΥ˥ (kenning)

#472. kenning ([2010-08-12-1])
#2677. Beowulf ˤߤֲפɽ魯 ([2016-08-25-1])
#2678. Beowulf kenning ɲá ([2016-08-26-1])
#1148. űѸ˭ʸϡ ([2012-06-18-1])
#3818. űѸˤּʣס ([2019-10-10-1])

Ρʸˡ (grammatical gender)

#4039. ˤȤϥեǤ ([2020-05-18-1])
#3647. ̾ she ϸűѸˤäʸˡ̾ĤǤ ([2019-04-22-1])
#4182. ָפΥơޤι ([2020-10-08-1])

Ρʸ (capitalisation)

#583. ɥĸ켰̾ƬʸѤϱѸˤ⤢ä ([2010-12-01-1])
#1844. ɥĸ켰̾ƬʸѤϱѸˤ⤢ä (2) ([2014-05-15-1])
#1310. ѸʸѤδ ([2012-11-27-1])
#2540. ФʸỌ̇̄ʸ ([2016-04-10-1])

[Ƭ (alliteration)]

#943. Ƭˤ ([2011-11-26-1])
#953. ƬƧ2।ǥ ([2011-12-06-1])
#970. Money makes the mare to go. ([2011-12-23-1])
#2676. űѻƬ ([2016-08-24-1])

Referrer (Inside): [2024-11-21-1] [2024-03-04-1]

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2022-12-15 Thu

#4980. δñѸ in English٤Ϣ22֤ʤ衼åѤοͤϱѸ줬ʤΡ [notice][sobokunagimon][rensai][indo-european][comparative_linguistics][reconstruction][germanic][italic][french][latin][german][dutch][spanish][italian][heldio]

δñѸ in English٤1椬ȯ䤵ޤϢܡˤ򤭡ѸΥܥʵפ22Ȥơ֤ʤ衼åѤοͤϱѸ줬ʤΡפƤޤ

δñѸ in English2023ǯ1



Ѥʵϡ绨Ĥǥʥ䤤˶⤷ޤ󡥥衼åѿͤߤʱѸ줬ʤ櫓ǤϤޤ󤷡䥢եꥫޤ᤿γϤ˱Ѹ줬ʿͤϤ󤤤ޤΤȤϾΤξǡεʤ٤¿ϤȤפ顤ƤΤ褦ɽǤǤ
˱ѸؽᤤʳǤҤȤΤäƤ餤פʤȤޤϡѸȥ衼åѤμ׸ȤδطǤؤʤɤ˿ʳؤƱѸʳθؤ֤ȤˤʤäȤ뤤ȳؤ¾ĩǤߤ褦ȻפΩäȤ⤷衼åѤνǰƬˤƤΤǤСұѸ졤ɥĸ졤졤ե󥹸졤ڥ졤ꥢʤɤߴطˤĤƸءŪʴ򤷤ƤƤؽ򤹤ǡȤƤμǤ
ضǤŪդäƤޤΤʤˤϡѸˤμȤʤɤDZѸȥ衼åѤνȤδطΤȡ2ȤơǤϤʤե󥹸졿ɥĸ򤷤ƤФ褫äʤɤȸˤޤ⤦1ǯ2ǯ᤯֤δطΤäƤ颤ǤΤˡȸƤ褦ʤΤǤ
γϡѸʳθؤֲǽΤǤСѸ¾θȤδطˤĤΤäƤۤǤŪ˳ؽǤ뤳Ȥˤʤ뤫ǤǽŪˤɤθ֤ˤ衤¿ξäƤ˱ۤȤϤޤ
Ѹ衼åѤμ׸ϡ⥤ɥ衼åѸ²ȸƤФ²ΰǤޤˤи줬ߤ˻ƤΤǤѸӤƤɤǤɤΤ餤ƤΤ뤤ϻƤʤΤϡ줴Ȥ˰ۤʤޤ
ɥĸȥϡѸȤȤ˥ɥ衼åѸ²ΤʤǤ⥲ޥɤȤȶ°ƤꡤʸˡȯˤƸߤ˻ƤȤޤºݤ˥ɥĸ䥪˿ƤߤȡѸƱȶ°ƤˤϡۤɻƤʤȤݤ뤫⤷ޤ󡥻Ƥ뤱ɤƤʤƤʤɤƤ롤Ȥä̯ʵΥǤ
ե󥹸졤ڥ졤ꥢʤɤϡĹ餯衼åѤζ̸äƥȤȤ˥ɥ衼åѸ²ΤʤǤ⥤åɤȤȶ°ƤޤѸȤ礭ۤʤȶʤΤǤѸˤ̤ƥե󥹸ƥ줫¿ñڤƤаޤ뤿ᡤä˴ؤƤϼ¤϶̤ƤΤ¿ΤǤäơθؤǤߤȡɽŪˤϱѸȤ褯ƤȤݤޤ
Ѹϡޥɤ˥롼ĤĤɤ⥤åɤαƶ礭ʤȯŸƤʤΤǤñ㲽ƤСѸϥ衼åѤΤĤθ򺮤碌褦ʺȤäƤ褤Ǥ礦󤬱Ѹμ˳ؤָ򤹤ݤˤϡҤΤȤ򻲹ͤˤƤߤƤ
ȴϢ Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)ȤƤ#486. Ѹ¾μפʥ衼åѸȤδطʩȸǤҤİ


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2022-09-15 Thu

#4889. ظɸಽͤ٤ԼԤ֤Ҳʸ3ơʹԻ [gengo_no_hyojunka][contrastive_language_history][notice][german][standardisation]

2֤ε ([2022-09-13-1], [2022-09-14-1]) ³ᴩظɸಽͤ --- ʩоȸˡפλߡ١罤ۡ2022ǯˤĤԼԼ餬Ҳ𤹤Ȥ3ơʺǽˤǤ
ɥĸˤιԻˤܽҲʸǤѸ˴ƤޤȵŤʤʤäƤޤޤѸϤʤʤѤʡ׸ǤȤǤܿͤεĤ򤤤˷Ǻפޤ

standardisation_front_cover_small





֥ɥĸˤ鸫ƱѸˤԻ׵Ĥ˻פ뤳ȡ

ġ


Ϥ줾ͭʹ¤򤷤ƤơAüԤ鸫ǤդθBϾˡѤʡ׸˸ƤޤѸüԤ鸫ơƱޥϤθǤɥĸ줬ɤѤ˸ΤˤĤƤϡޡȥ1835~1910ǯˤˤŵŪʸΩƤޤȥϡɥġե󥹡ꥢιȤθ˴Ť Tramp Abroad1880ǯܸإ衼åϲٺή 1999ǯˤ񤭤ޤΤҤȤĤȤ The Awful German Language ʡֶɥĸסˤȤåĤƤޤȥϡɥĸΤɤֶפȸäƤΤǤ礦̾뤳ȡʡڡפ֤ĤܤߡפϽաפʤΤϤɤơˡ̾ȷƻθѲʣǤ뤳ȡparenthesis ֳסǤʸκǸ֤뤿ˡŪʸΤȤǰϤޤ褦ˤʤ뤳ȡߤΥɥĸʸˡǤȹ¤פΤȡˤΤ˸礬Ѹ礭ۤʤ뤳ȡ UnabhängigkeitserklärungΩ Τ褦Ĺʣ줬θʤ뤳ȤȥθɥĸΤΤ褦Ǥ
Ѹˤ餹ȡ̾̾졦ƻθѲˤĤƤϡѸ줬֤ηвΤʤǤС̵̤ʬפ򤽤ȤƤä̡Υޥ˶ᤤɥĸλѤѤ˸櫓Ǥֳ׸ˤĤƤϡI think that his father will come to Japan next year.ȤäѸüԤˤȤäơƱʸɥĸǤϡI think that my father next year to Japan come will. (Ich denke, dass sein Vater nächstes Jahr nach Japan kommen wird.)Ȥ¤ˤʤäƤޤΤϡȿž򸫤Ƥ褦 ȤΤⶦǤޤϡɥĸȼŸȹ¤ȤŪʸˡ§졤ǽŪ17˳ꤷΤǤ
Τ褦ʸˡ˴ؤʬȤϰۤʤꡤä˴ؤ̤ˤĤƤϿͰŪ;ϤꤨޤUnabhängigkeitserklärung ΩפȤʣ줬ĹΤϡUnabhängigkeits-erklärung Τ褦˥ϥե줿ꡤUnabhängigkeits Erklärung Τ褦ʬ֤äꤹвĻޤΤˤϤʤǤΥɥĸνˡνʵ§ˤʣĹͳǤϤޤ󡥤⤽ɥĸüԤĹǯˤ錄äơǰɽȤ˥ƥե󥹸ʤɤѤ뤳Ȥʤɥĸ¤Ϥ򿮤ΡʥޥϤΡ˥ɥĸǸڤȤƤȤߤη̤ʣĹǤΤǤΩפȤǰϡѸǤ declaration of independence Τ褦ˡ˥ƥ줫Ѥ줿ѤʬŪ˸ɽޤФơɥĸ Unabhängigkeitserklärung Ϥιʬ٤ƥɥĸʥޥϤθˤΩäƤޤUnabhängigkeitserklärung ϡunʱ unˡƬ+ abʱ offˡֲء+ hängʱ hangˡֿ+ igʱ yˡɽƻ+ keitʱ hoodˡ̾+ sʱ sˡָĤʤܹ缭Ͻͭɽˡ+ er ֳ¤̣ưƬ+ klärʱ clear+ ungʱ ingˡ̾פäƤޤΩפֿ첼褦ǤϤʤȡפΤ褦ˡפֹΤˤ뤳ȡפΤ褦ŪɽƤޤϤ礦ܤΤĤƥ޻ԤΤޤȤȤвơʡʶҶ¡ظ켭ŵ Hanasikotoba o hiku Zibikiٿ̽ǡ1951ǯˤ˽ȡΩפϡ֤ҤȤơפΤ褦ŪĹʤΤʿŪȸȤǤǤ礦
˽Ҥ٤褦ˤ÷¤ˤȤռŪʼȤߤΩäƤɥĸˤ鸫ȡʤѸǤˤ÷ΤѤ˵ˤʤäƤޤΥޥ󡦥󥱥ȡ1066ǯˤΤȥե󥹸äδʬ˿äƤȤǡޥϸȤƤαѸΤмռޤäȤ礭ʱѸ˾θǤȿ¬ޤäȤθαѸˤŸˤƤͳäƸߤΤ褦ʸäι¤ˤʤäƤΤȻפޤ礦1210ڡˤ˸زǡʩ5ˤĤơָäζ岽פᤰäƸˤоȤ륷ݥ򳫺ŤޤΤȤˤΤΤä򡤤餬ǤФȻפäƤޤ




Mark Twain ΡֱѸ줫ߤɥĸѤʤȤסĻΡ֥ɥĸ줫ߤѸѤʤȤס줾줪ߤͤΤ褦ʤȤäơ⤷Ǥܸ͡줫ߤѤʤȤפǤС̵˻ŦǤǤդۤʤΤѤ˷ޤäƤȤ¦̤Ϥ󤢤ޤդΤɤäƤˤ줾ۤʤäƤ餳;פѤʤΤȤ¦̤⤪ˤȻפޤѤǤͳõȤΤ⡤оȸˤΤ⤷ȲǽǤϤʤǤ礦
Ǹʬǻ̾ڤƤޤ1210ڡ˸Լ3̾ޤʩ5ˤ5̾ޤꡤ˸زˤƥݥʩоȸˡäζ岽ᤰäơפ򳫺Ťޤʳؽؤǥϥ֥åɳͽꡥǤˡ
ݥǤϡܽǰäɸಽȴϢĤĤ⡤ΩƵǤơޤȤơָäζ岽פФƤޤǹĻ᤬ŦƤȸθäΡֹԤפΰ㤤ˤĤƤ⡤뤳ȤˤʤꤽǤˤĤơ伫Ȥ⤸äͤƤߤ褦Ȼפޤ

ʾ塤3֤ˤ錄ԼԤˤظɸಽͤ٤ξҲʸǺܤƤޤܽ˼äƤйǤ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2022-06-08 Wed

#4790. there they Ѹ it ˡ [personal_pronoun][expletive][syntax][agreement][me][french][german][existential_sentence]

ѸɤǤȡit ˡѸ⹭ƸǤȤ롥㤨 there is ʸΤ褦¸ʸ (existential_sentence) ˤ there it Ѥ뤳Ȥcf. ե󥹸 il y a, ɥĸ es gibtˡMustanoja (132) ʸ򼨤ư줬 it ǤϤʤ̣μ˰פƤ뤳Ȥա

In many instances it occurs in a pleonastic function carried out by there in Pres. E: --- of hise mouth it stod a stem, Als it were a sunnebem (Havelok 591); --- of þe erth it groues tres and gress (Cursor 545, Cotton MS); --- it es na land þat man kan neven ... þat he ne sal do þam to be soght (Cursor 22169, Cotton MS); --- bot it were a fre wymmon þat muche of love had fonde (Harley Lyr. xxxii 3); --- hit arn aboute on þis bench bot berdles chylder (Gaw. & GK 280); --- bot hit ar ladyes innoȝe (Gaw. & GK 1251).


Ϣơ#1565. existential there ε (1) ([2013-08-09-1])#1566. existential there ε (2) ([2013-08-10-1])#4473. ¸ʸˤμỌ̇̄μ ([2021-07-26-1]) 򻲾ȡ
⤦1Ĥϡ¾ theyit ˡ Mustanoja (132--33) 򼨤

Another aspect in the ME use of the formal it is seen in the following cases where it is virtually equivalent to 'they:' --- holi men hit were beiene (Lawman B 14811; cf. hali men heo weoren bæien, A); --- it ben aires of hevene alle þat ben crounede (PPl. C vi 59); --- thoo atte last aspyed y That pursevantes and heraudes ... Hyt weren alle (Ch. HF 1323). --- to þe gentyl Lomb hit arn anioynt (Pearl 895); --- hit arn fettled in on forme, þe forme and þe laste ... And als ... hit arn of on kynde (Patience 38--40); --- þei ... cownseld hyr to folwyn hyr mevynggys and hyr steringgys and trustly belevyn it weren of þe Holy Gost and of noon evyl spyryt (MKempe 3). This use goes back to OE. Cf. also German es sind ... and French ce sont ...


ե󥹸ɥĸʸʤɶ̣Ѹιʸϡե󥹸줫θܿȤǽϤ뤬षŪ˴ŤΤǤϤʤˤǤ롥ɤ

Mustanoja, T. F. A Middle English Syntax. Helsinki: Société Néophilologique, 1960.

Referrer (Inside): [2022-12-30-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2021-06-30 Wed

#4447. ѸˤǤޤΩʤɥĸ [german][germanic][borrowing][loan_word]

Ѹˤˤƹϥɥĸ (german) о줹뵡˾ʤϡ̣Ǥ϶ä٤Ȥ⤷ʤѸɥĸƱޥɤ°Ūˤ⥤ꥹȥɥĤϤۤɳ֤äƤ櫓ǤʤΤ顤äŪʸήäȤ⤪ʤΤǤϤʤȤǤ롥
ѸˤˤƥɥĸȤܿȤʤäƤΤϡäƤΤȤǤ롥Ѹȥɥĸδ֤ˤϡΤ˥ޥɤ֤ȤƤΡַطפ졤ֱƶطפäȤäƤ褤ʷȱƶζ̤ German Germanic ζ̤νˤĤƤϡ#369. ˤƶ ([2010-05-01-1])#4380. ѸΥ롼ĤϥƥǤɥĸǤʤ ([2021-04-24-1])#4411. German Germanic ΰ㤤 --- 䤳̾ ([2021-05-25-1]) 򻲾ȡ
嵭λǡܥ֥Ǥɥĸ¸ߴ#2164. ѸˤǤޤΩʤɥĸ줫μѡ ([2015-03-31-1])#2621. ɥĸαѸؤܳŪ׸19 ([2016-06-30-1])#150. ꥫѸؤΥɥĸι׸ ([2009-09-24-1]) ʤɤǼ夲Ƥ٤Ǥ롥
ϢѤƤ Hendriks ʸΥȥ "English in Contact: German and Dutch" ǤꡤGerman Dutch ΩäƤ櫓High German ΰϡ1/3ڡˤʤ1Τߡʲˤ٤ƤѤƤޤ٤ʬ̤Ǥ롥ʤHendriks (1660) κǽƤ̤ꡤ1117ޤǤθܿǤꡤ18ʹߤζḽˤϹθ鳰Ƥ뤳ȤդɬפǤ롥

4.3 Influence from High German
The 16th century is frequently noted as the starting point for lexical influence from High German (Serjeantson 1961: 179; Viereck 1993: 70; Nielsen 2005: 182). During this period, German miners were brought to England to develop the mineral resources industry; it has been suggested (Luu 2005: 31) that the necessary contacts required to recruit southern German miners were established in the late 15th/early 16th century in the commercial center of Antwerp. Some of the words having entered the language as a result of this connection are zinc, cobalt, shale, and quartz. Regarding German influence on English dialects, Wakelin (1977: 23) states: "There has been contact with Germany since the Middle Ages, but from the dialectal point of view it is not until the seventeenth century that there is much to note". Again, this is a reference to mineralogy. A detailed, OED-based study of High German lexical influence on English is Carr (1934). Briefly noting loans prior to 1600, the study focuses primarily on cultural loans in English from the 17th-19th centuries. The words identified are frequently technical scientific terms or are from other domains of influence such as religion, the military, philosophy and music.


16˥ɥĤιפۻѤ٤󥰥ɤˤäƤȤȡޤΤξȾεȥפˤǤƤȤȤϽΤä
ˤѸˤˤƤϡ塤¼ŪˤϸԤʤСɥĸϤޤȤ˸ƤʤȤäƤ褵

Hendriks, Jennifer. "English in Contact: German and Dutch." Chapter 105 of English Historical Linguistics: An International Handbook. 2 vols. Ed. Alexander Bergs and Laurel J. Brinton. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2012. 1659--70.

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2021-05-25 Tue

#4411. German Germanic ΰ㤤 --- 䤳̾ [onomastics][khelf_hel_intro_2021][sobokunagimon][german][germanic][comparative_linguistics][terminology][language_myth]

ѸˤϤ䤳̱²̱̾̾̾¿ޤ̱²̱⤿ƤʣʸͭˤäƤƤΤǡɽ魯䤳ʤäƤޤΤפΤʤȤ⤷ޤ󡥤ɸ2ϤˤƤ򾷤䤹ǤϺDZ˰֤ŤڥȤäƤ褤Ǥ礦#4380. ѸΥ롼ĤϥƥǤɥĸǤʤ ([2021-04-24-1]) ǿ줿褦ʸޤΤ̵̤ȤǤ
θƾΤȤƤ German ϡ֥ɥĸפؤޤGermanic ӸŪ˺Ʒ줿֥ޥġ˸ (= Proto-Germanic) ؤޤƻȤƤϡԤϡ֥ޥġ˸Ρפ뤤ϡΥޥġ˸줫췲θؤơ֥ޥɤΡפۤɤ̣ޤ
ֱѸƳ2021꺣Ҳ𤹤륳ƥĤϡޤˤ2Τ䤳˾ƤˤA Succinct Account of German and GermanicǤѸˤ벻ƥĤȤʤäƤޤ
¼ŵˤ German ϡ֥ɥĿ͡ɥĸ졨ɥĤΡפۤɡGermanic ϡ֥ޥġ˸졨ޥϤΡɥŪʡפۤɤȤʤޤǤˤλʬˤǤ͡ؽѱѱѼŵ OALD8 ˤȡơ褽̤Ǥ

German
   adjective:
      from or connected with Germany
   noun:
      1 [countable] a person from Germany
      2 [uncountable] the language of Germany, Austria and parts of Switzerland

Germanic
   adjective:
      1 connected with or considered typical of Germany or its people
      2 connected with the language family that includes German, English, Dutch and Swedish among others


ƻȤƤϡ"connected with Germany" ̹ȤʤäƤޤϤʬä褦ʬʤ褦ʶ̤Ǥ
ξζ̤򤹤ǻͤˤʤΤϳƸνǯǤGerman νФϡ̾ȤƤ1387ǯƻȤƤ1536ǯǡŤȤޤGermanic ϤޤƻȤ1539ǯ˽Ф֥ޥġ˸פ̣̾ȤƤϤ٤1718ǯΤȤǤĤޤ֥ޥġ˸פθϡѸȤƤθդθʬޤ
դǤФȯζߤ褫Ƹ򾷤ʤ̤ѸǤ餤äȤǤ䡤¤ΤȤӸؤǤϡ֥ޥĸפؤΤ Teutonic (cf. Ѹ Dutch, ɥĸ Deutsch) Ȥ̤ѸѤ봷ŤϤäΤǤˡʶ路 Germanic ɤΤȤ夷ƤޤäȤȸ虜ޤ
Ϣơ#3744. German λؼоݤŪѲȸ츻 ([2019-07-28-1]) ȡ#864. Ʒ줿̾ ([2011-09-08-1]) ⤴ɤ

ʸ嵭2021/05/26(Wed)Ҳ𤷤ƥĤʸǤ'German' 'Germanic' ˤĤƤγнȤƸɽޤΤǡ⤷Ƥޤ

Referrer (Inside): [2021-06-30-1]

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2021-04-24 Sat

#4380. ѸΥ롼ĤϥƥǤɥĸǤʤ [indo-european][language_family][language_myth][latin][german][germanic][comparative_linguistics][khelf_hel_intro_2021]

ǯٽΥ٥ȤȤΩ夲ֱѸƳ2021ǤϡѸˤ˴ؤ륳ƥĤåפƤ롥ϱˤֱѸ --- English --- Ȥϡɽ줿ѸΥ롼ĤĸˤΤܤ뤳ȤҲ𤹤롤ޤ˱ѸƳƥĤǤ롥
ܥ֥ˬƤɼԤ¿ˤȤäƤΤȤȻפ뤬Ѹϥޥɤ°1Ǥ롥̤ˤϱѸ줬ƥʥåɤ1ˤޤ줿Ȥä̢䤷ƤΤ¤Ǥ롥ƥ϶ʹߤäषƤȤϤѸȤȴ̾٤ؤäƤꡤƱΤθȤƱѸȴϢˤʤȻפƤ뤫
Ѹˤ򤫤ȡѸˤϥƥ줫μѸ줬䤿¿ȤȤʹΤǡξθäˤ϶̤ΤΤ¿ʤ̤Υ롼ĤĤΤȤ¤ϤޤäŪǤʤ뤳Ȥˤʤ䤹
ѸϥޥϤθǤȤȤʹȤȡ⤦1̤θ䤹Ѹϥɥĸ줫ޤ줿ȤѸǥɥĸɽ魯 German ȥޥɽ魯 Germanic ƱǤ뤳Ȥ⡤θ֤򤫤롥
ܥ֥ɼԤ¿ˤȤäơ嵭Τ褦ʸ̢䤷Ƥ뤳ȤϿʤȤˤʤǤϡΤ褦ʸƤͤ򸫤Ĥ顤ɤΤ褦ˤθ򤤤ƤФ褤ΤñʤΤϡ嵭ƥǤ⼨Ƥ줿褦˰ޤ󼨤뤳Ȥ
λ礫顤Τ褦ʷޤïκ˴ŤƺäΤʤΤȵռ䤵줿顤ɤФ褤ϼ¤ΤȤؽŪʤΤǤ롥19ӸؼԤƷ (reconstruction) ȤʤʤƺäΤȲ뤳ȤϤǤƷȤϤɤˤ뤫ȤοʵȤʤȡ⤦̤θԤμˤ館ʤγؽѾοǰ˶ᤤΤǤ⤢뤫ǤʤСֱѸΥ롼ĤϡǤʤƢפȤĥΤΤ⡤¸ΩפȤȤˤʤʤͤͤȡä䤤ʤΤ
ֱѸƳ2021ΥڡȤΤˡ񤷤ä򤷤Ƥޤäष˶̣ͯȤϡʲεʤɤɤ

#369. ˤȱƶ ([2010-05-01-1])
#371. ȱƶɬ̤Ǥʤ ([2010-05-03-1])
#862. Ʒϼºߤݤ (1) ([2011-09-06-1])
#863. Ʒϼºߤݤ (2) ([2011-09-07-1])
#2308. Ʒϼºߤݤ (3) ([2015-08-22-1])
#864. Ʒ줿̾ ([2011-09-08-1])
#2120. ƷϵǤ ([2015-02-15-1])
#3146. ˤְŪطפȤϲ (1) ([2017-12-07-1])
#3147. ˤְŪطפȤϲ (2) ([2017-12-08-1])
#3148. ˤְŪطפδñ̤ϸΤ狼 ([2017-12-09-1])
#3149. ʤŪʬहΤ ([2017-12-10-1])
#3020. οҤȤƤӸ (1) ([2017-08-03-1])
#3021. οҤȤƤӸ (2) ([2017-08-04-1])

Referrer (Inside): [2021-06-30-1] [2021-05-25-1]

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2021-02-04 Thu

#4301. ƽ¢ӡ lager [german][suffix][agentive_suffix][etymology]

ε#4300. åݥ LAGAR ȯ䤵ޤ ([2021-02-03-1]) ˤlagar ʤ̡lager ˤĤơ饬ʥӡˤϡ¤ˤƤǮݤ¢󥯤ǽӡؤǤϤʤֿץӡȤΤݥȤǤ롥
/ɡ/ ȯ鼨ȤꡤθαñǤϤʤɥĸ Lager(bier) μѸǤ롥OED ˤȡѸǤνФϡʣ lager beer ȤƤ1853ǯñΤ lager ȤƤ1855ǯȤʤäƤ롥
ɥĸ Lager ϡ¢פ̣롥ȸ츻Ū˴ϢΤϡѸǤ lair ʤͤ顤ˤǤ롥űѸǤ leġer ʿꡤ٥åɡˤη֤ʸڤ롥
Ǥ˵Ť⤷ʤθ캬ΰ̣ϡֿ롤ˤʤפǤ롥ѸǤ lie ʲˤ롥lie -- lay -- lain ȾƳФ¿롤μư lie Ǥ롥ʤߤˡб¾ưγѤ lay -- laid -- laid äcf. #3682. ư lie ¾ư lay Ʊ (1) ([2019-05-27-1])#3683. ư lie ¾ư lay Ʊ (2) ([2019-05-28-1]
Ȥ櫓ǡ츻Ūˤ lager beer Ϥޤˡ֤ͤǿƤӡפȤȤˤʤ롥
ĤǤˡư lie ˤϡֲפ¤ǡƱʤ̸츻ΡֱĤפ⤢롥԰ټĤȡԤ lier ʲ͡ˤǡԤ liar ʱĤˤȤʤΤlager *lagar δط˻ƤƤ⤷åݥ LAGAR ϡֱФפΥ饬ӡ롩

Referrer (Inside): [2021-02-06-1]

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2020-02-15 Sat

#3946. űѸƬ ge- βŪĤ [prefix][sound_change][etymology][german]

űѸθäˤϡge- ȤƬ䤿ղäƤ롥͡ʻˤޤä ge- ǻϤޤñ줬ޤ¿ΤǡŵŪʸűѸ켭ǤϤΤ褦ʸ g ιܤˤ֤줺ge- ³촴ʬƬʸʸˤä֤ۤɤɥĸ ge- /ɡe/ 륲ޥϤθŤƬűѸǤ /ɡe/ ǤϤʤ𲻲 /je/ Ȥȯ줿νűѸ칻ܤǤϡ𲻤 <g> 뤿Ǥä ġe- ɽ뤳Ȥ¿
ƬϡűѸޤǤˤǤ𲻲Ƥ餤顤θ岽ΰӤé뱿̿ǤꡤѸˤ /je/ /i/ ٤˼岽θȤʤȹϰϤǾüѸˤϡƬȤ狼ǻĤäƤϻ¾峧̵äȤäƤ褤
ĤƤ ge- κפŪĤäƤñ⡤¤ϤۤȻĤäƤ롥Ȥ enough θƬ <e> Ǥ롥űѸ genoh 夺֤ʤ⡤ޤӤƤǤ롥
ۤ afford, alike, aware ʤɤθƬ a- ⡤űѸƬ ge- ̤롥ơθűѸ geforþian, gelīc, gewær Ǥ롥
ޤŸȤäƤ褤 yclept ?ȸƤФ롤?Ȥ̾ΡˤȤθƬ <y> ⤢롥ϡűѸǡָƤ֡פ̣ clipian/cleopian Ȥưβʬͳ褹ex. a giant yclept Barbarossa ֤ҤȸƤФ͡ˡˡƱʬȤƤϡϤŸ yclad (= clothed) ⤢롥ϸűѸưβʬ˰Ūղä줿Ƭ ge- Ĥä¤ʤȤäƤ褤
θűѸƬˤĤƤϡ#150. ꥫѸؤΥɥĸι׸ ([2009-09-24-1])#1253. ťΥɸαƶܡ ([2012-10-01-1])#1710. of yore ([2014-01-01-1])#3432. ꥹIJεȤ⤤٤󥰥 witenagemot ([2018-09-19-1]) γƵǤ⿨ƤΤǰɤ

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2020-01-03 Fri

#3903. ޥ̾ atheling, edelweiss, Heidi, Alice [anglo-saxon][oe][onomastics][personal_name][etymology][german][patronymy]

ε#3902. 㥢󥰥̾ Edward, Edgar, Edmond, Edwin ([2020-01-02-1]) ˰³̾ꡥʲȤ (13) ꡥ
ɸñ̾Ϥ츻ǤȤơֹ⵮ʡפ̣ WGmc *aþilja ˤΤܤ롥θűѸȿǷ æþel(e) ʹ⵮ʡˤϽפʸǤꡤ (patronymy) -ing դ æþeling ϡߤǤ atheling ʲҡ²ˤȤƻĤäƤ롥
æþel ϡ󥰥īν̾ˤ¿ǧ롥#2547. 奤󥰥ɷǯΰ ([2016-04-17-1]) ͤǤ⡤Ethelwulf, Ethelbald, Ethelbert, Ethelred, Athelstan ʤɤ̾󤬤롥εǤҤ٤褦ˡΥޥ塤̾ϿषƤǤϸƤʤ
Ȥǡɥĸǡֹ⵮ʡפб edel Ǥꡤֵ²פ Adel Ǥ롥edelweiss ʥǥ磻ˤϡֹ⵮ʤפ̣륢ץοʪƻ̾첽Ĥ֤ Adelheid ǤꡤŹϥɥĸ Adalheidis ˤΤܤ롥Ͻ̾Ȥʤꡤξά줿η Heidi Ȥʤ롥˥̾إץξϥ٤ǡΥåƥޥ䡼ϡϥΤȤά˥ǥϥɤȸƤǤ롥ʤȥꥢ South Australia ν Adelaide ϡΥɥĸ̾ե󥹸ͳDZѸ˼ޤ줿ΤǤ롥
Adalheidis ϡե󥹸˼ޤ˵ڤӡû̡ѷС⸽줿Alaliz A(a)liz Ǥ롥줬Ѹ˼Ѥ Alyse 䡤ḽ Alice Ȥʤä⤦1Ĥν̾ Alison ϡե󥹸 Alice ˻ؾդ줿ΤǤ롥
ֲҡס֥ǥ磻ס֥ϥס֥ꥹפطԤäȤΤϡʤʤ⤷

رѸθ츻ŵ١罤۽Ź1990ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2023-08-17-1] [2021-05-12-1]

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