#6218. 饹ꥹåȥɻˤܡ ([2026-05-06-1]) ˤƥåȥɻˤƳؽǤ롥åĸγ̻ˤˤƤ礫ʤȤơ她åȥɡʽ˲Ȥǯ褦Ÿ Encyclopaedia Britannica Ǥ롥
Malcolm II βˤĤƤǯޤԳΤʤȤ¿Ūʰ˴ŤƤ뤳Ȥդ줿
| 843--858 | Kenneth I MacAlpin | |
| 858--862 | Donald I | |
| 862--877 | Constantine I | |
| 877--878 | Aed (Aodh) | |
| 878--889 | Eochaid (Eocha) and Giric (Ciric) | * Eochaid ̤ǯǡGiric 師ͤäǽ |
| 889--900 | Donald II | |
| 900--943 | Constantine II | |
| 943--954 | Malcolm I | |
| 954--962 | Indulf | |
| 962--966 | Dub | |
| 966--971 | Culen | |
| 971--995 | Kenneth II | |
| 995--997 | Constantine III | |
| 997--1005 | Kenneth III | |
| 1005--34 | Malcolm II | |
| 1034--40 | Duncan I | |
| 1040--57 | Macbeth | |
| 1057--58 | Lulach | |
| 1058--93 | Malcolm III Canmore | |
| 1093--94 | Donald Bane (Donalbane) | |
| 1093--94 | Duncan II | |
| 1094--97 | Donald Bane (restored) | |
| 1097--1107 | Edgar | |
| 1107--24 | Alexander I | |
| 1124--53 | David I | |
| 1153--65 | Malcolm IV | |
| 1165--1214 | William I the Lion | |
| 1214--49 | Alexander II | |
| 1249--86 | Alexander III | |
| 1286--90 | Margaret, Maid of Norway | |
| 1290--92 | Interregnum | |
| 1292--96 | John de Balliol | |
| 1296--1306 | Interregnum | |
| 1306--29 | Robert I the Bruce | |
| 1329--71 | David II | |
| House of Stewart (Stuart) | * 16 <w> 礯եαƶǥڥѤä | |
| 1371--90 | Robert II | |
| 1390--1406 | Robert III | |
| 1406--37 | James I | |
| 1437--60 | James II | |
| 1460--88 | James III | |
| 1488--1513 | James IV | |
| 1513--42 | James V | |
| 1542--67 | Mary, Queen of Scots | |
| 1567--1625 | James VI | * = James I of Englandʸ塤England Ʊ |
Ϣơʲ⻲ȡ
#2547. 奤ɷǯΰ ([2016-04-17-1])
#3394. 奤ɷ۶Ԥΰ ([2018-08-12-1])
#2620. īηϿޡ ([2016-06-29-1])
#6206. Scots λʬ ([2026-04-24-1])
Ѽ郎ʤΤʤΤȤϡʼҲ˸ؤθŤƿǤ롥ܥ֥Ǥ language_or_dialect γƵǵƤ夲#6215. Scots Scottish English ζ̤ˤĤơ ([2026-05-03-1]) ˤĤƤС1Ĥ Scots Ȥ櫓ȴؤäƤ롥Scots English Ȥϰۤʤ1ĤθȤߤʤ٤ʤΤ뤤 English 1ʤΤ
ˤϸŪʹθʾˡҲŪǡȤ櫓ŪǤؤ롥Ѥ McClure (23--24) ϡ³Ǥ˿ĤġƱ˽餫Ƥ롥ʲäɤǤ
Uniquely among Old English-derived speech forms other than standard literary English, Scots has a claim to be regarded as a distinct language rather than a dialect, or latterly a group of dialects, of English. This claim has been, and continues to be, the subject of serious, reasoned and at times heated debate, at both popular and scholarly level . . . : a debate which embraces historical, political, social and literary as well as linguistic issues and has important implications in the field of education. However, it is beyond the scope of the present chapter, for the purposes of which it is sufficient to note that Scots, being descended from Old English and sharing in the general history of West Germanic speech in the British Isles, is appropriately considered as part of 'English' in the purely linguistic sense of the term. That Scottish English, as opposed to Scots, is a form of English is of course non-controversial. The distinction between Scots and Scottish English, which though not always clear in practice is soundly based on historical facts, should be borne in mind throughout the chapter.
Scots "purely linguistic" ʴ English ֤ȤΤŬڤȽҤ٤Ƥ롥֤С"historical, political, social and literary" ʴϽפǤ³Ƥ롤ȤȤ
McClure, J. Derrick. "English in Scotland." The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 5. Ed. Burchfield R. Cambridge: CUP, 1994. 23--93.
#6207. Ѹˤ Scots ֥åĸפν ([2026-04-25-1]) Ǥ⾯ˤɸ Scots Scottish English Ѹ졦ǰζ̤ϡ䤳ζ̤ˤϡޤѼˤؤФʤФʤʤ
Ūħ˾Ȥ餷2ĤѼ郎ۤʤΤǤ롤ȵ뤳ȤϤٲǽߤƤƶͿäƤаޤ⤢ꡤɬ⤭줤˶̤Ǥ櫓ǤϤʤषѼ郎֤ƤҲŪʸ̮ȤơĤޤɸ̵ͭäդȽդΥǥΰ㤤üԤΥǥƥƥʤɤװȤơ2ĤѼ郎̤ƤΤȤªۤŬڤ
MaClure (23) ϡåȥɤˤѸ⤹ʸϤƬǡ2ĤζʬΤ褦ƳƤ롥
Insular West Germanic speech was first established in what is now Scotland in the sixth century. Two phases are clearly identifiable in its history: the first includes the emergence of a distinctively Scottish form, developing independently of the Northern dialect of England though like it derived from Northumbrian Old English, and its attainment to the rank of official language in an autonomous nation-state; and the second, the gradual adoption in Scotland of a written, and subsequently also a spoken, form approximating to those of the English metropolis, with consequent loss of status of the previously existing Scottish tongue. In the course of the linguistic history of Scotland, that is, first one and then two speech forms, both descended from Old English, have been used within the national boundaries. For convenience we will choose to designate the first Scots and the second Scottish English. This situation has no exact parallel in the English-speaking world.
Ǹ˻ŦƤ̤ꡤűѸͳ褹2ĤѼ郎ޤ¤ΩäƻȤ³ƤˤϰϡõƤۤˤʤѸ (world_englishes) 줿ˤͤȤåȥɤüʻƤΤǤ롥
McClure, J. Derrick. "English in Scotland." The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 5. Ed. Burchfield R. Cambridge: CUP, 1994. 23--93.
ǯ٤λΡhel (helkatsu) οȤơιѸˡιhel (tabihel) Ȥư襷Ω夲ޤܲϥåȥɤΥХǥںߤƤΤǤι⤭ʤѸˤ˴طĤӥǥǻƤĤġͳˤäƤȤ Vlog Ǥ
1Ƥϡ413ȾƻƤ֥ХǥԡפǤϰ̸ϤƤ餺Voicy Υץߥꥹʡۿͥ ֱѸˤ (helwa)ˤꤤƤСؤθȤʤäƤޤhelwa Сϡ416ۿ֡ڱѸˤ #0433ιѸˡιhelץХǥԤİͳơưؤ URL ˥Ǥޤ
ưϡåȥ3Ի Aberdeen Ǥֲ־γ (Granite City) ȤƤΤ¤ߤ⤭ʤ顤ĤαѸ˥ݥȤ夲ޤ
㤨СUpperkirkgate Ȥ̤̾Ǥ gate ϡѸΡפǤϤʤ̥ɤ䥹åȥɤǡƻ̤פ̣ťΥɸͳ褹ȹͤޤ way street ΤǡޤŪʸȤޤ¤ kirk ⤦1ĤݥȤǤ
ޤĮ̤ήɥ˲ͤŪʶ Brig o'Don ˤˬƤޤܤΤ϶̣ brig ȤǤɸŪ bridge κǸλҲ -dg- /dʒ/ ǤϤʤ -g /g/ ȤʤäƤΤϡϤťΥɸαƶħǻĤƤڵǤ
ưǤ¾ˤ⡤1593ǯΩˤ Marischal College įꡤǸˤ϶Ԥηʪѥ֤ǥڤȡ37ʬˤ錄ƤˤʤäƤޤOsmo Pocket 3 ȤӥǥˡʤưԽ˶路ʤ⡤ڤѸˤλ鳹̥ϤڤäƤߤޤ
ΡιhelץΩ夲ˤĤƤϡ heldio Ǥ#1792. ιѸˡιhelץХǥԤư helwa ͳۿƤޤȤƤäޤǤϥǤȤʤ5ʬۤɤΡֲפ⤪İޤưʷϵ̣臘ȤǤ뤫Ȼפޤ
ưˤؿΤϡҥץߥꥹʡۿͥ ֱѸˤ (helwa)ˤۤhelwa Ͻ̵ȤʤäƤޤΤǡ4ʬˤꤤİĤġä416ۿ֡ڱѸˤ #0433ιѸˡιhelץХǥԤİͳư˥ƤС
Ѹˤ Doric Ȥꥷ Doris ʥɡꥹˤ˴Ťƻ줬롥֥ɡꥹΡɡꥹΡɡꥹפʤɤȤ롥Doric ˤϡȤơΡļ¤ΡʤȤ櫓˥åȥ¤Ρפ⤢롥åȥ¤αѸ줬 Doric ȷƤ뤳ȤΤ˺٤Сä˥åȥAberdeen ʤɤŵŪ Doric Ȥ롥طʤˤϡɤʻ𤬤Τ
#1454. ꥷɡʰ²ˡ ([2013-04-20-1]) ǿ줿褦ˡ奮ꥷθˤ֤ȡ͡ʥꥷϤǡƳƥѤƤƥͤ濴˹Ԥʤ졤ؽѡʸؤôθդȤʤä Attic ˥ꥷΤߤʤ餺إ˥ koiné ȤƹäƤäаޤ롥 Doric ޤऽ¾ϡҲŪˡ̤ˤߤʤ褦ˤʤä
Doric ˽ɤ뤳Ȥˤʤäļ¤פθꥷ˸¤餺ŪѤ褦ˤʤä麣٤ϱѸʸ̮òơȤ櫓֥åȥ¤פθӤӤ褦ˤʤäΤ϶̣
OED Doric (ADJECTIVE & NOUN) ˤȡꥷΥɡꥹؤ̾ˡȤơǤѵȤʤäƤ뤬˻ȤƤΤ롥
1.b. † Speech or writing likened to the Doric dialect of ancient Greek for its apparent simplistic, unrefined, antiquated, or rustic character. Obsolete. 1657-1888
Τ褦ˡŪˤߤʤ̾졦ƻȤƤˡ17Ⱦ鸫뤬줬Ѹʸ̮ǡ֥åȥ¤פؤ褦ˤʤäΤϡ19äƤǤ롥ޤ֥åȥ¤Ρפ̣ƻȤƤˡƤߤ褦
1.c. Of or relating to Scots, a variety of English used in (esp. lowland) Scotland (see Scots n. B.1), esp. when regarded as rural or working-class; (now usually) spec. of or relating to the variety of Scots spoken in the north-east of Scotland, esp. Aberdeenshire. 1809-
1809 Were she to stay much in the country, she would acquire some knowledge of our Doric dialect which (I mean in books) is too much neglected by a fastidious generation. (J. Ramsay, Letter 28 September (1966) 263)
1840 The Scottish dialect of low life as first employed in novels by Sir Walter Scott:..it furnished the benefit of a Doric dialect. (T. De Quincey, Style: No. II in Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine September 398/1)
1933 She has no difficulty in carrying on a conversation, frequently utilising Doric words and phrases. (Scotsman 14 September 10/6)
1993 The North East Scotland Heritage Trust, formed last year to promote the Doric language and culture, is facing an uncertain financial future. (Scotsman 6 April 5)
2023 Flora Garry, one of the most important Doric writers of the 20th Century. (Press & Journal (Aberdeen) (Nexis) 13 September 7)
ˡ֥åȥ¤פ̣̾ȤƤˡˤĤƤ⡤ʸ褦
1.c. Scots (see Scots n. B.1), esp. when regarded as rural or working-class; (now usually) spec. the variety of Scots spoken in the north-east of Scotland, esp. Aberdeenshire. 1832-
1832 He returned thanks in the Doric of his native hills. (Gentleman's Magazine February 159/1)
1870 'My Lord,' commenced John, in his purest Doric..'I wad hae thocht naething o't.' (E. B. Ramsay, Reminiscences of Scottish Life v. 127)
1872 The good doctor dropped into the broadest Doric. (C. Gibbon, For the King vol. I. iii. 22)
1933 He fell readily into the Doric,..using it pithily and with humour. (N. Shepherd, Pass in Grampians iii. 15 in Grampian Quartet (2001))
1966 As one, who has for years fought for the proper recognition of our North-east dialect, the Doric, I welcomed the gesture of the latest report on the problem. (Aberdeen Evening Express 7 September)
2023 A book written and published in Doric by pupils from an Aberdeenshire school has been nominated for this year's Scots Language Awards. (Aberdeen Evening Express (Nexis) 5 September 3)
ܲ Aberdeen ںߤƤ뤬Doric Ȥܤˤ꼪ˤꤹ뵡ޤˤ롥
Ϣơ#5505. 奮ꥷѡ ([2024-05-23-1])#2752. dialect ȤѸˤĤơ ([2016-11-08-1]) ε⻲ȡ
Socts ϡ֥åȥɱѸפ֥åȥɸפ뤳Ȥ⤢뤬Ȥ⤹Ԥ "Scottish (standard) English" Ȥʤ뤷Ԥ "Scottish Gaelic" Ȥʤ롥Τʤ褦ȼ̾ͿΤȤΤޤڤơ֥åĸפ̵ȤȤˤʤ롥ʣˤؤäƤ뤿ˡ⤽⤳θѼˤߤ˰ۤʤ뤳ȤϡɬΤƤȤϤʤcf. #1719. Scotland ˤѸˡ ([2014-01-10-1])ˡ
Scots Ȥñ줬åȥɤμˤǯʾˤ錄äȼȯŸ뤲ƤѸѼؤΤȤѤ褦ˤʤäΤϡOED ˤ15ΤȤǤ롥Scots (ADJECTIVE & NOUN) ˤ̾ȤƤθȤĤκǽ褦
1. A variety of English used in (esp. lowland) Scotland; the variety of this used in parts of the north of Ireland. Frequently also viewed as a distinct language. 1494-
Scots developed from the early northern Middle English that supplanted a Brittonic language in the south of Scotland, and had by the Stuart era spread throughout the nation and taken the place of Latin as the language of record. During the Plantation of Ulster of the 17th cent. it was introduced by Scottish settlers to the north of Ireland, where it survives as Ulster Scots (Ulster Scots n.). From the mid 16th cent. onwards, Scots has become progressively more anglicized.
1494 The figuris of armes [etc.]..translatit owt of Fraynche in Scottis. (Loutfut Manuscript f. 78, in Dictionary of Older Scottish Tongue at Scottis)
a1522 So me behufyt quhilum..Sum bastard Latyn, French or Inglys oyss Quhar scant was Scottis. (G. Douglas in translation of Virgil, Æneid (1957) i. Prologue 118)
1542 It salbe lefull to all or souirane ladyis lieges to haif þe haly write bait þe new testament and þe auld in þe vulgar toung In Inglis or scottis of ane gude and trew translatioune. (Scottish Acts Mary (1814) vol. II. 415/1)
ƻȤƤˡ16ϤޤäƤ롥
3. Designating a variety of English used in Scotland (see sense B.1), or literary compositions, speeches, etc., written or spoken in it; (of words, idioms, grammar, etc.) characteristic of or belonging to Scots. 1533-
1533 Al quhilk onderstandis the scotis tung. (J. Gau in translation of C. Pedersen, Richt Vay To Reader sig. Aiv)
1573 That Scotland neuer bure, In Scottis leid ane man mair Eloquent. (J. Davidson, Ane Breif Commendatioun of Vprichtnes in Respect of the Surenes of the Same, [etc.] sig. A.ivv
1600 The ministers hes peruertit this text be thair Scottis translation. (J. Hamilton, Facile Traictise in T. G. Law, Catholic Tractates (1901) 227)
Scots ϥȷϤ "Scottish Gaelic" ؼñȤѤƤȤ䤳طʤ뤳Ȥˤդ줿1500ǯˡ Socts λؼоݤȤʤѼ郎ѤäƤȤˤʤ롥
ε#6205. Scots ˤܤ٤ͳ ([2026-04-23-1]) ơ Scots ˤˤĤƤŸƤΤScots ɸŪʻʬ (periodisation) ƤʲϡMcClure (46) Scots ˸ѤĤķǤƤʬǤ롥
| Old English | to 1100 |
| Old Scots | to 1700 |
| Pre-literary Scots | to 1375 |
| Early Scots | to 1450 |
| Middle Scots | 1450--1700 |
| Early Middle Scots | 1450--1550 |
| Late Middle Scots | 1550--1700 |
| Modern Scots | 1700 onwards |
䤿ѸȸƤǤΤϡƤ˴ŤȯŸƤɸѸ (Standard English) ˤۤʤޤ̤žåȥɤäƤѸѼ (Scots or Scottish English) ܤȡˤɸѸΥѥɤȤ٤ˤäƤޤ
ܵǤϡåȥɤ餷餷ƤиΤܤƤ뤳ȤǧĤġʤ Scots ȤˤˤĤΤäƤȤ褤ΤݥȤƤߤȻפޤ
Scots Ȥˤܤ٤1ͳϡScots ɸѸв뤿ζˤʤȤǤScots ϡɤαѸѼСűѸľͳ褹ͣαѸѼǤ٤ɾСScots ӸŪ English ȺǤᤤȤΤǤ䤿ؽɸȤƤѸ줬ߤλѤˤʤäΤϡˤɬǤϤʤη̤ˤޤ㤨СScots Ǥ첻 (gvs) ʬŪˤäƤ餺house űѸβ˶ᤤ [huːs] ȯꡤĹɽΤ <i> 첻źȼֻäƤꤷޤޤ߷ưˤϡο;Τ˸¤餺¤ -is ʤɡScots ʸˡ̤ǤȼѲ뤲ƤƤޤˤۤʤäƤСɸѸ⤢뤤ϤʤäƤ⤷ʤȤλѤ Scots ˸뤳Ȥǡ䤿ɸѸл뤻Фᤫį뤳ȤǤΤǤ
2ˡScots ˤ English ˤ餱餺ܿθ̤ɾʹκǤ롤ȤǤScots θäɽˤϡ8Ⱦ11ΥȴϢťΥɸαƶ13--14ΥåȥΩưȴطοեȤΡָƱסAuld Allianceˤ⤿餷ȼΥեѸ졤15˲ֺ餤ƥȤʸ (aureate diction) ߹ޤƤޤ˸Ťϡȸδפ⤢櫓ǡScots ϤϤˤѸˤʣθ¸ߤȤʤäƤΤǤ
3ˡScots ˤ˭ʸŪޤRobert the Bruce William Wallace Ȥäαͺ˴ؤʪ줫顤Ǥ15--16 Robert Henryson William Dunbar ʤɤΥåȥɤˤ硼ͤƸι̱Ū Burns Scott ˻ޤǡOlder/Modern Scots ǽ줿̤κʤĤäƤޤScots ؤ֤ȤǡΤ褦ʸդΤḷ̌臘ȤǤӤϳ̤ǤScots ͭβŪʶϡñʤãƻĶ̥Ϥ䤿˶Ƥޤ
ˤСScots ˤϥåȥɤȤȤĶˤȤĤʤäƤޤScots-Irish ꥫ̱ˤ˲̤ϡޤǤʤפǤޤܤ˷פΤʤŪкŪƶͿThomas Blake Glover ϤȤ륹åȥɤεȲȤפͤȤطʤˤäŪǥƥƥ̵뤹뤳ȤϤǤޤScots ȤѸѼˤϡȥǥƥƥȸδط뤤ϽդäդۤʤǥȤƤ˵ǽ뤫ȤҲŪ꤬Ž̤ƤȤäƤ褤Ǥ礦
Scots Ȥˤؤ֤Ȥϡñ1ĤɸѸѼ˾ܤʤ뤳ȤǤϤޤϡѸȤ줬̤βǽѥɤ˻פڤܿءϲβȽŪªľǤ⤢ΤǤ
ʾ塤åȥޤܤܤϢơ#1719. Scotland ˤѸˡ ([2014-01-10-1]) ⻲ȡ

إᥤȤ ykagata HatenaBlog ŸƤ֥ blog.heartyfluid --- ٶ뤳Ȥɤˤơ֡رѸ츻ϥɥ֥å٤ˤĤƳؤ֥ɥĸפꤹ̥ŪʥϤƤ롥ޤǤرѸ츻ϥɥ֥å a/an, baby, cake, dad/daddy, each 夲5ĤεƤꡤA to Z ˤ롥ʱ礷Ƥޤ
811Ƥ줿2֡رѸ츻ϥɥ֥å٤ˤĤƳؤ֥ɥĸ #2 babyꡤñ baby ¾ؤŸͻҤ⤷ɤǤ;̡ޥĸ *barną ֤פˤĤơפ1ܤαޤä֤פžơֻҶפ̣褦ˤʤäñȤơ*barną ΤΤϡɸɥĸǤϻĤäƤʤȤǤϡष *kiną Ϥ Kind ̲ȤΤȤȤɥġȥꥢΰǤϡ*barną Bua ʾǯˤ Bar/Bärn ʻҡˤѤƤȤ
ѸˤؤǤȡǥԥȤ롥űѸǡֻҶ¹פ̣ѽи̾ bearn ΤȤOED ˤȡθѸǤϼ barn Ȥ¸³ʤθˤϸťΥɸƱ줬ͿƤǽˤɸѸˤϤۤȤɻĤʤäåȥɤǤ bairn ηˤ̤ƻѤ³Ǥ̤ѤƤ롥ɸѸǤ1700ǯ衤ʸظȤ bairn Ȥ˸뤬ϥåȥɸˡμѤȲ᤹Τ褵
ɥĸˤƤѸˤƤ⡤ֻҶפ̣֤˱ƳƤȤΤ⤷ưʪͷӤθդʤɡҶŪ˹Τ̾ˤФ䤹Ȥ뤬ֻҶפȤ줽ΤΤˤΤ

Υ֥Ǥ⤹Ǥ˲٤Ҳ𤷤Ƥ뿷World Englishes 1ϡ֥ꥹȥȤαѸפɮ줿Ǧʽٲءˤȡľ̤뵡ޤ Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)פˤۿޤ#869. ԤȸWorld Englishes ١ʾƲ2023ǯ --- ǦȤ̡Ǥ15ʬۤɤβƥġˡҤİС
ܽʸ̤Ѹ (world_englishes) ˴ؤܤǤäȤʤ1Ϥϡ¤϶Ž̤줿Ѹ˳ȤʤäƤޤĤޤꡤűѸѸޤǤΤ褯С18ڡۤɤαѸȤɤȤȤǤ
Ѹܽ˼ɼԤ¿ϡưʳαѸνѼ㤨ХɱѸ졤ݡѸ졤ޥѸʤɤξˤĤƤȤ櫓ΤꤿȻפäƤΤǤϤʤǤ礦Τ褦ɼԤˤȤäƤϡŪļήɤ°ѸѼǤ륤ꥹѸ䥢ꥫѸˤϡषޤؿͯʤȤȤ⤢뤫Ȼפޤ
ʤѸ줬Τ褦¿ͤʤΤȤܼŪˤϡѸ줬ɤäƤˤ礫ޤäȤơѸˤγάŪμҤȤɬפˤʤޤ1ϤϡΤ褦ʰ֤ŤȤɤΤǤϤʤȻפޤ
⡤ñʤ֥ꥹαѸפǤϤʤ֥ꥹȥȤαѸפȡ֥ȡפȥźƤΤФǤѸϼ˶ʹߤ˥ꥹο̱ϻ̤ۤŸƤޤǤˤǯʾ顤ȿͤޤäƤ֥ƥˤƿ̱ϻۤΤ褦ʤȤԤʤƤǤ1Ϥ϶ʹߤαѸŸΥߥ˥奢ǤƤƤ --- Τ褦ɤǽǤޤѸ줬Ū˸ܿ¿äǤ뤳Ȥ褯ʬϤȤʤäƤޤ
ʲ1ϤΤʤξФȥƤޤ
#5212. ̾ؼԤϤʤեɥΤ ([2023-08-04-1]) Ǹڤ Taylor ʸθȾǡåȥ̾ζ֤˴ؤä٤˽Ф路 (82--83) 츻줬äʤʤäƿλ֤ФȤƤ⡤̾ζ֤ݤ뷹ȤȤ§ǤϤʤȤȤΤ褦դˤж֤γǧˤäƸ츻줬٤γΨǤȤȤˤĤʤ롥
It is very important to record how a place-name is pronounced, since this can yield vital clues for its correct analysis. For example it is a general, though by no means universal, rule that place-names which are stressed on the first element are in languages of Germanic origin, such as Scots or Norse, while place-names which are stressed on the second or third element are of Celtic origin, such as Pictish or Gaelic. It would be more accurate to say that in both language groups it is the specific element which bears the stress, but that in Scots and Norse names the specific usually comes first, the generic second, while in names of Celtic origin it is usually the other way round. It is a remarkable fact that the original stress pattern of a name tends to survive, even when the original language of coining has not been spoken locally for many hundreds of years.
Ϥ⤷ʵ䤬Ƭͯ夬äƤ롥
̸Ū specific/generic ζ̤֤䶯֤شطˤΤʤΤ
̾Ȱ̸ȤǤϡŪʶ֤ݻ䤹˺ΤʤΤ
Ʊ̾Ǥ⸽üԤȳüԤȤδ֤Ƕ֤ȯۤʤ뤳Ȥ뤬̾ϰˤ뺹ƱȤȤ館Ƥ褤Τ
Taylor, Simon. "Methodologies in Place-name Research." Chapter 5 of The Oxford Handbook of Names and Naming. Ed. Carole Hough. Oxford: OUP, 2016. 69--86.
18:00˰ʼȤ YouTube 5Ƥޤ饹 vs. ǥХ顦ΥϤɤΤ褦ˤǤ롩ڰʼδѸظإͥ #5 ꤹ롤8ʬ٤δˤ٤Ǥæ˭٤Ǥ
ϡưǤȤʤäƤ륹åȥɱѸˤĤƻŪθäȻפޤϥåȥɤΥ饹ؤαؤƤȤޤʤǤϤʤǤˤʹʤåȥɱѸ (Scottish English or Scots) ˸ǤޤꥹǤ⡤Ȥ櫓饹¤αѸ (Glaswegian) ϥȤĤȤΤϹΤƤɾǡºݤʤʤʪǤ
֡פ֡¤פȰǤäƤ⡤Τʤǡ־פֲפޤǤꥨΤǤ㤨СƱåȥɱѸȤäƤ⡤ʼ˥åȥɤμԥǥХΡμͤѤɸॹåȥɱѸפϡ䤿Ūɸ।ꥹѸȤƤȯȤϰ褷ƤΤΡǤʹ䤹ݤޤǥХȯϡɡʤƥꥹΡˤμԤǤɥȤŪϢȤռ졤ְҿȯפȤߤʤƤޤդˤСƥƤΥåȥ¤äпȼԤ餹ȡäȯʹ褦Ǥ
ǥХ餫ХǤŴƻǤ1֤ۤɤΥƤʤ饹¤ϡʤꥳƥƤȤƤޤ饹¤üԤϡǥХȯȤƵΥ뤳ȤǡʬʥɤջӤʤ˿ΥåȥɿͤʤΤȤǥƥƥɽФƤȤޤϢơåȥɿͤǤ⥨ȻָϥǥХؤؿʳؤϸָϥ饹ؤؿʳؤȤʹȤޤ
оݤ֥饹¤פȶʤäƤ⡤ϤꤽΤʤǾ岼ޤϼؤδĶˤΤǡ٥ƥ٤ޤ줿饹¤İ¿äȻפޤʬʤǿС"foreigner talk" Τ褦¿ƼϤƤ٤äƤȤȤ⤢ޤںߤƤեåȤǡʥꥹʪǤ˥줿ꡤ뤬줿ꤹȡͤƤ櫓Ǥʸ̤ꥳƥƤΥ饹¤ˤϡޤä夲ǤͤƱΤäƤΤΩʹƤȡꥹΤʤäʤС⤽ѸȤǧǤʤäȻפޤեåȥᥤȤϸʣˡ饹¤ʹꥹäƤȻפǤΤǤϤޤäǤǤޤǤ
Υ饹¤˥ץå⤤ޤϸָǤФۤɤǤʤΤǤ礦ʽСפͤƤˤȤäƤϡɾ㤤饹¤꤬ˤʤΤǤϤʤȤ¤褦ǤϢơ#2029. ܤ̤ץåˡ ([2014-11-16-1])#2030. ꥹ̤ץåˡ ([2014-11-17-1]) ⤴Ȥ
̤ץåȤΤϤäƤϤʤʤȤϻפޤ¤ˤ¿θ춦ƱΤˤʺȤ¸ߤޤϼҲؤΰǤ伫ȤѸˤδϢ˥ץƤޤ
1120ڡˤ 13:00?14:30 ˡΩ̿عݸʸμŤֹݱѸʸ¿˴ؤغݸץץȤΰĤȤơ "English" "Englishes" ءפΥȥǤäƤޤΩ̿ؤܹޤǤΤ꤬ȤޤˡZoom ˤ뻲äǽǤΤǡؿΤΰ
ޤīǤ˥åפβ֥ Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio) ǤϡΩ̿ءܹȤ̡ݱѸȤϲꤹ̤ԤʤäƤޤΤǡ⤼İƤߤƤ
ơ"World Englishes" ˴ؤֱȤȤǡΥ֥ȤƤ͡ʱѸΥץȻפޤ "Englishes" ¿ʬڤȴʥץˤޤΤǡϤλιֱǤϡʲѤäϤȻפäƤޤɤ
Northern English (Yorkshire): B. Hines, Kes (1968) [qtd. in Gramley 198]
Hey up, where's tha been? They've been looking all over for thee.
Scots Leid: Aboot William Loughton Lorimer (2009) [qtd. in Gramley 201]
Lorimer haed aye been interestit in the Scots leid (syne he wis a bairn o nine year auld he haed written doun Scots wirds an eedioms) an his kennin o the strauchles o minority leids that he got frae his readins o the nautral press durin the Weir led him tae feel that something needit daein tae rescue the Scots laid.
Tok Pisin: from Mühlhäusler (1986) [qtd. in Gramley 223]
em i tok se papa i gat sik ["he said that the father was sick"]
Hawaiian Creole English: from Bickerton (1981) [qtd. in Gramley 226]
Jan bin go wok a hospital ["John would have worked at the hospital"]
Jamaican Creole: "William Saves His Sweetheart" [qtd. in Gramley 238]
nóu wants dér wáz, a úol wíč liedi lív, had wán són, níem av wiljəm. ["Once upon a time there was an old witch, who had a son whose name was William."]
AAVE (= African American Vernacular English): A. Walker, The Color Purple (1982) [qtd. in Gramley 269]
I seen my baby girl. I knowed it was her. She look just like me and my daddy.
Cape Flats SAfE: Malan (1996) [qtd. in Gramley 300]
Now me and E. speaks English. And when we went one day to a workshop --- and uh, most of the teachers there were Africaans --- and we were there; they were looking at us like that you know. And I asked E., "Why's this people staring at us?" She said, "No, I don't know."
Nigerian English: "Igbo Girls Like Money a Lot" (2006) (qted. in Gramley 319)
Igbo girls are hardworking, smart, successful and independent so ain't nuffin wrong in them lookin for a hardoworkin, successful man. if u ain't gats the money, they aint gon want u cos u below their level of achievement.
Hong Kong English: Joseph (2004) [qtd. in Gramley 321]
However, as Hong Kong is going through an economic down turn recently, we shall have to see. . . Last year we have raised more than two million Hong Kong Dollars.
Singapore English [qtd. in Gramley 328]
The tans [= military unit] use to stay in Sarangoon.
Gramley, Stephan. The History of English: An Introduction. Abingdon: Routledge, 2012.
νѸ (world_englishes) μϿɡåȥɱѸ (scottish_english) ϱѸˤˤ̤ʰ֤Ťˤ롥ȤΤϡɱѸСåȥɱѸϡľŪ˸űѸͳ褹ͣαѸѼǤ롥ŪˤϥꥹäѸΡ¤ä1ѼˤʤȤ̤ŪˤߤХɱѸ¤ǺĹϢ³ؤͳѼʤΤǤ롥άˤˤĤƤϡ#1719. Scotland ˤѸˡ ([2014-01-10-1]) Ȥ줿
ͳ Scots English ˤĤƤϡOED ɤŨƲŪʼԻƤ롥2ľҲ𤷤褦1ĤϡDOST Craigie et al. Ԥ A Dictionary of the Older Scottish Tongue Ǥ롥СϡåȥɱѸ줬ɱѸȤϰۤʤΩѼȤȯŸ顤ΩäƤä1700ǯޤǤǤ롥ˤϻˤäưۤʤäƤꡤ1600ǯޤǤŪ˼ϿƤȤäƤ褤17ʬˤĤƤϥåȥɤòϰѼμȤʤäƤ롥
ޤԻˤˤĤŤͤƤȤ⤢롥ԻȾˤϡƱθ츻̤ΤǤۤʤˤϡۤʤ븫ФΩƤȤˤΤƤR ι˺ݤäƤϿԽĹ Dareau ΤȤ to till ƱФΤʤǰʤɰۤʤˤΤ뤳ȤˤʤäطʤˤϡԻȤ˴ؤ֤ɯä褦
1700ǯʹߤΥåȥɱѸôƤΤ⤦1ĤμSND Scottish National Dictionary Ǥ롥Ū§ΩäԻƤ뤬åȥɱѸ줬ǤΩܼۤäƤоݤȤƤ뤳Ȥ⤢ꡤ1ϰѼMȤ٤֤ŤȤʤäƤ롥
DOST SND 碌ơåȥɱѸǤ OED ȤߤʤƤ褤ºݡξԤ Dictionary of the Scots Language ̾ΤȤ礵졤饤ǥǤ褦ˤʤäƤ롥
ʤߤˡLALME LAEME б롤ŤåȥɱѸˤĤƤϿޤƤ A Linguistic Atlas of Older Scots (LAOS) Ȥ饢Ǥ롥
ʾ塤Durkin (1152--53) ȤƼɮ
Craigie, William A., Adam Jack Aitken, James A. C. Stevenson, and Marace Dareau, eds. A Dictionary of the Older Scottish Tongue. Oxford: OUP, 1931--2002. Available online as part of Dictionary of the Scots Language at https://dsl.ac.uk/ .
Grant, William and David D. Murison, eds. The Scottish national Dictionary: Designed Partly on Regional lines and Partly on Historical Principles, and Containing All the Scottish Words Known to be in Use or to have been in Use Since c. 1700. Edinburgh: Scottish National Dictionary Association, 1931--76. Supplement 2005. Available online as part of Dictionary of the Scots Language at https://dsl.ac.uk/ .
Williamson, Keith. A Linguistic Atlas of Older Scots, Phase 1: 1380--1500 (LAOS). 2007. Available online at http://www.lel.ed.ac.uk/ihd/laos1/laos1.html .
Durkin, Philip. "Resources: Lexicographic Resources." Chapter 73 of English Historical Linguistics: An International Handbook. 2 vols. Ed. Alexander Bergs and Laurel J. Brinton. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2012. 1149--63.
ε#3870. Ѹˤ wh- ʤ q- ֻ ([2019-12-01-1]) κǸǿ줿褦ˡ̤ Older Scots ˤƤϡѸƱͤˡwh q ǻϤޤֻǽƤ16ˤʤȥɤɸŪֻαƶåȥɤˤڤӡquh- ʤɤֻϡ¤äֻȤ졤ʪФμȤʤä
1617ǯåȥɤǤֻǰƬ Orthographie and Congruitie of the Briþan Tongue 路 Alexander Hume ϡܤΤʤ quh- ֻʸHume ϤֻʪФμȤʤääϪƤ⤤롥ΰä Crystal (53) Ѥ褦
. . . to reform an errour bred in the south, and now usurped be our ignorant printers, I wil tel quhat befel my-self quhen I was in the south with a special gud frende of myne. Ther rease [rose], upon sum accident, quhither [whether] quho, quhen, quhat, etc., sould be symbolized with q or w, a hoat [hot] disputation betuene him and me. After manie conflictes (for we oft encountered), we met be chance, in the citie of baeth [Bath], with a doctour of divinitie of both our acquentance. He invited us to denner. At table my antagonist, to bring the question on foot amangs his awn condisciples, began that I was becum an heretik, and the doctour spering [asking] how, ansuered that I denyed quho to be spelled with a w, but with qu. Be quhat reason? quod the Doctour. Here, I beginning to lay my grundes of labial, dental, and guttural soundes and symboles, he snapped me on this hand and he on that, that the doctour had micle a doe to win me room for a syllogisme. Then (said I) a labial letter can not symboliz a guttural syllab [syllable]. But w is a labial letter, quho a guttural sound. And therfoer w can not symboliz quho, nor noe syllab of that nature. Here the doctour staying them again (for al barked at ones), the proposition, said he, I understand; the assumption is Scottish, and the conclusion false. Quherat al laughed, as if I had bene dryven from al replye, and I fretted to see a frivolouse jest goe for a solid ansuer.
ֻͥˡåȥɤϼˤ줿ΤǤ롥
Crystal, David. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language. 3rd ed. Cambridge: CUP, 2019.
ȸƤ֤뤤Ϥ̾ɽ蘆ƤϲȤϡҲŪ˿Ǥ롥̾ȡ줬ɤθؼ뤫ȤŪطǤ롥
ܤξ硤̸ȬŻʤɤξ줬Ĥ뤳ȤϾΤǡ¾ָ̾ü̱̾̾²̾פΤ褦˽ǰ̾ܡפǤ줤˰פΤǡܸפȸƤ֤Ȥ˲꤬ʤ褦˻פ뤫⤷ʤcf. #3457. ܤξǴ졦 ([2018-10-14-1])ˡΤ褦˽ǰ̾ۤܰפϡǤȤȤΤäƤɬפ롥
եꥫʿϰϤȤꡤճ˻פ뤫⤷ʤ衼åѽǤ졤üԡȡ̱²ϰפäƤȸƾΤ뤫ȤϡȤ˿ˤʤΤcf. #1374. 衼åѳƹ¿ѹǤ ([2013-01-30-1])ˡȤСܥ֥Ǥϡ#1659. ޥɥ˥μҲء ([2013-11-11-1]) #3429. ޥɥ˥ο̾ ([2018-09-16-1]) ǥޥɥ˥ʸˤˤĤƤ#1636. Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian ([2013-10-19-1]) Ǥϵ桼ν̾夲Ƥ
ܥ֥δؿǤȶʤȤǤСֱѸפȤƾΤؤΤȤȤѲƤűѸˤϡ"English" ϥɤäƤޥ췲νŪ˻ؤƤѸˤϡθüԤϥɰʳǤ⡤ʬŪˤǤϤ쥹åȥɡ륺ɤǤѤ褦ˤʤꡤ"English" λؼоݤŪŪˤޤä˶ѸˤƤϡѸϥ֥ƥ礫ӽФơ͡Ѽޤ "English" ȸƤФ褦ˤʤꡤǤϥꥫѸ䥤ɱѸϤȤϤǹԤʤƤԥѸޤǤ⤬ "English" ȸƤФ褦ˤʤäƤ롥ֱѸפεŪطǯȺȤǤۤʤäƤ롥
ʤ "English" Ȥ̾λؤϰϤѲˤĤƤ semasiological ʹͻդ A ȸƤФƤѼ郎Ȥ B ȸƤФ褦ˤʤäȤ onomasiological Ƥ#1719. Scotland ˤѸˡ ([2014-01-10-1]) ǾҲ𤷤̤ꡤåȥ˺դѸѼϡ15ˤϤޤ "Inglis" 1ѼȤߤʤƤ15Ⱦ "Scottis" ȾΤ褦ˤʤäΤǤ롥 "Scottis" Ȥϡ衤ѸȤϱ椫ʤȸɤ°륲ؤƤˤ⤫餺Ǥ롥ʿ (57) Ŧ̤ꡤΤ褦ʸ̾θطʤˤϡɬ䤽ôΥǥƥƥѲ롥
ťåĸϡ졻ǯ켷ǯޤǽåĸ졤åĸˤĤäȤ礭Ѳϡ˸Ƥ̾ѤäȡʤꥹƥScottis Scottish θťåĸ۷Scots Scottis ֲάˤȸƤФ褦ˤʤäȤǤ롥ĤƥƥȤդϤ餫˥ϥɡʤȥɡˤΥؤƤåȥϥȷӤĤƤȤɿͤϡθѼθƤ̾ϥƥǤȼĥϤϤäȤǧžǤäƥϤʸϥʳθؤ褦ˤʤäϥåȥɤθŪʥǥƥƥžȤƤΤǤ롥
ȸ̾εۤɡƼҲŪϤʤ
ʿ رѸθ1500ǯˡ١̼ҡ2016ǯ
#1803. Lord's Prayer ([2014-04-04-1]) ǸűѸ줫鸽ѸˤƤΡּεפΥ٤˽ΥåȥΥä褦
ؼȩΥåȥɲ James VI (1566--1625) 1580ǯ˱ʸǡּεפ Scots ǺƤܿͤˤΤΤ London, British Library, MS Royal 18 B.xvi, f. 44 ˳ǧ롥James VI English English ǤϤʤ Scots (English) ǽȤˤ餤ƤͻҤϤʤƲǤCrystal (125) Ƹ褦
THE LORDIS PRAYER
Ô michtie father that in heauin remainis
thy noble name be sanctifeit alwayes
thy kingdome come, in earth thy will & rainis
euen as in heauunis mot be obeyed with prayse
& giue us lorde oure dayly bread & foode
forgiuing us all oure trespassis aye
as we forgiue ilk other in lyke moode
lorde in temptation lead us not ue praye
but us from euill deliuer euer moire
for thyne is kingdome ue do all record
allmichtie pouer & euerlasting gloire
for nou & aye so mot it be ô lorde.
Υåȥɲ James VI 1603ǯ˥ɤΥīγĤȤƥɲ James I Ȥʤ櫓ΤȤ˿òμԤȤȤˤ Scots ɥε˱֤ȤȤʤäϤƥɤ̱ϡҤѼȤǧΤȯˡʤȤ⤢ΥåϴȤդˤСScots ΥɱѸ첽Ϥޤäִ֤Ȥ⤤
η˴طȤơ#491. Stuart ī˿षʿʸˤ뱪Ū do ([2010-08-31-1])#1719. Scotland ˤѸˡ ([2014-01-10-1])#1952. Ųפ Your Majesty ˤߤɰա ([2014-08-31-1])#2128. "than" ȤƤ nor or ([2015-02-23-1])#3095. Your Grace, Your Highness, Your Majesty ([2017-10-17-1]) ⻲Ȥ줿
Crystal, David. Evolving English: One Language, Many Voices. London: The British Library, 2010.
μפʱѸѼʬहߤϡȤƼҲŪʻ͡ˤʤƤܥ֥Ǥ⡤model_of_englishes εǼ夲Ƥ̤Ǥ롥ŪʴʬȤƤϡTrudgill and Hannah ˤ벻˴ŤΤΤƤ롥ŪˤС礭 'English' type 'American' type 2ʬˡǤꡤľŪǿͤˤ䤹ξQŪ˸ʬबȤƤϡŪʸϤٻȤȤǤ롥 'American' type 'English' type 2ʬˡϡѶŪŪʻС绨Ĥˤäƥ 'northern' type 'southern' type 2ʬˡ뤳Ȥդ
Trudgill and Hannah (10) ϡŪܤ٤Ȥưʲ10ơѸѼ
Key
1. /ɑː/ rather than /æ/ in path etc.
2. absence of non-prevocalic /r/
3. close vowels for /æ/ and /ɛ/, monophthongization of /ai/ and /ɑu/
4. front [aː] for /ɑː/ in part etc.
5. absence of contrast of /ɒ/ and /ɔː/ as in cot and caught
6. /æ/ rather than /ɑː/ in can't etc.
7. absence of contrast of /ɒ/ and /ɑː/ as in bother and father
8. consistent voicing of intervocalic /t/
9. unrounded [ɑ] in pot
10. syllabic /r/ in bird
11. absence of contrast of /ʊ/ and /uː/ as in pull and pool
10 9 8 7 6 5 6 7 8 9 11 10 11 5 1 2
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | Northern | | | | |
| | | | | | Canada | | | | | Ireland | Scotland | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | `----------+----------' | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | `--------+---+---+---+--------------+--------------' | |
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | `----------, | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | USA | | | ,----------+---+------------------' |
| | | | | | | | | Republic | | |
| | | | `------------' | | | of | | ,------------------'
| | | | | | | Ireland | | |
| | | `--------------------' | | | | | England ,--------------------------------- 3
| | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | Wales | ,----------------------- 4
| | | | | | | | | South | Australia New
| | `----------------------------' | | | | | Africa | Zealand
| | | | | | | `----------------------- 4
| | | | | | |
| `------------------------------------+----------' | | `--------------------------------- 3
| | | |
`----------------------------------------+--------------' `--------------------------------------------- 2
|
`---------------------------------------------------------------- 1
We have attempted to portray the relationships between the pronunciations of the major non-Caribbean varieties in [this] Figure 1.1. This diagram is somewhat arbitrary and slightly misleading (there are, for example, accents of USEng which are close to RP than to mid-western US English), but it does show the two main types of pronunciation: an 'English' type (EngEng, WEng, SAfEng, AusEng, NZEng) and an 'American' type (USEng, CanEng), with IrEng falling somewhere between the two and ScotEng being somewhat by itself.
Ǹ˿Ƥ褦ˡIrish English 2ʬˤޤ뤳ȡŤˤ Scots English ȼϩԤäƤ뤳Ȥ϶̣
Trudgill, Peter and Jean Hannah. International English: A Guide to the Varieties of Standard English. 5th ed. London: Hodder Education, 2008.
(299--301) ˤС[ʊ] > [ʌ] βϡ15ᤫϤޤꡤ17ȾФˤϳΩϰŪˤ Wash ¦˸¤졤̤ǤƤʤʡ#1297. does, done 첻 ([2012-11-14-1]) Ͽޤȡˡβ˻ߤ줿Τϡ(1) [uː] > [ʊ] β٤줿ù (ex. stood, foot, good) ޤ (2) [w, p, b, f] ԤƤù (ex. wolf, put, bush, full) ˤƤǤ롥(2) ˤĤƤϡ17ˤƤʤ [ʊ] ? [ʌ] ɤ줬㤷줫ؤȸꤷʤäùܤ¿äơĹɤ٤줿경ˤꡤĶȤƤϤۤƱǤ put but ۤʤ첻̤Ȥʤäȹͤ롥put vs but Τ褦첻첻ο㤤ڥʲ˵褦p. 301ˡ
[wʊ]: wool, wolf, wood, woman, worsted, Worcester, Woolwich, Wolseley, Wolsey, Wolstan, Wolverley
[wʌ]: won, wonder, worry
[pʊ]: pull, push, put, pulpit, pullet, pudding, puss, pulley, Pulborough, Pulman
[pʌ]: puttee, pulse Puck, pug, pun, puff, pulp, punish, impulse, pulmonary
[bʊ]: bull, bush, bullet, bushel, bullock, bullion, butcher, ambush, bully, bulwark, bulrush, bullace, bulletin, Bulwer, Boleyn, Bolingbroke
[bʌ]: bulb, but, bus, butter, bulk, buffet, bud, budget
[fʊ]: full, Fulham, Fulton, fulsome
[fʌ]: fulminate, fulgent, fulvous, fun, vulture
put 岽ˤĤƤϡܤä롥űѸ˽Ф put θϡֲͤɤǤġפǤꡤ̣ơ֤פȤʤää٤18ˤʤȥåȥǥѸȤƤΡ֥ѥåȡʷǡˡפޤ̾ȤƸ졤³19ư줬줿put ѷȤ뤬ֻ <putt> ʰ֤ <put> ⤢ˤȤʤꡤȯ岽 /pʌt/ ȤΤ⤷åȥɤǤϾҤ岽βƤʤΤǡ/pʌt/ 첻ϼȯãǤϤʤռŪʤʤˤѷ
Ϣơ#547. <oo> ֻб3ȯ ([2010-10-26-1])#1353. 첻Ĺû ([2013-01-09-1]) ⻲ȡʤ#1022. ѸγƲǤ١ ([2012-02-13-1]) dzǧ褦ˡ/ʊ/ ϸɸѸǤϡǤ٤㤤û첻ǤǤ롥
סزˡ١Ѹ11罤۽Ź1985ǯ
#1715. Ireland ˤѸˡ ([2014-01-06-1]) ȡ#1718. Wales ˤѸˡ ([2014-01-09-1]) ³åȥɤαѸˤѤ褦 (Fennell 191--95)
åȥˤϥԥȿ (the Picts) ȸƤФ̱²ǤԥȿͤäΤʤΤȷϤθäƤΤ뤤äƤΤ¿ʸ (ogham) ȤäʸƤȤΤƤ롥
ɿ֥ͤƥάȤϳΤǤ롥ϥͤ Scoti ȸƤФ줿ԥȿͤ Scoti ͻ礷ä Alba βͤ Scotia ȸƤ줬 Scotland Ȥ̾εǤ롥Alba ϡ9ȾˤϤȤDun Eideann (Edinburgh) ޤ Tweed ˤޤǤ Lothian Ӥ۲ˤˤơ Northumbria αѸܤ뤳Ȥˤʤä11ȾüԤǤä Malcolm II (953?--1034) Macbeth (?--1057) ϥͤȤ襤˾ʹߡĹ֡Northumbria Scotland ȷӤĤ褦ˤʤä
Macbeth Malcolm III (1031?--93) ϡ˶岽褦Ȥη̤ȤơåȥɲDZѸ줬ҿ뤳ȤȤʤääơåȥɤǤ餫Ѹ줬岽ξħȤߤʤƤΤǤ롥ޤ William ˤ밵κǡ¿ΥɿͤåȥɤƨƤˡαѸüԿ
14ʹߡåȥɤ Balliol, Bruce, Stewart ȤϤ Lowland ˴פ֤Ƥˡ濴ϤϤޤǤΥä Highland Ѹǻ Lowland ؤȰư14ȾˤϡLowland αѸʸظȤƲֺ餭ϰ̤ϳμ¤ʤΤȤʤäƤ15ȾˤϡαѸ ɤˤ Inglis ȤϰۤʤѼȤ Scottis ȸƤФ褦ˤʤä䤳Ȥˡˤ Lowland αѸüԤϡHighland Υؤ "Scottish" ȸƤǤΤǤ롥Ǥ⡤åȥɤΥǥƥƥѸä Lowland ˰ܤäȤƤ롥
Scottisʤߤ Older Scots ȸƤФ뤳ѼϡινɸѼȤϤʤʤä1516ˤơOlder Scots ˤʸؤϡRobert Henryson, William Dunbar, Gavin Douglas, Sir David Lyndsay ʤɤˤ겫ޤɸϰ̤ϥȯ Chancery English ˴ŤѼ줿ͳȤƤϤĤ뤬(1) Henryson Dunbar ʤɤνɽѸ줬 Chaucer αѸǥȤƤꡤɤؤܶƤȡ(2) Older Scots ϶θȤʤۤɤޤǤˤϰҿʤäȡ(3) ܤʤɤˤꥤɤαѸ줬Ǥ˥åȥǽвäƤȡ(4) Older Scots ʤäȤʤɤͿƤ
ͳϡ1513ǯ˥åȥɤ Flodden 襤ǥɷ餱³ƽפȤ줿ȤԤϥɤαѸǿĹɤΤǤ롥ޤ1603ǯ James VI ɲ James I Ȥ¨̤the Union of Crowns ȡåȥɲȤˤ Scots λٱ䤨뤳ȤȤʤä1707ǯ the Union of Parliaments ⤽η֤18ϡScots λѤޤǤˤʤä
åȥɿͤδ֤ο̩ʲäˤƤϡScots ĤäθȤƤ̮̿ݤ³18Ⱦ Robert Fergusson (1750--74), Robert Burns (1759--96), Sir Walter Scott (1771--1832) ʤɤʸͤڽФScots ˤϤĤʤʤä
20ˤϡScottish National Dictionary A Dictionary of the Older Scottish Tongue Linguistic Atlas of Scotland ʤɡScots μ䤽¾λͽǤ褦ˤʤꡤScots λߤ˹Ƥ褦˸뤬ɤʤ뤫Ϥ狼ʤ1999ǯ˥åȥɤ3֤˵IJ褷ư衤Ụ̄礤դ Scots 䤬ǮŪȤʤäƤ롥
Fennell, Barbara A. A History of English: A Sociolinguistic Approach. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2001.
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