227˳ߤְʼδѸظإͥ2ƤޤɸѸפꥹΡä顤ܿ͡ڤäΤˡѸؤؤԡǤ
ĤѸءѸˤ˴ؿääֱѸʣȤϲ䡩פǤäȤϤޤꡤƱ -s Ĥʤư3ñä˰ܤꡤ3ñǤ -s ΤĤʤꥹ뤾Ȥ˵ڤӤޤˡ٤ϥꥫˤޤӲФǸˤϹͱѸꡤȤ櫓 Ebonics ãޤ10ʬ֤αѸؤΤڤǤС
ȴϢܥ֥εʲ˾Ҳ𤷤Ƥޤ礷ɤߤɤ
#946. ̾ʣˤγס ([2011-11-29-1])
#2112. ʤ3ñ -s ĤΤ ([2015-02-07-1])
#2310. 3ñΥ ([2015-08-24-1])
#2566. 3ñ -s Ȥϲס ([2016-05-06-1])
#4255. ʤ̾ʣư3ñƱ s ʤΤǤ ([2020-12-20-1])
#591. ꥫѸ줬ͤǤͳ ([2010-12-09-1])
#3653. Ebonics ([2019-04-28-1])
#2672. ꥹѸȯˡꥫѸʸˡ˼ҲŪʲ֤ͤ ([2016-08-20-1])
1120ڡˤ 13:00?14:30 ˡΩ̿عݸʸμŤֹݱѸʸ¿˴ؤغݸץץȤΰĤȤơ "English" "Englishes" ءפΥȥǤäƤޤΩ̿ؤܹޤǤΤ꤬ȤޤˡZoom ˤ뻲äǽǤΤǡؿΤΰ
ޤīǤ˥åפβ֥ Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio) ǤϡΩ̿ءܹȤ̡ݱѸȤϲꤹ̤ԤʤäƤޤΤǡ⤼İƤߤƤ
ơ"World Englishes" ˴ؤֱȤȤǡΥ֥ȤƤ͡ʱѸΥץȻפޤ "Englishes" ¿ʬڤȴʥץˤޤΤǡϤλιֱǤϡʲѤäϤȻפäƤޤɤ
Northern English (Yorkshire): B. Hines, Kes (1968) [qtd. in Gramley 198]
Hey up, where's tha been? They've been looking all over for thee.
Scots Leid: Aboot William Loughton Lorimer (2009) [qtd. in Gramley 201]
Lorimer haed aye been interestit in the Scots leid (syne he wis a bairn o nine year auld he haed written doun Scots wirds an eedioms) an his kennin o the strauchles o minority leids that he got frae his readins o the nautral press durin the Weir led him tae feel that something needit daein tae rescue the Scots laid.
Tok Pisin: from Mühlhäusler (1986) [qtd. in Gramley 223]
em i tok se papa i gat sik ["he said that the father was sick"]
Hawaiian Creole English: from Bickerton (1981) [qtd. in Gramley 226]
Jan bin go wok a hospital ["John would have worked at the hospital"]
Jamaican Creole: "William Saves His Sweetheart" [qtd. in Gramley 238]
nóu wants dér wáz, a úol wíč liedi lív, had wán són, níem av wiljəm. ["Once upon a time there was an old witch, who had a son whose name was William."]
AAVE (= African American Vernacular English): A. Walker, The Color Purple (1982) [qtd. in Gramley 269]
I seen my baby girl. I knowed it was her. She look just like me and my daddy.
Cape Flats SAfE: Malan (1996) [qtd. in Gramley 300]
Now me and E. speaks English. And when we went one day to a workshop --- and uh, most of the teachers there were Africaans --- and we were there; they were looking at us like that you know. And I asked E., "Why's this people staring at us?" She said, "No, I don't know."
Nigerian English: "Igbo Girls Like Money a Lot" (2006) (qted. in Gramley 319)
Igbo girls are hardworking, smart, successful and independent so ain't nuffin wrong in them lookin for a hardoworkin, successful man. if u ain't gats the money, they aint gon want u cos u below their level of achievement.
Hong Kong English: Joseph (2004) [qtd. in Gramley 321]
However, as Hong Kong is going through an economic down turn recently, we shall have to see. . . Last year we have raised more than two million Hong Kong Dollars.
Singapore English [qtd. in Gramley 328]
The tans [= military unit] use to stay in Sarangoon.
Gramley, Stephan. The History of English: An Introduction. Abingdon: Routledge, 2012.
African American Vernacular English (= AAVE)ͱѸˤĤ aave γƵǼ夲ƤAAVE εȯãäƤϷ㤷褬깭Ƥߤ³Ƥ롥ĤޤŪʲͿƤʤȤäƤ褤
褯ΤƤΤϡ쥪쵯 (creolist hypothesis) ꥹѼﵯ (Anglicist hypothesis) ΩǤ롥ˤĤƤϡ#1885. AAVE ʸˡŪħȵ ([2014-06-25-1])#2739. AAVE Creolist Hypothesis Anglicist Hypothesis ˬ ([2016-10-26-1]) ʤɤǾҲ𤷤
AAVE ػˤϡ2Ĥȶδ֤ˤȤñˤ뤳ȤϤǤʤۤˤ⤤ĤΩ줬ΤLanehart (1826--27) ϥɥ֥åˤ6ĤΩüŪ˲⤷ƤƤ롥վǰѤ褦ʤʤLanehart African American Language (= AAL) ȤƾΤѤƤˡ
(1) Anglicist (aka Dialectologist), which purports that Africans in American (sic) learned regional varieties of British English dialects from British overseers with little to no influence from their own native African languages and cultures;
(2) Creolist, which purports that AAL developed from a prior US creole developed by slaves that was widespread across the colonies and slave-holding areas (though Neo-Creolists acknowledge there likely was not a widespread creole but one that emerged in conditions favorable to creole development);
(3) Substratist, which purports that distinctive patterns of AAL are those that occur in Niger-Congo languages such as Kikongo, Mande, and Kwa;
(4) Ecological and Restructuralist, which is a perspective within the Anglicist position that acknowledges the difficulty of knowing the origins of AAL but proposes that we can say something useful about Earlier AAL (not nascent AAL) given settlement and migration patterns as well as socio-ecological issues;
(5) Divergence/Convergence, which purports that AAL diverges and converges to white varieties over the course of its history with respect to changes in and degrees of racism, segregation, inequalities, and inequities that fluctuate across time and differs (sic) regionally; and
(6) Deficit, which purports that AAL is based on the assumption that Africans in America and their culture are inferior to whites and their language learning as a result was imperfect and bastardized.
ơβˤϡ˸ŪθȿǤƤʬ⤢СԤٻԤΥǥǧŪΩ줬ǻȿǤƤʬ⤢롥Ԥफ餳䤳ʤ롤ȤΤ뿼ǺߤǤ롥
Lanehart, Sonja L. "Varieties of English: Re-viewing the Origins and History of African American Language." Chapter 117 of English Historical Linguistics: An International Handbook. 2 vols. Ed. Alexander Bergs and Laurel J. Brinton. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2012. 1826--39.
濴ȤϽαѸؤαƶˤĤơϢ#4444. Ѹĺ15 ([2021-06-27-1]) ȡ#4445. ʤѸˤˤϽ줫αƶᾮɾƤΤ ([2021-06-28-1]) Ǽ夲ƤϸðʳؤαƶˤĤ Hendriks λŦƤ2夲褦
ޤ1ܤϡѸFlemish üԤαƶˤꡤѸλ [ð] бĺ [d] ֤줿ΤǤϤʤȤˤĤơνнǤ Samuels Ȥ Hendriks (1668) ˤСѸ Kent, East Sussex, East Surrey ꡤ"the" de Ȥơthick dykke Ȥơ"this" dis ȤʸڤȤSamuels ˤС "TH-stopping" Ͼ嵭ϰ15ƬޤǤ˵äƤꡤߤǤؼ˸¤ΤΡθ̤ĤäƤȤ
2ܤϡTrudgill θΤ褦ˤʤä East Midland ˤ3ñΥǤ (cf. #2310. 3ñΥ ([2015-08-24-1])ˡTrudgill ϡϰDZѸϽ줬ܿưޤ¿Ͳʣ̡ǽŪ˿ʿDzߤȤˤ긽ߤ3ñΥ褦ȤƤ롥Hendriks (1668) ˤꡤεΥ˥奢⤦ǫɤäƤߤ褦
In an article first published in 1997, Trudgill (2002) seeks to understand why the present-tense, third person singular verb forms lack -s in the East Anglian dialects. Surviving evidence suggests that from the 11th to the 15th century, Est Anglian dialects had the original -th form, but by 1700, the zero form had become a typical feature of these dialects. Noting a number of zero forms in the early 17th letters of Katherine Paston, he situates the emergence of the zero forms in the 16th century. This time-frame corresponds to massive migration into East Anglia from the Low countries and France as a result of the Dutch Revolt in the southern Netherlands and civil wars in France. Trudgill concludes that the zero from is due to contact at a time when the East Anglian system itself was in flux and this is the key to his argument. There is evidence of variation between the native southern -th forms and the northern -s forms at the same time that this region experience[d] a massive influx of immigrants who would have found the typologically highly marked third person singular verb forms difficult to acquire. In this situation of dialect contact, Trudgill (2002: 185) asserts, "natural forms tend to win out over non-natural ones".
ä˸ԤΡ3ñΥ aave εˤƤ⸰ȤʤȥԥåǤꡤѸ˾夭ƽפǤ롥
Hendriks, Jennifer. "English in Contact: German and Dutch." Chapter 105 of English Historical Linguistics: An International Handbook. 2 vols. Ed. Alexander Bergs and Laurel J. Brinton. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2012. 1659--70.
Samuels, Michael L. "Kent and the Low countries: Some Linguistic Evidence." Edinburgh Studies in English and Scots. Ed. A. J. Aitken, Angus McIntosh, and Hermann Pálsson. London: Longman, 1971. 3--19.
Trudgill, Peter. "Third-Person Singular Zero: African-American English, Anglian Dialects and Spanish Persecution in the Low Countries." East Anglian English. Ed. Jacek Fisiak and Peter Trudgill. Cambridge: D. S. Brewer, 2002. 179--86.
Ebonics פȤϡ1996ǯ˥ե˥ Oakland ζѰηĤüȯ롤ͱѸΰ֤ŤǤ롥λǹͱѸؤ Ebonics ȤѸ줬ͭ̾ȤʤäؤǤϹͱѸΤȤ AAVE (= African American Vernacular English) ȸƤ֤Ȥ¿aave γƵȡˡʤߤˡEbonics ebony ʹɡ phonics ʲˤκ (blend) Ȥ롥
1996ǯ1218ե˥ΥɶѰ Ebonics ǧΤݻѤ뤳ȤꤷͤλҶǽŪɸѸή礦˻Ȥʤ褦ˤʤ뤿ˤϡ塤Ǥ Ebonics βߤ礫ʤȤȽǤѰϤ Ebonics ϱѸȡְŪطˤפѸȤϰۤʤǤȷĤΤǤ롥ηĤ1997ǯ17˥ꥫ춨פλٻդ٤ϡƱ Ebonics ɸѸȤΡְŪʴطפˤĤơ餫ŪʸҤ٤櫓ǤϤʤȤˡȽĤˤŪȽǤȽӤ뤳Ȥˤʤä
ζѰηĤˤ鶯ȿаոФ줿Ʊ1997ǯ1ˡꥫ屡ξѰθİǤϡͤͤȽäθˤꡤζѰ1997ǯ4ƽ Ebonics ȤѸ뤳Ȥ;ʤ줿ۤɤǤ롥
2ĤθѼ郎2ĤΰۤʤʤΤ뤤1ĤθΰۤʤˤʤΤlanguage_or_dialect ȤҲؤθŤ꤬¤μҲȤʤäȤõ٤
ʾ塤Wardhaugh (371) ȤƼɮWardhaugh ϡϢʸʣɤ롥
Wardhaugh, Ronald. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. 6th ed. Malden: Blackwell, 2010.
#3576. ͱѸ (= AAVE) θŪħ --- ȯ ([2019-02-10-1])#3577. ͱѸ (= AAVE) θŪħ --- ʸˡ ([2019-02-11-1]) ³McArthur AAVE θŪħҲ𤹤롥ϸáˡ¾ˤĤơ
(1) goober (peanut), yam (sweet potato), tote (to carry), buckra (white man) ʤɤեꥫθä̤롥
(2) ⽸Ĥ homeboy / homegirl ʼʬζпȤμ͡ˡhomies (homegirls) ʤɤѤ롥
(3) 뽸ĤΤƸƤ̾ΤȤ honkie / whitey (͡ˡredneck / peckerwood ļˤϤΡ͡ˤʤɤѤ롥
(4) ¯Ȥ bad / cool / hot (ɤ)crib ʲȡˡshort / ride ʼ֡ˤʤɤѤ롥
(5) ŪʸˡȤơstepped-to ʡʷޤǡͭʡˡupside the head ƬΤȤǡʲˡˡashy ʡ椬æơˤʤɤѤ롥
(6) ¿ AAVE ɽꥫѸθˤȤäƤ롥hip / hep ʥݥԥ顼㡼̤Ƥ͡ˡdude ˡ
(7) եꥫθƬͳ褹͡ɽϤꥢꥫѸθ˳ȤäƤ롥the dozens ƤФȯˡrapping ͺۤǹߤʸոˡshucking / jiving ͤչߤˤ餫äꡤޤꤹ뤳ȡˡsounding ʸդˤзˤʤɡ
Ȥ櫓äɽΰǸʤΤϡˤҤ٤褦ˡ̤ΥꥫѸθ졦¯ˤ¿Ǥ뤳ȤꥫѸǡʤȤȤϡ٤ɸѸǤˡAAVE ̵Ǥʤ餤¸ߴäƤΤǤ롥Ȥ櫓 AAVE Υݥåץ㡼θؤαƶϤ礭
McArthur, Tom, ed. The Oxford Companion to the English Language. Oxford: OUP, 1992.
ε#3576. ͱѸ (= AAVE) θŪħ --- ȯ ([2019-02-10-1]) ˰³McArthur ˰͵ AAVE θŪħˤĤơʸˡܤ롥
(1) ¾αѸѼˤߤ뤬¿̤Ѥ롥No way no girl can't wear no platform shoes to no amusement park.
(2) ¸߹ʸ there ǤϤʤ it Ѥ롥It ain't no food here.
(3) ʣͭʷ3ñ -s -ed ʤɤά뤳Ȥ롥He got three cent. / That's my brother book. / She like new clothes. / They talk all night.
(4) ʸ֤ʤʤȤ롥What it is? / How you are?
(5) be ư do Ѥ뤳Ȥ롥It don't all be her fault.
(6) be νˡThey be fightin. / He be laughing.
(7) Τ been ˤνŪʹ٤ɽ魯I béen see dat movie. / She béen had dat hat.
(8) ˾ a ˤջ֤ɽ魯I'm a shoot you. (= I'm going to shoot you.)
(9) steady ʹԷ֤䡤ʸΰ֤ˤƶȼäŪʰ̣ɽ魯We be steady rappin. / We steady be rappin. / We be rappin stéady. (= We are always talking.) / They steady be high. / They be stady high. / They be high stéady.. (= They are always intoxicated.)
(10) Come ˽ưȤѤ롥He come tellin me some story. (= He told me a lie.) / They come comin in here like they own de place. (= They came in here like they owned the place.)
(11) like ֤ۤȤɡפΰ̣ŪѤ롥I like to die(d). (= I almost died.) / He like to hit his head on that branch. (= He almost hit his head on that branch.)
ΤˤΤ褦ʱѸäС狼ϤʸʹʤȻפ롥ۤʤȤۤɤεΥǤϤʤΤ¤Ǥ롥AAVE ΰ֤ŤǮӤӤ櫓
McArthur, Tom, ed. The Oxford Companion to the English Language. Oxford: OUP, 1992.
ܸǡֹͱѸפȸ蘆ƤѸѼϡҲؤǤ AAVE (= African American Vernacular English) ȸƤ֤Ȥ¿¾ˤ Black English Vernacular, African-American English, Afro-American (English), (American) Black English, black English ʤ͡ʸƤԤʤƤ뤬ʲ AAVE ̤
ܥ֥Ǥϡ#1885. AAVE ʸˡŪħȵ ([2014-06-25-1]) ޤ aave γƵ AAVE θŪħ䵯ˤĤƾҲ𤷤ƤǯΤ褦 AAVE ˴ؿΤߤʤɤ˸뤳Ȥ⤢ꡤˤ錄ꡤ⤦ηŪ AAVE θŪħҲ𤷤ƤMcArthur αѸŵ BLACK ENGLISH VERNACULAR ι (133--35) ˰͵ʤ顤ȯʸˡáѤʤɤ̤˾Ҳ𤷤ƤͽǤ롥
ϥȥȤ AAVE ΤΤǤϤʤѰ (variation) ħŤѼǤ뤳ȤޤĴǡȯħؤȿʤߤAAVE ϡƹιͤ¿ȤѸѼǤ롥ˤϼβѼ郎ꡤҲؤˤäƤۤʤ뤷Իԡļˤ̤ˤäƤۤʤ롥ŪɸŪʡפΤ顤Ƥ餺ޤäĶ鳰˽ФʤϤͤˤää¤ΤĤפΤޤɸŪ AAVE ȤäƤ⡤ɸѸƱͤϰˤ뺹ۤ¸ߤ롥 AAVE ϡͤäѸθˡǤ뤷 AAVE ƱͤǤ롥ĿͤˤäƤ⡤¤ζ AAVE ѼɸѸ˶ᤤѼȤθ (style-shifting) Фи졤ʼҲ˸ŪΤʵҤϺˤ롥
ǤϡŵŪ AAVE ȯħĤƤ
(1) ŪʥꥫƱͤˡnon-rhotic Ǥ롥car "ca" Τ褦ˡparty "pahty" Τ褦ȯ롥ޤҲ˵ /l/ æhelp "hep" ˡself "sef" ˤʤ롥r l ϡWe're coming We'll be here ʤɤˤƤæ"We comin" "We be here" Τ褦ˤʤ롥
(2) -ing ˤơ/ŋ/ /n/ ִ롥coming, running ϡä "comin", "runnin" Ȥʤ롥
(3) λҲϽ̸롥desk, test, cold Ϥ줾 "des", "tes", "col" Ȥʤ롥
(4) /d/ Ҳˤæ롥looked, talked ϡ"look", "talk" ȤʤäƤޤ
(5) Ƭ /ð/ ϤФ /d/ ȯ졤that day, this house "dat day", "dis house" Ȥʤ롥
(6) /θ/ ϤФ /f/ ȯ졤booth, south "boof", "souf" Ȥʤ롥
(7) 2ˤơФ1˶롥ȤСɸѸȰۤʤ "pólice", "défine" ʤɤȯ롥
McArthur, Tom, ed. The Oxford Companion to the English Language. Oxford: OUP, 1992.
Ѹ礿ȤƤıξǤϡˤɸ (standard) Τªۤʤ롥ꥹǤɸŪȯǤ RP ¸ߤ뤬ꥫǤ RP ҿäͣȯ¸ߤʤޤɸɸ̤뼴ϡꥹǤϳ (class) Ȥ뤬ꥫǤ̱² (ethnic group) ˤȤ٤ΰ㤤ξˤȼҲȿǤƤ롥ʲ18ʹߤΥꥫξ Milroy and Milroy (157--58) ˽äάҤ褦
ꥫ̱²Ȥ顤㤨 AAVE Τ褦ʱѸѼФ봲Ƥ礤ƤΤˤŪطʤ롥18ޤǤϡꥫˤŪƤ¸ߤȤȤƤüԸĿͤȤƤ¿Ѥλ¤äΤޤ1ˡ18Υꥫˤϡ̱ϻۤͭŪʸȤơѸΤۤ˥ڥե¸ߤƤեǤϡषѸ⥹ڥѤΤۤĹäեѤϰ⤢ä2ˡο̱Ԥϥꥫ轻̱ν˿Ƥаޤꡤۤ˥ɥĿͿ̱ԤΥߥ˥ƥʤɤ⤢äꥫˤŪʱѸͥϵʤäȤƤ⡤¿ѤϼҲŪ˴оݤʤɤǤϤʤä
Ȥ19ʤˤĤ¿ѤФ봲Ƥ졤ѸнŻۤɽФƤˤϡȾФΥɡå夬1ĤηȤʤäƤ롥Ͱ̱̤äȤˤꡤӳۤޤ줿1848ǯΥꥫˤᥭΤʻ⡤ڥüԤФѸüԤͥۤ浯̱²ŪԴƤĹΤ˰äơ1878ǯˤϥե˥ΡֱѸ쥪פνȤʤäΤ褦ԴƤʼҲĬΤʤǡ轻̱νڻ뤵褦ˤʤäǸˡǰפˤ⡤ʤ餳̱²ŪԴƤνפطʤʤƤ롥θ塤Ĭϡ2021ˤѤƤ롥
Milroy and Milroy (160) ΤޤȤ˼褦
In the US, bitter divisions created by slavery and the Civil War shaped a language ideology focused on racial discrimination rather than on the class distinctions characteristic of an older monarchical society like Britain which continue to shape language attitudes. Also salient in the US was perceived pressure from large numbers of non-English speakers, from both long-established communities (such as Spanish speakers in the South-West) and successive waves of immigrants. This gave rise in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries to policies and attitudes which promoted Anglo-conformity. To this day these are embodied in a version of the standard language ideology which has the effect of discriminating against speakers of languages other than English --- again an ideology quite different from that characteristic of Britain.
Milroy, Lesley and James Milroy. Authority in Language: Investigating Language Prescription and Standardisation. 4th ed. London and New York: Routledge, 2012.
ϡߥ˥ƻǤȤȤˡǥƥƥλɸǤ⤢롥Τ2ĤεǽϡڻؼŪǽ (referential function) ȼҲɸŪǽ (socio-indexical function) ȤƤФ롥 ä˸ԤεǽϼҲؤˤǽפΥơȤƶĴ뤬̤ˤϹǧƤȤϸ¿οͤϤҤȤ˥ߥ˥ƻȤƵǽƤȻפǤ롥
ָᥳߥ˥ƻפΤߤȯۤˤȤƤȡĤФǤϤʤ¤ˤҲŪĹǽ餢롥ƻǤ뤫ŪˤΩǤ롤̵ٵˤߤʤƤޤȡŪ˰ѤҲˤⵤŤˤʤ뤫ϡߥ˥ƻǤˤȤɤޤ餺٤Ūʥġؤưפ˲뤳ȤǤΤǤ롥 (137) ˤ륢ꥫιͱѸѸѸ첽ˤĤƤɾ⤬Ū¦̤褯֤ФƤΤǡѤ
ŪʾǤϿͼﺹ̤ɽ֡ȲƤ륢ꥫΤ褦ʼҲͼﺹ̼ԤϡȤ1996ǯ97ǯ˵äܥ˥ˤߤ줿褦ˡͤȽΤǤϤʤͱѸȽꡤ뤤ϥå塦ʱѸѸ첽˱ưˤߤ褦ˡҥѥ˥åȽΤǤϤʤڥ뤳ȤȽꤷƤ롥Ĥޤ긽奢ꥫǤϿͼ꤬ʤʸˤ֤ƸƤΤǤꡤϡǤߤ褦ʡꥫɸȤƤΥͥ롦ꥫֶˤޤĤӳŪͼŪطʤפפȯʤɤȡϰŪƤˤ꤫ƸȤȤⶦĤ롥
ʤ罰ˡ٤ǤϡͼʤɤȰ㤤Ϻ̤κȤʤ ("suspect category") ȤϤߤʤƤ餺줬ŪʸŪˤͼΥ֡ȤȤˡ줬ͼˤĤƸ뤿Ρ֥ɡɡפȤʤäƤ뤳ȤȴطƤ뤳Ȥ餫Ǥ롥Sonntag (2003) ϡΤ褦ˡŪˤΰ֤ŤϡꥫΥ٥̱ĤޤꥸåŪˤƤϡ줬ǥƥƥλɸǤϤʤߥ˥ΤŪƻǤȹͤƤ뤳Ȥͳ褹̤뤳ȤŦƤ롥
ҲؼԤ Peter Trudgill ⡤ͼʤ¿ƤǤκ̤äƤʤǡϺǸκǸޤǺ̤εȤƺĤäƤȽҤ٤Ƥ롥ǰʤ顤⤳ΰոƱʤμҲɸŪǽˤĤ⤷Ƥۤʤ
ˡ7ϡҲסؼҲءٰ ʼԡˡīҽŹ2017ǯ125--45ǡ
AAVE εˤĤơCreolist Hypothesis Anglicist Hypothesis ԤΩƤаޤ˴ؤơ#1885. AAVE ʸˡŪħȵ ([2014-06-25-1]) ǾҲ𤷡ǴϢʲεƤ
#1886. AAVE ʬ ([2014-06-26-1])
#1850. AAVE ˤư츽߷ -s ([2014-05-21-1])
#1841. AAVE ε founder principle ([2014-05-12-1])
Tagliamonte (9) ꡤξˤĤΤ褯ޤȤƤս꤬äΤǡѤȤ
Among the varieties of English that arose from the colonial southern United States is that spoken by the contemporary descendants of the African populations --- often referred to as African American Vernacular English or by its abbreviation AAVE. This variety is quite distinct from Standard North American English. One of the most vexed questions of modern North American sociolinguistics is why this is the case. Early African American slaves would have acquired their variety of English either en route to the United States or more likely on the plantations and homesteads of the American South. But it is necessary to determine the nature of the varieties to which they were exposed. The fact that AAVE is so different has often been traced to the dialects from Northern Ireland, Scotland and England. However, they have as often been traced to African and Caribbean creoles. There is a long history of overly simplistic dichotomies on this issue which can be summarized as follows: (1) a 'creole origins hypothesis', based on linguistic parallels between AAVE and Caribbean creoles; (2) an 'English dialect hypothesis', based on linguistic parallels with the Irish and British dialects spoken by early plantation staff. In reality, the answer probably lies somewhere in between. Many arguments prevail based on one line of evidence or another. Perhaps the most damning is the lack of evidence of which populations were where and under what circumstances. / The debate over the origins of AAVE still rages on with no consensus in sight . . . .
ƿ̱νʣʸܿȤθŪ;ȤäƤϡ줳100ǯ³Ƥꡤޤ˲ܽ褬ΩäƤʤܿ˴Ϳο͡˴ؤ롤̩˼Ҳؤθ椬ɬפȤƤ롥
Tagliamonte, Sali A. Roots of English: Exploring the History of Dialects. Cambridge: CUP, 2013.
ߡ͡ʱѸѼ (world_englishes) ʬۤƤ롥ơθħäǤꡤߤΰۤʤ¿¿ͤǡֱѸפȤưˤ褦ȤƤۤɤɸŪʥꥹѸȥꥫѸɤ٤Ƥ⡤ˤäƤΰ㤤ˤΤʤΤƱꤹΤϡ䤹ʤʡ#627. 2Ѽ֤̻ӤˤäŪۤ ([2011-01-14-1])#628. 2Ѽ֤̻ӤˤäŪۤ (2) ([2011-01-15-1]) ȡˡ
Tagliamonte ϡαѸѼ֤δطĤʤ碌ߥåϡꥹμνѼȤˤˤȼĥ (p. 3) ǼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥
It is fascinating to consider why the many varieties of English around the world are so different. Part of the answer to this question is their varying local circumstances, the other languages that they have come into contact with and the unique cultures and ecologies in which they subsequently evolved. However, another is the historically embedded explanation that comes from tracing their roots back to their origins in the British Isles. Indeed, leading scholars have argued that the study of British dialects is critical to disentangling the history and development of varieties of English everywhere in the world . . . .
Tagliamonte ȤƤ뤳Ȥϡ㤨мΤ褦ʤȤꥹμήѼȥꥫμήѼ¤٤ƸߤθŪۤФѼˤμˤ褦ȤƤ⡤٤Ƥ櫓ǤϤʤѤƥꥹ뤤ϥꥫήѼ⤤ĤޤƲ¤ӤˤμȤȤ˸ŪƱСߤѼӤĤߥåǽ롥㤨СߤΥɥαѸõƤ⸫ĤʤҥȤåȥɤαѸȤˤиĤ뤳Ȥ⤢ΤǤϤʤ
Tagliamonte ǽҤ٤ƤΤϡδ˾Ǥ롥δ˾äơˤӤˡȤ "comparative sociolinguistics" ƤƤΤΡӼҲءפˡĤӸ (comparative_linguistics) ΤijؽŪ̩뤳ȤϤۤԲǽȤäƤ褤1ĤŪƤȤƴޤѸαƺΤ褦ʼפФǤʤԥѸ졤쥪Ѹ졤AAVE ʤѼˤ뤤ꤲƤ
ܽκǸǡTagliamonte (213) ϱѸˤȤ뤤̤𤤾夲Ƥ롥
Dialects are a tremendous resource for understanding the grammatical mechanisms of linguistic change. Dialects are also the storehouse of the heart and soul of culture, history and identity. Delving deep into the nuts and bolts of language, deeper than words and phrases and expressions, down into the grammar, we discover a treasure trove. Beneath the anecdotes and nonce tales are hidden patterns and constraints that are a system unto themselves, reflecting the legacy of regional factions, social groups and human relationships. As language evolves through history, its inner mechanisms are evolving, but not in the same way in every place nor at the same rate in all circumstances --- it will always mirror its own ecology.
Tagliamonte, Sali A. Roots of English: Exploring the History of Dialects. Cambridge: CUP, 2013.
ǯѸѼؤδؿ⤯ܥ֥Ǥ world_englishes new_englishes ȤΤȤǡ ͡Ѽ˿ƤϡBayley ˤ "Latino Varieties of English" ꤹʸʤȤϾҲˤ˽äơꥫˤƥꥫϰ̱Ȥλ¹ѤѸѼ "Latino English" ˤĤơñ˽Ҥ٤褦
ǿפǤϤʤ2004ǯλǡƹΥƥꥫϿ40,424,000ͤۤɤǤꡤˤΤ14%롥βȾϲǥڥѤ³ƤȤǤѸΤߤäľ20ǯۤɤδ֤¤ƤƤȤBayley (522) ˰ѤƤ Brodie et al. 2002ǯפˤС̱1ˤͤǤϼȤƥڥΤߤä礬72%ǰݤƤ뤬2Ǥ47%Ѹ졦ڥΥХǤꡤˤۤƱȤƱѸäȤ3ʹߤˤʤȡ1Ⱦž78%ȤƱѸѤȤ롥Ĥޤꡤƥꥫϥꥫͤ2ʹߤȤƱѸ褦ˤʤäƤꡤäѼαѸ줬 "Latino English(es)" ȸƤФΤǤ롥ѼϡڥȤͤѸǼ interlanguage Ȥϰۤʤ뤳Ȥդ
Latino English ˤʣѼ郎̤뤬Bayley ˤС̤ηŪϤۤɿʤǤʤȤ̡2Ĥμ礿ѼǤ "Chicano English" "Puerto Rican English" ȤƤ롥Chicano English ϡȤƥե˥ barrio ʥƥꥫϵサˤʹѼǤ롥Puerto Rican English ϼȤ New York City ޤ쳤ߤʹ롥Ѽ⡤ǯƥꥫϿꥫdz礷Ƥ뤿ᡤ嵭ϰʳǤʹ褦ˤʤäƤƤ롥㤨СChicago, Georgia, North Carolina ʤɤǤϡƥꥫϿäǤ롥
ѼθŪħȤƤϡظȤƤΥڥθ̤ͿƤȹͤΤ뤬ƥꥫϱѸѼʿŪħ⸫졤ظ줫αƶɾϿŤˤʤʤФʤʤषPuerto Rican English ǤϡŪ be ˡϢ (copula) ηǡ3ñ -s ηǡ˴ؤơAAVE αƶȸƤ롥
塤¿¿ͤʥƥꥫϿ礷ưܿεƤͽۤ뤬ƥꥫϱѸѼγơϤɤΤ褦ȯŸɤ뤳ȤˤʤΤġХХȯãΤ뤤1Ĥ "pan-Latino English" ȸƤ٤褦Ѽ郎ȯã뤳ȤˤʤΤưꤿ
ϢȤơ#256. ƹ Hispanification ([2010-01-08-1])#1657. ꥫαѸѸ첽ư ([2013-11-09-1]) ȡ
Bayley, Robert. "Latino Varieties of English." Chapter 51 of A Companion to the History of the English Language. Ed. Haruko Momma and Michael Matto. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2008. 521--30.
#1850. AAVE ˤư츽߷ -s ([2014-05-21-1]) ˰³ƤꡥAAVE 3ñ -s æ뷹ˤĤơ#1885. AAVE ʸˡŪħȵ ([2014-06-25-1]) ǤҤ٤æҤ뤳ȤϤޤäñǤϤʤAAVE ȤäƤǤϤʤϰˤäưۤʤ뤷Ŀͺ礭Ȥ롥æ뤫ʤΥѥʣ¸ߤ줾θѰۤ롥
㤨СSchneider (100) ϡĤԸȤ3ñ -s æΥѡơޤȤƤ롥Harlem ǯĤĴ42--100% ʿѤ 63%ˡDetroit βήϫƯԳĴ71.4%5лĴ72.5%Oakland βήνĴ57.7%Washington, D. C. λҶĴ84%Washington, D. C. βήĴ65.3%ήⶵդĴ17--78%Maryland γĴ83.3%ʤɤǤ롥-s æŪǤ뤳ȤϳΤǡ绨Ĥˤä31 -s ƤȤȤǤ⤢ꡤæ§ŪǤȤȤϤǤʤ
AAVE ˤ3ñ -s Τߤʤ餺ư츽߷ -s ˴ؤ뽾θǤϡ͡ʡʼҲ˸ŪʥѥƤɸѸ˸褦ʿ;ΤξϤȤꡤbe ư is ʣѤ븽ݤȤδͿɸѸεϤؤν١dialect mixture ʡ#1671. dialect contact, dialect mixture, dialect levelling, koineization ([2013-11-23-1]) ȡˡꥹŪʱƶʤɡ͡Ǥ롥
͡ʥѥΤʤ Bailey et al. Ȥ櫓ܤդΤ줬̾ (PRO) ̾ (NP) ζ̤Ǥ롥ԸǤϡAppalachian English, Alabama White English, Samaná, Scotch-Irish English, black and white folk speech in Texas ʤɡAAVE ˸¤餺Ѽ䥤ꥹѼǤ⡤δबѤƤ뤳ȡʤ߷ NP 줬 PRO -s 뤳ȤŦƤηϡ#1852. Ѹˤľˡ߷ưθ NPTR ([2014-05-23-1]) ǿ줿 "Northern Personal Pronoun Rule" ("Northern Present Tense Rule") θ̤Ƥ롥Bailey et al. ϡ "NP/PRO constraint" 1472--88ǯ˥ɥӾȤĤʽ the Cely Letters 17--18ΥꥹҳΤѤ "Ship English" ˤߤ뤳ȤŦǡŪĴ̤ơƱ̤ AAVE νѼˤѤƤ뤳ȤƤ롥Bailey et al. (298) ϡ"NP/PRO constraint" Ǥ줤˵ҤǤۤñǤϤʤȶĴʤ⡤˾ߤäƼΤ褦äƤ롥
By examining data from EME and looking at parallels in present-day black and white vernaculars, we have shown that the NP/PRO constraint is a powerful one that has affected English for quite some time and that currently affects a wide range of processes. Although it is important to stress that this constraint does not account for all of the variation in the present tense verb paradigms of the black and white vernaculars in the South (for instance, -s used to mark historical present), it does play a major role in a number of previously unconnected phenomena.
Schneider, Edgar W. "The Origin of the Verbal -s in Black English." American Speech 58 (1983): 99--113.
Bailey, Guy, Natalie Maynor, and Patricia Cukor-Avila. "Variation in Subject-Verb Concord in Early Modern English." Language Variation and Change 1 (1989): 285--300.
ε#1885. AAVE ʸˡŪħȵ ([2014-06-25-1]) ǡAAVE ħȵ˴ؤͤ⤷Ѽ֤θŪʺۤϤüԽĤμҲŪʺۤбȹͤ뤳ȤǤΤǤСꥫǼȤƹͤѤ AAVE ȼȤͤѤ Standard English ˤᤤѼȤθŪʺۤϡꥫιͼҲͼҲκۤɽ路ƤȤߤ뤳ȤǤ롥ۤȤϸˤäƤЪΥȤȤ館졤羮ϼҲŪŪǥŪͼŪʴްդĤȤˤʤ롥
Creolist Hypothesis ϡɸѼ狼礭ЪΥƤ쥪줬æ쥪벽 (decreolization) β̤ɸѼ˶ŤƤȲꤷƤ롥ĤޤꡤξѼʤƴްդǤξѼüԽġˤˤϹή (convergence) ƤȤˤʤ롥Anglicist Hypothesis ϡꥹꥫˤ⤿餵졤ѼѼȤ礭2Ĥήؤʬߤ˻ޤǤʬ֤ݤƤΤȤ롥ĤޤꡤξѼʤƴްդǤξѼüԽġˤˤʬ (divergence) ƤȤˤʤ롥
ǤϡߤΥꥫҲˤơŪˤϤɤĬήѻΤƤ뤳ȤҴŪȽǤ뤳ȤϾѼѼʬˤȾ "divergence hypothesis" ŪȤʤäƤ롥Trudgill (60) Ѥ롥
Research carried out in the 1990s appears to suggest that, even if AAVE is descended from an English-based Creole which has, over the centuries, come to resemble more and more closely the English spoken by other Americans, this process has now begun to swing into reverse. The suggestion is that AAVE and white dialects of English are currently beginning to grow apart. In other words, changes are taking place in white dialects which are not occurring in AAVE, and vice versa. Quite naturally, this hypothesis has aroused considerable attention in the United States because, if true, it would provide a dramatic reflection of the racially divided nature of American society. The implication is that these linguistic divergences are taking place because of a lack of integration between black and white communities in the USA, particularly in urban areas.
ŪʻСPhiladelphia ʤɤǤѼǤ첻 [aɪ] > [əɪ] ѲʹƱԻԤιѼˤϤ줬ƤʤAAVE Ǥ̤ɽ魯 be done ʸ (ex. I'll be done killed that motherfucker if he tries to lay a hand on my kid again.) ȼȯãƤƤ뤬ѼˤȿǤƤʤ
ԥᥦդβ (sapir-whorf_hypothesis) äƤޤȼҲδطɤľŪǤ뤫ȽǤ뤳Ȥ䤹ʤȤͤС¨Ҳ경褦Ȥ뷹ˤϿŤǤʤФʤʤä˥ꥫǤϡꡤͼꡤǥؤȲ䤹ҴŪʸؤδ顤2ĤѼθѲĬήˤ٤ɬפǤ롥ϰפǤϤ뤬
̻ؤˤ divergence convergence ˤĤƤϡ#627. 2Ѽ֤̻ӤˤäŪۤ ([2011-01-14-1]) ӡ#628. 2Ѽ֤̻ӤˤäŪۤ (2) ([2011-01-15-1]) ȡ
Trudgill, Peter. Sociolinguistics: An Introduction to Language and Society. 4th ed. London: Penguin, 2000.
#1841. AAVE ε founder principle ([2014-05-12-1]) ȡ#1850. AAVE ˤư츽߷ -s ([2014-05-21-1]) Ǽ夲AAVE (African American Vernacular English) ȤϥꥫѸ1ѼȤƤΤͱѸ (Black English) ؤ"Black" "African-American" θƾΤդ路ΤȩοŪʵ˾ƤۤŬڤǤ뤫顤"Vernacular English" θƾΤդ路ΤϡɸѸ (Standard English) ФɸѸ (Non-Standard English or Substandard English) ȸƤ֤ΤϤͥްդƤޤǤ롥Ūˤ AAVE Ȥ̾Τ夷Ƥ롥
AAVE ˤϡʸˡܤ˸¤äƤ⡤ɸѸ˸ʤħ¿ǧ롥ΤȤƤϡʼȤͤˤää˥ꥫ䡤ֳߤαѸȤ륯쥪ȶᤤħȤ롥ꥹ˵ĤȹͤΤʸˡܤ⤢롥Ūˤϰʲ˼ͤΤ褦ʻ𤫤顤AAVE ʸˡŪħȤεä2Ĥ⤬ΩƤ롥ߡꥫѸѼ˴ؤȤƤϡܤƤ1ĤȤäƤ褤
1ܤβ Creolist Hypothesis ȸƤФ롥ѸեꥫνȤ̤Ȥޤ줿쥪졤뤤ϤѸѼ郎AAVE εǤȤ줬ɸѸȤܿݤĤʤǡɸѸؤȶŤƤĤޤæ쥪벽 (decreolization) ƤȹͤƤ롥ˤȡꥫ AAVE ƤΤϡԤԤ˱ƶͿ롥AAVE ħŪʸùܤΤʤˤϡvoodoo ʥ֡ɥ, pinto ʴ, goober ʥԡʥåġˤʤեꥫͳ褹Τ¿βؤɤȤʤäƤ롥
2ܤβ Anglicist Hypothesis ȸƤФ롥AAVE ħεϥꥹ礫⤿餵줿ѸѼˤȤǤ롥ꥫǹѼѼ郎ۤʤΤϡ300ǯˤ錄ˤΤʤǤ줾줬ȼθѲ뤲ǤꡤξѼߤܿŪʤäǤ롥ѻ߸ιͤذ̱ȡԻԤǤϹѼѼȤκۤݤäưռ졤줾̱²ѼȤƤȤ館褦ˤʤä
Τ褦2ĤβϱԤΩƤ뤬ܤӤƤ AAVE μ礿ʸˡŪħ7褦
(1) 3ñ -s ηǡAAVE üԤ¿ϡhe go, it come, she like ʤ -s Τʤ֤Ѥ롥ѸȤԥ䥯쥪ƱݤߤȤǤ Creolist Hypothesis ͭǥɤ East Anglia ǤƱħߤȤǤ Anglicist Hypothesis ˤ⸫ߤ롥Ϣơ#1850. AAVE ˤư츽߷ -s ([2014-05-21-1]) ⻲ȡ
(2) ߷ˤϢ (copula) be ηǡShe real nice. They out there. He not American. If you good, you going to heaven. Τ褦ʹʸϢξάϡ¿θǤߤ뤬Ȥ櫓ֳΥ쥪ŵŪǤȤ Creolist Hypothesis μĥǤ롥ꥹˤϰڤߤʤħǤꡤǤ Anglicist Hypothesis ϻٻʤ
(3) Ѥ beɸѼΤ褦ˡis, am, are ʤɤȿ;Ѳ be Ȥ롥He usually be around. Sometime she be fighting. Sometime when they do it, most of the problems always be wrong. She be nice and happy. They sometimes be incomplete. ʤɡ(2) Ϣ be ηǡ̷⤹褦ˤߤ뤬be ѤΤϽ (habitual aspect) ɽ魯ȤǤꡤbe ǡȤΩ롥Ѥ be Τ¾αѸѼˤߤ뤬줬ôäƤȤΤ AAVE ͭǤ롥He busy right now. Sometime he be busy. ˴ؤʸˡŪΩƤꡤΩɸѸɽʤСHe's busy right now. Sometimes he's busy. Τ褦ʶˤѤʤ쥪Ǥϻ (tense) (aspect) ʸˡƥȤͥ褵뤳Ȥ¿ᡤѤ be Creolist Hypothesis ˤȤäͭʺȤ롥ˤĤƤСAAVE ǤϡۤˤɸѸŪ I have talked. I had talked. Ȥä˲äλ I done talked. I been talked. Τ褦ߤ롥
(4) 2ܤι¤ˤƽưΤߤά뷹ɸѸǤ We were eating --- and drinking too. Τ褦2ܤǤ we are ޤ뤴ȾάΤ̤AAVE Ǥ¿Υ쥪Ʊͤ are άWe was eatin' --- an' we drinkin', too. ȤΤ̤Ǥ롥
(5) ܵʸˤư֡I asked Mary where did she go. I want to know did he come last night. ʤɡ
(6) ¸ʸ (existential_sentence) there ǤϤʤ it Ѥ롥It's a boy in my class name Joey. It ain't no heaven for you to go to. ʤɡ
(7) ư֡ʿʸȤʿʸΥȥ͡ǡDoesn't nobody know that it's a God. Cant't nobody do nothing about it. Wasn't nothing wrong with that. ʤɡ
1980ǯޤǤγسˤƤ Creolist Hypothesis ͥäʻ¤Τ褦ˤʤˤĤ졤٤Ƥ Creolist Hypothesis DzǤ櫓ǤϤʤȤ餫ˤʤäƤ㤨С AAVE ȤƥꥫذܽĤ㤬 Nova Scotia (Canada) Samaná (Dominican Republic) ǸߤäƤѼϡν AAVE ħ¿¸Ƥ뤳Ȥͽۤ뤬Ѥ be ʤɤηŪħ礤Ƥ롥ϡ AAVE ŪħAAVE νäƤΤǤϤʤŪ줿ΤǤϤʤȤ߽Ф
ޤdo otherwise ȤѤˡ AAVE ˤ뤬ɤ East Anglia ˤƱˡꡤ줬ǤȹͤʤAAVE Dat's a thing dat's got to be handled just so, do it'll kill you. East Anglia You lot must have moved it, do I wouldn't have fell in. Ӥ줿
ʳȻפͤϡCreolist Hypothesis Anglicist Hypothesis ŪΩ벾ǤϤʤȤ߹碌ƤȤ館٤ȤȤǤ롥줾βˤäƤŪʤħ⤢СξԤȤȤʤꤦ褦ħ⤢롥ޤºݤˤϴͿƤʤ褦ħ⤢뤫⤷ʤñ˵ƤޤȤϡष
ʾ塤Trudgill (51--60) ȤƼɮ
Trudgill, Peter. Sociolinguistics: An Introduction to Language and Society. 4th ed. London: Penguin, 2000.
AAVE (African American Vernacular English) Ǥϡľˡư3ñʤ餺Ȥ -s դȤ롥츫ȡɤο;ΤǤǤ -s դդʤäʤΤǡ˸ۤɤҸϤȤ櫓ҲŪʴ¿ʤƤ褦-s νиͽۤ뤳ȤȤAAVE ȤѼKΤǤϤʤϰԻԤˤäƤۤʤ뤷Ŀͺ礭ȤȤ롥
AAVE θ߷ -s ϡɸѸȰۤʤʬۤȤǡѼħŤܤ1ĤȤܤƤŪʴϡ -s ʬۤεδؿȤʤ뤬ϤȤʤ AAVE εɤˤ뤫ȤŪľ뤹롥AAVE ε creolist Anglicist ϤĤȤΤƤ뤬߷ -s ⡤ݱʤˤΤʤذޤ뤳Ȥˤʤäcreolist ϡAAVE ľˡߤưδϥ쥪벽ͳ褹̵ɸѸεϤΰϤˤ -s Фɬװʾ˸Ȥ꽤 (hypercorrection) 롥Anglicist ϡ-s 餫ʬۤǤĥꥹͳѼ郎ʣΤͤȹͤ롥Anglicist ϡɬ⸽β꽤βǽꤹ櫓ǤϤʤʳ˥쥪벽ꤷʤ
Ϥ˾ܤʤ#1413. Ѹ3ʣ -s ([2013-03-10-1])#1423. Ѹ3ʣ -s (2) ([2013-03-20-1])#1576. Ѹ3ʣ -s (3) ([2013-08-20-1])#1687. Ѹ3ʣ -s (4) ([2013-12-09-1]) Ǽ夲ƤĴƤ椯ʤǡAAVE -s ˴ؤ1Ĥʸˤɤ夤 Schneider Τ Anglicist Ǥ롥γ˿ϼʬ (104)
Apparently, the early American settlers brought to the New World linguistic subsystems which, as far as subject-verb concord is concerned, were characterized by two opposing dialectal tendencies, the originally northern British one using -s freely with all verbs, and a southern one favoring the zero morph. In America, the mixing of settlers from different areas resulted in the blended linguistic concord (or rather nonconcord) system, which is characterized by the variable but frequent use of the -s suffix . . ., which was transmitted by the white masters, family members, and overseers to their black slaves in direct language contact . . . .
ˤϡ#1671. dialect contact, dialect mixture, dialect levelling, koineization ([2013-11-23-1]) #1841. AAVE ε founder principle ([2014-05-12-1]) Ǽ夲褦 dialect mixture Ȥͤ롥βǽϽʬˤȻפϤȽϤˤĤƾܺ٤˽Ҥ٤ƤʤΤϤȤʤѼ郎ʤΤǤäꤷҤ뤳ȤϡŪˤä˸ǤʣѼޤˤȤˤʤ롤ˤʤȤǤϡϤʤ褦˻פ롥
ޤ"the originally northern British one using -s freely with all verbs" ȽҤ٤Ƥ뤬 "freely" ŬڤǤϤʤˤ -s ʬۤˤϡ#689. Northern Personal Pronoun Rule ȱʸˡˤ륱ȸαƶ ([2011-03-17-1]) Ǹ褦쵬§ѤƤꡤ褷ƼͳʬۤǤϤʤä
ˡSchneider 19ȾФλ AAVE ˤĤƤϤۤȤɵҤƤ餺õʸȤƤϡ夤Ȥ虜ʤ
嵭 Anglicist β⤬줿Ȥdialect mixture ιͤѤʤȤȤˤϤʤʤषƸŪʼҲؾǤ AAVE εȡѸ3ʣ -s εͿƤǽͤȤ̣ǡȯŪǤϤ롥
Schneider, Edgar W. "The Origin of the Verbal -s in Black English." American Speech 58 (1983): 99--113.
ꥫΤͱѸȸƤФƤѸѼϡؽŪˤ African American Vernacular English (AAVE) ȸƤФƤ롥AAVE εäƤϥ쥪쵯 (creolist hypothesis) ȥꥹѼﵯ (Anglicist hypothesis) ԤΩƤꡤꥫѸ˴ؤȤʤäƤ롥ɤδ֤ǤξȤ߹碌ŪʸٻƤ褦η夤ƤʤȤäƤ褤AAVE ȤεγפˤĤƤϡTrudgill (51--60) դȤ줿ޤLanguage Varieties African American Vernacular English ⻲ͤޤǤˡ
ε#1840. ڥ١Υ쥪줬ü˾ʤΤϤʤ ([2014-05-11-1]) ǡ̱Ϥˤ homestead stage plantation stage ζ̤Υ쥪벽βǽؤƤȤҲ𤷤βϡAAVE ѸȥեꥫȤ쥪ͳ褷Ȥ creolist hypothesis ȴؤMufwene, Salikolo S. (The Ecology of Language Evolution. Cambridge: CUP, 2001.) δŸƤ롥Mufwene ϡʣθѼ郎ԤƤ뿢̱ϼҲˤƤϡǽο̱Ԥ (founders) ΤˤкǽαƶϤΤ뿢̱ԤνĤѼ郎ͥȤʤȤ founder principle "founders" ȤϡҲ濴ˤäƥԥ˥ȤƵǽȤɤȤʤäƤƶϤݻȤ뽸ĤǤ롥
ơ̱ˤ homestead stage ˤƤϡfounders Ȥϥ衼åѸɸѼäͤǤꡤplantation stage ˤƤϡͤ衼åѸؤɸѼäķιͤǤ롥founder principle ˤСԤʳĹĹۤɥ쥪벽졤դ˸ԤʳĹĹۤɥ쥪벽¥ʤ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥δ顤caribbean γƵˤƤ褦ˡֳϰǤϸ¤߱Ѹ١Υ쥪줬ȯǡڤǤAAVEޤѸѼˤƥ쥪ŪǤŪȤܤͤ롥ȤΤϡºݤ˥ֳϰǤ plantation stage ĹäΤФơڤǤ homestead stage ĹäMillar (166) ϡMufwene ε⤷ʸϤǡΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥
Returning to African American Vernacular English, Mufwene essentially suggests that the plantation environments so crucial to the development of English creoles in the Caribbean were a relatively late feature in the history of African settlement in North America. On plantations, speakers of mainstream Englishes rarely interacted regularly with the slave population, meaning that new varieties of a creole type could develop unchecked. But for a large part of the seventeenth century (and into the eighteenth century in many places), African slaves in North America did not live on large plantations, growing cotton, tobacco or rice, depending on where the plantation was situated. Instead, most lived in much close proximity to their owners and, crucially, indentured servants, essentially temporary slaves of European --- normally English-speaking --- origin, on a much smaller farm. While there might be a number of slaves on the larger farms, the numerical preponderance of Africans associated with later plantations was nowhere in evidence. Mufwene terms this period the homestead stage.
This close proximity did not necessarily make the slaves' lives easier than they were later, but it did make it possible for Africans to learn the dominant language directly and continuously from native speakers in a way which fundamentally differs from the situation in which Africans found themselves in the large Caribbean plantations, where mainstream varieties of English were normally in short supply. It is likely, of course, that the primary influence on the evolving English of Africans during this period was not the language of the prosperous but rather of those with whom they had most contact; in particular, perhaps, the English of the indentured servants.
founder principle ϡ쥪벽Τߤʤ餺ܿ˴ؤˤؤ벾ȤƤԤǤܿˤĤƤϡ#1671. dialect contact, dialect mixture, dialect levelling, koineization ([2013-11-23-1]) ȡ
Trudgill, Peter. Sociolinguistics: An Introduction to Language and Society. 4th ed. London: Penguin, 2000.
Millar, Robert McColl. English Historical Sociolinguistics. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2012.
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