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nptr - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2023-05-23 Tue

#5139. Ѹˤˤơ֥ȸ첾פ꺻Ƥ [celtic_hypothesis][contact][borrowing][substratum_theory][syntax][be][progressive][do-periphrasis][nptr][th][vowel][voicy][heldio]

Ѹˤˤ֥ȸ첾 (celtic_hypothesis) ˤĤơޤǤĤεǼ夲Ƥ

#689. Northern Personal Pronoun Rule ȱʸˡˤ륱ȸαƶ ([2011-03-17-1])
#1254. ѸäդθѲϽ񤭸դߤäƤ뤫 ([2012-10-02-1])
#1342. ظƶؤȽ ([2012-12-29-1])
#1851. Ƶ̾ oneself ͳˤĤƤν ([2014-05-22-1])
#3754. ȸ줫ι¤Ūѡ֥ȸ첾פˤĤơ ([2019-08-07-1])
#3755. ֥ȸ첾פȲơ ([2019-08-08-1])
#3969. ƥ졤ťΥɸ졤ȸ졤ե󥹸줬Ѹ˵ڤܤƶӤ ([2020-03-09-1])
#4528. ꥹμϰ˻Ĥ3Ĥȯ ([2021-09-19-1])
#4595. Ĵʸ˴ؤ֥ȸ첾ס ([2021-11-25-1])
#5129. ʹԷ˴ؤ֥ȸ첾ס ([2023-05-13-1])

ǯΡ֥ȸ첾פǤϡʼ˸ðʳΡθबȽ줫ѸذưǽˤĤƸƤʤƤHickey (505) ˤꥱȸαƶ꺻ƤƤߤ褦ƹܤˤĤơܤƤϰ衦Ѽʸ˸륿ߥ󥰤ʤɤϥХХǤ뤳ȡޤܿˤ餺ŪװΤߤ⤷Τ뤳ȤʤɡɤˤդɬפǤ롥

Table 3. Possible transfer features from Celtic (Brythonic) to English

1.Lack of external possessor constructionMorphosyntactic
2Twofold paradigm of to be 
3.Progressive verb forms 
4.Periphrastic do 
5.Northern subject rule 
6.Retention of dental fricativesPhonological
7.Unrounding of front vowels 



1 ϡѸ My head is sore. Τ褦Τ̤ʤɤ˴ؤƽͭʤɽThe head is sore. Τ褦˴Ѥʤˡؤ
2 ϡűѸʼ˥ȥˤˤ be ư줬첻뤤 s- ǻϤޤȡb- ǻϤޤ2ηʻ¸Ƥؤ
3 ϡ#5129. ʹԷ˴ؤ֥ȸ첾ס ([2023-05-13-1]) 򻲾ȡ
4 ϡ#486. Ū do ȯã ([2010-08-26-1])#3755. ֥ȸ첾פȲơ ([2019-08-08-1]) 򻲾ȡ
5 ϡ#689. Northern Personal Pronoun Rule ȱʸˡˤ륱ȸαƶ ([2011-03-17-1]) 򻲾ȡ
6 ϡth = [θ] ȤŪʻҲޤǻĤäƤ¤ؤ
7 ϡűѸ˱߿첻 [y, ø] äȤؤ

Hickey ΰꥹȤˤĤƤϡ#3754. ȸ줫ι¤Ūѡ֥ȸ첾פˤĤơ ([2019-08-07-1]) ⻲ȡ
ϢơVoicy heldio #715. ȸ첾ɤ



Hickey, Raymond. "Early English and the Celtic Hypothesis." Chapter 38 of The Oxford Handbook of the History of English. Ed. Terttu Nevalainen and Elizabeth Closs Traugott. New York: OUP, 2012. 497--507.

Referrer (Inside): [2024-01-01-1] [2023-05-28-1]

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2019-08-07 Wed

#3754. ȸ줫ι¤Ūѡ֥ȸ첾פˤĤ [celtic][borrowing][syntax][contact][substratum_theory][celtic_hypothesis][do-periphrasis][reflexive_pronoun][be][nptr][fricative_voicing][cleft_sentence]

20ǯۤɤδ֤ˡ֥ȸ첾 ("the Celtic hypothesis") ˴ؤ븦椬ƤѸϸðʳˤƤ⡤ͤƤʾˡ֥ƥδظǤ륱Ƚ줫鶯ƶƤȤ1δظƶȤäƤ褤cf. #1342. ظƶؤȽ ([2012-12-29-1])ˡŪˤʤäƤŪˤɤΤ褦ʹ¤Ūʸबȸ줫αƶȤߤʤƤΤ󤲤Ƥߤ褦ʲDurkin (87--90) ˤڤˤ뤬Durkin Ȥ⥱ȸ첾ФƤϤȲŪ٤򼨤Ƥ뤳ȤҤ٤Ƥ

űѸˤ be ư bēon ̤ȿꡤ³򼨤Ѥˡ륺 be ư줬¸ߤ롥
-self κƵ̾ȯãcf. #1851. Ƶ̾ oneself ͳˤĤƤν ([2014-05-22-1])
be + -ing οʹԷ¤ȯã
do ѤŪ¤ (do-periphrasis) ȯã
ŪͭԹ¤ŪͭԹ¤ؤΰܹ (ex. he as a pimple on the nose he has a pimple on his nose)
"Northern Subject Rule" ȯãcf. #689. Northern Personal Pronoun Rule ȱʸˡˤ륱ȸαƶ ([2011-03-17-1])
ط줢뤤ܿ٤
it Ѥʬʸ (cleft sentence) ȯã (ex. It was a bike that he bought (not a car).) ʤե󥹸бʬʸ⥱ȸαƶȤȤ (Durkin 87)
/f/ /v/, /θ/ /ð/ βŪΩȯãݻcf. #3386. Ѹ˾μפʻҲѲ ([2018-08-04-1]) 2ܡ

Durkin, Philip. Borrowed Words: A History of Loanwords in English. Oxford: OUP, 2014.

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2019-01-22 Tue

#3557. Ѹˤ3ñѰ [variation][variety][world_englishes][new_englishes][3sp][verb][agreement][conjugation][inflection][link][nptr][hypercorrection]

źΡѸˤơ3ñưϤɤΤ褦˶ޤƤΤĹ餯ɤƤǡܥ֥ǤʲεϤȤ 3sp γƵǼ夲Ƥ

#790. Ѹˤư޸ʬۡ ([2011-06-26-1])
#1850. AAVE ˤư츽߷ -s ([2014-05-21-1])
#1889. AAVE ˤư츽߷ -s (2) ([2014-06-29-1])
#1852. Ѹˤľˡ߷ưθ NPTR ([2014-05-23-1])
#2310. 3ñΥ ([2015-08-24-1])
#2112. ʤ3ñ -s ĤΤ ([2015-02-07-1])
#2136. 3ñ -s ʸˡˤʬϡ ([2015-03-03-1])
#2566. 3ñ -s Ȥϲס ([2016-05-06-1])
#2857. Ϣ2֤ʤ3ñ -s դΤ ѼȤס ([2017-02-21-1])

ߤΡѸˤƤϡ3ñθϤɤΤ褦ˤʤäƤΤMesthrie and Bhatt (66--67) εҤޤȤƤ
3ñ -s ȥؤ륱ϡ¿𤵤Ƥ롥ʥꥢѼ쥢եꥫѼϤᡤꥫǥѼѼɷեꥫѼեꥫѼեԥѼ (e.g. He go to school.)󥬥ݡѼʿѼʤɤ롥
ɸѸȿФԤ̣Ѽ⤢롥ñǥȤʤꡤʣ -s ȤʬۤꥫǥѼΤʤǤ⥤쥿²Ѽ (Isletan) ǤϡΤ褦ʸ㤬ǧȤ

there are some parties that goes on over there.
Some peoples from the outside comes in.
All the dances that goes on like that occur in the spring.
The women has no voice to vote.

Maybe the governor go to these parents' homes.
About a dollar a day serve out your term.
This traditional Indian ritual take place in June.
By this time, this one side that are fast have overlapped.
The governor don't take the case.


쥿²ѼƱͤηʿѼǤǧȤ (e.g. They drink and they makes a lot of noise.)
ɸѸεդԤѼʸˡ⤢̣ǤϹŪȤ롥줬ñǤм̾ˤҸưˤ -s 줺줬ʣǤФˤ -s ղäȤǰӤƤ뤫Mesthrie and Bhatt (66) ϡηϤ "-s plural symmetry" ȸƤǤ롥
"-s plural symmetry" 򼨤Ѽ inherent variety ʤΤ뤤üԸĿͤɸѸʤɤɸȤƲ꽤 (hypercorrection) ̤ӸݤʤΤϡĴԤʤФʤʤޤѼ郎󥰥ɤŪ Northern Present Tense Rule (nptr) Ū̴طΤɤ⿵Ť˸ƤʤФʤʤ

Mesthrie, Rajend and Rakesh M. Bhatt. World Englishes: The Study of New Linguistic Varieties. Cambridge: CUP, 2008.

Referrer (Inside): [2022-08-09-1]

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2015-03-12 Thu

#2145. Ѹ3ʣ -s (6) [verb][conjugation][emode][number][agreement][3pp][nptr]

ɸˤĤƤ 3pp γƵǼ夲ƤϢ뵭Ҥ⤦1ĸĤΤǡʲ˵Ƥ#1301. Gramley αѸ˳Υѥ˥󥵥ȡ ([2012-11-18-1]) ȡ#2007. Gramley αѸ˳ܼ ([2014-10-25-1]) ǾҲ𤷤 Gramley (136--37) ΰѤǤ롥

Third person {-s} vs. {-(e)th} is a further inflectional point. This distinction is one of the most noticeable in this period [EModE], and it may be used as evidence of the influence of Northern on Southern English. In ME Northerners used the ending {-s} where Southerners used {-(e)th}. In each case the respective inflection could be used in both the third person singular present tense as well as in the whole of the plural . . . . While zero became normal in the plural, in the third person singular present tense there was no such move, and the two forms were in competition with each other both in colloquial London speech and in the written language.


ƱѸ˽ѥ˥󥵥ꡤ6ϤΤ­ (p. 8) ˡ˾ܤ⤬ܤäƤͭѤǤ롥ޤǤ Northern Subject Rule (= Northern Present Tense Rule; cf. nptr, #689. Northern Personal Pronoun Rule ȱʸˡˤ륱ȸαƶ ([2011-03-17-1])) ˤ⿨ƤꡤδϢ Lass (166, 185) Nevalainen and Raumolin-Brunberg (283, 312) ؤθڤ⤢롥
NPTR ˤŬѤ줿̤Ȼפʣ -s 󤲤Ƥ

they laugh that wins (F1--3, Q1--3; win F4) (Shakespeare, Othello 4.1.121)
whereby they make their pottage fat, and therewith driues out the rest with more content. (Deloney, Jack of Newbury 72)
For if neither they can doo that they promise & wantes greatest good (Elizabeth, Boethius 48.11)
Well know they what they speak that speaks (F1; speak Q) so wisely (Shakespeare, Troilus 3.2.145)
when sorrows comes (F1), they come not single spies. (Shakespeare, Hamlet 4.5.73)
As surely as your feet hits (F1) the ground they step on (Shakespeare, Twelfth Night 3.4.265)


Shakespeare ǤǤˤäʣ -s 줿äꤹ㤬뤳Ȥ顤ˤʸŪ뤤̻ŪʴްդꤽǤ롥

Gramley, Stephan. The History of English: An Introduction. Abingdon: Routledge, 2012.
Lass, Roger. "Phonology and Morphology." The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 3. Cambridge: CUP, 1999. 56--186.
Nevalainen, T. and H. Raumolin-Brunberg. "The Changing Role of London on the Linguistic Map of Tudor and Stuart England." The History of English in a Social Context: A Contribution to Historical Sociolinguistics. Ed. D. Kastovsky and A. Mettinger. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2000. 279--337.

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2015-03-09 Mon

#2142. Ѹˤ3ñʣθʬ [map][laeme][lalme][me_dialect][me][3sp][3pp][verb][conjugation][nptr]

ɸ䤤˼ü᤯ˤϡɽǻ­Görlach (68) ˤɽΰˡ

 SouthMidlandNorth
Present Indicative3sg.-(e)þ-(e)þ-(e)s
pl.-(e)þ-(e)n-(e)s


Ͽ޾˼ȡ#790. Ѹˤư޸ʬۡ ([2011-06-26-1]) ̤Ȥʤ뤬ܤʬۤȤˤ LAEME ʽѸˤ eLALME ʸѸˤ򻲾ȤΤǤ (cf. #1622. eLALME ([2013-10-05-1])) ʲǤϡξȥ饹줿ϿޤβŽդ褦ʥåȤ礭ʲˡޤϡ1150--1325ǯ򥫥С LAEME ꡤ3ñʺˤʣʱˤθʬۤ򤽤줾켨

LAEME: 3sp 's' and 'th' LAEME: 3pp 's', 'th', 'n', 'e', and zero
LAEME: 3sp 's' and 'th' LAEME: pp 's', 'th', 'n', 'e', and zero


ξϿޤ˽ޤִݤ -s ˽ޤĻͳѤ -th ɽʣθǤ¾˹ѤߤƤ뤬 -n ɽˡʣ̾ܤưθ߷ -e ޤϥθȤ "Northern Present Tense Rule" (NPTR; cf. #689. Northern Personal Pronoun Rule ȱʸˡˤ륱ȸαƶ ([2011-03-17-1])nptr) ʬۿޤ򸫤褦

LAEME: NPTR pp 'e' and zero
LAEME: NPTR pp 'e' and zero


Ǥϼ˸Ѹʬۤ˰ܤ롥eLALME ǤϡμऴȤ̡Ͽޤޤ3ñ顥

eLAEME: 3sp 's' eLAEME: 3sp 'th'
eLALME: 3sp 's' eLALME: 3sp 'th'


ʬۤ褯ѤǤꡤޤ̤ -s ˡޤ̤ -th ʬۤƤΤ狼롥ʣˤĤƤϡ-s, -th, -n, -e (or zero) 4ˤĤƳơϿޤ򸫤Ƥߤ褦

eLAEME: pp 's' eLAEME: 3pp 'th'
eLALME: pp 's' eLALME: pp 'th'
eLAEME: pp 'n' eLAEME: 3pp 'th'
eLALME: pp 'n' eLALME: pp 'e' or zero


ʬۤ褯ѤǤꡤ -s ʺޡˡ -th ʱޡˤͥ -n ʺޡˤĥƤ뤳ȤƼ롥ŪˡѸȸѸʬ۴֤Ūʺϸ뤬Ūˤ礭ѲϤʤȤäƤ褤  *

Görlach, Manfred. The Linguistic History of English. Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1997.

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2014-06-29 Sun

#1889. AAVE ˤư츽߷ -s (2) [verb][inflection][aave][nptr][3pp][3sp]

#1850. AAVE ˤư츽߷ -s ([2014-05-21-1]) ˰³ƤꡥAAVE 3ñ -s æ뷹ˤĤơ#1885. AAVE ʸˡŪħȵ ([2014-06-25-1]) ǤҤ٤æ򵭽Ҥ뤳ȤϤޤäñǤϤʤAAVE ȤäƤǤϤʤϰˤäưۤʤ뤷Ŀͺ礭Ȥ롥æ뤫ʤΥѥ᡼ʣ¸ߤ줾θѰۤ롥
㤨СSchneider (100) ϡĤԸ򻲾Ȥ3ñ -s æΥѡơޤȤƤ롥Harlem ǯĤĴ42--100% ʿѤ 63%ˡDetroit βήϫƯԳĴ71.4%5лĴ72.5%Oakland βήνĴ57.7%Washington, D. C. λҶĴ84%Washington, D. C. βήĴ65.3%ήⶵդĴ17--78%Maryland γĴ83.3%ʤɤǤ롥-s æŪǤ뤳ȤϳΤǡ绨Ĥˤä31 -s ƤȤȤǤ⤢ꡤæ§ŪǤȤȤϤǤʤ
AAVE ˤ3ñ -s Τߤʤ餺ư츽߷ -s ˴ؤ뽾θǤϡ͡ʡʼҲ˸Ūʥѥ᡼󵯤ƤɸѸ˸褦ʿ;ΤξϤȤꡤbe ư is ʣѤ븽ݤȤδͿɸѸεϤؤν١dialect mixture ʡ#1671. dialect contact, dialect mixture, dialect levelling, koineization ([2013-11-23-1]) 򻲾ȡˡꥹŪʱƶʤɡ͡Ǥ롥
͡ʥѥ᡼Τʤ Bailey et al. Ȥ櫓ܤդΤ줬̾ (PRO) ̾ (NP) ζ̤Ǥ롥ԸǤϡAppalachian English, Alabama White English, Samaná, Scotch-Irish English, black and white folk speech in Texas ʤɡAAVE ˸¤餺Ѽ䥤ꥹѼǤ⡤δबѤƤ뤳ȡʤ߷ NP 줬 PRO -s 򹥤򤹤뤳ȤŦƤηϡ#1852. Ѹˤľˡ߷ưθ NPTR ([2014-05-23-1]) ǿ줿 "Northern Personal Pronoun Rule" ("Northern Present Tense Rule") θ̤Ƥ롥Bailey et al. ϡ "NP/PRO constraint" 1472--88ǯ˥ɥӾȤĤʽ the Cely Letters 17--18Υꥹ͹ҳΤѤ "Ship English" ˤߤ뤳ȤŦǡŪĴ̤ơƱ̤ AAVE νѼˤѤƤ뤳Ȥ򼨺Ƥ롥Bailey et al. (298) ϡ"NP/PRO constraint" Ǥ줤˵ҤǤۤñǤϤʤȶĴʤ⡤˾ߤäƼΤ褦᤯äƤ롥

By examining data from EME and looking at parallels in present-day black and white vernaculars, we have shown that the NP/PRO constraint is a powerful one that has affected English for quite some time and that currently affects a wide range of processes. Although it is important to stress that this constraint does not account for all of the variation in the present tense verb paradigms of the black and white vernaculars in the South (for instance, -s used to mark historical present), it does play a major role in a number of previously unconnected phenomena.


Schneider, Edgar W. "The Origin of the Verbal -s in Black English." American Speech 58 (1983): 99--113.
Bailey, Guy, Natalie Maynor, and Patricia Cukor-Avila. "Variation in Subject-Verb Concord in Early Modern English." Language Variation and Change 1 (1989): 285--300.

Referrer (Inside): [2019-01-22-1] [2015-08-24-1]

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2014-05-30 Fri

#1859. Ѹ3ʣ -s (5) [verb][conjugation][emode][paradigm][analogy][3pp][shakespeare][nptr][causation]

ϡޤǤˤ 3pp γƵDz٤äƤ³ǤƤ褦ˡưľˡˤ3ʣ -s εˤĤƤϡ쳰ŪƶȡŪ3ñ -s ȤΩƤ롥Ū򾧤ԤȤơSmith 롥Smith Shakespeare First Folio оݤȤơ3ʣ -s 100ĤߤĤSmith ϡʬۤ򼨤ʤαƶ򶯤ꤷŪװΤߤǽʬǤǤμݤʸη褯ޤȤޤäƤ (375--76)

   I. That, as an historical explanation of the construction discussed, the recourse to the theory of Northumbrian borrowing is both insufficient and unnecessary.
   II. That these s-predicates are nothing more than the ordinary third singulars of the present indicative, which, by preponderance of usage, have caused a partial displacement of the distinctively plural forms, the same operation of analogy finding abundant illustrations in the popular speech of to-day.
   III. That, in Shakespeare's time, the number and corresponding influence of the third singulars were far greater than now, inasmuch as compound subjects could be followed by singular predicates.
   IV. That other apparent anomalies of concord to be found in Shakespeare's syntax,---anomalies that elude the reach of any theory that postulates borrowing,---may also be adequately explained on the principle of the DOMINANT THIRD SINGULAR.


פˡSmith ϡˤ⸽ߤˤ⸫3ñ -s ζŪкͥʤ줬3ʣΰؿȤϼǤ⤤Ƥ롥
Smith εˤ꤬¿1ˡShakespeare ΤߤäƽѸɽ뤳ȤϤǤʤȤȡ2ˡƶˤ NPTR Northern Present Tense Rule; #1852. Ѹˤľˡ߷ưθ NPTR ([2014-05-23-1]) 򻲾) äƤ˽ʬդʧ鷺ˡƱӽƤ뤳ȡʤNPTR ˴ϢڼΤ p. 366 εˤˡ3ˡSmith ˸¤ʤƶȤΩƤꡤξԤȤͭȤ븫βǽӽƤ뤳ȡ
12ˤĤƤϡSmith 100ǯʾθŤǤ뤳ȤطƤ롥Τ褦ŦǤΤϡθ带椬ʤǤڵȤ⤤롥3ˤĤƤϡʤθƤʤƶˤϤ줾ζߤȼߤ뤬ξԤͻ¤ǤʤȤͳϤʤ褦˻פ롥
#1852. Ѹˤľˡ߷ưθ NPTR ([2014-05-23-1]) εǤߤ褦 McIntosh θ NPTR Ūȵڤ򼨺뤷 Smith λŦ붦ŪǸŪװ⤽ȤϤ롥װ궯ѤƤ뤫ȤܤζϤ줫Τߤ󤹤뤳ȤϤǤʤΤǤϤʤΩȤƤϡ#1584. Ūװȸ쳰ŪװϤɤ餬פ (3) ([2013-08-28-1]) 褦ˡ3ʣ -s ˤĤƤѲ "multiple causation" Ȥ

Smith, C. Alphonso. "Shakespeare's Present Indicative S-Endings with Plural Subjects: A Study in the Grammar of the First Folio." Publications of the Modern Language Association 11 (1896): 363--76.
McIntosh, Angus. "Present Indicative Plural Forms in the Later Middle English of the North Midlands." Middle English Studies Presented to Norman Davis. Ed. Douglas Gray and E. G. Stanley. Oxford: OUP, 1983. 235--44.

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2014-05-23 Fri

#1852. Ѹˤľˡ߷ưθ NPTR [nptr][verb][conjugation][inflection][me_dialect][contact][suffix][paradigm][3pp][3sp]

ɸϡ#790. Ѹˤư޸ʬۡ ([2011-06-26-1]) Ǥñ˿줿Ϥ⤦ܤ夲ܤΤϡľˡ3;ñߤθȡʿ;ΤʤʣߤθǤ롥
ѸΰŪʬˤĤƤϡ#130. Ѹʬ ([2009-09-04-1]) #1812. 6ñѰۤǸѸ ([2014-04-13-1]) 򻲾Ȥ줿ľˡ߷ưθȤϡѸ礭3ʬ뤳ȤǤ롥 "the Chester-Wash line" ¦ (North)ʣ -eth ħȤ (South)δ֤˰֤ (Midland) Ǥ롥θˤĤƤϤ줾1ĤΥѥȤƤޤȤ뤳ȤǤ뤬Ǥϡ#689. Northern Personal Pronoun Rule ȱʸˡˤ륱ȸαƶ ([2011-03-17-1]) ˤ褦ˡưȤŪʴط˱2ĤΥѥब̤롥쵬§ "Northern Personal Pronoun Rule" 뤤 "Northern Present Tense Rule" ʰʲ NPTR άˤȤΤƤꡤMcIntosh (237) ˤСΤ褦꼰롥

Expressed in somewhat simplified fashion, the rule operating north of the Chester-Wash line is that a plural form -es is required unless the verb has a personal pronoun subject immediately preceding or following it. When the verb has such a subject, the ending required is the reduced -e or zero (-ø) form.


McIntosh (238) ˤNPTR αդѸ3Υѥ򼨤ȰʲΤ褦ˤʤ롥

(1) North (north of the Chester-Wash line)

i) subject not a personal pronoun in contact with verb

North: i)sg.pl.
1st person -es
2nd person 
3rd person-es


ii) personal pronoun subject in contact with verb

North: ii)sg.pl.
1st person -e, -ø (-en)
2nd person 
3rd person-es


(2) Midland

Midlandsg.pl.
1st person -en, -e (-ø)
2nd person 
3rd person-eth


(3) South

Southsg.pl.
1st person -eth
2nd person 
3rd person-eth


ơ⤷ΤζնΤϰǤϡNPTR θѥ (1) Ȥθʤѥ (2) Ȥͻ礷褦ʡѥ (1.5) ȤǤ⤤٤Τǧ뤳ȤǤ롥Ǥϡѥ (1) ˽äŪ NPTR ѤƤΤֲŪˤϥѥ (1) Ū -es ǤϤʤѥ (2) Ū -eth ѤƤΤǤ롥McIntosh (238) ˤꡤ֥ѥ (1.5)פ򼨤

(1.5) (1) (2) ζն "NE Leicestershire, Rutland, N. Northamptonshire, the extreme north of Huntingdonshire, and parts of N. Ely and NW Norfolk" (McIntosh 236)

i) subject not a personal pronoun in contact with verb

North/Midland: i)sg.pl.
1st person -eth
2nd person 
3rd person-eth


ii) personal pronoun subject in contact with verb

North/Midland: ii)sg.pl.
1st person -en (-e, -ø)
2nd person 
3rd person-eth


פˡϰǤϡֲŪŪħ򼨤ȤŪʥ٥ǤμѤȹͤ٤dialect mixture ȹͤ٤ŪˤҲŪˤⶽ̣򤽤븽ݤǤ롥

McIntosh, Angus. "Present Indicative Plural Forms in the Later Middle English of the North Midlands." Middle English Studies Presented to Norman Davis. Ed. Douglas Gray and E. G. Stanley. Oxford: OUP, 1983. 235--44.

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2014-05-21 Wed

#1850. AAVE ˤư츽߷ -s [verb][inflection][aave][sociolinguistics][hypercorrection][creole][nptr][3pp][3sp]

AAVE (African American Vernacular English) Ǥϡľˡư3ñʤ餺Ȥ -s դȤ롥츫ȡɤο;ΤǤǤ -s դդʤäʤΤǡ˸ۤɤҸϤȤ櫓ҲŪʴ¿ʤƤ褦-s νиͽۤ뤳Ȥ񤷤ȤAAVE ȤѼKΤǤϤʤϰԻԤˤäƤۤʤ뤷Ŀͺ礭ȤȤ롥
AAVE θ߷ -s ϡɸѸȰۤʤʬۤ򼨤ȤǡѼħŤܤ1ĤȤܤƤŪʴϡ -s ʬۤεδؿȤʤ뤬ϤȤʤ AAVE εɤˤ뤫ȤŪľ뤹롥AAVE ε creolist Anglicist ϤĤȤΤƤ뤬߷ -s ⡤ݱʤˤΤʤذޤ뤳Ȥˤʤäcreolist ϡAAVE ľˡߤưδϥ쥪벽ͳ褹̵ɸѸεϤΰϤˤ -s Фɬװʾ˸Ȥ꽤 (hypercorrection) 򾧤롥Anglicist ϡ-s 򲿤餫ʬۤǤĥꥹͳѼ郎ʣΤͤȹͤ롥Anglicist ϡɬ⸽β꽤βǽꤹ櫓ǤϤʤʳ˥쥪벽ꤷʤ
Ϥ˾ܤʤ#1413. Ѹ3ʣ -s ([2013-03-10-1])#1423. Ѹ3ʣ -s (2) ([2013-03-20-1])#1576. Ѹ3ʣ -s (3) ([2013-08-20-1])#1687. Ѹ3ʣ -s (4) ([2013-12-09-1]) Ǽ夲ƤĴƤ椯ʤǡAAVE -s ˴ؤ1Ĥʸˤɤ夤 Schneider Τ Anglicist Ǥ롥γ˿ϼʬ (104)

Apparently, the early American settlers brought to the New World linguistic subsystems which, as far as subject-verb concord is concerned, were characterized by two opposing dialectal tendencies, the originally northern British one using -s freely with all verbs, and a southern one favoring the zero morph. In America, the mixing of settlers from different areas resulted in the blended linguistic concord (or rather nonconcord) system, which is characterized by the variable but frequent use of the -s suffix . . ., which was transmitted by the white masters, family members, and overseers to their black slaves in direct language contact . . . .


ˤϡ#1671. dialect contact, dialect mixture, dialect levelling, koineization ([2013-11-23-1]) #1841. AAVE ε founder principle ([2014-05-12-1]) Ǽ夲褦 dialect mixture Ȥͤ롥βǽϽʬˤȻפϤȽϤˤĤƾܺ٤˽Ҥ٤ƤʤΤϤȤʤѼ郎ʤΤǤäꤷҤ뤳ȤϡŪˤä˸Ǥ񤷤ʣѼ򤴤ޤˤȤˤʤ롤ˤʤȤǤϡϤʤ褦˻פ롥
ޤ"the originally northern British one using -s freely with all verbs" ȽҤ٤Ƥ뤬 "freely" ŬڤǤϤʤ󥰥ˤ -s ʬۤˤϡ#689. Northern Personal Pronoun Rule ȱʸˡˤ륱ȸαƶ ([2011-03-17-1]) Ǹ褦쵬§ѤƤꡤ褷ƼͳʬۤǤϤʤä
ˡSchneider 19ȾФλ AAVE ˤĤƤϤۤȤɵҤƤ餺õʸȤƤϡ夤Ȥ虜򤨤ʤ
󡤾嵭 Anglicist β⤬줿Ȥdialect mixture ιͤѤʤȤȤˤϤʤʤषƸŪʼҲؾǤ AAVE εȡѸ3ʣ -s ε󤯴ͿƤǽͤȤ̣ǡȯŪǤϤ롥

Schneider, Edgar W. "The Origin of the Verbal -s in Black English." American Speech 58 (1983): 99--113.

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2011-03-18 Fri

#690. Northern Personal Pronoun Rule LAEME Ǹ [laeme][me_dialect][personal_pronoun][verb][nptr]

ε[2011-03-17-1]ǵǼ夲 The Northern Personal Pronoun Rule (NPPR) 󥰥ɤѸ˹Ԥʤ줿쵬§Ȥ롥ѸǼºݤʸڤ뤫ɤLAEME dzǧƤߤ
Laing and Lass (26--27) ˤСLAEME ΥѥǤ NPPR ư˥դƤȤȤʤΤǡñ˽ФȤǤ롥Tasks ڡʲΤ褦˥˥塼򤿤ɤꡤɽȤ "(-)vps2%apn(%)" ̾ľ˸ưθ߷ʣˤ "(-)vps2%bpn(%)" ̾ľ˸ưθ߷ʣˤǤ줾측Ƥߤɽ٤פ뤳ȤϤǤ뤬̤Ѥ­롥

[LISTS] -> [Make an Item List] -> [Inflections] and [Search by TAG] -> ( [(-)vps2%apn(%)] or [(-)vps2%bpn(%)] ) and Frequency Counts


Ϥ줿ɤ߲򤯤ˤ⾯μȷи뤬ƹԤϡָоݤȤʤäƥֹס֤ΥƥȤθ줬֤ŤƤ뽣ά̾סθμ١פʤäƤ롥NPPR Ǥϡʣ;̾ưθ߷ -e -en ⤢ꤦ뤬˥ȤΤǤ⸲ħʤΤǡȤ "0" ޤޤƤԤõФФ褤ιԤʲȴФ

[for "(-)vps2%apn(%)"]
188DUR+E [2] 0 [2]
285NFK+E [7] +En [4] +ETH [3] +N [2] 0 [2] +EN [1]
295YWR+>I>Ey [17] 0 [9]
296YCT+E [16] 0 [14] +E [2]
297YER0 [36] +E [10] +IEy [2]
298YNR+E [43] 0 [31]
300NFK0 [31]

[for "(-)vps2%bpn(%)"]
119[-]0 [2]
173WOR+Ay [1] +E [1] +Ey [1] 0 [1]
247HRF+E [2] +ET [1] +T [1] 0 [1]
295YWR0 [4]
296YCT0 [5] +E [3]
297YER0 [8] +E [4]
298YNR0 [22] +E [10] 0+ [2]
2000WOR+E [6] 0 [3] +Ed [1] +IE [1]
2001WOR0 [3]


̾ȡDurham, Yorkshire, Hereford, Worcester, Norfolk ʤˤʬۤƤ뤳Ȥʬ롥ä˥ƥֹ295--298 Cursor Mundi ȤĹʻؤ14ȾɽƥȤȤΤƤ롥
ƥ298 (Edinburgh, Royal College of Physicians, MS of Cursor Mundi, hand B, fols. 16r-36v: Extracts from the Northern Homily Collection) ȴФȡ㤨мΤ褦 NPPR 򼨤Ԥ롥ưֻǵ

- Yef þai lef her rihtwislie
- For in hali bok find we
- For if we schrif us clen of sinne
- Ye wen ful wel nou euerilkan
- Þan sau þai in vs goddes sede
- Of his offering today spec we


Tasks ڡ CONCORDANCING ǽˤΥ󥳡󥹡饤Ϥ뤳ȤǤ뤬ߵϤ˹⤤TAGGED TEXTS ƥȥեФƼʬǸۤưפ⤷ʤ

Laing, Margaret and Roger Lass. "Tagging." Chapter 4 of "A Linguistic Atlas of Early Middle English: Introduction." Available online at http://www.lel.ed.ac.uk/ihd/laeme1/pdf/Introchap4.pdf .

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2011-03-17 Thu

#689. Northern Personal Pronoun Rule ȱʸˡˤ륱ȸαƶ [me_dialect][personal_pronoun][verb][celtic][contact][nptr][do-periphrasis][celtic_hypothesis]

The Northern Personal Pronoun Rule (NPPR) ϡѸ Scotland Ȥιնᤫ饤󥰥عäȤֵ§Ǥ롥ϡLaing and Lass (26--27) ˤ The Northern Present Tense Rule ȸƤФƤΤƱǤ롥3;ʣ̾ "they" ܤ븽߷ưˤäưۤʤ뤬̾ -s -eth ˤ졤 -en, -e, -ø θȤ§Ǥ롥ε§ϡѸˤ The Wash ̤Υ󥰥Ǥ褽ΩƤꡤƱνޤǤˤϡ̳Ūʵ§ǤϤʤΤ1ĤȤƥɥؤãƤ ( Wright 147 )
Wright ˤϡ14θ Rosarium theologie ȤƼ㤬󤲤Ƥ롥

whiche is giffen to al sentis or holy men, þat cleueþ togeder in charite, weyþer þei knowe þam bodily or noȝt (qtd in Wright 147 as from Rosarium theologie)


ֻǼǽ cleueþ ̾3;ʣ򼨤 knowe þei Τ³Ƥ뤿 NPPR ŬѤ -e ȤäƤ롥
ơΥ󥰥ưθ߷ϤɤΤ褦˶ޤ뤫ȤСο;Τˤ餺 -s Τ§Ǥ ( ex. I walks, you walks, Betty walks, we walks, Betty and Shirley walks ) 3;ʣˤĤƤϡ̾ they ѤȤˤΤ they walk ̵ˤʤΤħޤѸ NPPR ΰ仺Ǥ롥
NPPR ˴ؤƶ̣Τϡֵ§ȸȤܿ˵ΤȵƤ뤳ȤǤ롥ȸƶ򶯤ĥ̾ͤ McWhorter 롥McWhorter (48--51) ϡ NPPR θƾΤǤ Northern Subject Rule ˤϡWelsh Cornish ȤäȽư޵§ʿŪʴطˤȻŦ롥Welsh Ǥϡ"she learned" "Betty and Shirley learned" Ϥ줾 dysgodd hi, dysgodd Betty a Shirley Ȥʤ궦̤ -odd Ȥ뤬"they learned" dysgon nhw Τ褦˰ۤʤ -on ȤȤ(1) ޥϤƤ⥤󥰥 NPPR Τ褦˴̯ʵ§äƤ¾˸ʤȡ(2) 󥰥ɤδؤˤ륱ȽʿŪֵ§ǧ뤳ȡ2ͤ碌 NPPR ϶λʪȤϹͤ줺ȸȤθܿˤ̤ǧᤶʤȤǤ롥McWhorter ¾ˤѸˤˤ do-periphrasis ʹԷʸȯã򥱥ȸαƶȸƤ롥
ϥȸΤʤΤǶŪ뤳ȤϤǤʤѸǤϸ߷˴ؤ뵬§Ǥˤ⤫餺McWhorter Welsh äƤӤƤΤääޤɤԤν̸ǥȥǥŪĴҤǤ뤳ȤϤʬ뤬ɤޤdzؽŪɾǤ뤫ϵǤ롥ʸˡΤĤħطʤˤϡ̤˱Ѹ˸ԤƤʾ˼սȤܿͿƤ˰㤤ʤȤӤǰϡ伫ȤιͤȰפƤꡤ⤷ɤळȤϤǤԤθѲ "why" ˤǽϤ䤦뤵ʹ "why" 򹵤ˤʤѸ˸θؤȽʤΤª顤ä˲ɤ᤿
[2009-08-31-1]εǾ줿褦ˡظȤƤΥȸ줬ʸˡͿƶˤĤƤϡǯĵ褦ˤʤäƤ褦Ǥ롥

Wright, Laura. "The Languages of Medieval Britain." A Companion to Medieval English Literature and Culture: c.1350--c.1500. Ed. Peter Brown. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2007. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2009. 143--58.
McWhorter, John. Our Magnificent Bastard Tongue: The Untold History of English. New York: Penguin, 2008.

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