hellog〜英語史ブログ / 2015-03-12

■ #2145. 初期近代英語の3複現の -s (6) [verb][conjugation][emode][number][agreement][3pp][nptr]

　標題については 3pp の各記事で取り上げてきたが，関連する記述をもう1つ見つけたので，以下に記しておきたい．「#1301. Gramley の英語史概説書のコンパニオンサイト」 ([2012-11-18-1]) と「#2007. Gramley の英語史概説書の目次」 ([2014-10-25-1]) で紹介した Gramley (136--37) からの引用である．

Third person {-s} vs. {-(e)th} is a further inflectional point. This distinction is one of the most noticeable in this period [EModE], and it may be used as evidence of the influence of Northern on Southern English. In ME Northerners used the ending {-s} where Southerners used {-(e)th}. In each case the respective inflection could be used in both the third person singular present tense as well as in the whole of the plural . . . . While zero became normal in the plural, in the third person singular present tense there was no such move, and the two forms were in competition with each other both in colloquial London speech and in the written language.

　同英語史書のコンパニオンサイトより，6章のための補足資料 (p. 8) に，さらに詳しい解説が載っており有用である．また，そこでは Northern Subject Rule (= Northern Present Tense Rule; cf. nptr, 「#689. Northern Personal Pronoun Rule と英文法におけるケルト語の影響」 ([2011-03-17-1])) にも触れられており，その関連で Lass (166, 185) と Nevalainen and Raumolin-Brunberg (283, 312) への言及もある．
　NPTR が南部において適用された結果と思われる複現の -s の例を挙げておこう．

　・ they laugh that wins (F1--3, Q1--3; win F4) (Shakespeare, Othello 4.1.121)
　・ whereby they make their pottage fat, and therewith driues out the rest with more content. (Deloney, Jack of Newbury 72)
　・ For if neither they can doo that they promise & wantes greatest good (Elizabeth, Boethius 48.11)
　・ Well know they what they speak that speaks (F1; speak Q) so wisely (Shakespeare, Troilus 3.2.145)
　・ when sorrows comes (F1), they come not single spies. (Shakespeare, Hamlet 4.5.73)
　・ As surely as your feet hits (F1) the ground they step on (Shakespeare, Twelfth Night 3.4.265)

　Shakespeare では版によって複現の -s が現われたり消えたりする例が見られることから，そこには文体的あるいは通時的な含意がありそうである．

　・ Gramley, Stephan. The History of English: An Introduction. Abingdon: Routledge, 2012.
　・ Lass, Roger. "Phonology and Morphology." The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 3. Cambridge: CUP, 1999. 56--186.
　・ Nevalainen, T. and H. Raumolin-Brunberg. "The Changing Role of London on the Linguistic Map of Tudor and Stuart England." The History of English in a Social Context: A Contribution to Historical Sociolinguistics. Ed. D. Kastovsky and A. Mettinger. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2000. 279--337.

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