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2020-09-30 Wed

#4174. ʤ you ϡ֤ʤפǤ⤢֤ʤפǤ⤢ΤǤ --- hellog 饸 [hellog-radio][sobokunagimon][hel_education][personal_pronoun][number][t/v_distinction]

ѸȤϡ̾ˤƤäñʣ̤ʤеκѤޤʤʤ櫓ǤγˤϽ׸Ǥ you ˤñʤʤˤʣʤʤˤζ̤ޤ󡥤ϼ¤˴̯ʤȤ˻פޤषΤ褦ʽ׸Ǥñʣζ̤äƤ٤ǤϤʤͤùޤޤ󡥤ʤ2;̾ˤñʣ̤ʤΤϡѸˤҤȤȤˤǤޤʲβİ



ѸǤŤ2;̾ˤñʣζ̤ޤñΡ֤ʤפ thou ʸűѸǤ þūˤȤѤʣΡ֤ʤפ you ʸűѸǤ ġēˤȤۤʤθ줬ѤƤޤѸ˥ƥե󥹸üʴѤαƶʣä you 󤬡֤ʤ͡פȤǫñʤַɾΡסˤˤѤ褦ˤʤäΤǤthou ϡƤߡ뤤Τߤäñؤ̤̾ʤֿƾΡסˤꤵޤŪˤϤäʾǤ
ΤäʴѤϸߤΥ衼åѤνˤΤޤ޻ĤäƤΤǤѸǤ³Ѹ˲ä뤳ȤˤʤޤͳˤĤƤϽ⤢ޤ̤ȤƱѸǤϷɾ you ƾ thou ݤ߹褦ˤư̲ΤǤ̤Ȥơyou ϸűѸʣΡ֤ʤפθݻĤġǷɾΡƾΤζ̤ΤʤѤñΡ֤ʤפθȤˤʤޤ줬ߤξǤ
嵭αѸ˾ηаޤȡθؤΥѥȤФС10ʬβɤ90ʬιֵǤ­ޤ󡥱Ѹ˾塤ƽפ̥ŪʤˤĤƤϡ##3099,1126,1127,440,529εå򤸤äꤴȤ櫓ѸϢָܴѸѸˤλͤפ10ε֤ʤ you ϡ֤ʤפǤ⤢֤ʤפǤ⤢ΤǡˤĤǫ˵ҤƤޤΤǡɤ

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2020-09-29 Tue

#4173. Palsgrave Υե󥹸ʸŵ [french][orthoepy][gvs][spelling_pronunciation_gap][spelling_reform][oed][emode]

ե󥹸츦ԤǤؼԤä16Ⱦ˳ꥹ John Palsgrave ϡѸʳء˻˾פǤ롥ե󥹸츦ԤȤ1530ǯ˱Ѹǥե󥹸ʸŵ Lesclarcissement de la Langue Francoyse 路äȤ褯Τ줿ե󥹸ʸŵȤʤä#3836. ե󥹸ˤǯɽ ([2019-10-28-1]) ̾󤲤뤯餤Ǥ뤫顤αƶϤϤΤǤϤʤ
Palsgrave ϥɥޤ졤֥åؤ˳ؤӡѥǽι񤷤ƥե󥹸춵դȤʤ Thomas More ʤɤȤƸ򿼤᤿αѸػ˾κζӤϡǤե󥹸ֲɽפˤȤäƤ褤¾ȯҴŪ˵ҤȤβؤδŪʻϻϤʪǤp. 38ˡ
16ϡPalsgrave Τ褦ؼԤ¿ڽФǤ롥첻 (gvs) βѲʹԤȯֻΥå (spelling_pronunciation_gap) ĤĤʤǡֻ (spelling_reform) ʤ͡ʿرĤʤƤ츦ԤȯҴǤ롥Palsgrave ⡤㳰ǤϤʤѸȯֻ¡ʤ̴ؿ򼨤 (orthoepy) ̤äΤǤ롥ʤ츦Ω줫Ѹȯֻ˴ؿ򼨤ѸΡƱ֡פȤƤϡۤ De pronunciation Graecae (1555) 路 J. Cheke Grammatica Linguae Anglicanae (1653) 路 J. Wallis ⤤жp. 616ˡ
Palsgrave Τ⤦1Ĥܤ٤ϡOED ΰʸξϢǤ뤳ȤOED ϡ Lesclarcissement 5418ĤƤƤꡤλθõҤ¿ʹ׸ʤƤcf. #642. OED ΰѥǡ򥳡ѥȤƻȤ뤫 (4) ([2011-01-29-1])ˡϸؽǤ뤫顤եȤǤ OED ԻԤˤȤäơʤ繥ʪפǤ롥ԻԤΤ褦ʿ޷Τ񤫤ʤȤ櫓ʸˡѸʤɤΡ˸ä򽸤Ƥʤ櫓ʤ
ʾ塤Palsgrave Ѹʳء˻˾ҤȤɤοʪȤƤطʤñ˾Ҳ𤷤

졡رѸػˡ١Ѹ13罤۽Ź1975ǯ
ж ϺԡˡظѸؼŵ١Ʋ1973ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2021-02-10-1]

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2020-09-28 Mon

#4172. DzΤȶ͡٤θԤˤ OED ԻˡξҲʸ [film][history][lexicography][oed]

OED ԻDzΤȶ͡١ʸ The Professor and the Madman1016ʶˤɥ硼ϤȤʤޤ롦֥ James Murray ˤȥ硼󡦥ڥʶ Doctor Minor ˤν鶦顥ָɹγؼԤȡ줿ȡαѸ켭ŵ˱줿¤ʪפȤåǤ

the_professor_and_the_madman.jpg

ϥΥե Simon Winchester ˤ The Professor and the Madman (1998) ƱȤˤ2003ǯǤ The Meaning of Everything ⡤Ʊ OED Իˤʹ̤ͤƤꡤȴˤ⤷Ǥ
OED Ȥϲʬ䤹ΤưפǤϤޤ󤬡The Professor and the Madman 2 (25--26) ˡԤˤƳʸϤΤǡѤƤޤ礦OED Իˡ˾ƤƳǤ

It took more than seventy years to create the twelve tombstone-size volumes that made up the first edition of what was to become the great Oxford English Dictionary. This heroic, royally dedicated literary masterpiece---which was first called the New English Dictionary, but eventually became the Oxford ditto, and thenceforward was known familiarly by its initials as the OED---was completed in 1928; over the following years there were five supplements and then, half a century later, a second edition that integrated the first and all the subsequent supplementary volumes into one new twenty-volume whole. The book remains in all senses a truly monumental work---and with very little serious argument is still regarded as a paragon, the most definitive of all guides to the language that, for good or ill, has become the lingua franca of the civilized modern world.
   Just as English is a very large and complex language, so the OED is a very large and complex book. It defines well over half a million words. It contains scores of millions of characters, and, at least in its early version, many miles of hand-set type. Its enormous---and enormously heavy---volumes are bound in dark blue cloth: Printers and designers and bookbinders worldwide see it as an apotheosis of their art, a handsome and elegant creation that looks and feels more than amply suited to its lexical thoroughness and accuracy.
   The OED's guiding principle, the one that has set it apart from most other dictionaries, is its rigorous dependence on gathering quotations from published or otherwise recorded uses of English and using them to illustrate the use of the sense of every single word in the language. The reason behind this unusual and tremendously labor-intensive style of editing and compiling was both bold and simple: By gathering and publishing selected quotations, the dictionary could demonstrate the full range of characteristics of each and every word with a very great degree of precision. Quotations could show exactly how a word has been employed over the centuries; how it has undergone subtle changes of shades of meaning, or spelling, or pronunciation; and, perhaps most important of all, how and more exactly when each word slipped into the language in the first place. No other means of dictionary compilation could do such a thing: Only by finding and showing examples could the full range of a word's past possibilities be explored.


θ OED ƳʸϤ³ޤޤǤǤԻˡΥˡʬȻפޤʪΤȶ͡٤ϡOED ԻˡΤΥˡ򼴤ŸƤޤǤ¤˳ڤߤǤ

Winchester, Simon. The Professor and the Madman: A Tale of Murder, Insanity, and the Making of the Oxford English Dictionary. New York: HarperCollins P, 1998. HarperPerennial ed. 1999.

Referrer (Inside): [2023-10-18-1] [2020-10-24-1]

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2020-09-27 Sun

#4171. ʤѸǤ v b ̤ΤǤ --- hellog 饸 [hellog-radio][sobokunagimon][hel_education][pronunciation][consonant][v][phonetics]

hellog 饸 ([2020-09-23-1]) Ǥϡ#4167. ʤѸǤ l r ̤ΤǤ --- hellog 饸ǡפ夲ޤϢȤơѸ v b ζ̤ˤĤƹͤƤߤޤ
Ūˤ [v] ͭ໤[b] ͭξȸƤФ졤Τ˶̤뤳ȤϳΤǤ¤褯ߤȡξȤӤ̤碌סֿѤפȤǤ϶̤Ƥޤ礭ۤʤΤϡ[v] Ȼη֤ƵȴƤΤФơ[b] Ͼ岼ο򤤤ä󤭤äƸƵ򤻤ߤȤȤǤ⿰ȹͤС㤤ˤޤ󡥲Ūˤ [v] [b] ϡϤƤΤǤ
Ǥϡʲββİ



have live Τ褦ˡ [v] 򼨤Ǥ顤űѸǤϳѷˤäƤ [b] 򼨤ΤǤȤȤǷȤƤϡ[v] [b] ϱѸǤäѤƤ󤸤󡤤ȤȤˤʤޤ
Ѹ [v] λҲܸɽǡ֥פȤ뤫֥֡פȤ뤫ϡޤ̤ζ̣Ȥʤޤ
˴ؿäϡ##74,1813,3325,3628,3690εåɤ

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2020-09-26 Sat

#4170. ֺ¡ֱѸˤȸ츻פ7֥ΥޥȥΥޥīפΤ [asacul][notice][norman_conquest][french][history][link]

103ڡˤ15:30?18:45ˡī㡼󥿡ɶˤֱѸˤȸ츻7ΥޥȥΥޥīꤹֱԤʤޤݤϰʲ̤Ǥ

1066ǯΥΥޥϥꥹ˾λȤޤѸˤδ⡤θαѸ줬ɤäƤ椯ϩ礭ŤǤƽʽǤʸ塤ѸϥΥޥīθѸǤե󥹸Ȥܿ򶯤ᡤ˸áˡֻΰ礭ʸŪƶ뤳ȤˤʤޤޤѸ줬Ū˥ե󥹸ΤӤβǼҲŪҤå졤ɸ⼺äȤ¤ϡʹߤαѸŪȯŸפȤ¤˰̣ĹǤֺܹ¤ǡΥޥαѸ˾ΰյƹͤƤߤޤ礦


ΥޥȤϡΥޥͤȤϲԡϲäƤΤ󥰥ɤѸȤϤɤΤ褦ʴطΤαѸˤʤƶڤܤΤѹˤΤߤʤ餺ѸˤˤƤפΤʤѥȤ1066ǯλȤ;Ȥޤ
ܥ꡼⤷Ф餯Ǥ;ʤƤޤפκƳȤʤޤؿΤ󤪿ߤɤ

Referrer (Inside): [2020-10-06-1]

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2020-09-25 Fri

#4169. GloWbE --- Corpus of Global Web-Based English [glowbe][corpus][ice][englishes][world_englishes][variety][ame_bre][spelling]

#4166. ѸˤγƻΥѥӤбѸˤ狼ʤˡ ([2020-09-22-1]) ǿ줿 World Englishes Υѥ GloWbE (= Corpus of Global Web-Based English) 򾯤ƤߤζѸ˸ˤܥѥƳƤޤءˤˤϡƴդޤ
Υѥ20񤫤αѸѼ礷19줫ʤ祳ѥǡѼ֤Ӥưפ˹ԤʤͤȤʤäƤ롥ѼӤˤĤƤСϤޤǡ#517. ICE 󶡤7ϰѼ拾ѥ ([2010-09-26-1])#1743. ICE Frequency Comparer ([2014-02-03-1]) ʤɤǼ夲褦 ICE (International Corpus of English) ΤʤäΤѥϵ®˿ʲƤ褦GloWbE Υ󥿡եϡCOCA (Corpus of Contemporary American English) COHA (Corpus of Historical American English) ʤɤȶ̤ʤΤǡ˴줿桼ǤСȤäĤ䤹Ϥ
ñʻȤǤϤ뤬GloWbE κǤѼӤ color colour Υڥ󥰤˴ؤƹԤʤäƤߤ̤ color ϥꥫcolour ϥꥹΥڥ󥰤Ȥ뤬2Ѽ֤Ӥ­20Ѽ֤٤Ƥߤ褦Ȥߤ󥿡եñ Chart ϵǽ򤷡ơΥڥ󥰤Ǹ֤줿ɽįʤΤǤ⽽ʬˤ⤷ޤϡꥫ color οɽ顥



ˡꥹ colour οɽ󤲤褦



դι񡹤ޤäƤꡤŪˤϥꥹ¿ͽۤϰʤ櫓¤ϥꥫڥ󥰤ΤۤͥΤ褦ǯαѸΥꥫ (americanisation) αƶ褦¦ˤϡƹ˥󥰥Ͻ񤬽ޤäƤꡤǤͽ̤˥ꥹͥǤ롥¦˽ޤäƤ륢եꥫǤϡξڥ󥰤κϤۤ礭ʤ
color vs colour ƱѴ֤Ȥϲ᤮ĤĤ롥ġ뤬ФƤΤǤ롥

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2020-09-24 Thu

#4168. λʬʬϥեǤ [me_dialectology][periodisation][dialectology][variety]

ѸˤγɤǤȡָűѸסѸסֶѸפʤɤ̾ΤĤʬȤ˸롥ޤ֥󥰥ס֥åȥס֥˥塼󥰥פʤɤ̾դ줿ʬ褯ФƤ롥Τ褦ʶʬ̾Τޤ˼ˤѤ뤿ˡѸ˴ؤơ֤֤ΤʤǶڤ줿Τ褦 --- Ѽ (variety) --- ºݤ¸ߤȻפǤޤȤ¿
ѼȤΤϾ˥եǤ롥ѸեѸ줽켫ΤեǤ롥ơܸꡥϢươʬʬޤեˤʤ
ˤĤƤϡ#415. All linguistic varieties are fictions ([2010-06-16-1])#1373. variety Ȥϲ ([2013-01-29-1])#2116. ֱѸפεۣ ([2015-02-11-1])#4123. ΰؾμŪʹʪǤ ([2020-08-10-1]) ʤɤǼ夲Ƥ
˴ؤ뤢뤳ȤեʹȡѤˤĤޤޤ줿褦ʤ褦ʵ뤫⤷ʤݥȤϴñѼˤϻŪˤ⾯Ѳ뤷Ūˤ⾯ѰۤϢ³ΤǤꡤ̾ΤĤΤɤϤޤǡɤ꤫Τ˻غ뤳ȤǤʤȻغȤ1뤤1ߥˤȤäơϤޤ꡿ȤƤϤʤʤΤȤȤҴŪ˼ȤǤʤΤǤ롥
ѸλʬʬˤĤƹͻ Laing and Lass ˤĤƴʷ˲⤷Ƥ롥ޤϻʬˤĤơ

The 'early'/'late' division is largely . . . a matter of convenience. The language of the 12th century and that of the 15th are different enough to justify separate identifying names. But language differences in time, like those in space, form continua: there are no sharp temporal boundaries. With respect to 'archaism' and 'modernness' Middle English before 1300 is certainly 'early' and that after 1350 'late'; the language written between is perhaps 'transitional', but this property exists only by virtue of the strong differences at both ends. (418--19)


ʬˤĤơ

There are no such things as dialects. Or rather, 'a dialect' does not exist as a discrete entity. Attempts to delimit a dialect by topographical, political or administrative boundaries ignore the obvious fact that within any such boundaries there will be variation for some features, while other variants will cross the borders. (417)


ָϥեǤפȤȤɬŪʴޤߤ櫓ǤϤʤϿʹ֤ˤȤäʥե餯ԲķʥեǤ⤢षˤѶŪ¦̤餢롥#2265. ѼȤϸѲηϩꤷեǤ ([2015-07-10-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡΥեΤΤθ¤ѤƤޤȤ⤢Τ顥

Laing, M. and R. Lass. "Early Middle English Dialectology: Problems and Prospects." Handbook of the History of English. Ed. A. van Kemenade and Los B. L. Oxford: Blackwell, 2006. 417--51.

Referrer (Inside): [2022-03-29-1]

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2020-09-23 Wed

#4167. ʤѸǤ l r ̤ΤǤ --- hellog 饸 [hellog-radio][sobokunagimon][hel_education][pronunciation][consonant][l][r][dissimilation]

hellog 饸ǤϡܸüԤȤѸ l r ζ̤ˤĤƤǤƱԲȤ r ҤȤĤǺѤޤгڤʤϤʤΤˡʤѸǤϤ虜虜 l r 2ĤβʬΤΤ褦ݤϡҤƤۤȤʤäȤʤȤǤI eat rice. ʻƤ򿩤٤ޤˤ I eat lice. ʻϤߤ򿩤٤ޤˡI love you. ʤʤ򰦤Ƥޤˤ I rub you. ʤʤ򤳤ޤˤʤɡܸüԤ l r ζ̤Ǥ뤳ȤˤäƬ른硼⤢ޤϲȤ֤򤷤ʤС
ȤȤǡʲβİ۲ (dissimilation) βǤ⤢ޤ



ѸǤϸߤΤߤʤ餺Ūˤ⤺ä l r ۤʤ벻ǤȤƶ̤ƤޤŪˤäξƤ뤳ȤϳΤǤξؤؤƤȤ pilgrim, marble, colonel αñΤɤäƤˤΤʤ˳ǧΤǤl r ϱѸǤäѤƤ󤸤
˴ؿäϡ##72,1618,1817,3684,3016,3904,3940εåɤ

Referrer (Inside): [2020-09-27-1]

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2020-09-22 Tue

#4166. ѸˤγƻΥѥӤбѸˤ狼ʤ [academic_conference][corpus][eebo][glowbe][laeme][lalme][historiography][standardisation]

920ˡ2020ǯѸ˸ˤơ̴Żҥѥ䥪饤󡦥꥽ȤäѸ˸ μȲǽפȯɽԤȤƻäޤZoom ǤΥ饤Ǥ߳˲񤬿ʹԤޤʴΤƤμŤޤǤäˤʤޤ߷ءˡȯɽԤβջʵءˤȵءˡӻüԤ٤ƤˤϡŤʵȥ󥹥ԥ졼򤤤ޤ鿽夲ޤ
ȥåץХåλ伫ȤȯɽǤϡLAEME & LALME ѤѸ˸פꤷơѸɽ2Ĥλ女ѥ LAEME eLALME Ҳ𤷤ޤ³ơΡ֥ǡ١Ѥˤ륳ѥ --- Early English Books Online 濴ˡפꤹȯɽǤϡѸɽ륳ѥ EEBO corpus Ҳ𤵤ޤǸˡˤCorpus of Global Web-Based EnglishGloWbEˤѤ World Englishes βǽפȤȯɽˤꡤ21 World Englishes ħ GloWbE ƳޤʢˤȤä̤ΤäΤǶäϢ³Ǥˡ
ơȯɽϥѥξҲȥǥˤȤɤޤ餺βǽѾաפˤޤǿ줿ƤǤꡤȯɽΥǥå󥿥ǤϡѸ˸ˤƥѥѤϤɤΤ褦ʰյĤΤȤˡδοʵˤޤƧ߹᤿褦˻פޤʻ֤СäȵȤǤˡ
Ѹ졤Ѹ졤21ѸȤ3ĤΰۤʤαѸоݤȤѥ¤٤Ƥߤ櫓Ǥ񤬽äƤ餤ȹͤ⤫ǤޤƱѸΥѥȤϤоݤȤ夬ۤʤǡʤλ⸡η̤⥤󥿡ե⤳ޤǰۤʤΤȤȤǤϡֳơλˤѸΡʼҲ˸Ū礭ۤʤäƤ뤫顤ϢươʸθԤԻ˥ѥΤ礭ۤʤ餶ʤפȤȤǤϤʤȻפޤ
դߤСƻΥѥɤΤ褦Ի졤ɤΤ褦˻ѤƤ뤫ѻ뤳ȤˤꡤλαѸΡʼҲ˸Ū⤭ĦˤʤäƤΤǤϤʤȤȤǤƻ头Ȥħ줤⤭ĦˤʤäƤ褦ǤС¤٤ƤߤСαѸ˵ҤȤʤˤʤСƻΥѥȼ³ߤʤΤŦƤСλظˤƩƸƤΤǤϤʤȡ֥ѥΤߤѸˡפΤ褦ʻߤǽȤʤäƤǤ
ˤߤƤޤѸɸԺߤʤΤǡñ򸡺褦ȤƤ⡤⤽ɤֻǸФ褤ΤȤȯ餷Ȥʤޤ (cf. #1450. Ѹֻ¿ϤϤؤǤ ([2013-04-16-1])ˡºݡѸ켭 MED ǤñˤƤ⡤ϫ뤳ȤޤLAEME LALME Ǥ⸡󥿡եˤ͡ʹפϤʤƤޤϤμ丫ŤɬפǤΤǡñǤȤϸƤޤ󡥸¤ɸʤ櫓Ǥ顤פޤ
˽ѸǤEEBO ϸ󥿡եʤˤȤäĤ䤹츫ȸΤΤ꤬褦ˤϸޤ󡥤ѸŪˤϤޤɸಽϺƤˤȤɤޤꡤɸಽã줿Ȥϻ𤬰ۤʤޤĤޤꡤɸȤܤΤ򸡺ƥåȤƤ⡤¤Ͻϳ줬¿ƤޤΤǤˤϼƤȤ lemma ⡤ºݤˤϻפۤ٤Ϲ⤯ޤȤ꤬äѤǤ
Ǹˡ21ѸνѼоݤȤ GloWbE ˤĤƤϡʥݥȡ˸Ѹ줬Ǥ顤ʤɸϤƸǤޤBNC COCA Τ褦ʡ̤ΡץѥȰۤʤΤϡ֤븡̤Ѽͳ褹¿ͤȤȤǤ
绨ĤˤޤȤȼΤ褦ˤʤޤ

 ɽѥˡʤɤȿǤ֥ѥΤʼҲ˸Ū
ѸLAEME, LALMEˡ񤷤ɸʤ
ѸEEBOˡ츫ȰפɸȾüˤʤ
21ѸGloWbEˡפɸϤ뤬εǽѼˤä¿


ۤʤΥѥ٤ƤߤȡѸˤߤƤȤȤ褯ʬޤѸ˸Ǥȯɽε򤤤ƴդޤ

Referrer (Inside): [2021-05-10-1] [2020-09-25-1]

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2020-09-21 Mon

#4165. ʣˤĤƺƹ [simplification][terminology][philosophy_of_language]

ɸϡ켫ΤؤʣꡥؤǤ͡ƤʤƤ롥ˤȤäʣǤȤñǤȤϤɤȤʤΤ̻Ūʴ餤С줬ʣ (complication) Ȥñ㲽 (simplification) ȤȤϡ̣Τ
ȤСѸˤʸˡñ㲽ˤǤȤФФʤ뤬ʸˡñ㲽ȤΤϡŪˤϲɤñ㲽ƤΤ¦̤ñ㲽Ƥ褦ˤߤƤ⡤̤¦̤ǤϤäʣƤȤȤϤʤΤñ㲽ʣξäƤΤǤХȡȤƥץ饹ޥʥˤʤΤ뤤ϤǤʤΤʬʤȤ餱
ˤĤƤϡ#293. ٤¬뤫 ([2010-02-14-1])#928. ޤ neutralization simplification ([2011-11-11-1])#1839. ñ㲽Ȥϲ ([2014-05-10-1])#2820. 񤷤ˤĤơ ([2017-01-15-1]) ϤȤ뵭ǵƤ
ϡʣפΤΤפƤߤKarlsson et al. (viii) ϡ"complexity" ˤĤ Rescher (1) Ƥ롥"Complexity is first and foremost a matter of the number and variety of an item's constituent elements and of the elaborateness of their interrelational structure, be it organizational or operational." ξ Karlsson et al. (viii--ix) Rescher (9) "complexity" ʬΩӤʣǰƬˡʲΤ褦ʤĤ "modes" 򼨤Ƥ롥

1. Epistemic modes
   A. Formulaic complexity
      a. Descriptive complexity: length of the account that must be given to provide an adequate description of the system at issue.
      b. Generative complexity: length of the set of instructions that must be given to provide a recipe for producing the system at issue.
      c. Computational complexity: amount of time and effort involved in resolving a problem.
2. Ontological modes
   A. Compositional complexity
      a. Constitutional complexity: number of constituent elements (such as phonemes, inflectional morphemes, derivational morphemes, lexemes).
      b. Taxonomic complexity (or heterogeneity): variety of constituent elements, i.e., number of different kinds of components (variety of phoneme types, secondary articulations, parts of speech, tense-mood-aspect categories, phrase types etc.).
   B. Structural complexity
      a. Organizational complexity: variety of ways of arranging components in different modes of interrelationship (e.g., variety of premodification or postmodification alternatives in basic constituent types such as noun phrases; variety of distinctive word order patterns).
      b. Hierarchical complexity: elaborateness of subordination relationships in the modes of inclusion and subsumption (e.g., variety of successive levels of embedding and modification in phrases, clauses, and sentences; variety of intermediate levels in lexical-semantic hierarchies).
3. Epistemic modes
   A. Operational complexity: variety of modes of operation or types of functioning (e.g., variety of situational uses of expressions; variety of styles and speech situations; cost-related differences concerning language production and comprehension such as Hawkins' 2004 efficiency, etc.).
   B. Nomic complexity: elaborateness and intricacy of the laws governing the phenomenon at issue (e.g., anatomical and neurological constraints on speech production; memory restrictions on sentence production and understanding).


ʣˤϤĤΥפ뤳ȡ򤹤ˤäƤƱɶΩäƤʤȵ߹ʤǤ뤳Ȥʬ

Karlsson, Fred, Matti Miestamo, and Kaius Sinnemäki. "Introduction: The Problem of Language Complexity." Language Complexity: Typology, Contact, Change. Ed. Matti Miestamo, Kaius Sinnemäki and Fred Karlsson. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: Benjamins, 2008. vii--xiv.
Rescher, N. Complexity: A Philosophical Overview. New Brunswick and London: Transaction Publishers, 1998.

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2020-09-20 Sun

#4164. ʤ know ֻˤȯʤ k ΤǤ --- hellog 饸 [hellog-radio][sobokunagimon][hel_education][pronunciation][consonant][silent_letter][phonetics][sound_change]

ɸˤ褯ѤʵǤѸˤ know, knife, knight, knee, knob ʤɡ<kn-> ֤Τ /k/ ȯʤñ줬Ĥ¸ߤޤۻ (silent_letter) k Ǥ񤫤ƤΤɤޤʤԻ׵ĤŪäƤߤޤ礦ʲββİƤ



衤ñˤ k ϤäȯƤޤ300ǯۤ1718ˤƤλˡƬ kn- ˤ k 褦ˤȯäƤޤֻ kn- ΤۤϤοǯɸŪʤΤȤ夷ĤĤꡤȯѲϢư k ʸȤȤϤޤǤֻϡΤȯȰۤʤμҲ٤ȤäƤ褤ΤʤΤǡäޤäƤޤȡñˤѲŬǤʤΤǤ͡
ꡤۻ̤ˤĤƤ##122,3675,1095,1902,1290,3386εåɤ

Referrer (Inside): [2021-09-15-1]

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2020-09-19 Sat

#4163. helpmeet helpmate [etymology][metanalysis][folk_etymology][matanalysis][ghost_word][bible]

ɸθϤֶϼԡ֡۶ԡפ̣롥̾ helpmate /ˈhɛlp ˌmeɪt/ θѤ뤬ޤ helpmeet /ˈhɛlp ˌmiːt/ Ѥ롥ŪˤߤСޤʸԤΤۤͳǤꡤԤϤδ㤤ˤäޤ줿Ǥ롥
meet ưֲ񤦡פǤϤʤŬʡդ路פ̣ʷƻǤ롥ޤꤪܤˤʤȤпΡإ륫ˤʡ(15:32) "It was meet that we should make merry." ʤγڤߴ֤ʤˤȤ롥űѸΥ󥰥ꥢ *ġemēte (WS ġemǣte) ˤΤܤꡤɥĸ gemäss б롥̣ϸűѸǤɥĸǤŬʡդ路פǤ롥
ơΡ (2:18, 20) an help meet for him ȤɽФƤ롥ΤȼηȤĻáƥͿ褦Ȥ뤯Ǥ롥ˤȤäƤդ路ÿ͡פۤɤ̣Ȥ̾ȷƻ줫ʤ help meet ʤɽhelpmeet Ȥ1Ĥ̾ȤƸ򤵤ƤޤääʬϤƤޤäΤǤʤΤ褦ʲʬ (metanalysis) ȸƤ֡ˡθνִ֤ˡֶϼԡ֡פ̣ͩ helpmeet Ѹ˽и
meet ʤ̾¸ߤʣ2ǤȤ夭äΤ䤬ơ֡פ̸̣츻 mate ȯʣ2ǤǦӹߡhelpmate ޤ줿ȹͤ롥
ʲʸΤ褦ˡhelpmate θ to for ֻȼȤ¿Τϡmeet ƻŬʡդ路פɽ路Ƥ̾ĤȤʤʤ

He was a faithful helpmate to his master.
She was a true helpmate to her husband.
You are a good helpmate for our work.

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2020-09-18 Fri

#4162. taboo --- ʿȯ˾ǶΥѥ [taboo][cryptography][oed][etymology]

ϡ饤󡦥߹ (#4159. 2֤Υ饤󡦥߹ɤԤޤ ([2020-09-15-1])) ΰĤȤƻ伫Ȥäϡɤʥ٥ȤʪǤ롥"taboo" ȤͿ졤ˤĤ OED Ѥ»ˡֲ⤷ȡפ񤫤ʤФʤʤȤ¨ǥޥåäμľä褽Τޤޤηǰʲ˷Ǻܤ롥




ʤȤиʤ롥ʤȤпꤿʤ롥ʤȤиʤ롥źͶǤǤäƸäμ͸ϤʤƸäμ͸Τߤʤ餺ʹ֤ï --- ʤ --- ΥޥͥåȤĶϤʰϤƨ뤳ȤϤǤʤ֡ȾΤΤϡʹּҲΤʤΥѥޤ餷ʤ⡤ġͤˤȤäư۾̥Ūʸ̤äƤ롥
ȥ󥬸ޤݥͥͥνѤƤ tabutapu Ȥͳ褹롥18󥰥ɤɽҳ James Cook (1728--79)̾ Captain Cook 1777ǯ˥ȥ󥬤ˤƤθ˽в񤤡ιҳΤʤDz٤Ѥ̡taboo 뤤 tabu ȤƱѸ˻ޤ뤳ȤˤʤäθϸϸǤϤʸˤĤơ֡ʤξˤΤߵƤ뤬˰̤˶ؤƤפ̣ҷƻȤѤƤCook ƻȤƤΤۤߤäȤ̤ˡǤ֥֡شפ̣̾ȤѤƤ롥
taboo ϤȤȽ¿˴ŤƼν˴ؤֶشסŵŪˤϡֿ٤ƤϤʤΡסֿäƤϤʤΡפʤɤؤ줬20Ⱦ˸աʸˤΰŬѤ졤ؤѸȤơָäƤϤʤΡפؤ褦žȡ䤿ˤʤ߿֥֡졤ض硤߻פθϡŪΤȤȤˤʤ롥OED ˤȡ֥֡פȤƤνϡtaboo | tabu, adj. and n., 3b ˵󤲤Ƥ롥̾⤤ꥫθؼ Bloomfield ζʽ񤫤Ǥ롥

1933 L. Bloomfield Language xxii. 396 In America, knocked up is a tabu-form for 'rendered pregnant'; for this reason, the phrase is not used in the British sense 'tired, exhausted' . . . In such cases there is little real ambiguity, but some hearers react nevertheless to the powerful stimulus of the tabu-word.


εǤϡBloomfield Ȥΰ̣Ǥ tabooʤ˴ؤ륿֡ --- äƤϤʤ --- ܤ롥
ϡ1˸ߤΰտޤ礦ƻǤ롥䤿ʹ֤ϡäͭβǤѤʤ饳ߥ˥äƤ롥Ρָ1פͤȤ֡¸ߤ餫̷ϤǤ褦˸롥ָäƤϤʤաפϤμҲΤʤԻѤȤƤꡤߥ˥Ū˾Ȥ餷ơ¸߰յʤ褦˻פ뤫
֡˴ؤƸ1Ĥλ¤¸ߤ롥ϡźοʹ֤θǡ֡⤿ʤΤ¸ߤʤȤȤȤȡ֡ˤ¸ߤʤФʤʤͳȹͤʤʤïѤʤϤΡָäƤϤʤաפʤɤ¸ߤΤ
֡ϡ塤ïѤʤϤʤΤºݤˤϳΤäƤ롥θդˤƤϤʤȤȤ򡤼ҲγΤäƤ롥ϼˤȤʤعǤ⽬ʤϤǤꡤΤ뵡񤬤ʤ˻פ롥Ի׵ĤȳΤäƤ롥䡤⤷ïΤʤä顤⤽Ȥ¸ߤʤѸˤʤäƤˤ򤱤٤ΤȤưռ뤳ȤʤϤ¤ϳΤäƤ뤫餳ռŪ򤱤뤳ȤǤȤʤΤǤϡʤΤ뵡ΤʤϤΤΤ򡤳ΤäƤΤ
嵭εФϡ֥֡ϼºݤˤϤष褯ѤƤפǤ롥֡ϡϤȤƻѤ򤱤٤ɽˤ¤ˤˤ˻ѤƤ롥ष֡ϡŪǿȶʤΡĤޤʹ֤ƤʤɬդäƤʤФʤʤΤ˴ؤ줬¿ࡤĶŪ¸ߤ˴ؤΤ¿ܸǤϡ֤ס֤ס֡ʤ򼰤ǡ˻̡ס֡˥סѸǤ cock, shit, die, (oh my) God ʾʤȤʸ̮Ǥϡ˸ˤŪǿȶǡ˻Ҥ繥ʸշǤ롥
ɽ魯ñ˼coney /ˈkʌni/ ϤȤȡ֥ʥפɽ路¯ǥ֡ι⤤ֽפ˸žȡ֥ʥפΰ̣ѤΤ񹳤򴶤üԤϤᡤ֥ʥפˤϾ餷 /ˈkoʊni/ ȯѤ褦ˤʤäΤǤ롥襤֥ʥפϡ֡ζǡֽפˡconey /ˈkʌni/ ȤȯϤʤʤäΤǤ롥ʤߤˡǤ⤢롥ȤȡͺĻפɽ路Ƥ cock ¯ˤŪʸˤǡͺĻפθɤФ졤θ rooster Ȥ̤θˤäô褦ˤʤäconey ˤ cock ˤ衤夫äƤǡ֡ĸŪʷդƤ֤ƤüäƤޤȤȤ֤Ƥ롥
Τ褦ˡ֡ϤƤŪǿȶ顤ïؿäƤȤΤ֤Ǥ롥ξǡ֡ϲΤ¸ߤΤȤ˿Ūʵ丫ˤС֡ϡθѤƤҲΤ٤ƤιϸäƤϤʤʤդΤäƤ뤳Ȥǧ󶡤ƤΤǤϤʤȤȤäƤϥȤȤΤäƤСοͤϻ䤿Ʊ롼פ°Ƥ뤳ȤǧǤǤʤгμԤǧǤ롥ι礤աפɽƤ褤̾Ρι礤աפϡߤбʸȯ뤳ȤˤäơľŪˤʸΤäƤ뤳Ȥǧǧ롥֡Ȥι礤աפλѤˤƤϡΤäƤ뤱ɤ⤢ƸʤפȤƹ٤롼뤬ͿƤΤҶκꤽθҲΤʤ褷Ƥʤ¤ꡤμԤˤϴñ˽Ǥʤ --- 줬Ҳˤ륿֡ʤΤǤϤʤ֡ϡߥ˥ƻǤȤ1ռˤȤĤġҲȳʬ뤿κǶΥѥɤȤƵǽƤΤǤ롥
21κü̻ҰŹǤ顤֤ס֤ coney, cock ˤϤʤʤɤ֡ʢʤҤɤϿԤ

Bloomfield, Leonard. Language. 1933. Chicago and London: U of Chicago P, 1984.
The Oxford English Dictionary Online. Oxford: OUP, 2020. Available online at http://www.oed.com/ . Accessed 8 September 2020.

Referrer (Inside): [2022-06-26-1] [2020-10-26-1]

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2020-09-17 Thu

#4161. ꥫ color ϥƥŪꥹ colour ϥե󥹸Ū [etymological_respelling][webster][spelling_reform][spelling][renaissance][french][ame_bre][johnson]

color (AmE) vs colour (BrE) ɽ롤ꥫ -or Фƥꥹ -our ֻΩϹΤƤ롥ܥ֥Ǥ#240. ֻαƺ礭 ([2009-12-23-1])#244. ֻαƺΥꥹȡ ([2009-12-27-1])#3182. ARCHER colour color ̻ŪƺĴ ([2018-01-12-1])#3247. ֺ¡֥ڥ󥰤ǤɤѸˡפ5color colour --- ꥫΥڥ󥰡ס ([2018-03-18-1])#4152. ꥫѸ -our -or ؤΥե --- Webster αƶϸŪ ([2020-09-08-1]) ʤɤǼ夲Ƥ
Anson 褯Τ줿äƤΤꥫֻ׼ Noah Webster (1758--1843) λˤդʧѸˤλįƤ餷Ȥƥƥͳ褷ե󥹸ͳƤ췲ФѸä⤭ƤΤΥॢȤƶϡ˿ (Anson 36--38)
ƥͳ褹ξ硤ƱֻȤƤϡʤˡ§ä -or- §äcolorem, ardorem, dolorem, favorem, flavorem, honorem, (h)umorem, laborem, rumorem, vigorem ΤȤǤ롥ťե󥹸ǤϡΥƥ -or- ѤȤȤˡֻȤ -our- ⸽졤ξʻѾơʻѾѸˤ⤽Τޤ޻ޤ뤳ȤˤʤäºݡѸǤξֻǧ롥
ȤϤѸǤϡե󥹼ѸˤĤƤϥե󥹸ˤʤäθôʬ˥ȤΤ̤ǤꡤȤĹ첻Ǥ뤳Ȥ򼨤Τˡ-or Ū礭δ -our Τۤޤ뷹äʹߡʥꥹ˱ѸǤϡե󥹸Ū -our 礿ֻȤͥȤʤäƤ
ƥŪ -or ¸³ϤƤ16ˤʤȡͥ󥹤θŵؤβ󵢤Ĭ츻Ūֻ (etymological_respelling) δμͤδ֤ˤߤ褦ˤʤꡤ-or Ϥ֤ -or -our ζ礬Ƥ줫ŪֻȤƺѤ褦Ȥɸಽưߤ֤᤮ä
17ȾβŴˤϡ2ˤƤ -our ĹˤƤ -or ޤ뷹ơǤ18ˤϡŪֻȤƺƤ -or ˾Ƥ褦ˤʤä1755ǯ˼˽Ф Johnson ϡľθ츻ֻŻ뤹顤ե󥹸Ū -our ٻ뤳ȤˤʤꡤΥꥹֻŤθΥꥫѸǤ -or κ٤ˤĤƤϡ#4152. ꥫѸ -our -or ؤΥե --- Webster αƶϸŪ ([2020-09-08-1]) ǽҤ٤̤Ǥ롥
ĤޤꡤѸˤθ줬ѤƤꡤ-or vs -our ζϥΤ褦˾岼򷫤֤ƤΤꥫ -or ٻ븶ȤƤϡͥ󥹴Υƥ󵢤⤢ä18ιŻλۤ⤢äWebster ΰ񿴤⤢äꥹ -our ٻ븶ȤƤϡѸΥե󥹸켰ؤζ⤢ä18ȾФ Johnson θ츻Ѥ⤢ä
ͥ󥹤 Webster ӤĤʤɹͤȤʤäAnson ͥ줿ॢȤˤäơ줬ǽȤʤä

Anson, Chris M. "Errours and Endeavors: A Case Study in American Orthography." International Journal of Lexicography 3 (1990): 35--63.

Referrer (Inside): [2020-11-13-1] [2020-11-12-1]

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2020-09-16 Wed

#4160. ʤ th ˤϡ֥פΡ֥פ2ĤȯΤǤ --- hellog 饸 [hellog-radio][sobokunagimon][hel_education][pronunciation][consonant][voice][th][verners_law][stress][assimilation][phonetics]

hellog 饸ǤǤϡ#4156. ʤѸˤ s ̯˰ۤʤ th Τ褦ȯˤΤǤ --- hellog 饸ǡ ([2020-09-12-1]) ȤѤʵ夲ޤ³ th-sound ˴ؤǤth ֻбȯˤϡ /θ/ ä /ð/ 2बޤʲؤǤϳơ̵ͭȸƤǤޤˡǤϡɤΤ褦ʤȤ̵ȤʤꡤͭȤʤΤǤ礦ñ줴Ȥ1ĤҤȤİŵʤФʤʤΤǤ礦
ǰʤ顤̵ͭʬۤͽ¬ֵ§פȤΤ¸ߤޤ󤬡ʤͭʡַפϻŦǤޤŪʴ2ĤηҲ𤷤ȻפޤǤϡʲβɤ



ʾ塤2ĤηҲ𤷤ޤñ˸ th ̵ͭϡΰֻ̣顤٤Ͽ䤷̤뤳ȤǤȤȤʬäǤ礦ơơηˤϿɴǯǯʾˤȤȤפʥݥȤǤΤȯΡ֥פȯΤʤ˻ĤäƤȻפԻ׵Ĥʴޤ͡
ѤʵȤμդˤĤơ##842,858,3713,1365,702,3298,4069εåɤߤ

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2020-09-15 Tue

#4159. 2֤Υ饤󡦥߹ɤԤޤ [hel_education][oed][academic_conference]

轵ΤȤˤʤޤǯ23̥߹ɤ夨ơǯ٤ Zoom ѤΥ饤󡦥߹ɤ98ʲСˡ9ʿˤξˤ錄äƴԤޤü԰ƱζϤΤȡ̹ɤ˾Ȥʤǻ̩ʱѸҤ2֤ᤴȤǤޤ30̾᤯λäǤȥ֥ʤࡼ˿ʹԤޤ
θϡƵ٤˽ʤ᤿롼פˤOEDߥʡפμ»ܤ˻ϤޤꡤƱˤOED˴ؤ饦ɡơ֥롦ǥåפⳫŤޤOEDˤĤƿͤ뵡Ȥʤޤ
θϡü԰ͤҤȤ꤬ȤƥʱñͿ졤90ʬ֤ǤΤˤĤOEDѤơֲפ񤫤ʤФʤʤȤǥޥåŪʥ٥ȤԤʤޤʢ⻲äơ̤ƤʤסˡơդˤƤǯѤ̺ƲǤפ˺ϥ饤߲ˡ
2ܤθϡĿ͸ȯɽʤƬȯɽǤϤʤ򺣤Υ饤ز䥦֡ե󥹤ǤФи롤ȯɽ˲դΤİȤ֤Ǥˡ줫顤´ʸɮͽԤͤҤȤ Zoom ξ˾ڤαꥢɥХȤݤΡͭյ̤Ԥʤޤ
2ܤθϡΤ礤θԤ4̾եޥ˱ѸˤˤĤ̤ԤʤȤӤߤޤ̤äƤơͽλ֤򤺤֤ĹƤޤޤ
ͤߤȻפۤ2֤Ǥ饤Ǥ⽽ʬ˹ɤ餷ȤǤȤȤʬޤüԤϳηǮФۤɳؤȤȻפޤ伫Ȥ⡤οǤΥ߹ɤ̤ơüԤγ󤫤鹭ѸˡʤȤ櫓OEDˤ˴ؤ͡ʥ󥹥ԥ졼Τǡ̤Ϻ hellog ˤȿǤƤȻפޤΰ̣ǡߤγޤỲä٤Ƥ˴դޤ
̥߹ɤϤϤΤƤǤΥǤޤäƤߤȻפäۤɤǤȤȤǡͤǤ

Referrer (Inside): [2021-03-05-1] [2020-09-18-1]

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2020-09-14 Mon

#4158. gravy n v θɤ顩 [etymology][minim][ghost_word][doublet]

gravy ϡ쥤ӡפ̣ñǤ롥θθ츻˴ؤƤԳΤʤȤ⤢뤬OED ޤ᤿Ĥθ츻ҤˤСƱ̣ͤդ̣ťե󥹸 grané n 餫Υߥ󥰤 v ȸɤ줿̡Ѹ grave, gravi ʤɤȤ夷Τ롥ܥ֥Ǥ#4134. unmummied --- ֤äƤѤʤȤˤʤäƤñβԡ ([2020-08-21-1]) ޤ¿εDz٤夲ƤλΤǤ n v ʤ u) minim ȸƤФ2¤٤ <<ıı>> ȤΤ˶̤줺˽񤫤Ƥgravy ⤳μθɤ1ͩ (ghost_word) ʤΤǤϤʤȤȤ (cf. #2725. ghost word ([2016-10-12-1]))
ťե󥹸 grané ̣դ줿ѥؤƥ grānum ʹγˤˤΤܤ롥Ѹ grain ⡤Υƥñ줬ťե󥹸ͳƱѸäƤΤʤΤǡgrain gravy ϡǾ㤤äƤޤäΤΡ2Ÿ (double) Ȥߤ뤳ȤǤ
θɤťե󥹸ǵäΤʤΤѸ˼Ѥ줿˵äΤʤΤ񤷤Ѹ grane ηޤʤȤ顤餯ԤʤΤǤϤʤꤵ롥
OED gravy, n. θ츻ѤƤ

Etymology: Of obscure origin.
The receipts quoted under sense 1 below are substantially identical with receipts in Old French cookery books, in which the word is grané. For the Old French word the reading grané seems certain (though in printed texts gravé usually appears); it is probably cognate with Old French grain 'anything used in cooking' (Godefroy), and with grenade n.2, grenadine n.1; compare also faus grenon = 'gravy bastard'. But in the English manuscripts the word has nearly always either a v or a letter which looks more like u than n (the only exception being in the 'table' to Liber Cocorum, which has thrice grane, while the text has graue). As the Middle English word was therefore identical in form with the modern word, it seems difficult, in spite of the difference in sense, to regard them as unconnected. In the present state of the evidence, the most probable conclusion is that the Old French grané was early misread as gravé, and in that form became current as a term of English cookery.


gravy θɤ˴ؤȡ˴ؤơSimon Horobin ˤ "Five words in the English language people usually use incorrectly" ε⤷

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2020-09-13 Sun

#4157. ̾Ū [syntax][reciprocal_pronoun][genitive][generative_grammar]

#4147. ̾ ([2020-09-03-1])#4148. ʤ each other ֤ߤפΰ̣ˤʤΤǤ ([2020-09-04-1]) εǡ̾ (reciprocal_pronoun) 夲Ѹˤ̾Ūˤϡ̣Τ롥Quirk et al. (6.31) 򻲾Ȥơ2ۤƤߤ褦

Each other and one another are both written as word sequences, but it is better to treat them as compound pronouns rather than as combinations of two pronouns. At the same time, they correspond the correlative use of each . . . other and one . . . another (cf 6.58) in sentences such as:
   They each blamed the other.
   The passengers disembarked one after another


ε ([2020-09-04-1]) Dz⤷褦ˡŪˤϾʸˤ褦ʹǤΥФʤعʸˤꡤˤʤäƤüʷȤƹǤܤ each other, one another ȤȤä
ˡ̣Ūˡ̾줬֤ˤΩˤˤĤơ

   Each other and one another resemble reflexive pronouns in that they cannot be used naturally in subject position. Instead of [1], [1a] is preferred.

      ?The twins wanted to know what each other were/was doing. [1]
     Each of the twins wanted to know what the other was doing. [1a]

There appears to be no such constraint on reciprocals as subject in nonfinite verb clauses:

   The twins wanted each other to be present at all times.

However, the rule which excludes occurrence in subject position holds not only for independent pronominal use but also for genitival reciprocals in subject noun phrases. The reciprocals must have coreference with antecedent phrases which have some other genitive or possessive modification. Compare:

   *Each other's letters ----------
   ?The letters to each other ---------- were delivered by a servant.
   Their letters to each other ----------


ʸˡǤϡդξȱϽפȤʤäƤ뤳Ȥ̣̾ˤϼ¤˹äƤ롥

Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman, 1985.

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2020-09-12 Sat

#4156. ʤѸˤ s ̯˰ۤʤ th Τ褦ȯˤΤǤ --- hellog 饸 [hellog-radio][sobokunagimon][hel_education][pronunciation][consonant][voice][th][digraph][phonetics]

Ѹˤ th-sound ȸƤФѤȯޤܸˤϤʤȯʤΤǡ䤿ϤŪᤤ /s/ /z/ ʹꡤԲԲDz봷˽äƤޤѤȯפȤΤܸüԤˤȤäƤǤʤ¿ѸüԤˤȤäƤƱͤǡޤ괷ʤǤ뤳Ȥϻ¤Ǥ̣ǡth-sound ȤƤαѸΡֶ̤פȤäƤ褤⤷ޤ󡥤Ǥϡβİ



th-sound θΤʤǤŪޤʲȤȤǤޤΤ餳β³ƤѸǹͤȡȤ櫓ͭ /ð/ ϡthe, this, that, then, there, though, with ʤɡ٤ι⤤˸뤿ˡ¤ϥ᥸㡼ʲȤäƤ褤ΤǤȤ /θ/, /ð/ /s/, /z/ ȶ̤ƽƤʤФʤʤʤǤ
ѤʵȴϢơ##842,1022,1329εå

Referrer (Inside): [2020-09-16-1]

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2020-09-11 Fri

#4155. ͥɥȡˤȥȥ˥ߡʴȡ [synecdoche][metonymy][rhetoric][semantics][semantic_change][cognitive_linguistics][terminology]

ɸ2ĤΡָդΤפ뤤ϰ̣βϡ褵ޤޤ졤ƤФкƱƤ
ؿԡǧθإɻŵ٤ˤȡȡפ륷ͥɥ (synecdoche) ϡ޴طȼδطˤ˴Ťžʰ̣Υˤǡ̳ǰDz̳ǰؤꡤ̳ǰǾ̳ǰؤΤ (238) Ȥ롥ŵȤơʲΤ褦ʤΤ롥

ָ˹Ԥä
򤤤ߤäƤ
Ƭ򤤤ΩäƤ
John would have a drink with his wife.

դϲǤ
ŹǤ⤦
One has to earn one's bread.

ͥɥȤϲʬä褦ʵΤΡȡִȡפȥ˥ߡ (metonymy) Ȥζ̤Ǥ롥ºݡξԤϤФкƱƤƱŵ (239) ꡤζ̤ˤĤƲ⤷ƤսѤ褦

ȤϡΤʬδطӤȡȼδطӤ˴ؤơ˾塤Фк𤬸졤롼צ (Le groupe 1970) ʤɤϡΤʬδط (a part of whole)Ӥȡȼδط (a kind of class)Ӥ̤ˤ⤫餺ξԤȤȤư礷ƤޤäԸؤȽդޤơƣ (1978[1992]) ϡϢθǡΤʬδطӤȤڤΥƴȤȤȼδطӤ˴ŤȤȤȰͤ򼨤ºݡȤϡ A ʬ a δطˤơʬ a A ΰǤäơa A ˤϤʤʤ㤨СֲդΤȤ˴򸫤˹ԤפȸȤʬȤƤΡִפΤȤƤΡֿʹ֡פؤִפϡ켫ΤǤϡֿʹ֡פǤϤʤФȤϡ̳ǰ B Ȳ̳ǰ b δطˤơb ϡǤ1Ĥ B ˤ롥㤨СֵŹǤפˤơ֤פְʪפؤȤ֤פ⡤켫ΡְʪפǤäơǡΤʬδطȡȼδطϡܼŪ˰ۤʤ롥鸫Ƥ⡤ΤʬδطӤ˴ŤȤȤȤȼδطӤ˴ŤȤȤȤξԤ̤뤳ȤϡʤΤȸäƤ褤


ˡͤ򻲾Ȥ#2191. ȥåΤޤȤ ([2015-04-27-1]) ǾҲ𤷤ͥɥȥȥ˥ߡȻ󤲤褦

̾̾
ͥɥ (synecdoche)ŷפǡ֤ŷפ̣礬褦ˡȼδ֤δطˤȤŤựϰϤ򿭽̤ɽˡǮ롥ƤĻָ˹Ԥ
ȥ˥ߡ (metonymy)֤פ֤פؤ褦ˡǤΤΤȤΤܴطˤȤŤƻؼ򲣤٤ꤵɽˡ餬Ѥ롥ձΤ椯̬Ȼ


ʾꡤͥɥȼδطȥ˥ߡΤʬδطޤ๭ܴطɽ魯򤹤뤳ȤǤ롥
ؿѸؼŵ (1221) synecdoche ιܤߤƤߤȡͻҤۤʤ롥

synecdoche ʢ Gk sunekdokhḗ receiving together) ̽͡ȡˡ (METONYMY) ΰʬޤüʤΤ򼨤ˤäΤޤϰŪʤΤɽ魯ȡʬΤɽ魯Ȥä part for whole, L pars prō tōtō ȤȤ롥blade (= sword), hand (= workman), rhyme (= poetry), roof (= house), sail (= ship), seven summers (= seven years)


Ǥϥͥɥϥȥ˥ߡΰȤȤˤʤäƤꡤԤΤʬδطɽ魯ȤؿѸؼŵ (1221) ΰѤ򤵤³褦

ߤϼ˾嵭ΰ̣ѤƤ뤬ϤäȹǰͭƤѸǡM. Joseph (1947a) ϥꥶ٥īγǰȤƾҤΤΰʳ˼Τ褦ʤΤ򤢤Ƥ롥(a) Τʬؤ (whole for part, L tōtum prō parte): creature (= man). (b) 郎°ɽ魯 (species for genus): our daily bread (= food); gold (= wealth). (c) Τʬʬɽʬɽ (L merismus, partītiō): They first undermined the ground-sills, they beat down the walls, they unfloored the lofts---Puttenham (= A house was outrageously plucked down). (d) ʤɽ魯: the marble (= the statue of marble). (e) ̾ǸĿͤؤ (antonomasia): the Bard (= Shakespeare). (f) ¾ʪʪʪǶʪɽ魯ɽȤȤߤʤȤǤ褦ά͡


ࡤޤǥͥɥ礷Ʋ᤹ȡȥ˥ߡΤΤˤʤäƤޤǤϤʤ
Ǹ McArthur (1014) synecdoche ߤƤ

In rhetoric, a figure of speech concerned with parts and wholes: (1) Where the part represents the whole: 'a hundred head of cattle' (each animal identified by head alone); 'All hands on deck' (the members of a ship's crew represented by their hands alone). (2) Where the whole represents the part: 'England lost to Australia in the last Test Match' (the countries standing for the teams representing them and taking a plural verb).


ؿѸؼŵ٤Ʊ͡ΤʬδطܤȤͿƤ롥¤Ͽ

סԡˡؿԡǧθإɻŵ١ҡ2013ǯ
ƣ ס 졤 硡إȥåŵ١罤ۡ2006ǯ
졡ܸΥȥå١ȽŹҴȥ˥ӡ2002ǯ
⿮ ʸͺʴƽˡؿѸؼŵ١ҡ1982ǯ
Joseph, Sister Miriam, C. S. C. Shakespeare's Use of the Arts of Language. New York: Columbia UP, 1947.
McArthur, Tom, ed. The Oxford Companion to the English Language. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992.

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2020-09-10 Thu

#4154. ѸǤɤˤ뺮 --- ܸ [japanese][hybrid][shortening][borrowing][loan_word][etymology][word_formation][contact][purism][covid]

ε#4145. ѸǤɤˤ뺮 ([2020-09-01-1]) ơܸλ󤲤¸Ǥޤޤʤȳ줫ʤ뺮ͤƤߤ褦֥饤ȡס֥ʲҡסŻҥ󥸡ס֥ƥáסֵӡסڥġפʤɤפ⤫֡޻ѤWաסIT̿סPCֽפʤɤ󤲤롥
ؿܸ춵ŵ٤˶̣Ŧä

ǶǤϡ֤ɤʤС˥ʥˡס֥ǥѡʡȡϲˤᤰפΤ褦ˡĹʤ꤬ʺǤϡά줬Ǥ롥ά¦̤¿ͤʺμ֤ªƤȤϡܸ춵ˤȤäƤפʲǤ롥 (262)


ʤۤɺϴŪʣǤ뤫顤Ĺʤ꤬Ǥ롥ȤȤϡά첽䤹ϵŤʤäݥȤǤ롥ѸǤ¿쾯ʤƤϤޤϤºݡѸˤѸǤɤˤ뺮ɽǤ television 4ûʤ TV άΤȹͤ뤳ȤǤ롥
ܸǤϡѸǤɤˤ뺮˸¤餺̤˺ؤϤۤɶʤ褦˻פ롥ؿܸ춵ŵ٤Ǥ⡤ɤ餫ȤȹŪ˰Ƥ롥

¸ߤϡܸ줬θͭǤǤ¸פˤơǤǤ졤ѶŪ˼ߤʤ顤ˤȤ߹碌뤳Ȥˤä¤Ԥʤä˭٤ˤƤаޤʪäƤ롥 (262)


ѸǤϡ#4149. Խ뤵븽κ ([2020-09-05-1]) ǿ줿褦ˡȤ˺ФŪ٤뤬ܸǤϤηŪ夤Ȥ

ؿܸ춵ŵ١ܸ춵ز ԡ罤۽Ź2005ǯ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2020-09-09 Wed

#4153. ʤ w ʸ v 2ĤʤΤ double-u ʤΤǤ --- hellog 饸 [hellog-radio][sobokunagimon][hel_education][w][grapheme][alphabet][norman_french][u][v]

hellog 饸23ϡФд󤻤 <w> ʸθƾΤ˴ؤ뵿ǤѸǤϤʸ "double-u "ȸƤФޤե󥹸ʤɤؤȤϡ"double-v" ȸƤФƤΤΤäƤ뤫ȻפޤܤϳΤ v 2ĤǤ͡ǤϡѸǤϤʤ u 2ĤȤƤ򤹤ΤǤ礦طʤˤϡʤʤ̣ˤޤ



Ѹ줬ƥ줫޻켰ڤꤿȤˡΤʤ <w> ʸʤäΤ⤽νȯǤ/w/ ¿ѤѸϡʸʤƤؤǻʤΤǡʸͰƤ뤳Ȥˤޤ޻켰ˤ <u> Ϥäʤ <v> ϤʤäˤΤǡ2Ĺ碌 <uu> Ȥ뤳ȤǡɤڤȤޤѸϰȤäƤ롼ʸ /w/ ɽ魯 <ƿ> (wynn) ήѤ봷ȯã˹ͰƤ <uu> ϤޤȤʤʤޤ
ȤѸԻѤȤʤä <uu> ϡ٤Υե󥹤Ϥꡤǡ˴̿򤷤Ӥ뤳ȤȤʤޤθ11ˡ˴̿Ƥ <uu> ϺƤӱѸ뵡ơ<ƿ> ֤뤳ȤˤʤޤƱѸ "double-u" <uu>ž <w> 夹뤳Ȥˤʤޤ
ʤߤˡ˴̿Υե󥹤Ǥ <u> <u> 餻 <v> ʸ᤯ȤƤꡤʸ "double-v" <vv> ȲᤷΤǤ
εΥϡ<u>, <v>, <w> ʤƼ¤ <f> ⡪ˤʸŪˤϤ٤ƶƴطˤȤǤؿΤϡ##2411,373,374,3391,3927,1825εå򤸤äꤪɤߤ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2020-09-08 Tue

#4152. ꥫѸ -our -or ؤΥե --- Webster αƶϸŪ [webster][ame][spelling_reform][spelling][standardisation][prescriptivism][language_change]

ε#4151. ɸಽȵϲδط ([2020-09-07-1]) ǰѤʸϤΤʤˡAnson ΰѤޤƤAnson ʸϡꥫѸˤ color, humor, valor, honor ʤɤ -or ֻȯŸˤ¾ŪĴǤ롥1740--1840ǯ˥ꥫȯԤ줿ʹΥॵץѤĴη̤ä˿ͤ롥ꥹѸֻ -our Ф륢ꥫѸֻ -or ϡ̤ Noah Webster (1758--1843) θӤȤ뤳Ȥ¿ϤۤɴñǤϤʤʲAnson (47) ˤĴΤޤȤʬǤ롥
 

Most obvious is the appearance of both -or and -our through the century, but gradual change can be detected from the -our extreme in 1740 to the -or extreme in 1840. Only small and sporadic change occurred around the time of Webster's strongest influence, which suggests that if he did contribute to the dropping of -u, his contribution was slow to take effect.
    A key year appears to be 1830 --- after the appearance of Worcester's dictionary and the public attention, during the previous decade, to Webster's and Worcester's battle of dictionaries and spellers. . . .
    On the whole, then, the American usage chart shows a slow but steady movement toward the -or spelling. No doubt the movement spilled at least into the first quarter of the twentieth century, when sporadic cases of -our were still to be seen. Aided by later dictionaries, which have looked to usage or other American authorities, the shift to -or is now virtually complete.


ĴɤȡWebster ʤȼԻä Worcesterˤֻؤαƶ1830ǯʹߤ˾Ϥ뤬ŪʱƶȤۤɤǤϤʤäȤ -our -or ؤΥեȤδϡ줫ͥ˿ǯԤʤФʤʤäΤǤ롥Webster ϡեȤοޤȤƤˤȤɤޤäƤȤ
λ㸦椫顤Anson (48) ϸѲɸಽȵϲδط˴ؤ뼡ΰƳФȤƤ롥
 

. . . usage and authority work mutually and each tends to influence the other and be influenced by it. A highly respected dictionary may influence the way an educated public spells debated words; on the other hand, no authority --- even Webster --- can hope to change a firmly entrenched spelling habit among the general public. The chances are good that, had the public not been moving steadily toward -or forms, we might still be spelling in favor of -our, despite Webster. While Webster may have served as a catalyst for some spelling changes, he was not, for spelling reform, the cause celebre many have assumed. Most of his reforms never caught on. Curiously, spelling reform on a large scale, like Esperanto and other synthetic languages, has never appealed to the public as have changes introduced organically and from within. Proponents of spelling reform argue quite convincingly that their proposals meet a real public need for simplicity, precision, and uniformity; yet often the public allows linguistic changes that work in just the opposite direction. Usage, then, is a highly resistant strain when it comes to 'curing the ills' of the language, and it ultimately determines its own future.


 εμݤ˾Ȥ餻СΰƬ "usage" ɸಽȡ"authority" ϲɤؤƤ褤

Anson, Chris M. "Errours and Endeavors: A Case Study in American Orthography." International Journal of Lexicography 3 (1990): 35--63.

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2020-09-07 Mon

#4151. ɸಽȵϲδط [standardisation][prescriptivism][prescriptive_grammar][double_negative][stigma]

ɸϡ#1245. ʣŪβȤƤν񤭤ȤɸѸȯŸ ([2012-09-23-1])#1246. Ѹɸಽȵϼδط ([2012-09-24-1]) ǤƤǤ롥Ѹξ˴ؤǯͤɤǤȡεϲȤΤϡɸಽٿʤǤʤ¤ϤޤʤΤǤϤʤȤ¿ʤäƤƤ롥Ĥޤꡤϼθ̤ϴ¸ɸಽη˰첡äۤɤΤΤǤꡤɾƤϤʤȤǶɤ Percy (449) ƱݤεŸƤ롥

With increasing precision, scholars have independently established that mid-eighteenth-century prescription more often "reinforced" than "triggered" the stigmatization of specific grammatical variants. Studies of spelling have revealed similar trends. In general, such popular lexicographers as Samuel Johnson . . . and Noah Webster followed rather than established norms: in Anson's words, though "usage and authority work mutually ... no authority---even Webster---can hope to change a firmly entrenched spelling habit" (1990: 48)
   In the case of double negation, it seems clear that "natural" standardization preceded explicit prescription. Sociohistorical corpus studies of late medieval English documented that double negation receded from educated usage long before eighteenth-century grammarians condemned it. Key contexts seem to be writing generally and professional language specifically . . . .


ʤƶϤΤĿͤ佸ĤǤ⡤λѼԤΤǤҲ߽ФήܼŪѤ뤳ȤϤǤʤ뤤ϾʤȤ񤷤ƶˤϡƱդ롥
ΰѤǿƤ롤"double negation" ¤ϵϼषƤȤŪʻŦˤĤƤϡ#2999. ɸѸ줫꤬äͳ ([2017-07-13-1]) 򻲾ȡ

Percy, Carol. "Attitudes, Prescriptivism, and Standardization." Chapter 34 of The Oxford Handbook of the History of English. Ed. Terttu Nevalainen and Elizabeth Closs Traugott. Oxford: OUP, 2012. 446--56.
Anson, Chris M. "Errours and Endeavors: A Case Study in American Orthography." International Journal of Lexicography 3 (1990): 35--63.

Referrer (Inside): [2020-09-08-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2020-09-06 Sun

#4150. ʤ will won't ˤʤΤǤ --- hellog 饸 [hellog-radio][sobokunagimon][hel_education][pronunciation][phonetics][me_dialect][auxiliary_verb]

hellog 饸22ϡ̤פؤ¿αѸؽԤ򤫤ϤѤʵǤư not ξά n't դϡƤȥ졼Ȥȯֻ򼨤ޤcan/can't, could/couldn't, should/shouldn't, is/isn't, are/aren't, have/haven't, does/doesn't, did/didn't ʤɡʤޤ󡥤̤衦ջ֤νưȤ٤ι⤤ will ˤĤƤϡʤ첻礭ۤʤ won't ȤʤäƤΤǤޤ l äƤޤäƤޤϤäʤʤΤǤ礦βɤ



hellog 饸ΥꥹʡǤС18ˤϤ#4135. ʤ one ϡ֥פȯΤǤ --- hellog 饸ǡ ([2020-08-22-1]) Dz⤷ΤƱͳʤȻפ뤫⤷ޤ󡥸Τ褦ɸѸ줬ޤäƤʤäѸˤϡ¿ΩƤꡤƱñǤ͡ʡ¤פȯԤʤƤޤ¤פä첻˸뤳Ȥ¿νưˤĤƤ⡤ˤä will, well, wall, woll ʤ͡첻ʹޤθ塤ѸˤƱѸ줬ɸಽƤǡϤ will ̤ woll ˴Ť won't ɸȤФƤޤäȤ櫓ǤΥϥ򤬡ߤԹʥޥå󥰤θʤΤǤ
¤Ϻ夲Ѹͳ褹ȤΤۤˡŪʴΰ⤢ޤޤޤơ##89,1298εå

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2020-09-05 Sat

#4149. Խ뤵븽κ [hybrid][etymology][word_formation][combining_form][contact][waseieigo][borrowing][loan_word][waseieigo][purism][complaint_tradition]

#4145. ѸǤɤˤ뺮 ([2020-09-01-1]) ǡ (hybrid) 1פˤĤƤߤΥפ˸¤餺ϰ̤˸ʸ̤꺮ʤᡤԽפʸǤȤΥåƥŽ䤹ȤϤäƤ⡤ե󥹸졦ƥǤȱѸǤ礷Ť¸ߤ륿 (ex. bemuse, besiege, genuineness, nobleness, readable, breakage, fishery, disbelieve) Ͻʬ˱ѸäƱƤ뤿ᡤˤ
Խ뤵䤹Τϡ1920˷줿ŪʺǤ롥Ȥ amoral, automation, bi-weekly, bureaucracy, coastal, coloration, dandiacal, flotation, funniment, gullible, impedance, pacifist, speedometer ʤɤԤˤä̤˵󤲤뤳Ȥ롥μθϤȤ櫓20˳礷genocide, hydrofoil, hypermarket, megastar, microwave, photo-journalism, Rototiller, Strip-a-gram, volcanology ʤˤȤޤʤ (McArthur 490)
Fowler hybrid formations ι (369) Ǥϡ̤˵󤲤뤳Ȥ¿줬Ĥ󤵤Ƥ뤬θ³ĴҤϤϤ֤봲ƤǤꡤʤʤɤޤɾȤʤäƤ롥

If such words had been submitted for approval to an absolute monarch of etymology, some perhaps would not have been admitted to the language. But our language is governed not by an absolute monarch, nor by an academy, far less by a European Court of Human Rights, but by a stern reception committee, the users of the language themselves. Homogeneity of language origin comes low in their ranking of priorities; euphony, analogy, a sense of appropriateness, an instinctive belief that a word will settle in if there is a need for it and will disappear if there is not---these are the factors that operate when hybrids (like any other new words) are brought into the language. If the coupling of mixed-language elements seems too gross, some standard speakers write (now fax) severe letters to the newspapers. Attitudes are struck. This is all as it should be in a democratic country. But amoral, bureaucracy, and the other mixed-blood formations persist, and the language has suffered only invisible dents.


ʤϡǤʤȤ߹碌ȤǤϡѸ (waseieigo) ϤȤ֡פ˶ᤤȹͤ롥Խ뤵ɽʤǤǤ⡤ξԤϻƤ롥ơŪĹܿˤĸˤƤϡˤƼ̤ʸǤǤ⡤ϤξԤϻƤȻפǸˤĤƤϡ#3858. פֱפȤ̤θݡ ([2019-11-19-1]) 򻲾ȡ

McArthur, Tom, ed. The Oxford Companion to the English Language. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992.
Burchfield, Robert, ed. Fowler's Modern English Usage. Rev. 3rd ed. Oxford: OUP, 1998.

Referrer (Inside): [2020-09-10-1]

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2020-09-04 Fri

#4148. ʤ each other ֤ߤפΰ̣ˤʤΤǤ [sobokunagimon][reciprocal_pronoun][reanalysis][syntax]

OGαѸ춵̤Ƹ󤻤줿ѤʵǤeach ϡֳơʿ͡ˡסotherϡ¾ʿ͡ˡפʬäƤƤ⡤ʤ줬Ȥ߹蘆ȡ֤ߤפΰ̣ˤʤΤȤäȤʵǤʤʤ궯Ǥĩ路ƤߤޤʲβϸʳǤλβǤ
ܸΡ֤ߤפˤѸ each other ˤ衤褯ͤƤߤȤȤƤɽǤ֥ȥᥢ꡼Ϥߤ򰦤Ƥפ John and Mary love each other. Ϥ줾θʸΤ褦˻פޤ֤ߤפ each other ʤɤѤˡƱɽ綠ȤȡǤܸǤС֥ȥᥢ꡼ϰäƤդ⤢ꤽǤѸǤϤɤǤ礦
1ĤˤϡJohn loves Mary and Mary (also) loves John. Τ褦ɽˡޤΤǤ¤ˤɤǤۤ͡ˤϡJohn loves Mary, and vice versa. ȤޡȤˡ⤢ޤʥޡȤƼȴɺäƤ褦ʡˡ
̤ΤХ󥹤μ줿䵤ϡΤΡʬ̾̾Ȥ߹碌ͭˡǤĤޤꡤEach of John and Mary loves the other. Τ褦ˤˡǤȥᥢ꡼γơΩƤ2ĤʸꤷŪϼǤʤۤοͤؤȤΤȤǡeach the other ϢưտޤƤɽ魯ȤؤμΤ褦ˡǤݤǤŪãǤƤޤˤʸ⤦ѷeach ͷΥפ뤳ȤǽǤ John and Mary each love the other. ȤʤǤ礦󥢥˶ŤƤޤ
ơŪˤߤȡǼतɽϸűѸ줫¸ߤƤޤ괧 the ۤȯãƤ餺嵭Τ褦ɽˤ the other Τˤޤthe ȼʤ other ǽǤĤޤꡤJohn and Mary each love other. ʸƤޤ
John and Mary each love other. ʸ򡤸űѸ졦Ѹʸˡ§ƵʸˤƤߤޤ礦αѸϸѸȰۤʤꡤư love Ѥʸʸˤݤ do ѤޤǤˡư love John and Mary ˡĤޤꤳξʸƬˤäƤ뤳Ȥǵʸޤbe ưưεʸκƱǤ͡ˡĤޤꡤLove John and Mary each other? Ȥʤޤ
äȡˤơϤ餺 each other ٤äƤޤޤ each John and Mary ȤΤۤˤǡ2ͤγơפ̣θǤother Ϥޤư love ŪǤeach other ʸˡŪȤƤʬǤƤϤʤΤǤϤ餺٤ä each other ȤǤˤʤäƤޤäˡä꤬äƤʸˡʹ꤬򤷤ƤޤΤǤ㤤ʹϡJohn and Mary each other ֤ߤפ̣ŪʤΤȻ¿ʸˡ򤷤ƤޤäΤǤ̣Ǥϡδ㤤νִ֤ˡѸˡ֤ߤפ̣񤤤ۤɤʸʡ̾ˤޤ줿Ȥޤcf. ε#4147. ̾ ([2020-09-03-1]) 򻲾ȡˡ
äΰտޤʸˡʹˤäʬϤ졤Ϥ餺¿ʸˡ줬븽ݤϡŪʬ (syntactic reanalysis) ȸƤФƤޤѸˤˤƤˤ˵äƤȤϸޤ󤬡褷ƵʸݤǤϤޤ󡥾ܤĴƤޤ󤬡OED ˤŪʸ㤫鼨ȤˤСeach other ˴ؤƤϡθݤ٤Ȥ15ȾФޤǤƤȤߤޤ
ʾ塤each other ϡʬϤη̡֤ߤפ̣ȤǡȲ⤷ƤޤƬˤҤ٤褦ˡϺΤȤβˤȤɤޤäƤޤʸʳˤƱͤΰʬϤϤޤ¾ʤ٤ͻ両ڤ⤤ȻĤäƤޤǤΤǡ1ĤβǽȤƤȤ館Ƥ
Ǥ⡤ͤƤȡ֤ߤפ each other θȤƤΤ꤬ʬäƤΤǤϤʤǤ礦ˤŨ£ʪʤΤǤ

Referrer (Inside): [2020-09-13-1]

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2020-09-03 Thu

#4147. ̾ [reciprocal_pronoun][reflexive_pronoun][terminology][verb]

̾ (reciprocal_pronoun) Ȥϡ֤ߤפ̣ߴط򼨤̾Ǥ롥ѸǤ each other one another 2̾줬ꡤơ 's դͭʷ each other's one another's ġ
ư졦ֻŪȤƿͤˤʪˤȤ뤬ȤѤ뤳Ȥϸ§ȤƤʤȤ (cf. We know what each other wants. ܸˡȤˡeach other one another ϡԤ2ĤΤΤ˴ؤơԤ3İʾΤΤ˴ؤѤȤ뤳Ȥ⤢뤬ºݤˤ϶̤ʤȤƤ롥ԤΤۤĥäɽȴ뤳Ȥ¿षκۤȤȤ館٤⤷ʤ
ŪˤСѸνޤǤ̾ȤΩƤ¸ߤʤäˡ¾̾ѤʤɤƱŪɽΤ̤äȤСƵ̾ (reflexive_pronoun) Ѥˡꡤ̾Ĥ Shakespeare (Macbeth 3:4:32) Get thee gone: tomorrow We'll hear ourselves again. ʤäƤ졤ޤ2ͤä礪ˤ䡤Ѹ They quarrelled among [between] themselves. Ϥߤ˷ޤˤΤ褦ֻŪξˤߤ롥
ޤ̾ʤȤֻΡŪˤȤ뤳ȤȤưˡ롥ȤС嵭 They quarrelled among [between] themselves. quarrel Ǥ롥They fought one another. fight ƱǤ롥Τ褦̾ȤΤǤʤСդˤάƤ̣ǤȤȤˤʤꡤ̾Ȥ餺ưްդ褦ȯã⤢롥Τ褦ʾ硤ưư (reciprocal verb) ȸƤ֤Ȥ롥We quarrelled, and made it up again. Those two dogs always fight. Τ褦ʾγưˡΤȤǤ롥ۤ consult, cross, embrace, greet, kiss, love, marry, see, touch ʤɤưȤѤ뤳Ȥ롥
̾ưŪȯãĴ٤Ƥߤʤä

⿮ ʸͺʴƽˡؿѸؼŵ١ҡ1982ǯ

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2020-09-02 Wed

#4146. ʤ often ϡ֥եȥפȯ뤳ȤΤǤ --- hellog 饸 [hellog-radio][sobokunagimon][hel_education][pronunciation][spelling_pronunciation_gap][spelling_pronunciation][phonetics]

hellog 饸21ϡ֤ФСפ̣ܸ often ȯ˴ؤ뵿Ǥñϰ̤ˤϡ֥եפȯΤȽޤºݤαѸǤϡ֥եȥפȯʹޤäɤȯΤǤ礦ơʤΤ褦ȯɤ줬ߤΤǤ礦ʲβɤ



often /t/ ޤȯϡֻ <t> 뤫 /t/ ȯ褦ȤưŤˤֻȯ (spelling_pronunciation) ȸƤФ븽ݤȤȤˤʤޤˤֻȯΥ᤿ȤѸüԤοѤƤޤ (cf. forehead, ate)
Ȥȡɸ䤤äȽפ䤤⤫ǤϤǤ⤽ʤŤ <t> ʸޤǤ often /t/ ʤȯ褦ˤʤäƤޤäΤȤ䤤Ǥطʤˤϡ3ҲϢ³治æȤѲޤ (cf. listen, castle, soften, Christmas)
ˤĤƤϡ##379,211,380,381εåɤߤ

Referrer (Inside): [2022-12-06-1]

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2020-09-01 Tue

#4145. ѸǤɤˤ뺮 [hybrid][etymology][word_formation][combining_form][contact][waseieigo][borrowing][loan_word]

츻ΰۤʤǤȤ߹蘆äƷ줿ʣʤɤϺ (hybrid) ȸƤФ롥ɽȤƱѸˤĤƤϡ#96. Ѹȥե󥹸Ǻ褫 (hybrid) ([2009-08-01-1]) ǡܸˤĤƤϡ#296. 轡ѸܸͿŪƶ ([2010-02-17-1]) ʤɤǵ󤲤Ƥ¾ȤܿˤǻĹȡñʤμѤ˰­ꤺǤѤƼͳ¤줹봷ȯãȤΤϼǤ롥Ѹޤ᤿֡פ⤷ꡤΡֺפ⤷
ˤȤˤϡ褽ǤǤȤ߹碌ͤ뤳Ȥ¿㤨Сcommonly murderous Ǥֻʬե󥹸ǡʳѸǤǤ롥ܸΡ֤ˡפˤƤϡֲפǡ֤פܸǤǤ롥
͡ʸ줫μѤ򷫤֤ƤˤäƤϡAμѸǤȸBμѸǤȤ߹蘆ä졤ĤޤǤޤޤʤפκȤΤ⤢롥ñǤСtelevision ϥꥷǤ tele- ȥƥǤ vision Ȥ߹蘆äǤޤޤʤפκǤ롥ǤѸǤˤϰ㤤ʤ츻ؼԤǤʤ¤꥽ΰ㤤ʤ̾ϼ̤ǤʤȤ⤢뤫ΥפκŪ٤㤤褦˻פ롥ΥפϼºݤˤϱѸäΤʤΤǤϤʤꥷƥͳ褹Ϣ (combining_form)ѤؽѸѸ㤬Ȥ櫓¿ǡ줬ǧ٤Ƥװ⤷ʤ
ʤȤפäΤϡر -philia ?ɡˤ -phobia ?ݾɡˤȤꥷͳ褹Ϣޤñ򽸤ᡤ֤Ƥ1ǤθĴ٤𤷤Ƥ줿ξ⡤1ǤȾͽۤȤꥮꥷǤä1/3ۤɤƥǤäȤ֥ƥǡܥꥷǡפȤʤ򤤤Ĥ󤲤СAnglophilia ʥ󥰥ˡcanophilia ʸˡclaustrophobia Ľ궲ݾɡˡverbophobia ñ춲ݾɡˤʤɤǤ롥ᤴ䤹פκ˸Ƥ졤ȤƤٶˤʤä
ʤؿѸؼŵ (313) ˡΥפκˤĤƼΤ褦˵ҤäϤ갷Ǥõʤ٤ˤȤɤޤäƤ

ȳηΤߤȤϸ¤ʤθܼˤĤƤߤ롧 hypercorrect (= overly correct; Gk + L), visualize (< LL visuālis + Gk -ize)


⿮ ʸͺʴƽˡؿѸؼŵ١ҡ1982ǯ

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