51ˡ#6213. ҥ in ֤Τۤإͥפޤ ([2026-05-01-1]) 1Ƥ⤷ҥ2ơ3Ƥ³Ƥޤ
2ơֺۡǸγǰΡرѸ츻ŵ١ʸҡˤԽ˼ץϤɤĩ56
3ơۡΡرѸ츻ŵ٤ϤɤΤ褦ˤǤäҤ3ơ517
ĶΥӥˤ⤷ƤΡΤۤȤƤϽΥΥȤʤäƤޤ䤬ƽǷ䤷Ƥ롤߷˧ͺԡرѸ츻ŵʸҡ1997ǯ2024ǯˤԽͻҤǼҤľܤŤʵȤʤޤ
2ƤǤϡرѸ츻ŵ٤Խô줿ҤȺݹԤ˼ˤäޤ2ͤϡݤ18ǯˤڤ֤ȤʥץȤˡ鹻ʳ黲äƤޤϤޤɮ줿Ƥ˲ꤹȤŪʼιƧǤޤϥʥǥؤβϴ˰֤ƤޤܤˤСĤƤϰֺǸ֡פȤ礭ȽϤΤΥڡĴôäƤȤΤȤǤΥץƱΤƵۤ碌ʤ顤1996ǯƤȤǥåɥ饤˸ưݤȤʤäͤʤǮ̤ϡǤϤʤʤ̣廊ʤԻ̣ޤȤΤνѤť̤ʸȤ˻٤ƤΤʪ뵮ŤʾڸοǤ
³3ƤǤϡԽԤҤζˤääƤޤǤϡ1桼Ȥƻ䤬ܼŵ˰ѤƤ뤫ȤäϤޤꡤȤ櫓ڤ˸츻ѸˤդäƤȤ˰ܤޤä˰ŪäΤϡ츻ѸˤؤְյˤĤƤεǤ츻ؤ֤Ȥϡñ˱ñŵ뤿μʤǤϤޤڤθդڤС̤Ǥϥͥƥ֤ɤĤΤȤƤ⡤츻˴ؤƤϳؽԤͥƥ֤ʿǤѸ줬ȤϤ礹ΡɤξθǤäλѤƤȤϡ䤿ѸˤؤְյƤޤرѸ츻ŵ٤䤽ȤäƤ褤رѸ츻ϥɥ֥å٤̥Ϥϡˤοߤ줫ޤǰӤƤˤޤ
ɤ츻ŵϡټ˼аͧȤʤޤư̤ơԻԤξǮȡظ˹Ѹˤ˭äƤйǤ츻ѸˤΤ⤷ǧҳμ긵1ΡرѸ츻ŵ٤֤ƤߤƤ
߷ ˧ͺԽ紴ˡرѸ츻ŵٿǡҡ2024ǯ
߷ ͧ ɹ δˡʡ 쵮 ءʹܶϡˡرѸ츻ϥɥ֥å١ҡ2025ǯ
428ʲСˡ֤ΤۤإͥפκǿȤֽǸγǰαѸ켭ʡرѸ츻ŵ١ʸҡˡˤᤰ뼭ԻԤޤ
ϡ֤ΤۤפȤƤϽȤʤǡѸؽԡԤʤï⤬äˤʤäƤǤѸ켭Ϸޡˤ⤷Ƥޤ伫ȡ긦ҤμܥܥˤʤޤǰƤʹ֤ǤΤǡĶܼҥӥˤ⤷ƤΥˤϴΤޤ
ưμϡ䤬ƽǷ䤷Ƥ롤߷˧ͺԡرѸ츻ŵʸҡ1997ǯˤǤ2024ǯˤϿǤФƤޤ䤬2023ǯ718ˡ֤إ饸פưֱñĢθ츻Τ뤿ˡԤƤӤޤڥå1900 with #247˽б餷ݡμŵ̥ϤǮۤȤ1ߡʡǡˤȤۤʼˤ⤫餺 Amazon ȯŪȤޤäˡҤθ note ָҥΡȡפˤ֡رѸ츻ŵ٤ȳǰáȤǡƱŵΥᥤäʤɡ٤ƤޤΤΤۤưϡҤδطԤˤ⤴б餤ޤơƱŵΥĤȤ1ƤǤ
ưǤϡμŵԽ˷Ȥ줿ζҤƴϢȤƺǯǤ줿رѸ츻ϥɥ֥åԽôǤ˸ҰĹξѰϺȤΥץեåʥˤޤꤤޤ
ɮ٤ϡΡرѸ츻ŵ٤ֺǸγǰˤѸ켭פǤȤ¤Ǥ1980ǯδ賫Ϥ1997ǯδԤޤǡ¤17ǯȤз䤵ޤδ֡ϵ®˥ǥ벽ؤɤڤäƤޤܼŵϰӤƱγ 1ܤȤ߾夲ǰμˡʤޤ
椵˸ƤºݤǤνŤߤˤϡդޤ1ڡʬʸʪŪʱβȤ¤١1,80ڡʬݴɤƤɬפΤǤͭξ8ݥȳ4mm ˤͤ1ʸĽ¤١Ƥץϡޤ˿ͷݤǤ
ΤäˤСΥǥǤǤϡγǰäʸԤޤƸǤȤľ̤ԽԤϿ´ȤޤǥǤϵŪʸ¤٤뤳ȤϤǤƤ⡤ͤĹǯηиݤäɤߤ䤹ΤĴޤǤϺƸǤʤäΤǤμŵˤϡܤΰѤãǹεʪŪ˹߹ޤƤȸޤ
ߤϸΨȥȤδ顤Τ褦ܺ٤ԲǽȤäǤ餳䤿μ긵ˤ뤳ΡرѸ츻ŵ٤ϡñʤѸ츻˴ؤˤǤʾˡ20ȾνʸĤȤƤβͤäƤȸޤ
ϰФ褤Ȥͤ⤢ޤظˤԻԤȡͤβ̤ƤʤŻѤ߽ŤͤΤȡڡˤ⼫ϤȤΤǤҤȤǼҤΡΥץեåʥʤꤳܤαѸ춵ȱѸؤ٤ƤΤȺƳǧޤ
ΥưϺ֤ˤ錄ä³ԤͽǤ⤼ҡư̤ƼȤα˿ƤߤƤơ⤷êˤμŵʤΤǤСꤹ뤳Ȥᤷޤñʤ㤤ʪǤϤʤˤξڸԤ긵֤Ȥ̣ޤ
ưƤȴϢ hellog ¿ˤ錄ޤʲεؤεȤȤ館ƤפƤФȻפޤ
#5210. ǶαѸ츻ŵ --- ߷˧ͺԽ紴ˡرѸ츻ŵ١ʸҡ1997ǯˡ ([2023-08-02-1])
#5261. ҲļǤ3ˤ錄رѸ츻ŵ٤ᤰ륤ӥ塼 ([2023-09-22-1])
#5436. ΡرѸ츻ŵٿ䤷 --- 2024ǯ315ǡ ([2024-03-15-1])
#5522. ΡرѸ츻ŵٿ䤷 --- 2024ǯ69ǡ ([2024-06-09-1])
#5553. ߷˧ͺԽ紴ˡرѸ츻ŵ١ʸҡ1997ǯˤο --- ֤ΤۤإͥפǤҲ𤷤ޤ ([2024-07-10-1])
#5856. ΡرѸ츻ŵٿ䤷 --- 2025ǯ59ǡ ([2025-05-09-1])
߷ ˧ͺԽ紴ˡرѸ츻ŵٿǡҡ2024ǯ
ε#6110. Edward Ellis Morris --- ȥꥢѸ켭 ([2026-01-18-1]) ˰³Morris बԻ Austral English 1898ǯԡˤˤĤơμνʸ "ORIGIN OF THE WORK" Ȥˡ˴ OED ȤδطƤ롥
. . . the noblest monument of English scholarship is The New English Dictionary on Historical Principles, founded mainly on the materials collected by the Philological Society, edited by Dr. James Murray, and published at the cost of the University of Oxford. The name New will, however, be unsuitable long before the Dictionary is out of date. Its right name is the Oxford English Dictionary ('O.E.D.'). That great dictionary is built up out of quotations specially gathered for it from English books of all kinds and all periods; and Dr. Murray several years ago invited assistance from this end of the world for words and uses of words peculiar to Australasia, or to parts of it. In answer to his call I began to collect; but instances of words must be noted as one comes across them, and of course they do not occur in alphabetical order. The work took time, and when my parcel of quotations had grown into a considerable heap, it occurred to me that the collection, if a little further trouble were expended upon it, might first enjoy an independent existence. Various friends kindly contributed more quotations: and this Book is the result.
Τ褦ʻǡΥȥꥢ˥塼ɱѸμ OED Ϣư߽Ф줿ǥˡǤ롥ʲKel (92--100) εҤͤˡAustral English ᤰܤ٤Ĥ
Morris ˼Τ (1) ¸αṇ̃ˡۤʤ "altered words" (2) ܥꥸˡ줫μѸǤ롥
ȥꥢΥꥹ̱ϤȤƤˤޤ120ǯۤɤûΤäǤ2000θФޤ500ڡ˵ڤּԻ줿ȤΤϡϤˤ¤˭ʪäƤ롥
Իˡ OED ƱŪ§פ˴ŤƤȤΤ⼭Ի˾塤ɮ٤Ǥ롥OED δ Austral English 30ǯ1928ǯäȤͤȡ̣ǤϡŪ§˴ŤؽŪʱѸ켭ΰ־äȤ⤤롥
kangaroo ιܤ7ڡ˵ڤ֡
μˤȽ⤢äMorris ܼŪ˥ꥹпȤΥȳؼԤǤꡤȥꥢѸǤ⸲ħŤäդ¯ˤդʧäƤʤȤȽMorris ϽդФäƤꡤ˷礱ƤȡΤˤ̤ OED ȤƤ褽ƱäȤϹͤ碌ƤƤ褤
Morris, Edward Ellis, ed. Austral English: A Dictionary of Australasian Words, Phrases and Usages. London: Macmillan, 1898.
Richards, Kel. The Story of Australian English. Sydney: U of New South Wales, 2015.

ȥꥢ Melbourne ȱѸˤݤ碌ȡEdward Ellis Morris (1843--1902) ̾⤫Ӿ夬äƤ롥1898ǯ Austral English: A dictionary of Australasian words, phrases and usages with those aboriginal-Australian and Maori words which have become incorporated in the language, and the commoner scientific words that have had their origin in Australasia ꤹ륪ȥꥢѸ졦˥塼ɱѸθäᡤܳŪ˼ԻʪǤ롥
Oxford ˤ New English Dictionary ʸ Oxford English DictionaryˤԻƤ James Murray (1837--1915) ϡ֤ͭ˸ƤӤñΰʸƤȥꥢѸ줫ǺƤ֤ͭܥؤθ졦ʸؤζ Morris οͤäˤǺΩƼȤԤΤAustral English Ǥ롥
Morris ϡ1843ǯΥɤDzײĹ̳ƤΤ Madras ޤ줿ϥꥹǼ饰ӡع䥪åեؤǥȤȤưŵˡΧˤؤӡեɥĸ1875ǯܥѹޡιĹǤ̿ƥȥꥢϤꡤϤDzᤴ1884ǯˤϥܥؤζȤƾ졤졦ʸؤǶܤä1902ǯںΥɤ¾ɥ Kensal Green Cemetery ̲äƤ롥
Morris ϷʤʥꥹȡȤä1884--88ǯˤ Melbourne Shakespeare Society ߤĹȤʤäƤ롥Τ褦¿ʬdzư Morris ¿ΤǤ̾ʤΤȥꥢѸ츦εǰȤ٤ Austral English Ǥ롥Morris Ϥˤꡤ1899ǯƱغǽʸιͿƤ롥ޤ³ȥꥢѸ켭ηĤȤäƤ褤
Biography by Australian Dictionary of Biography
Biography by Dictionary of Australian Biography
Biography by People Australia
Wikipedia
Austral English: A Dictionary of Australasian Words, Phrases and Usages by Project Gutenberg
Morris, Edward Ellis, ed. Austral English: A Dictionary of Australasian Words, Phrases and Usages. London: Macmillan, 1898.
ܲNew Zealand Ƥ롥Ҥ1Ĥܥ֥ǤǶӤӼ夲Ƥ A History of the English Language in 100 Places Ǥ롥
NZ طεҤȤƤϡ#5974. New Zealand English Υᥤ ([2025-09-04-1]) ǾҲ𤷤52äճʤȤˤ⤦1ᤢä66 "GISBORNE --- English slang (1894)" Ǥ롥
Gisborne NZ ߤιĮǤ롥ĮDZѸ켭Իε Eric Partridge (1894--1979) ޤ줿ȤͳǡˤƱѸ slang äŸ뤳ȤˤʤΤPartridge ζӤΤʤǤȤ櫓̾⤤ΤA Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English (1937) Ǥ롥νǰ衤ߤޤDzǤ³ƤƶϤΤѸ¯켭
1ڡȾۤɤû slang ªɤΤʤ̥ϤͤޤƤ롥slang ˤĤƤεҤ⡤ꤲʤǤϤʤܼͤƤ롥ǤϺǸ1
The aim of people using and creating slang is to make up words that are not in the dictionary in order to shock, delight, amaze, intrigue and mystify. Friends and enemies alike can be the objects of this verbal gaming, but slang users have to contend with the online glossaries that are being constantly updated. The best of these is Urban Dictionary; it boasts over 6 million definitions. Hard copy slang dictionaries are far behind; the Oxford Dictionary of Slang (2003) can boast no more than 10,000 slang words and phrases. Moreover, as a word moves from speech to print and from print to dictionary, its slanginess must steadily decrease.
塤Ѹ slang Իϡ̤μԻ٤Ƥ⡤Ϥ뤫椫äƤȤο롥μª줿ǡslang ϤܼŪȾмäƤȤȤˤʤ뤫Ѳ̣Ѳΰˤ slang αƶϤϻפΤۤ礭slang ϸѲθǤ롥
Lucas, Bill and Christopher Mulvey. A History of the English Language in 100 Places. London: Robert Hale, 2013.

728helwa ΥС֤ͭ note Ƥ hel (helkatsu) ֥ޥط Helvillian 〜ϥѸˡ٤2025ǯ8ƤޤĴ³Ƥꡤ̻10Ȥʤޤ
ɽΤȤϡꥹʡ Ko μֲФμ̿ȥåϤ450ǯˤԻȤΤȤǤƤޤԻǮhelǮ
³ƺýּ餳ȤФΤפꤷơ (dictionary) 伭 (lexicography) ˴ؤƽ줿ƤޤɮƬΤϡѸ˸ྰʴرءˤˤOED μʸˡǤʸ (Great Complement Shift; gcs) ȤơOED ѥȤѤ뤳ȤƤޤθ塤夵mozhi gengo ari ý˴Ϣʣε³ޤ
ý2Ĥ629˳Ť줿̾ŲղפǤղۤƤ Lilimi ˤݡӻ伫ȤΥݤǺܤƤޤʷǺܤƤ꤬Ȥޤˡ
ϡرѸ츻ϥɥ֥åľλϤޤäᡤƱˤĤƤ¿εƤޤԤ1ͤȤơ夲˹ޤƴտ夲ޤari ~ߤmozhi gengo umisio ˤƤޤ
Ϣܤ䤽¾Υ쥮顼ߤǤߡΡֶסcamin "faux amis" ari αѸˡѸ춵֥夵ΡѤʵmozhi gengo ΰ֥ʤƤǤ褤Ǥ͡ˤʤɤεǤޤΡֱѸθ츻ΩŪ˳ڤˡפϡ伫ȤǤƤֱѸõ3åȡפͭʻȤϪƤäƤޤΡHelvillian 7ɤǡűѸƧ褦פ Helvillian ȸűѸؤΥǤumisio ˤ뵭ito 祤2ܡפϡɥ ito ̥ϤƤޤ
ϡGalois ˤHelwa Τߡư2025ǯ8ˡHelvillian Խ嵭2025ǯ8ˡǤhelwa դhelβߡ̤褬Ÿ˾Ƥޤ
Helvillian ϡhelwa ߥ˥ƥˤȯhelλʪǤ¿γ Voicy ץߥꥹʡۿֱͥѸˤ (helwa)ΥСˤʤäƤhel˻äйǤ
Helvillian ΥХåʥСΥڡˤޤȤޤäƤޤhellog helvillian ΤĤƵ⤪ɤߤ
ˤĤƤϡVoicy heldio Ǥ2ۤɤҲ𤷤ƤޤȤ櫓ԤԽƼԤȤľ̤ȤʤäƤޤΤǡҤİ
#1521. Helvillian 8椬 --- ýϡּ餳ȤФΤ
#1532. Helvillian 8ξҲ by ԽѰ --- ץѸ˥饤 from ͡
ԤΰͤȤƼɮ˲ääرѸ츻ϥɥ֥åҤ괩ԤޤĹǯ hellog õᤷƤѸˡȤ櫓ñθ츻Τ⤷¿ϤȤפطԤζϤʥ˥֤ΤȤǡ1ܤȤƷ¤ޤ
ܽμɤ֤ȤΤʤǡǰƬˤäΤϡ߷˧ͺԽ紴̳줿رѸ츻ŵʸҡˤǤμŵϡhellog Ǥ֤ⷫҤ٤ƿ䤷Ƥ̤ꡤܤαѸϽǻ˾ζפǤʡ#5553. ߷˧ͺԽ紴ˡرѸ츻ŵ١ʸҡ1997ǯˤο --- ֤ΤۤإͥפǤҲ𤷤ޤ ([2024-07-10-1]) ȡˡμŵϱñθ츻˴ؿĤ٤ƤγؽԡԤˤȤäɬȤΥեǤꡤγؽŪͤϷפΤޤ
ǤϡΰʡرѸ츻ŵ٤Ǥ˼ȤˡʤˡرѸ츻ϥɥ֥å٤褷ΤǤ礦ϡξԤ䤬Τ˰ۤʤ뤫Ǥؼŵ٤ġñˤ겼ֽĤõפΤΥġȤСإϥɥ֥å٤ϱѸ츻ΤϤѸˤδ͡ΤδϢΤֲõפ¥ΥġȤޤ
hellog heldio Ǥϡ츻 (etymology) Τ⤷ˤĤƤ˸äƤޤŪʾڵᡤŤͤñοäƤŪʶʳϡ츻ọ̃ǤΤˤϡĤδŪõˡͥե졼ΤäƤɬפޤ㤨С (borrowing)ʸˡ (grammaticalisation)ȥ˥ߡ (metonymy) ʤɤθݡѸϡ츻ͤȤʤμǤ
رѸ츻ϥɥ֥å٤ϡ˹ܤǤġñθ츻˽ϤΤǤϤʤαѸˡ츻ؤδŪʳǰŪʻȷӤĤʤʿפ˲⤹뤳ȤܻؤƤޤϡ hellog ε heldio βۿǼ褦ȻߤƤ륢ץʤŪθ˳ߺդ̥Ϥ뤫Ȥδؿˤⴰ˹פޤ
ǡرѸ츻ŵ٤ϡΤ褦ˤƴŪμȸȤˤĤõԤ̤λ㡤ʤġñθ츻˿ʬäƤݤˡǤǤեȤʤޤإϥɥ֥å٤Ĥ塤ŪƳơؼŵ٤ιܤС˵줿βͤ䵭Ҥο´ạ̈臘ȤǤϤǤ
Τ褦ˡإϥɥ֥å٤ȡؼŵ٤ϡߤ˶礹ΤǤϤʤषߤ䴰礤õԤ츻Τ꿼ؤƳŪϢȴطˤޤإϥɥ֥å٤äȤƸ츻Τ⤷ܳФᡤˡؼŵ٤ȤܳŪõι˽Ф --- Τ褦ξѤƤäƤФȻפޤξȤɬȤǤ
䤬2ǯۤ³ƤرѸ츻ŵ٤ο䤷ˤĤƤϡ#5856. ΡرѸ츻ŵٿ䤷 --- 2025ǯ59ǡ ([2025-05-09-1]) Ӥĥäɤߤ
߷ ͧ ɹ δˡʡ 쵮 ءʹܶϡˡرѸ츻ϥɥ֥å١ҡ2025ǯ
߷ ˧ͺԽ紴ˡرѸ츻ŵٿǡҡ2024ǯ

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#5210. ǶαѸ츻ŵ --- ߷˧ͺԽ紴ˡرѸ츻ŵ١ʸҡ1997ǯˡ ([2023-08-02-1])
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#5553. ߷˧ͺԽ紴ˡرѸ츻ŵ١ʸҡ1997ǯˤο --- ֤ΤۤإͥפǤҲ𤷤ޤ ([2024-07-10-1])
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2025ǯ0315īΥֺ¡ָ츻ŵǤɤѸˡפ12ִ㤤ޤ줿ñפ֤롥
2025ǯ0425heldio #1426. رѸ츻ŵ٤ɤ --- khelf СȤλפĤ롥
2025ǯ0427heldio/helwa ꥹʡ ari رѸ츻ŵ٤ǰͷӤ륢ץȯnote Ǹɽ롧#264 KQ1Voicy KDEE ñͷӤ ChatGPT θƤߤץβǤ2Τ顧#266KQ2ۥ饯 update ͷ֡
2025ǯ0501khelf ߷Ϣ֡رѸ츻ŵ٤ǤɤѸֻˡϤ롥
2025ǯ0504heldio/helwa ꥹʡ lacolaco ˤ note ֱѸ츻ŵɥΡȡĴ˷³Ƥꡤcrash ޤãƤ롥
khelf СإᥤȤȤϤ碌ΤưˤʤäƤޤ⡤ɤΤ褦ʷǤ졤 KDEE 䤷ˤäС
߷ ˧ͺԽ紴ˡرѸ츻ŵ١ҡ1997ǯ

3˰١#5824. ᴩؤȤФʸ18ýָäʸζ岽 --- оȸˤλס ([2025-04-07-1]) εޤýǺܤؤȤФʸ18椬425ȯȤʤޤΤǡΥߥǤ餿ýҲ𤷤Ȼפޤ
ýΥȥϡоȸˤ鸫äʸζ岽פǤܸˤϺءˡɥĸˤιԻʳؽءˡѸˤδʷءˤ濴Ȥʤꡢܸ졦졦Ѹ졦ɥĸ졦ե5ʻˡˤȤȤȤ˿ʤƤ褬¸Ǥ
ýǤϡƸˤȤ줾θˤäʸζ岽ˤĤƤꡤ˰ʸʰʲǡΤĤƤΡˤˤ¾θˤθԤΥȤդ졤֤оȤ꿼ʤƤޤʲˤޤȤƤʸγפƤҲ𤷤ޤ
ڡܸˡˡ
Ϻܸθäʸɽζ岽
19ȾθˡǥɽԤιפǸä岽زȤȼƳθפʸɽ岽줿ȤѥǼ¾ڤƤޤ
¼졡θȤܿˤʸζ岽
16˥ꥷ⤿餷ϲʬƼDzŪǤܸʸˤ˲ääȤΰյͻƤޤ
ⶶͺֶɽߤѴɽס
岽ȼڤβФƼ¸äѴɽס1946ǯˤɤ߷פ줿⤷Ƥޤ
ϱҡܸˤäζ岽
˵ˤĤơḫפ˷̣֡鸡ڤװõꡤ岽ץͻƤޤ
ո硡ˤäȴζ岽 --- ̵γ¤
̵ä˴øä俷Ǹä岽٤ȰγΩβפŤƤޤ
ڡѸˡɥĸˡեˡ
δ졡ֱѸäζ岽 --- Ѹˤˤ륮ꥷѸ
Ѹäˤ륮ꥷ¸ߴŪ15ʹߤμѡ18ʹߤβʳصȯŸˤ뿷岽ݲ˲̤ŦƤޤ
ջҡ15Ѹ֤ΥХꥨȤμ« --- Pepys 2125 ܤλ㤫֤βͤ
ܤ15Ѹ֤ѰۤĴѲǤʤҲѲʬۤθ٤ȤƤޤ
滳ָѸ֤ --- ޤ
18--20֤פƤǰۤʤưǻߤ줿ȡȴܲפϼԤΤ Webster ΰ֤夷ȤʤɤηаޤҤƤޤ
ԡ֥ɥĸθäֻˡζ岽
17ܤ줿Ūֻˡζ岽ȸ÷ξǻȤ졤Ѹäμ첽¥ȤŦƤޤ
һ֥ɥĸˤˤʸζ岽 --- ǥ줿ʸ
ե饯ȥΤȥƥΤλѤᤰ褫岽ϤޤꡤǥˤԤĹݻ줿ˤפŤƤޤ
ԡ֥եζ岽ˤ뼭ι
ǥߡեä˥ե̿5Ǥեζ岽˲̤ʬϤͰŪʶ岽ȿŦƤޤ
һ˭ʤ뺮 --- ͥΥեˤäγĥ
16եäβŪȯŸܤƥ졦ꥢ줫μѤäȡޤȾˤȼܻؤռιޤäȤƤޤ
Ƹ줬ֶפȤˤɤΤ褦˸礤äȤαʤǤʸƤäΤƻڤϸ줴Ȥ¿ͤǤʤ⡤¾줫αƶȤμͤ䡤ϰռѳȤä̤Υơޤ⸫줷ޤý̤ơɼԤȤδؿΤˤӤʤ顤¾θˤˤܤ뤭äȤʤйǤդʸϤҳʸɤ٤ơŪɷоȸˤ˿äƤС
Ϻ ԡ δԡˡýָäʸζ岽 --- оȸˤλסؤȤФʸ18桧ϵܸʸͤ١ܤΥҡԡˡˡǡ2024ǯ4254--136ǡ

ܲꥹȥեСʡɡˡرѸưʬ༭ŵ١ʸҡ2025ǯ (Kenkyusha's Thesaurus of English Phrasal Verbs) ꤷѥѥɤǤޤƱԤˤرѸưʸ㼭ŵ: ֻ졦ʬʸԡ2002ǯˤ˲ɮä줿ܤǤư (phrasal_verb) ΡּŵפǤϤΤǤ˭٤ʸįĤĺǽ餫ɤǤʤ̣ǤɤꤷƤ˶ưؽȤ٤ΤǤ
äȤäƤɤǤ⤤ʤäˤȤäƤϡŵ⿷Ȥǡʸ̤˿θ̣äƤޤŬڤ˥ӥ塼뤿ˤϡٻȤǡμŵѤƤΤۤ褤ΤǤϤʤȻפĤĤ⡤ޤ϶äƤȻפäǤζäܤפĤޤޤ˲վƤߤޤ
ưʬμ缴ưǤϤʤ졦ֻɽ蘆˥ѡƥ (particle) ֤Ƥ롥
ܶᡦ塦ˬסֲ֤סʬΥΩפʤ33Ρ֥ơޡפߤƤ롥ŪΥơޤǤޤȤ夲뤳ȤǤȤȼΤäݥȡ
ưΤȤѥɤ߲䤹Ǽʤɡλ¡ʤ̤꤬ߤ롥
ܼʥơ̡ˡѡƥ-оȺѡƥ̱оȺʤɡŵʣΰѰդƤ롥
˭٤˵ƤʸϡⲻɤʤΤФꡥ
֤ޤ (p. 5) Ƭˡܼŵ϶ư켭ŵǤ뤬ˡʸ§˴ŤƤ롥Τᡤ¤ӻˤƤˡʼŵȤʤäƤפȽҤ٤Ƥ̤ꡤѸưΤˡƤΤ˥ˡԤޤ줿ŵȤۤʤ͵ΰ
СʡɡꥹȥեرѸưʬ༭ŵ١ҡ2025ǯ
ɸ4ϡƥǡΡפ̣ corpus ̤ñǤ롥#4096. 3Ÿ졤4Ÿ졤5ŸĤ ([2020-07-14-1]) Ǥ夲Ʋ4Ÿ (quadruplet) λ
corpus /ˈkɔɚpəs/ ʽˤϡѸľܥƥ줫äƤǡǤŪʥ쥸ȤѤΤ̤Ǥ롥
corpse /kɔɚps/ ʻΡˡӤθŷȤƻĤäƤ corse /kɔɚs/ ϡƥ corpus եͳĤѷƱѸäƤñեǤ cors Τ褦ֻ <p> æƤƥȤ <p> 褷ѸǤ⡤θ츻Ūֻ (etymological_respelling) θƱͤ˺Ѥ<p> ä줿<p> Τʤ¹Ԥ³
corps /kɔɚ/ ʣƱֻȯ /kɔɚz/ˡʷˤ "a body of troops" ۤɤθǡե줫ѸäƤñǤ롥ֻ˴ؤ¤ꡤ嵭 corpse ΰ۷ȤäƤ褤
<p> ֤뤫ݤ/p/ ȯ뤫ݤ /s/ ȯ뤫ݤʤɡ4δطʣн褹ˤϡơñֻȯǯ塤ƻǤˡ٤μºݤðǰĴɬפޤ줾αñȤƤθ (word-lore) 餫ˤˤȤɤޤ餺ѸǤƥեˤĤƤθɬפ롥ä˥եˤĤƤϥե¦ǤȯֻδطӤѲѰۤ⻲Ȥ뤳Ȥ롥
ܼŪ䤦ʤС4ϡѸѸüԤƬǤϡ⤽ۤʤ4ȤǧƤΤλ䤿ϡֻۤʤм̡Ωह롤ȤԻλ뤷Ƥ뤬μ֤褦ȤˤäơλळȤǤϤʤ⤷ʤ
䤬ͯƤ롥ˤ衤˹äǤ뤳Ȥϴְ㤤ʤ
εϡإᥤȤˤ2hel襳ƥĤ˥ԥ졼رѸ츻ŵ٤ OED ȤĤļɮ
lacolaco ֱѸ츻ŵɥΡȡפǿǼ夲Ƥ corporate, corpse, corpus ˴ؤͻ
嵭 lacolaco εari ˤĤ Deep Research Ѥλͤƹͻ note #224ڿcorsϤɤѲChatGPTĴ٤Ƥ餦
伫Ȥ⡤ heldio ۿ#1385. corpus data ᤰ --- ѥǡˤĤƸǤϤޤ lacolaco ε corpus ˤĤƼ夲Ƥ롥ҤİС
ͩˤĤ ghost_word ΥǵĤƤε#5800. ghost word --- Skeat ۩ּ˺ϿƤϤʤס ([2025-03-14-1]) ǿ줿褦ˡghost word ʤѸ¤ФΤϡʸؼ Walter W. Skeat (1835--1912) Ǥ롥
εǿ줿褦ˡabacot ʤñ줬 bycocket 줿ʸʬϤؤäƤ뤫ˤȤͩΤ褦ȹͤƤ롥Skeat ϡΤ褦ʸŵŪͩȹͤSkeat Ϥޤͩϴ¸ññʤѤȺƱ٤ǤϤʤȤ⤯ghost word 1 (p. 352) Skeat Ѥ褦
I propose, therefore, to bring under your notice a few more words of the abacot type; words which will come under our Editor's notice in course of time, and which I have little doubt that he will reject. As it is convenient to have a short name for words of this character, I shall take leave to call them "ghost-words." Like ghosts, we may seem to see them, or may fancy that they exist; but they have no real entity. We cannot grasp them; when we would do so, they disappear. Such forms are quite different, I would remark, from such as are produced by misuse of words that are well known. When, according to the story, a newspaper intended to say that Sir Robert Peel had been out with a party of friends shooting pheasants, and the compositor turned this harmless piece of intelligence into the alarming statement that "Sir Robert Peel had been out with a party of fiends shooting peasants," we have mere instances of misuse. The words fiends and peasants, though unintended in such a context, are real enough in themselves. I only allow the title of ghost-words to such words, or rather forms, as have no meaning whatever. (352)
μĥθ塤Skeat ϼѸʸɤ߰㤤ˤäͩƤñȯɤ߰㤤θ塤äޤϢʤȼѤƤĤͩȵŤ뤳ȤΤʤ˶ͩؤȯŸƤΤȷپĤ餷Ƥ롥Skeat ϤäƤΤɮԤϡΤ褦ñϤ켫ΤˤäƤꡤ⤷ƹǤˡ
Skeat, Walter W. "Report upon 'Ghost-words,' or Words which Have no Real Existence." in the President's Address for 1886. Transactions of the Philological Society for 1885--87. Vol. 2. 350--80.
ͩ (ghost_word) Ȥ̣оݤˤĤơhellog Dz٤夲Ƥ
#2725. ghost word ([2016-10-12-1])
#5795. ghost word ˬ ([2025-03-09-1])
#5796. ghost word OED ǰƤߤ ([2025-03-10-1])
Ǥ˲εǿ줿Ѹ¤äΤϹ̾ʸؼ Walter W. Skeat (1835--1912) Ǥ롥1886ǯ52Skeat ɥزˤƵǰֱԤʤäιֱΤʤǡ"Report upon 'Ghost-words,' or Words which Have no Real Existence" ꤹ𤬤ʤƤ롥
ʲ˰ѤΤϡԻԤǤ⤢ Skeat ͩ OED ʤɤμ˺ϿƤϤʤʤȤ⤷ƤսǤ롥ͩζȤ abacot (= by-cocket) Ƥ롥
Of all the work which the Society has at various times undertaken, none has ever had so much interest for us, collectively, as the New English Dictionary. Dr. Murray, as you will remember, wrote on one occasion a most able article, in order to justify himself in omitting from the Dictionary the word abacot, defined by Webster as "the cap of state formerly used by English kings, wrought into the figure of two crowns." It was rightly and wisely rejected by our Editor on the ground that there is no such word, the alleged form being due to a complete mistake. There can be no doubt that words of this character ought to be excluded; and not only so, but we should jealously guard against all chances of giving any undeserved record of words which had never any real existence, being mere coinages due to the blunders of printers or scribes, or to the perfervid imaginations of ignorant or blundering editors. We may well allow that Ogilvie's Imperial Dictionary is an excellent book of its class, and that the latest editor, Mr. Annandale, has very greatly improved it; but I cannot think that he was was (sic) well-advised in devoting to Abacot twenty-seven lines of type, merely in order to quote Dr. Murray's reasons for rejecting it. Still less can I approve of his introduction of a small picture intended to represent an "Abacot," copied from the great seal of Henry VII.; it would have been much better to insert the picture under the correct form by-cocket. (351--52)
ʤߤˡʤȤ˺ǿ OED Online Ǥ abacot ΩवƤ롥Ȥ †bycocket ˤĤƤϡΤ褦ͿƤ롥
A kind of cap or headdress (peaked before and behind): (a) as a military headdress, a casque; (b) as an ornamental cap or headdress, worn by men and women.
The two crowns [? of England and France] with which the bycocket of Henry VI was 'garnished' or 'embroidered', were, of course, no part of the ordinary bycocket.
Skeat ΰѤȾ "we should jealously guard against all chances of giving any undeserved record of words which had never any real existence, . . ." ˤߤ jealously βˤĤơ heldio ۿ#1383. ʸɲ --- ͩᤰʸ jealously ɤ᤹롩Ǽ夲Spotify Υӥǥݥåɥ㥹ȤȤƤۿƤΤǡҤ餫ɤ
Skeat, Walter W. "Report upon 'Ghost-words,' or Words which Have no Real Existence." in the President's Address for 1886. Transactions of the Philological Society for 1885--87. Vol. 2. 350--80.
ε#5795. ghost word ˬ ([2025-03-09-1]) Ǽ夲̣ŪݤˤĤơ⤦ɤOED ghost word (NOUN) ΩवƤΤǰѤ褦
A word or word form that has come into existence by error rather than established usage, e.g. as a result of a typographical error, the incorrect transcription of a manuscript, an incorrect definition in a dictionary, etc.
1887Report upon 'Ghost-words', or Words which have no real Existence... We should jealously guard against all chances of giving any undeserved record of words which had never any real existence, being mere coinages due to the blunders of printers or scribes, or to the perfervid imaginations of ignorant or blundering editors. (W. W. Skeat in Transactions of Philological Society 1885--7 vol. 20 350)
1888The word meant is estures, bad spelling of estres; and eftures is a ghost-word. (W. W. Skeat in Notes & Queries 30 June 504/1)
1977He [sc. Murray] found a special class of ghost words, misspelled or ill-defined items that had been admitted to some previous dictionary, thus undergoing an illegitimate birth. (Time 26 December 54/2)
2019The project will uncover previously unrecorded words, excise ghost words and suggest new or revised definitions. (TendersInfo (Nexis) 21 May)
ghost word αɤ1887ǯ Skeat ΤΤǡϡ#2725. ghost word ([2016-10-12-1]) ǤѤ̤Ǥ롥ˤƤˤʤΤǴˤդäƤΤ褵Ѹޤ̥ŪʶǵˤʤäƤޤΤϻʤΤΤ褦˴ˤȤäͩפϡʤȤѸˤơʤƿ¬ܸʤ¾θˤƤ˻פΤۤ¿ΤǤϤʤ
#2725. ghost word ([2016-10-12-1]) #912. ʤ (3) ([2011-10-26-1]) ǡѸ˿ƤϡؿѸؼŵ٤βɤǤߤ褦
ghost word̸ͩ͡
Skeat (TPS, 1885--87, II. 350--51) Ѹ (OED, s.v. ghost)̤θꡤԽԡɽԤλפ㤤ǡϤ٤餶ΤȡΤꤦ٤餶줬¤˸줿硤θͩޤͩ (ghost form) ȤĤޤꡤ츻Ūˤפʻʤɤơ٤餶ȤäƤ㡧aghast, sprightly, island, ye (= the)) ͩǤ뤬顤ϤʤϤΰ̣Ϳ줿ͩǤ롥1) acre (= duel). 'fight an acre' ΤȤ֡ʥɤȥåȥն϶ǡ˷ƮפȤ̣˲acre duel ΰ̣Ϳ뤳ȡƥ acram (= duel) committre αθ꤫Ρ 2) in derring do (= in daring to do). Chaucer, Troilus and Criseyde 837 Spenser , derring-do ͦʹưפΰ̣ѤƤ롥3) bourne (= realm). Shakespeare, Hamlet 3:1:79--80 The undiscovered country, from whose bourne (= limit) No traveller returns fiery realm and airy bourne (= realm)--Keats ȤȤ bourne ʤạ̈ѤƤ뤳ȤˤʤBloomfield, 1933, p. 487ˡޤͩΰǤ롥
ǤСλǡ֤٤餶פ¸ߤ褦ˤʤäΤ ghost wordͩˤȤȤˤʤ롥ѸȤƤϤǺѤफ⤷ʤؽŪˤϡ֤٤餶פɬפɤΤ褦ʾ郎ΩС֤٤פʤΤ뤤ϡ֤٤餶פʤΤ
嵭ΰѤǤϡָ̤θꡤԽԡɽԤλפ㤤פ3Ƥ뤬ǽʬʤΤޤˡָפֻפ㤤פؤäƤΤɤŪ˳Τ뤳ȤϡɤޤDzǽʤΤֻͩͩͩʤɤ͡ȯŸ줽ʳǰʤˡŪǤƤȤפΤ褦˹ͤ롥
ʸͺʴƽˡؿѸؼŵ١ҡ1982ǯ
ǯ١ī㡼ɶˤƥָֺ츻ŵǤɤѸˡ˰٤Υڡdz֤Ƥޤ̡饤Υϥ֥åɷʸƨۿˤǤ
6928ڡˤ17:30--19:00ˡֱѸ졤θȸפꤷƳ֤ޤűѸȸťΥɸθܿܤޤ
12ΥȾʬۤɿʤǤޤΥߥǡȾγƲޥɥޥåפƤΤͭѤ⤷ʤȻפΩmarkmap Ȥ־ΥġѤơޤֱѸ츻ŵڤס2024ǯ427֡ˤΥޥɥޥåפäƤߤޤʲȤƤɤˡ
ΥˤĤƤ hellog heldio βǤ夲ƤΤǡ⤴Ȥ
hellog #5453. īֺ¤οָ츻ŵǤɤѸˡפ427Ϥޤޤ ([2024-04-01-1])
hellog #5481. īֺ¤οָ츻ŵǤɤѸˡפ1λޤ ([2024-04-29-1])
heldio #1058. īֺ¤οָ츻ŵǤɤѸˡפ427ǻϤޤޤ
߷ ˧ͺԽ紴ˡرѸ츻ŵٿǡҡ2024ǯ
Τ餻֤Τۤإͥפ2κꥹȤޤIJǤɤѤ
ƱνΰʼȱĤƤ YouTube ֤Τۤإͥκǿϡ˸줿#251. ԻԤΤ륦֥Υꥹ֤ colour 饢ꥫ color ؤ֤פظˤΤϡǤꥫѸμԻԤȤΤ Noah Webster (1758--1843) ˡѸˤδäưǤ
ưǤϡԻԤȤƤΤߤʤ餺֥Τ⤦1Ĥ¦ֻ̡ԤȤƤΥ֥Ҳ𤷤Ƥޤ colour ֻ color ˡ centre center ˲뱿ưƳꥫѸΥꥹѸ줫Ωĥޤ
֥ϤȤȶԤȤƳưƤꡤѸζʽʤɤƶ˹ƤޤνǤꡤ Blue-Backed Speller ȤΤ褦ˤʤäֻܤ֤褦졤θ100ǯ֤8000٥ȥ顼Ȥʤޤ
ޤ֥ϰζʪǡꥫΩˤ⻲路Ƥޤºݡֻˤ⡤ȿꥹȿɤäƤޤβפΤ٤Ƥ櫓ǤϤޤ嵭Τ褦˰βƤϼ졤ꥫѸֻȤ夷ޤ֥̾ϡζФǮȥꥫΩ˻٤ƤȤޤ
֥ˤĤƤ hellog Ǥ webster γƵǽƤޤȤ櫓ʲȤ
#468. ꥫȤ Webster ([2010-08-08-1])
#2905. Benjamin Franklin ˱ƶ Noah Webster ([2017-04-10-1])
#3087. Noah Webster ([2017-10-09-1])
#3247. ֺ¡֥ڥǤɤѸˡפ5color colour --- ꥫΥڥס ([2018-03-18-1])
#4152. ꥫѸ -our -or ؤΥե --- Webster αƶϸŪ ([2020-09-08-1])
#4735. ʤ Webster ֻפʤ ([2022-04-14-1])

Ʊνʼ YouTube ֤ΤۤإͥĤƤޤ轵塦18:00˺ǿ³ơ250ϤǤ
˥åפ줿ǿ#247. Ĥ1ǯֿ䤷ƤܸŪˤϱѸ츻ŵ٥ȡ߷˧ͺԽ紴رѸ츻ŵ١ʸҡˡǤ1ǯˤ錄䤷ŸƤܤθؤ٤ŵƾҲ𤷤Ȼפޤ礦Ԥ줿ФȤߥǤ⤢ޤ
ưǤäƤ̤ꡤرѸ츻ŵ١뤤 KDEE (= The Kenkyusha Dictionary of English Etymology) ϡҺǸγǰˤ뼭ŵǤꡤܤαѸϽǻ˾ζȤ⤤٤¸ߤǤƱҤΤϤˤꡤǯβơVoicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)ˤơƱŵԽ˷Ȥä˥ӥ塼Ƥޤ YouTube ưǿ줿ƤοȤʤäƤޤΤǡҹ碌ƤİС
#828. رѸ츻ŵ١ʸҡ1997ǯˤäƥ --- ҲļǤ (1)
#834. رѸ츻ŵ١ʸҡ1997ǯˤäƥ --- ҲļǤ (2)
#842. رѸ츻ŵ١ʸҡ1997ǯˤäƥ --- ҲļǤ (3)
Ϣơ2023ǯ81ָnote֡رѸ츻ŵ٤ȳǰáꤹˤ뵭ƤޤΤǡ⤪ɤߤ
ƱŵˤĤƤϡhellog heldio ǴϢ륳ƥĤ¿ƤޤΥȤơʲ2Ҳ𤷤Ƥޤ礦
#5436. ΡرѸ츻ŵٿ䤷 --- 2024ǯ315ǡ ([2024-03-15-1])
#5522. ΡرѸ츻ŵٿ䤷 --- 2024ǯ69ǡ ([2024-06-09-1])
YouTube ưǰ夵ȯ츻ϡֶޤǡȤͥǤ͡ȤŨʥåե졼ȤʤäƤޤ͡ȤäƤȻפޤ
߷ ˧ͺԽ紴ˡرѸ츻ŵ١ҡ1997ǯ
ε#5535. Ƭ en- in- ɤ Chancery English Ǥߤ ([2024-06-22-1]) Ǽ夲ˤĤơäĴ٤Ƥߤʤ OED en- PREFIX1 츻 Note 3 ˡɤˤĤƾܤŪаޤƤ롥ٶˤʤäΤǡβս٤ưѤƤ
3. From 14th cent. onwards the prefix in- (im-) has been frequently substituted for en- (em-); and, conversely, en- (em-) has been substituted for the prefix in- (im-) of words of Latin or Italian origin, and for the native English in- prefix1. Nearly every word, of long standing in the language, which is formed with en- has at some period been written also with in-. Hence it is often impossible to determine whether in a particular word of English formation the prefix en- or in- is due to the analogy of words of French, Latin, or purely English origin; in many instances it must have been applied merely as a recognized English formative, without reference to the analogy of any individual word. In 17th cent. the form in- (im-) was generally preferred; the now prevailing tendency is to use en- (em-) in English formations, and where the prefix represents French en-; and in modern reprints of 17th cent. books, and in dictionaries, the in- (im-) of the original texts is often replaced by en- (em-). In some words, however, as em-, imbed, en-, inclose, the form with in- still occurs, but in most cases less frequently than the en- forms; in a few instances in- has entirely superseded en-, even where the latter is etymologically more correct, as in imbrue, impair, inquest. In a few words (e.g. ensure v., insure v.) the alternative forms have (in very modern times) been appropriated to express different senses. As a general rule the en- and in- forms are in this Dict. treated as belonging to one and the same word. A word still surviving in use is treated in the alphabetical place of its now more frequent form. In the case of obsolete words, where there is no decided preponderance in usage, the choice of the typical form has been determined by etymological considerations: thus the adapted words from French or Spanish with en-, and new formations apparently on the analogy of these, are by preference placed under E; while words apparently formed on Latin analogies, or probably originating as compounds of the English preposition in n.2, will appear under I.
The substitution of in- for en- has in part been due to notions of etymological fitness, the Romanic en- having been regarded as a corrupt and improper form of the Latin in-, while the English formations in en- were either referred to Latin analogies or treated as compounds of the native preposition. The phenomenon seems, however, to be partly of phonetic origin. Tendency to reduce and slightly raise the vowel in this prefix results in homophonic pronunciations of word pairs such as embed and imbed, enclose and inclose. Occurrence of spellings such as inbassed for embassade in the fourteenth century may suggest this phenomenon has existed from an early period.
ɤװˤĤƤεܤװѤƤ褦Ǹ¤Ϥʣ츻ե줫ƥ줫ȤװϤפġñˤƤϳơθߤ˾줷Ƥꡤˤ褦ʡʤ褦ʤȤˡѸǤθξˤϡեƥϡΥǥȤƤޤǴŪ˺ѤƤˤɤƬװʤΤФʬʤϻŪʥޤ츻Ūֻ (etymological_respelling) ᤰˤƤ롥
ǽνˤƤϡɤ줬ԻԤλǺޤǤ뤳ȤƤ롥OED ǤƬ en- in- §ȤƱʪȤưǤϡɤƬǼ縫ФΩƤ٤ȤºŪǺߤϪƤΤɤ롥
ѸֻŪߡʰǡˤ⤦1ΤäƤޤä

߷˧ͺԽ紴رѸ츻ŵʸҡ1997ǯˤο䤷Ϥ11ۤɤФޤKDEE (= The Kenkyusha Dictionary of English Etymology) άΤܼŵܤαѸ˸ȤäƤ褤⤷¸ߤǤܥ֥Ǥ kdee ΥΤĤˤ͡˼夲Ƥޤ
KDEE 䤷ˤȤäơȤƤΤ餻ޤ褿619˿ǤԤ뤳ȤˤʤäƤΤǤҤΥȤΥڡβ10,000ߡʡǡˤǸǤ;夬ꤷƤޤ̤λˤΤϳʹƤޤǤ⡤μŵڤƤˡοǴԤϤ˴ޤ٤ȻפޤޤǤʤϡ뤤ꤵ졤ѸˤѸäγؤӤ˺¤˳ѤƤС
ơλΡرѸ츻ŵٿ䤷ϡ3ۤΤȤǤcf. #5436. ΡرѸ츻ŵٿ䤷 --- 2024ǯ315ǡ ([2024-03-15-1])ˡ3δ֤ˤ䤷³ƤޤΤǡ³Ȥƻ𤷤Ȼפޤ
2024ǯ315helwa Υ饤ղˤơ֡رѸ츻ŵ٤̡ɤࡿ״2Ť롥
2024ǯ427ī㡼ɶˤƥָֺ츻ŵǤɤѸˡγ֤Ȥ롥1ǯ12ιֺ¤˳ͽꡥϡֱѸ츻ŵڤסܥֺ¤Ǥ KDEE ʳαѸ츻ŵ⻲Ȥ뤬ᥤ KDEEʤ2018ǯˤرѸ츻ŵ٤ܤĤīDZѸ츻ֺ¤Ȥcf. #3381. ֺ¡ˤؤֱñθ츻ס ([2018-07-30-1])ˡ
2024ǯ514heldio/helwa ꥹʡ lacolaco ˤ note ֱѸ츻ŵɥΡȡˤơA ιܤƧˤ줿ݤ𤵤ζȡ
2024ǯ518īΥָֺ츻ŵǤɤѸˡ2ֱѸäˤѤפ֤롥
2024ǯ66heldio ˤ#1101. رѸ츻ŵɤߥ with ƣ蘆ڵۿ롥
2024ǯ68īΥָֺ츻ŵǤɤѸˡ3ֱñȡ֥ˡ§ספ֤롥
⡤ɤΤ褦ʷǤ졤 KDEE 䤷ˤäС
߷ ˧ͺԽ紴ˡرѸ츻ŵ١ҡ1997ǯ
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