hellogѸ˥֥     ChangeLog ǿ     ƥǿ     1 2 ڡ / page 1 (2)

idiom - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2025-12-05 Fri

#6066take ¿ [johnson][oed][loan_word][old_norse][polysemy][collocation][idiom][phrasal_verb][asacul]

ư take ¿ (polysemy) ˤĤƹͤƤ롥ɤǶʬΤϰ̣θŵŪȤϤɤΤ褦ڤ򤷤Ƥ⡤take Τ褦ʴܸϡ¿ȸ虜ʤ
긵α¼ǤߤƤߤȡؿ缭ŵ6ǤǤϡ¾ưܤ38θΩƤƤ롥Ƹˤϲ̶ʬ⤢롥ʬǤϡäȺ٤ʤƤʤѱѸ켭ǤΰϤȤСOALD8 42롥Ūʼ򸫤ƤߤȡJohnson μ1755ǯˤ113ۤɡOED 2Ǥǰȡư take ι17 pp. 557--72 ˤ錄ꡤ47ۤɤʬ̤롥Ǥ94ڡ᤯äƤԴѤǤ롥ˤϡΤۤ take Ѥư䥤ǥʤɡεܤ˭٤
ưˤĤƤ΢ꤷ櫓ǤϤʤOED Ǥߤ¤ꡤtake ϱѸΰưΤʤǤⷲȴƵҤ¿θ¤ˤơҤȤޤ¿ŪȤäƤƴְ㤤ʤбܸΡ֤ȤפͤƤ⡤ϽʬǼǤ
Ԥ OED Online take ١Τ OED 2ǤεҤƤȻפΤϡƱܤƬ˶ᤤȤǡ¿12ʬȤƴʷ˼ƤƤȤOED Online ⡤ǥץ쥤Ǹ򤢤٥ȥ饤󲽤ƤΤǡƱͤξΤѶŪ˼˹ԤʤФʤʤ
Ǥ褫2Ǥꡤtake θʬ򼨤

General arrangement of senses: I. To touch. II. To seize, grip, catch. III. Ordinary current sense, i. with material obj.; ii. with non-material obj. IV. To choose, take for a purpose, into use. V. To derive, obtain from a source. VI. To receive, accept, admit, contain. VII. To apprehend mentally, comprehend. VIII. To undertake, perform, make. IX. To convey, conduct, deliver, apply or betake oneself, go. X. Idiomatic uses with special obj. XI. Intransitive uses with preposition. XII. Adverbial combinations = compound verbs. XIII. Idiomatic phrases, and Phrase-key.


¿򤭤äȤʤΤ񤷤Ȥ

Referrer (Inside): [2025-12-15-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2025-11-28 Fri

#6059. take --- ťΥɸͳ big word εȯã [etymology][loan_word][lexicology][grammaticalisation][phrasal_verb][asacul][polysemy][collocation][particle][idiom][old_norse][french][contact][borrowing]

29ڡˤī㡼󥿡ɶǤιֺ¤Ǥϡtake Ȥñܤζä٤ȯã򤿤ɤͽǤ롥ñϡѸäΤʤǤǤ¿ŪñΤҤȤĤǤ롥ΰ̣ιȡťΥɸ줫μѸǤȤ¤ˡƶäʤ
OED 2ǡʺΡˤĴ٤ȡư take ιܤ17 pp. 557--72 롥 OED ξʸޤǡ47ۤɤʬ̤Ǥ롥ܸǤϰ̤ˡּפ뤳Ȥ¿ΡּפȤưǰޤˤŪŪǤ뤬椨ˡ̵ΰ̣ŪȯŸ䶦ɽƤޤˡѸäΤʤǤͭ "big word"ȸäƺ٤ʤ
¿Ūưˤ򤿤ɤȡޤˤΤѶŪʹưȤƤΡּפȤ̣ϤŪȤơ򤹤פȤäŪʴޤߤĸơΤּפȤϡּʬΤΤˤפȡʤֽͭפȤ̣ŸƤ롥ˡΤͤŪˤȤäơ֤äƤסïϢƹԤפؤȯŸ롥
ΡѶŪ˼ˤפȤƤȡष̣ȿФؤȸʤּסְפȤäŪöŪʰ̣ޤƤΤ
˶̣Τϡ̣ʸˡ (grammaticalisation) ؤȿʤॱǤ롥㤨Сtake a walk take a bath Τ褦ˡñưԤȤ򼨤 do ˶ᤤưŪӤӻϤΤǤϡּפּפȤäŪʰ̣ϤϤ䴶줺ʸˡŪʵǽ̤ƻȤѤƤˤʤθݤϡưθỤ̄Ƥ򼨤Ƥ롥
ޤtake θŪͤƤΤϡư (phrasal_verb) ߽ФΤȤƤǤ롥take away, take in, take off, take out ʤɡ˾ (particle) ȼȤǡ¤ʤɽ߽ФƤ롥1ĤҤȤĤΩ̣ĤᡤѸؽԤˤȤäƤʰŵܤȤʤ뤬˭ѸȤɽϤ٤Ƥ롥
äơtake effect, take place, take part in Τ褦̾ȷӤĤƥǥ (idiom) ˡ⡤ѸǤ¿¸ߤ롥طʤˤϡѸ˥ե󥹸бư prendre Ȥñ줬ɤΤ褦ŪȤΤȤʸˡŪŪʾ򡤱Ѹ줬ѶŪ˻ȤƤˤؤäƤȹͤƤ롥
¿ŪǡۤɤޤǤ˱ѸθηϤ˿ߡˤʤƤư take ¤ϱѸǤϤʤȤǤä٤¤űѸΡּפ̣ư niman Ȥ¸ߤˤ⤫餺űѸʹߤ take ťΥɸ줫ѤƤΤǤ롥ʤťΥɸ줫μѸ줬ŪưषѸΤʤǺǤ¿ŪǶϤ "big word" ϰ̤˻äΤ
θݤϡñ˸äμˤȤɤޤ餺ܿΥᥫ˥ʣԻ׵Ĥ䤿˶Ƥ롥ˤĤơīֺ¤ǹͻƤ

Referrer (Inside): [2026-01-01-1] [2025-12-15-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2025-04-24 Thu

#5841. ꥹȥեСʡɡˡرѸưʬ༭ŵ١ʸҡ2025ǯ [review][notice][dictionary][lexicography][kenkyusha][syntax][word_order][verb][adverb][preposition][particle][idiom]

СʡɡꥹȥեرѸưʬ༭ŵ١ҡ2025ǯ



ܲꥹȥեСʡɡˡرѸưʬ༭ŵ١ʸҡ2025ǯ (Kenkyusha's Thesaurus of English Phrasal Verbs) ꤷѥѥɤǤޤƱԤˤرѸưʸ㼭ŵ: ֻ졦ʬʸԡ2002ǯˤ˲ɮä줿ܤǤư (phrasal_verb) ΡּŵפǤϤΤǤ˭٤ʸįĤĺǽ餫ɤǤʤ̣ǤɤꤷƤ˶ưؽȤ٤ΤǤ
򤷤äȤäƤɤǤ⤤ʤäˤȤäƤϡŵ⹽⿷Ȥǡʸ̤˿θ̣äƤޤŬڤ˥ӥ塼뤿ˤϡٻȤǡμŵѤƤΤۤ褤ΤǤϤʤȻפĤĤ⡤ޤ϶äƤȻפäǤζäܤ򡤻פĤޤޤ˲վ񤭤Ƥߤޤ

ưʬμ缴ưǤϤʤ졦ֻɽ蘆˥ѡƥ (particle) ֤Ƥ롥
ܶᡦ塦ˬסֲ󵢡֤סʬΥΩפʤ33Ρ֥ơޡפߤƤ롥ŪΥơޤǤޤȤ夲뤳ȤǤȤȼΤäݥȡ
ưΤȤѥɤ߲򤭤䤹Ǽʤɡ󼨤λ¡ʤ̤꤬ߤ롥
ܼʥơ̡ˡѡƥ-оȺѡƥ̱оȺʤɡŵʣΰѰդƤ롥
˭٤˵󤲤ƤʸϡⲻɤʤΤФꡥ

֤ޤ (p. 5) Ƭˡܼŵ϶ư켭ŵǤ뤬ˡʸ§˴ŤƤ롥Τᡤ¤ӻˤƤˡʼŵȤʤäƤפȽҤ٤Ƥ̤ꡤѸưΤˡƤΤ˥ˡԤޤ줿ŵȤۤʤ͵ΰ

СʡɡꥹȥեرѸưʬ༭ŵ١ҡ2025ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2026-01-01-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2024-10-27 Sun

#5662. Ѹδɽˤߤե󥹸α --- ؤդ󤹡٤Ϣܵ8 [hakusuisha][french][loan_translation][idiom][rensai][furansu_rensai][phrase][phraseology][norman_conquest]


furansu_202411.png

  *

1025Ҥηؤդ󤹡11Ԥޤǯ١ϢֱܵѸˤįե󥹸פƤƤޤϢ8ϡֱѸδɽˤߤե󥹸αơפǤե󥹸αƶϡѸñΤߤʤ餺ɽ뤤ϥǥ (idiom) ˤޤǵڤǤޤ3ĤξФΤȡΤ褦ʼݤǽ񤤤Ƥޤ

1. ɽΡ֤ʤ
1066ǯΥΥޥʹߡѸ줬ե󥹸줫礭ʸŪƶطʤ򿶤֤ĤġäΤߤʤ餺ɽָ󤷡פѤƤȤŦޤȤ櫓֤ʤפ (loan_translation) ܤޤ
2. ե󥹸줫ѸؤȤʤ줿ɽ
濴Ȥʤϡͽ̤Υޥʼ13--15ˤǤե󥹸δɽѸؤΤޤޡ뤤ʬŪ˼Ѥ줿¿󤲤Ƥޤ
3. ե󥹸ŪʱѸɽϸˤ¿Ĥ
ե󥹸줫Τʤɽ¿ߤޤĤꡤǻѤƤ¤ܤޤѸȤ̤ơѸϥե󥹸줫˭ɽѤƤΤǤ

̾Ԥ٥αѸˤˤե󥹸ƶȤʤäƤޤΤǡҡؤդ󤹡11˼äƤФȻפޤ7Ϣܵ furansu_rensai γƵǾҲ𤷤ƤޤΤǡɤȤ

ʤե󥹸줬ѸΡʸäǤϤʤ˴ɽͿƶˤĤƤϡܥ֥ΰʲεǤˤƤޤΤǡɤ

#2351. ե󥹸줫ζưμѡ ([2015-10-04-1])
#2395. ե󥹸줫ζμѡ ([2015-11-17-1])
#2396. ե󥹸줫ζμѤФ뿵 ([2015-11-18-1])

δ졡ֱѸˤįե󥹸졡8󡡱Ѹδɽˤߤե󥹸αơסؤդ󤹡2024ǯ11桤ҡ2024ǯ102552--53ǡ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2024-07-18 Thu

#5561. ǥȤϲ [idiom][terminology][collocation][semantics][syntax]



Voicy heldio #1139. ǥȥǥಽ --- ¼Ȥ with ϽؤϤޤԤƬˤޤ⤽ǥ (idiom) ȤϲʤΤǤ礦
嵭ۿǤ⻲Ȥ (33--34) ˤȡǥϼ̤Ǥ

ǥȤƤϡ̣塤δ˾Ȥ餷碌ơΤ褦ħ碌Τȸ롧
(i) ̣ŪƩ뤤 (non-compositionality)ǥΰ̣Ϥʬ¤ФƤʤ褯ΤƤȤơ
kick the bucket = die

(ii) ѷʤʤChafe (1968) θ 'transformational deficiency' Ǥ롥Υǥϡֻ̡פȤ̣ǤϼưԲĤǤ롧
*The bucket was kicked by Sam.
(iii) ǥʬθŪѤϤǤʤʤָŪ̵פǤ롥
have a crush on *have a smash on
Numberg et al. (1994) ϥǥỤ̄ʬʬۤƤʤǥ㡧saw logs = snoreˤ 'idiomatic phrase'ƥǥỤ̄ʬʬۤƤ륤ǥ㡧spill the beans = divulge the information) 'idiomatic combination' ȸƤӡʬƤ롥


ɽǥफɤȤΤϡ嵭ξ狼ͽۤ褦˼ưŪˡ뤤ϥƥꥫ˷ޤ褦ʪǤϤޤ󡥥ǥ (idiomaticity) ȤϢ³ΤγǰǰƬ֤ɬפꤽǤ

¼䡡ʸˡȥǥಽ١ҤĤ˼2014ǯ
Chafe, Wallace. "Idiomaticity as an Anomaly in the Chomskyan Paradigm." Foundations of Language 4 (1968): 107--27.
Numberg, Geoffrey, Ivan A. Sag and Thomas Wasow. "Idioms." Language 70 (1994): 481--538.

Referrer (Inside): [2025-01-01-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2024-07-14 Sun

#5557. ¼ˡ䡡ʸˡȥǥಽ١ʤҤĤ˼2014ǯ [toc][grammaticalisation][idiomatisation][idiom][composite_predicate][syntax][lexicology][frequency][lexicalisation][preposition][phrasal_verb][voicy][heldio]


 ¼䡡ʸˡȥǥಽ١ҤĤ˼2014ǯ



¼Ļر̾ˤɸνҤ򻲾ȤĤ̤ޤơͻҤ Voicy heldio #1139. ǥȥǥಽ --- ¼Ȥ with ϽؤȤۿޤȤǻԤ22ʬۤɤ̲ʤäƤޤҤ֤ΤȤˤİ



¼ˡ䡡ʸˡȥǥಽ١ʤҤĤ˼2014ǯˤˤĤƤϡޤǤ⤤ĤεǼ夲ƤƤꡤȤ櫓#1975. ʸˡȯŸȳ (2) ([2014-09-23-1]) 1Ϥܼ󤲤ޤϺλȤΤˤܽΤܼǤƤޤ̤³ԤۿͽǤ



ǤϤ
Ϥ


1ϡʸˡ
1.1
1.2ʸˡȤΥᥫ˥
1.2.1Ū (Pragmatic inferencing)
1.2.2ɺ (Bleaching)
1.3 (Unidirectionality)
1.3.1̲ (Generalization)
1.3.2æƲ (Decategorialization)
1.3.3ز (Layering)
1.3.4ݻ (Persistence)
1.3.5ʬ (Divergence)
1.3.6ü첽 (Specialization)
1.3.7ƿ (Renewal)
1.4Ѳ (Subjectification)
1.5ʬ (Reanalysis)
1.6饤ʸˡϢ (Grammaticalization chains)
1.7ʸˡȥ (Iconicity)
1.8ʸˡȳŬ (Exaptation)
1.9ʸˡȡָ (Invisible hand)
1.10ʸˡȡή (Drift)

2ϡǥಽ
2.1
2.2ǥȤ
2.3ǥಽ
2.4ǥಽװ
2.4.1ŪŪ
2.4.2æƲ (Decategorialization)
2.4.3ʬ (Reanalysis)
2.4.4 (Frequency of occurrence)
2.5ǥಽʸˡڤӸò

ʬ
1ϡѸˤʣưȯã
1.1
1.2Ը
1.3ǡ
1.4ʣưΥǥŪħ
1.4.1Give
1.4.2Take
1.5֤ӡ The Cely Letters The Paston Letters
1.6

2ϡѸˤʣư
2.1
2.2Ը
2.3ǡ
2.4¤ħ
2.5ط̾첽
2.6ưħ
2.6.1Do
2.6.2Give
2.6.3Have
2.6.4Make
2.6.5Take
2.7ʣưʸˡ
2.8

3ϡGive ǥη
3.1
3.2Ը
3.3ǡڤ give ѥε
3.4
3.4.1ʸˡȥǥ
3.4.2ʬϤỌ̇̄ɺ
3.4.3ǥಽ
3.4.4̾
3.4.5ʸ
3.4
3.4.1ʸˡȥǥ
3.4.2ʬϤỌ̇̄ɺ
3.4.3ǥಽ
3.4.4̾
3.4.5ʸ
3.5

4ϡ2ĤΥפμưʸ
4.1
4.2Ը
4.3ǡ
4.4ǥಽ
4.5

5ϡƵưȴϢʸ
5.1
5.2Ը
5.3ǡ
5.3.1Content oneself with
5.3.2Avail oneself of
5.3.3Devote oneself to
5.3.4Apply oneself to
5.3.5Attach oneself to
5.3.6Address oneself to
5.3.7Confine oneself to
5.3.8Concern oneself with/about/in
5.3.9Take (it) upon oneself to V
5.4Ƶưʸˡڤӥǥಽ
5.5Ƶưưڤʣư
5.5.1Prepare
5.5.2Interest
5.6

6ϡFar from ʸˡǥಽ
6.1
6.2Ը
6.3ǡ
6.4ʸˡȥǥಽ
6.4.1ʸˡ
6.4.2̣ѲѲδطǥಽ
6.5

7ϡʣֻ
7.1
7.2Ը
7.3ǡ
7.4ʣֻȯã
7.4.1Instead of
7.4.2On account of
7.5ط (Rivalry)
7.5.1In comparison of/in comparison with/in comparison to
7.5.2By virtue of/in virtue of
7.5.3In spite of/in despite of
7.6õǽȯã
7.7ʸˡòǥಽ
7.8

8ϡưֻ
8.1
8.2Ը
8.3ǡڤʬ
8.3.1Concerning
8.3.2Considering
8.3.3Regarding
8.3.4Relating to
8.3.5Touching
8.4ưֻʸˡ
8.5

9ϡư pray ʸˡ
9.1
9.2Ը
9.3ǡ
9.415
9.516
9.617
9.718
9.819
9.9ʸˡ
9.9.1ʸˡ
9.9.2ǫɸʸˡ
9.10

10ϡ'I'm afraid' Ūȯã
10.1
10.2Ը
10.3ǡڤӤʸˡ
10.4ʸˡ---Hopper (1991) 濴
10.5

11ϡ'I dare say' Ūȯã
11.1
11.2Ը
11.3ǡʬ
11.4ʸˡʸ
11.5

12ϡưˤ after forth ο
12.1
12.2For ˤ after θ
12.2.1Ը
12.2.2ư
12.2.3After for ΰ̣ǽѲ
12.3Forth ο
12.3.1Ը
12.3.2Forth ȶưμ
12.3.3Out ˤ forth θ
12.4

13ϡWanting פư֤˸붥 --- desire, hope, want ڤ wish 濴 ---
13.1
13.2Ը
13.3Ѳ
13.3.1Desire
13.3.2Hope
13.3.3Want
13.3.4Wish
13.44ĤưỤ̄Ūħ
13.4.1°ˤˡڤӻ
13.4.1.1Desire + that/Ø
13.4.1.2Hope + that/Ø
13.4.1.3Wish + that/Ø
13.4.2Desire, hope, want ڤ wish to 칽¤
13.4.3That ξά
13.5ƥ˻ѲڤӺ
13.6





ʸ


̾




¼䡡ʸˡȥǥಽ١ҤĤ˼2014ǯ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2023-03-11 Sat

#5066. ѸֻȤƤ sans [french][loan_word][preposition][shakespeare][connotation][idiom]

1֤ hellog Ǥ Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)Ǥֻ (preposition) ܤ뵡񤬤ޤ¿椫ֻ쥦פȸƤȯƤޤֻˤؿΤϡҤο֤ε򿶤֤äƤФȻפޤ
ƱήǡճΤֻȤ sans Ҳ𤷤ޤwithout ե󥹸ֻǥե󥹸Ǥ sans /sɑ̃/ ȯޤѸȤƤֻ̤ /sænz/ ȯޤե󥹸줫餽Τޤ޼줿ɽֻϡ㤨 sans doute ֵʤ /sɑ̃ duːt/ Τ褦ˡե󥹸ȯޤǤʤˤϱѸ첽 /sænz/ ȯޤѸʸ̮ǤϡƤ뤤Ͼ̤ᤫ connotation Ѥޤʸ󤲤Ƥߤޤ礦

Sans teeth, sans eyes, sans taste, sans everything. ֡Ϸܤơ˻ʤܤʤ̣ʤвʤסShakespeare, As You Like It II. vii)
a wallet sans cash
There were no potatoes so we had fish and chips sans the chips.
He came to the door sans shirt.
She went to the party sans her husband.
She would not be happy with people seeing her sans makeup.
He was wearing running shoes, sans socks.


ƤߤȡʤʤȤäƤߤʤֻǤ͡
OED sans, prep. ˤȡѸǤνФϽѸ Kyng Alisaunder Ǥ

c1300 K. Alis. 134 Of gold he made a table Al ful of steorren, saun fable.


Shakespeare ˡϤŪȤƥեñȼäƤꡤХե󥹸δɽ򤽤ΤޤޱѸ˼ΤΤ褦Ǥ (ex. sans delay, sans doubt, sans fable, sans pity, sans return)ѸˤŪֻȤȯãΤϡθͷӤŷͤ桼⥢򤨤ƺƳȤäƤ褵Ǥ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2023-02-22 Wed

#5049. ư¿ͤʷ [phrasal_verb][syntax][word_order][verb][adverb][preposition][particle][idiom]

Ѹˤϡư (verb) Ⱦ (particle) Ȥ߹碌ʤư (phrasal_verb) ¿¸ߤƤ롥Ȥ櫓ѽФŪŪʰ̣ĤΤ¿칽¤¿ͤʷ뤿ᡤФбѸؽξɤȤʤ롥
run up Ȥ߹碌ɽͤƤߤ褦Ūˤ4ĤΥѥ˶ʬ롥

(1) A girl ran up. ֤뾯äƤ
ran up ΤȤ1Ĥμư롥
(2) The spider ran up the wall. ֤ΥɤФäƤä
ư ran ֻ up the wall Ȥ߹碌Ǥ롥
(3) The soldier ran up a flag. ֤ʼΤϴǤ
ran up Ȥ߹碌ˤ1Ĥ¾ưŪ롥ξ硤 up ̾Ū a flag ΰ֤ϥС֥ǡThe soldier ran a flag up. θǽŪ줬 it Τ褦̾ξˤϡष The soldier ran it up. θΤߤƤ롥
(4) Would you mind running me up the road? ƻϩޤǼ֤˾褻ƤäƤޤ󤫡
¾ư run ֻ up the road Ȥ߹碌Ǥ롥

run up Ȥ߹碌Τߤ˸ꤷƤ⡤Τ褦4Ĥηǧ롥¾ư¾ξȤ߹碌ΤθСȤƤ8ĤηꡤʣȤʤ롥

Cowie, A. P. and R Mackin, comps. Oxford Dictionary of Phrasal Verbs. Oxford: OUP, 1993.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2022-11-23 Wed

#4958. stand on the shoulders of giants ֵͤθξΩġ [proverb][idiom][sobokunagimon]

ˤ貿ˤ衤ͤμѤξˤʤμդäȤʸ⤵ƤΤȤΤǤ to stand on the shoulders of giants ֵͤθξΩġפɽ롥
ʲϡ1ͤεͤκʤΤߡˤ˾뾮͡פȤΥå󥰤ǡ̩ˤ "a dwarf on a shoulder of a giant" Ȥ٤դϤɤǡ

A Dwarf on the Shoulders of a Giant

ơδѶ OED shoulder, n. ΤȤ˵󤲤ƤΤ¤2022ǯ3 OED κݤ˿˲ä줿ۥۥΥȥ꡼ʤΤǤ롥οȥ꡼ˤĤơOED ι󵭻 "Content warning: may contain notes on the OED March 2022 update" Τ褦˥ȤƤ롥

A new phrase entry in shoulder examines the use of to stand on the shoulders of giants to refer to the process of building on the discoveries and achievements of great predecessors, first recorded in the early seventeenth century in a variation on the proverb a dwarf (or child) standing on the shoulders of a giant sees farther than the giant, itself based on a twelfth-century Latin phrase attributed to Bernard of Chartres.


OED ˲ä줿ȥ꡼ΤΡӺǽ3ĤʸޤǰѤƤ

   to stand on the shoulders of giants (and variants): to build on the discoveries, achievements, and understanding of the great scholars and thinkers of the past. Hence to stand on the shoulders of (any person or group): to benefit from the knowledge of one's predecessors.
      The phrase standing on the shoulders of giants is strongly associated with Sir Isaac Newton (1642--1727): see quot. 1676. Earlier in proverbial phrase a dwarf (also child, etc.) standing on the shoulders of a giant sees farther than the giant (now rare; in quot. 1608 as a simile).

[Originally after post-classical Latin nanos gigantium humeris insidentes dwarves sitting on the shoulders of giants (12th cent.; attributed by John of Salisbury to Bernard of Chartres).]

   1608 J. White Way to True Church 325 Doctors of these later times..insisting in the steps of the ancient Fathers..are like children standing on the shoulders of giants,..they see further then they [sc. the Fathers] themselues.
   1628 R. Burton Anat. Melancholy (ed. 3) To Reader 8 Though there were many Giants of old in Physick and Philosophy, yet I say with Didacus Stella, A Dwarfe standing on the shoulders of a Giant, may see farther then a Giant himselfe.
   1676 I. Newton Let. to R. Hooke 5 Feb. in Corr. (1959) I. 416 What Des-Cartes did was a good step. You have added much in several ways... If I have seen further it is by standing on ye sholders of Giants.


δѶ硤ޤĴ٤Ƥ˻Τʤ夷ޤ

ʸ嵭2022/11/24(Thu)) hellog ơ1124 Voicy heldio ˤƴϢϤޤѸؽԤμǡ⤷ˤʤäƤȻפޤꤪİ)


[ | ѥڡ ]

2022-09-30 Fri

#4904. mouth [etymology][th][fricative_voicing][conversion][metaphor][metonymy][bible][idiom]

ָΤΡפ̣ mouth /maʊθ/ μդ򤢤줳ȡ
츻ϸűѸ mūþ ʸˤǤ롥̤а캬 *men- (to project) ̤ꡤΤȤͤФΤ̤ȤȤ館Ȥͳ褹롥캬ˤߤ *n ϡűѸˤ໤æ˻ĤäƤʤбɥĸ Mund ʸˤˤϻĤäƤ롥Ʊ캬ϥե󥹸ͳ mount Фˡmountain/Mt. ֻפʤɤƤ롥
mouth ˤưȤơ֤⤰⤰Ǹפΰ̣⤢롥14̾줫ʻž (conversion) ƤǤΤǡϡ֤٤פۤɤθä
ʤưȤƤȯϸ໤ͭ /maʊð/ Ȥʤ뤳Ȥաmouth ʳˤ⡤th ̾Ǥ̵ưǤͭȤʤϾʤʤ (ex. bath -- bathe, breath -- breathe, cloth -- clothe, sooth -- soothe, tooth -- teethe) ¤Ϥθݤ th ˸¤餺 f s ʤ¾໤ˤ⸫롥#2223. ФˤҲ̵ͭ ([2015-05-29-1]) 򻲾ȡ
mouth th ͭΤưˡξǤϤʤ̾ȤʣȤʤˤ mouths /maʊðz/ Τ褦ͭΤդǤʤ̵ȯ /maʊθs/ ޤäʤ櫓ǤϤʤˡƱͤ baths, oaths, paths, truths, youths ʤɤǤ /-ðz/ ȯ뤳Ȥ¿ܤϡ#702. -ths ȯ ([2011-03-30-1]) 򻲾ȡ
mouth ˤĤܤͳΥǥȤ out of the mouths of babes (and sucklings) 롥"Out of the mouth of babes and sucklings hast thou ordained strength because of thine enemies, that thou mightest still the enemy and the avenger" (The Book of Psalms 8:2) ͳ褹ɽߤǤϻҶפȯԤդ桼饹˻ؤɽȤʤäƤ롥
Ѹ mouth ܸΡָפ⡤Τ̤ɽȶñȤξǰ̣ĥͻҤ褯Ƥ롥㤨СܸΡֲϸסʮиסƶθפȤäָפΥ᥿եϡѸǤ the mouth of a river/volcano/cave Ȥ褦ˤΤޤб롥ָסָĤפ a foul mouth, shut one's mouth ˤΤޤбȥ˥ߡǤ롥

[ | ѥڡ ]

2022-09-05 Mon

#4879. 餿ƥǥȤϲ [terminology][idiom]

̤ˡǥ (idiom) Ȥϡΰ̣ʬΰ̣¤ϽФƤʤ褦ɽǤȤ롥ΥǥϡޤǤ hellog ǤȤƤΤǤ롥

#22. ǥȱѸˡ ([2009-05-20-1])
#910. ʤ񤷤 (1) ([2011-10-24-1])
#1357. lexeme ʸǡˤȤϲ ([2013-01-13-1])
#1990. ͡ʼΰ̣ ([2014-10-08-1])
#3526. ǥȤϡ ([2018-12-22-1])

Cruse (37) ˤȤϽ۴ˡŪǤդפȤ⤷ʤΤǡ˰Ѥ

A traditional definition of idiom runs roughly as follows: an idiom is an expression whose meaning cannot be inferred from the meanings of its parts. Although at first sight straightforward, there is a curious element of circularity in this definition. Does it indicate that the meaning of an idiom cannot be inferred from (or, more precisely, cannot be accounted for as a compositional function of) the meanings the parts carry IN THAT EXPRESSION? Clearly not --- so it must be a matter of their meanings in other expressions. But equally clearly, these 'other expressions' must be chosen with care: in considering to pull someone's leg, for instance, there is little point in referring to pull in to pull a fast one, or leg in He hasn't a leg to stand on. The definition must be understood as stating that an idiom is an expression whose meaning cannot be accounted for as a compositional function of the meanings its parts have when they are not parts of idioms. The circularity is now plain: to apply the definition, we must already be in a position to distinguish idiomatic from non-idiomatic expressions.
   Fortunately it is possible to define an idiom precisely and non-circularly using the notion of a semantic constituent. We shall require two thing of an idiom: first, that it be lexically complex --- i.e. it should consist of more than one lexical constituent; second, that it should be a single minimal semantic constituent.


ʤߤ˰ pull someone's leg ϡ~򤫤餫פ̣륤ǥǤ롥ޤpull a fast one ϡ֤ޤסHe hasn't a leg to stand on ϡϵäΩĤ٤ä礯פΰդΥǥǤ롥
̤Ȥơ۴ˡˤʤʤǥüŪ "a lexical complex which is semantically simplex" (Cruse 37) ȤȤˤʤ롥

Cruse, D. A. Lexical Semantics. Cambridge: CUP, 1986.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2021-08-02 Mon

#4480. ƥ˥Ѹθ츻줳 [etymology][khelf_hel_intro_2021][idiom]

ǯٽƬ45530ޤdzŤƤֱѸƳ2021ϤǤ˽λƤޤƱμݤ̿˽°γꡤҥƥĤ󶡤ȤФޤƤϡ˿ȶ¿ɼԤ˥ԡ뤹Ȼפ֥ƥ˥Ѹθ츻ˤĤƤιƥĤǤǡ١ɲäޤΤǡҤ
ꥹ¿ΥݡĤȯϤǤΤᡤ͡ʥݡĤδϢѸϤȤꡤƼ凉ݡĤ˴ŤѶʤɤŪʱѸɽȤưޤƤޤ㤨СThe ball is in your court. ȤСּ˹ư򵯤٤ϡʻǤϤʤˤʤפ̣봷ѶǤϥƥ˥Υץ쥤ͳ褹ΤǤ
ޤHis idea is (way) out in left field. ȤСΰոϰѤäƤפ̣ޤκʥեȡˤΰ֤濴鳰Ƥ뤳Ȥ˴ŤǥǤʤʥꥫѸǤꥹǤѤʤ褦ǤˡݡĤͳ褹Ѹθ䴷ɽϡפΤۤ󤢤ޤ
Τ褦˴ؿäϡرѸ춵١罤۽Źˤ2019ǯ٤ΥХåʥС2019ǯ4椫2020ǯ312ˤ錄ꡤؤ¿ľ᤬ΤäƤݡĤαѸפꤷơ嵭μݤˤ褦̣ϢܤƤޤۤʤ륹ݡļܤܤƤޤƥ˥Ϣ2019ǯ6Ǽ夲Ƥޤͤޤǡ

Referrer (Inside): [2021-09-02-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2021-05-27 Thu

#4413. ưŪȤƤ̵̣ it [personal_pronoun][verb][phrase][conversion][idiom]

ֱѸƳ2021Ҳ𤹤륳ƥĤϡˤֱDzإޥȥå٤ѸˤΤΡǤϲΤȤʬʤȻפޤƱDz褫ޤ줿 the red pillthe blue pill Ȥɽ˾ƤƥĤǤƱƥĤˤСblue pill Ȥϡο¤Τ뤳ȤʤʬȤ򿮤뤳ȤǤ뤳Ȥħred pill ¿ˤߤȼ褦ʡĤ餤ο¤Τ뤳ȤξħפȤΤȡμˤ̤ǺܤǤΤǡΤ˿ʵˤΤ褦Ǥ
ˤ̾礬ʻžˤư첽We need to red pill it Canadians. ʤĤ餤¤ܤɬפΤʥͤ补ˤΤ褦˻ȤȤΤǡäޤto blue pill it ⤢褦ǤĤ#4405. ݥåפȤƤΡֶưʻžס ([2021-05-19-1]) ꤹ뵭ˤơֶư̾졦ƻؤʻžפλ夲ФǤϡ̾ưؤʻžפȤդλȤȤˤʤޤΥƥĤΤʤȤФٶˤʤޤ
to red/blue pill it Ȥɽ򸫤ƤդȻפäΤǤŪʴѶ (idiom) ˤФи롤ưŪȤƤ̵̣ it ȤΤϲʤΤǤ礦͡I made it. Ȥ Take it easy. Ȥ Damn it. ȤΥΤ褦˸Ūʸ̮ǿư첽ξˤϡΤޤǻȤ夭ΤǡȤʤ it źơ¾ưäݤФƤߤȤ褦ʴǤ礦
Ѹ˼¼Ūʰ̣⤿ʤ it ˡ뤳ȤϤ褯ΤƤޤprop/dummy/empty/expletive/introductory/ambient it ʤɤ͡˾ΤƤޤפ˲餫ʸˡŪʵǽϲ̤Ƥ뤱ɤ⡤¼Ūʻؼоݤ⤿̣äݡʤ˶ᤤˤȤ٤ it ˡΤȤǤΤʤǤ to red/blue pill it Τ褦ưŪȤʤ it ̵̣褦˻פޤºݡQuirk et al. (6.17n) ǤϤμ it ˿졤ִ˶äݡפɽƤޤ

Perhaps the best case for a completely empty or 'nonreferring' it can be made with idioms in which it follows a verb and has vague implications of 'life' in general, etc:

   At last we've made it. ['achieved success']
   have a hard time of it ['to find life difficult']
   make a go of it ['to make a success of something']
   stick it out ['to hold out, to preserve']
   How's it going?
   Go it alone.
   You're in for it. ['You're going to be in trouble.']


OED it, pron., adj., and n.1 ˤȡ8aΤȤˡ夲ƤޤФϰʲ̤16ȾΤ褦Ǥ

8.
a. As a vague or indefinite object of a transitive verb, after a preposition, etc. Also as object of a verb which is predominantly intransitive, giving the same meaning as the intransitive use, and as object of many verbs formed (frequently in an ad hoc way) from nouns meaning 'act the character, use the thing, indicated'.
     Through verbs having corresponding nouns of the same form, as to lord, the construction seems to have been extended to other nouns as king, queen, etc. There may have been some influence from do it as a substitute, not only for any transitive verb and its object, but for an intransitive verb of action, as in 'he tried to swim, but could not do it', where it is the action in question.
   ?1520 J. Rastell Nature .iiii. Element sig. Eviv And I can daunce it gyngerly..And I can kroke it curtesly And I can lepe it lustly And I can torn it trymly And I can fryske it freshly And I can loke it lordly.
   . . . .


Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman, 1985.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2021-05-14 Fri

#4400. ָǭפ cats and dogs ν [sound_symbolism][phonaesthesia][onomatopoeia][idiom][binomial][prosody][alliteration][phonetics][vowel][khelf_hel_intro_2021][clmet][coca][coha][bnc][sobokunagimon]

ֱܲѸƳ2021꺣Ҳ𤹤륳ƥĤϡꥢåפ줿ָʤ̸ǭ!?ǤܸǤϤҤɤΰȤָפɽ褷ơָǭפȤϸʤ櫓ǤѸǤͽ̤ʡ cats and dogs Ȥ̣ǤThey fight like cats and dogs. Τ褦ѤۤޤФꤷ餷Ƥ뤳Ȥ to lead a cat-and-dog life ʤɤȤɽޤ褯Τ줿ںߤפΥǥ#493. It's raining cats and dogs. ([2010-09-02-1]) ǡǤ
ϤȤưʪ˴ؤʸѺȤƤ⤷ǤˤʤäΤϱѸ cats and dogs θǤܸǤϡָǭפɡ嵭αѸΥǥɽȤƤϡǭפνˤʤäƤޤϤʤʤΤǤ礦
1ĹͤΤϡװǤ2ĤǤӤĤжȤƵǽˡŪνޤ뷹ޤβװˤ͡ʤΤޤ绨ĤˤвηڤΤơŤΤȤΤ§Ǥ⤦ΤˤС "openness and sonorousness" 㤤Τơ⤤ΤˤȤǤ᡼ȤƤϡᡦڤ硦ŤؤήȤƤȤ館ޤ륤᡼ϡħ (sound_symbolism) 뤤ϲ (phonaesthesia) ȸƤФޤ줬2Ǥֽ˴ͿƤȹͤޤ
첻ˤĤƹͤƤߤޤ礦ŵŪˤϹ첻첻ؤȤˤʤޤ#1139. 2।ǥν벻Ūʾ (2) ([2012-06-09-1]) Ǽ褦 flimflam, tick-tock, rick-rack, shilly-shally, mishmash, fiddle-faddle, riffraff, seesaw, knickknack ʤɤ㤬󤬤äƤޤ#1191. Pronunciation Search ([2012-07-31-1]) ^([BCDFGHJKLMNPQRSTVWXYZ]\S*) [AEIOU]\S* ([BCDFGHJKLMNPQRSTVWXYZ]\S*) \1 [AEIOU]\S* \2$ ȤƸƤߤȡۤˤ chit-chat, kit-cat, pingpong, shipshape, zigzag ʤɤޤding-dong, ticktack פĤޤ͡졦ָ (onomatopoeia) ¿褦Ǥ
Ǥϡ cats and dogs ŬѤȤɤʤǤ礦ξԤ첻 /æ/ /ɔ/ ǡ첻Ȥ纹ޤ󡥤ξˤϡ٤ΡפȤΩƤΤǤϤʤȵäƤޤؤȤήǤ첻 /æ/ ޤ cats ǡ첻 /ɔ/ ޤ dogs Ȥ櫓Ǥٻ붯ڵϺΤȤˤƤޤ󡥻ͤޤǤˡ#242. phonaesthesia 羮 ([2009-12-25-1]) ȡ#243. phonaesthesia ߡ ([2009-12-26-1]) 򤴰ɤжǤϤޤ󤬡ưθ߷Ȳ catch/caught, hang/hung, stand/stood ʤɤΩޤ
ơ⤽ cats and dogs νǥեȤǤ뤫Τ褦ǵʤƤޤʤΤǤ礦ˡֱѸΥǥɽȤƤϡפȽҤ٤ΤǤ¤Ͻˡָǭפɽˤ dogs and cats 褯ȤƤΤǤƤɽŪʥѥ BNCweb COCA ñ㸡ƤߤȤΥѥˤƤ dogs and cats ΤۤषͥΤ褦ǤȤȤϡνϡǤϤʤˤʤäΤǤ礦
ǤʤȻפäƤޤ18--19θѸΥѥ CLMET3.0 Ĵ٤Ƥߤȡcats and dogs 18㡤dogs and cats 8ȽФޤ⤷ȡȤŪˤ cats and dogs ͥäȤˡ20ʹߡǶˤʤä dogs and cats 餫ͳɤ夲ƤȤǽޤºݡꥫѸ˥ѥ COHA Ǥäȳǧ¤ꡤΤ褦ʵۤǻʤΤǤ
ָǭפǭפñʤǤѸŪˤϱǤ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2021-04-15 Thu

#4371. ͤʤΡɥԡʥåġͥޥᡤ [negative][idiom][collocation][proverb][khelf_hel_intro_2021]

Ѹˤּ­ʤΡפʪԤ

ͤʤ
ɥԡʥåġ
ͥޥᡤ


ʪԤβ̼¡ڡƦʤɤɽ魯ʪ̾ñ֤not worth a ˸³ȡ?ۤɤβͤʤ­ʤפ̣봷Ѷ (idiom) Ȥʤ롥not worth a fig/pea/peanut/leek/bean/straw ǡ
ʤɤϡơ٤ƻݤʪǤϤʤȤ櫓ΤĤޤߤɤǤϤʤʥϤ褷ƤˤɾȤѸʸˤƤϤɤڻ뤵¸ߤΤ褦
ܸǤϡ㤨СƦפƬȤơƦŵסƦפʤɤѤ뤬ʪŪ˾Ȥ򼨤졤ڻΥΥơϴʤޤܸΡŮԤΤϤפȤϡϤ˴٤äƤͤϥΤ褦ˤʤʤΤˤߤΤȤǡ츫ȡ֥­ʤפΩθϼ¤ϱѸ A drowning man will catch at a straw. ľˤܸȯθǤϤʤդδФϡѸǤʤۤʤ餷
ѸΤΤ褦ʡֲͤʤΡפɽ魯δѶϡʸŪסfigurative negation˸ƤФȤֱѸƳ2021ΰĤȤƺåפ줿ˤ륳ƥȿʪؤȤǤ롥ʸŪɽˤ͡ʡּ­ʤ׿ʪ̾ѤƤ褦ǡ礤˽ФƤʪȤƤ cress ʥ饷ʡˤ sloe ʥܥˤʤɤޤޤ졤褯ʬʤꥹȤȤʤäƤ롥
ƱƥˤȡΤ褦ɽѸ³ޤ줿ȤʪΤߤʤ餺ưʪʤɤ礤˽Ф줿Ȥ顤̾ΰƤߤСѸʸˤƲڻ뤵ƤѤǤǤ롥ؤƶ٤ॳƥġ

Referrer (Inside): [2021-04-16-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2018-12-22 Sat

#3526. ǥȤϡ [idiom][terminology]

ǥ (idiom) Ȥϲʣθ줫ʤñ̤ǡΤΰ̣ƹǤΰ̣¤ȤϤʤʤΡȤΤŪǥˤ¾ˤ͡ü롥Chafe Ƥ뽩 (38) ˵ꡤ4Ĥü󤲤Ƥߤ褦

1. ǥΰ̣ϳʬΰ̣¤ϽФƤʤ ([T]he meaning of an idiom is not some kind of amalgamation of the meanings of the parts of that structure.)
2. ǥ¿ѷʤ ([M]ost if not all idioms exhibit certain transformational deficiencies.)
3. ǥˤŪ¤ĤΤ롥 ([T]here are some idioms which are not syntactically well-formed.)
4. ǥबǥỤ̄ʸ̤ΰ̣äƤ硤ƥپ塤Ԥ̾¿ ([A]n idiom which is well-formed will have a literal counterpart, but the text frequency of the latter is usually much lower than that of the corresponding idiom.)


2 ǤѷפˤĤƤleave no legal stone unturned Τ褦˽äꡤtouch a couple of nerves Τ褦˿̲ꡤThose strings, he wouldn't pull for you Τ褦경Τ֤ꡤWe thought tabs were being kept on us, but they weren't, Τ褦̾ؼǤʤɤŪΤȤǤ롥ѷɤٵݡƤ뤫ϸġΥǥˤäưۤʤꡤǥüȤϤǤ롥ѷε٤㤤Τ⤤Τء3Υǥबʽp. 39ˡ

I. Fixed idioms: eat one's words, kick the bucket, make a fool of, . . .
II. Mobile idioms: break the ice, spill the beans, make much of, . . .
III. Metaphors: add fuel to the fire, make headway, pay attention, . . .

 
¼2ϡʸˡỌ̇̄Ѳסʸˡ --- Ÿ ---ٽ ¼ݺ ƻͺԡˡĬҡ2005ǯ27--58ǡ
Chafe, Wallace. "Idiomaticity as an Anomaly in the Chomskyan Paradigm". Foundations of Language 4 (1968): 107--27.

Referrer (Inside): [2022-09-05-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2016-11-27 Sun

#2771. by and large [idiom][etymology]

ɸϡֳ, Ū, Ū˸ơפ̣륤ǥǤ롥ʲʸΤ褦ˡʸƬ˻Ȥ뤳Ȥ¿

By and large I think the emphasis should be on recruiting the right people.
By and large, I enjoyed my time at school.
By and large, the papers greet the government's new policy document with a certain amount of scepticism.
Charities, by and large, do not pay tax.
There are a few small things that I don't like about my job, but by and large it's very enjoyable.

ʤ by large ӤĤơֳơפΰ̣ˤʤΤ
¤ϡȤȤϹҳѤɽǤ롥by ϤǤϡ˸äơ (by the wind) ۤɤ̣ȤȤ館롥ֻ by ϡ?˸äơ (toward) ̣뤳Ȥꡤ㤨 do well by a friend ͧˤ褯Ƥˡdo one's duty by one's parents ξƤʬԤˡDo to others as you would be done by. ʿͤˤƤ餤褦˿ͤ˿ԤˡNorth by East ̡ˤʤɤ򸫤ȤǤ롥large ϡΥơפ̣ȤѤƤ롥ΰ̣Ǥ to go large to sail large ʤɤȻȤ뤳Ȥ¿Фʤ by large ϡҳѸȤ17Ƭ˽ФƤ롥
ơ2ӤĤ by and large Ȥǥ⡤٤1669ǯ˽ФƤ롥ΰ̣ϡͽ̤ۤ˸äΥ줿ꤷơ ("to the wind and off it") ۤɤä줬䤬ơ֤̤ˤ錄äơ ("in one direction and another, all ways") ΰ̣1706ǯ˸졤˸ߤΡֳơ ("in a general aspect, without entering into details, on the whole") ΰ̣1833ǯѤƤ롥̣ΰ̲ȸäƤʲˤ줾ΰ̣ν OED 󤲤Ƥ

1669 S. Sturmy Mariners Mag. 17 Thus you see the ship handled in fair weather and foul, by and learge.
1707 E. Ward Wooden World Dissected 35 Tho' he trys every way, both by and large, to keep up with his Leader.
1833 J. Neal Down-easters I. 23 A man who feels rather perplexed on the whole, take it by and large.

Referrer (Inside): [2016-12-25-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2016-06-06 Mon

#2597. Book of Common Prayer (1549) [bible][history][literature][book_of_common_prayer][idiom]

ֵסʱѹ񶵲ҤθǧʸˤȤΤ The Book of Common Prayer νǤϡ1549ǯԻ줿׼Ԥˤƥ󥿥٥꡼綵 Thomas Crammer (1489--1556) 濴Ȥμ綵ԻǤΤǤꡤŪϡ񤭸դˤƤäդˤƤȤߤʤѸεʸ뤳Ȥä̾Τ The Booke of the Common Prayer and administracion of the Sacramentes, and other Rites and Ceremonies after the Use of the Churche of England Ǥ롥
εϡQueen Mary Oliver Cromwell ˤưλơߤޤϢʤѤ³Ƥ롥̤߰ѤƤΤϽǤ1塤1661--62ǯ˲줿ΤǤ뤬Ǥʬ褯ȤɤƤȤǡϢ³롥ε5᤯η֤Ƥˡ͸դʸ⾯ʤʤäˤ褯ΤƤΤϷ뺧Ǥʸ¾ξ¿Crystal (36) ꡤʲˤĤ󤲤Ƥߤ褦

[ 뺧ط ]

all my worldly goods
as long as ye both shall live
for better or worse
for richer for poorer
in sickness and in health
let no man put asunder
now speak, or else hereafter forever hold his peace
thereto I plight thee my troth
till death us do part
to have and to hold
to love and to cherish
wedded wife/husband
with this ring I thee wed

[ ¾ ]

all perils and dangers of this night
ashes to ashes
battle, murder and sudden death
bounden duty
dust to dust
earth to earth
give peace in our time
good lord, deliver us
peace be to this house
read, mark, learn and inwardly digest
the sins of the fathers
the world, the flesh and the devil


˴Ϣơ#745. 뺧 wedlock ([2011-05-12-1])#1803. Lord's Prayer ([2014-04-04-1]) ⻲Ȥ줿ޤ񤫤ξȤƤϡ#1439. ͳ褹ɽ ([2013-04-05-1]) 򻲾ȡ

Crystal, David. Evolving English: One Language, Many Voices. London: The British Library, 2010.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2014-10-08 Wed

#1990. ͡ʼΰ̣ [semantics][pragmatics][derivation][inflection][word_formation][idiom][suffix]

#1953. Stern ˤ̣Ѳ7ʬ (2) ([2014-09-01-1]) ǿ줿Stern ͡ʼΰ̣̤Ƥ롥2ΩǤ狼䤹ΰ̣˴Ūʻ󶡤ΤȤɾǤ롥ΤʤǤŪʴˤȤΰ̣ζ̤򲼤󤷤褦 (Stern 68--87)

(1) actual vs lexical meaning. ԤϼºݤȯäΤʤΰ̣򡤸Ԥϸʤˤʸ̮Ω֤ñΤȤƤỊ̇򤵤ԤϼŪʰ̣Ȥ⤤ʸˡʸȤƤʸΰ̣⡤ʸ̮ΩƤȤǡlexical meaning ह롥̾̣ϼºݤȯäΤʤˤƸΤǤꡤñΤǸΤϾ嵭Τ褦˼ʸˡʤɸؤ˴ؤ̤򤪤Ƥۤˤʤactual meaning (definiteness) Ĥlexical meaning (indefinite) Ǥ롥

(2) general vs particular meaning. 㤨 The dog is a domestic animal. μϽŪŪʰ̣ĤThat dog is mad. μϸ̤ΰ̣ġ٤Ƥ̾ϡΤ褦˼ɽ魯ŪˡȸΤɽ魯Ūˡġ̾Ȥϼ㴳ϰۤʤ뤬ƻưˤƱζ̤롥

(3) specialised vs referential meaning. λؼоݤĤͭȤüԤϤ1Ĥ뤤ϤĤ˾Ƥʤ餽θѤ뤳Ȥ롥㤨 He was a man, take him for all in all. Ȥʸˤ man ϡƻŪäƤΤȤ򤵤Ƥ롥Τ褦ʻؼλʤȤѤƤ specialised meaning ͭƤȤߤʤ롥He had an army of ten thousand men. ȤȤ men ϡơθäƤꡤޤǻؼŪʰ̣ (referential meaning) ͭˤʤ̩ˤϡreferential meaning specialised meaning ΩȤϡüʸ1ĤȤȤ館٤ particular meaning ܹ specialised meaning ϺƱ䤹particular meaning ϸλؼоݤϰϤθȤơspecialised meaning ϸΰ̣ϰϤθȤƤȤ館뤳ȤǤ롥

(4) tied vs contingent meaning. ԤϸȸŪʸ̮ˤؼоݤꤹΰ̣ǤꡤԤϤǤϻؼоݤꤻüԤ䤽¾ξθʤФʤʤΰ̣Ǥ롥Ԥϰ̣Ūʰ̣ԤϸŪʰ̣ȤäƤ褤

(5) basic vs relational meaning. 줬ָ촴פäƤ硤촴ΰ̣ basicΰ̣ relational Ȥ롥㤨Сƥ lupi ϡϵȤỤ̄ͭ촴 lup- ñ°ʤȤطỤ̄ (syntactical relational meaning) ͭ -i ʤ롥طỤ̄ˤäɽ蘆Ȥϸ¤餺촴첻 ( Ablaut or gradation ) ˤäɽ蘆줿 (ex. ring -- rang -- rung) ˤäɽ蘆줿 (ex. Jack beats Jill. vs Jill beats Jack.) ⤹СˤäƤɽ蘆ʤȤ⤢롥طỤ̄ (derivational relational meaning) ϡ㤨 like -- liken -- likeness Υ꡼ˤߤ褦 -en -ness ˤäɽ蘆Ƥ롥绨ĤˤäơطỤ̄طỤ̄ϡ줾ܼܼбȹͤ뤳ȤǤ롥

(6) word- vs phrase-meaning. δѶ (idiom) 䴷Ūʸ (ex. How do you do?) פ⤫٤Ф狼褦ˡΰ̣ϡФФʣñΰ̣¤ˤϤʤʤ

(7) autosemantic vs synsemantic meaning. ʹ˥᡼򴭵տޤȯɽŵŪˤʸ̾ˤϡautosemantic meaning ĤȤ롥ֻ졤³졤ƻ졤ưη (ex. goes, stands, be, doing) °ᡤгʤ̾졤ʣγǤ synsemantic meaning ĤȤ롥

Stern, Gustaf. Meaning and Change of Meaning. Bloomington: Indiana UP, 1931.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2013-04-05 Fri

#1439. ͳ褹ɽ [bible][idiom]

1611ǯ˴Ԥ줿ض١The Authorised Version 뤤 The King James Version (Bible) [KJV]ˤ϶Ѹꤷȸ뤳Ȥ⤢ꡤѸɽ礭ʱƶͿѸν껺ȤƤϡShakespeare ¤DZѸ˾ΰյ礭
2010ǯ˽Ǥ줿 Crystal ǤϡKJV ͳ褹ɽ¿Ѹ˻ĤäƤꡤƼΥåԡѤƤ䡹Ȳ⤵롥δˡͳȤƼ夲줿Ѹ˻ĤɽκĤƤ (pp. 303--11) ɽȤƤޤȤƤвΩĤȻפꥹȤäξؤλȤĤФ褫äΤˤϻ֤ꤽäΤǡɽΤߤ򵭤ǡեǤ Crystal ǸڤƤڡؤλȤĤƤΤǡܤĴ٤ȤˤϤȤ
ԤȤƤ671Ԥ뤬κ椨˽ʣ¿ɽΤΤǿ388ĤۤɡʤˤɽޤޤΤǡ̩ˤФäȾʤˡΥꥹȤ򥢥ե٥åȽ˲˷Ǥ롥

a time to ..., Adam and Eve, add fuel to the fire, against us ... with us, all things are pure, all things to all men, Alpha and Omega, apple of [one's] eye, Armageddon, as [one] reaps sow, as [one] sows reap, Babel, baptism of/by fire, bear [one's] burden, bear [one's] burden/cross, bear/take up [one's] cross, begat, behold the man, better to give than receive, better to give than to receive, blessed are ..., blind leading the blind, blood upon [one's] head, bondage, born again, bottomless pit, bread, bread alone, bread from heaven, bread of life, bread upon the waters, brotherly love, build a house on sand, burning bush, camel through the eye of a needle, can anything good come out of, can't take it with you, cast bread upon the waters, cast pearls before swine, cast the first stone, cast thy bread upon waters, cast/throw the first stone, charity covers a multitude of sins, cheerful giver, coals of fire, coals of fire on [one's] head, coat of many colours, come to pass, covet, cradle to the grave, crumbs from the table, David and Goliath, day of my distress, death where is thy sting, deep waters, den of thieves, die by the sword, divide the sheep from the goats, do thou likewise, do unto others, double-edged sword, dreamer of dreams, drink and be merry, drop in the ocean, drop of/in a bucket, dust thou art, east of Eden, eat drink and be merry, eat [one's] words, eating [one's] words, every creeping thing, every thing there is a season, eye for an eye, eye hath not seen, eye of a needle, faith can move mountains, fall flat on [one's] face, fall from grace, false witness, fatted calf, feet of clay, few are chosen, fight the good fight, filthy lucre, fire and brimstone, first fruits, five loaves and two fishes, flat on [one's] face, flesh and blood, flesh is weak, fleshpots, flies in amber, fly in the ointment, forbidden fruit, forty days, forty days and forty nights, forty nights, fruitful and multiply, fruits, fuel to the fire, garment, get thee behind me Satan, giants in the earth, giants in the earth in those days, gift blindeth the wise, gird [one's] loins, give thanks unto the Lord, give up the ghost, gnashing of teeth, go and do thou likewise, go down to the sea in ships, go the extra mile, go the second/extra mile, God and mammon, God forbid, God save the king, golden calf, good and faithful servant, good cheer, good come out of Nazareth, good Samaritan, good shepherd, grave where is thy victory, graven image, great whore, greater love, greatest in the kingdom, greatest/least in the kingdom, hair, hair of [one's] head, hairy garment, hands, harden [one's] heart, harvest is great, heal thyself, heal thyself physician, heap coals of fire on [one's] head, heap mischiefs, heaven and earth shall pass away, hide light under a bushel, holier than thou, honour, horribly afraid, house of bondage, how are the mighty fallen, I am that I am, in our image, in the beginning was the Word, in the twinkling of an eye, itching ears, Jesus wept, Job's comforter, Job's/miserable comforter, jot or tittle, judge not, kick against the pricks, kingdom divided, kingdom divided against itself, know for a certainty, know not what they do, know that my redeemer liveth, labourers are few, Lamb of God, land of Nod, last shall be first, laugh [one] to scorn, law unto [oneself], leading the blind, least in my father's house, left and right hand, left hand knows what the right hand does, leopard changing his spots, lesser light, let my people go, let not the sun go down on your wrath, let there be light, let thy words be few, let us now praise famous men, let [one's] light shine, lick the dust, light, light in the firmament, lights in the firmament, lion's whelp, lions' den, live and move and have our being, live/die by the sword, loaves and fishes, Lord is my shepherd, lost sheep, love thy neighbour as thyself, making many books, making many books there is no end, man after [one's] own heart, manna, many are called, many are called but few are chosen, many mansions, meek shall inherit the earth, milk and honey, millstone, millstone around neck, miserable comforters, molten calf, money answers all things, money is the root of all evil, mote, mote in [one's] eye, mouth(s) of babes, much study is a weariness of the flesh, multitude of sins, my brother's keeper, my kingdom is not of this world, my name is Legion, name of the Lord thy God, new wine in old bottles, no man can serve two masters, no peace for the wicked, no respecter of persons, no room at the inn, no small stir, nothing new under the sun, oint, old as ..., old as the hills, old serpent, old wine in new bottles, old wives' tales, on [one's] own head be it, out of the depths, out of the mouth(s) of babes, passeth all understanding, patience of a saint, patience of Job, peace, pearl of great price, peculiar treasure, Philistines, pillar of fire, pillar of salt, play the fool, play the mad man, play the men, powers that be, prick, pricks in [one's] eyes, pride goes before a fall, prophet not honoured, prophet not honoured in his own country, publish it not in the streets, publish it not in the streets of ..., put words in [one's] mouth, race is not to the swift, rain, reap the whirlwind, render unto Caesar, rest, resurrection and the life, right and left hand, riotous living, rivers of Babylon, rod for [one's] back, rod of iron, root and branch, root of the matter, sabbath was made for man, Saint (as proper name), saith the Lord vengeance is mine, salt of the earth, Satan behind me, scales fall from [one's] eyes, scapegoat, see eye to eye, see through a glass darkly, seeds fall by the wayside, seek and ye shall find, separate the sheep from the goats, serve two masters, set teeth on edge, set [one's] house in order, shake the dust from [one's] feet, sheep to the slaughter, sheep's clothing, shibboleth, shining light, shout it from the housetops, shout it from the rooftops, sick of the palsy, sign, signs and wonders, signs of the times, skin of my teeth, sour grapes, sow the wind, spare the rod, speak in tongues, speak Lord for thy servant heareth, spirit is willing, spirit is willing but the flesh is weak, stiff-necked, still as a stone, still small voice, sting, stony ground, strength and song, strength to strength, stumbling-block, suffer fools gladly, suffer little children, sufficient unto the day, sufficient unto the day is the evil, sweet savours, swords into plowshares, tables of stone, take root, take the name of the Lord thy God in vain, take up [one's] cross, take [one's] name in vain, tell it not in ..., ten commandments, than thou, thief in the night, thirty pieces of silver, thorn in [one's] flesh, thorn in [one's] flesh/side, thorn in [one's] side, thou shalt not, threescore years and ten, throw the first stone, thy servant heareth, times and/or seasons, to every thing there is a season, tomorrow we shall die, tomorrow will take care of itself, touch the hem of [one's] garment, treasure(s) in heaven, tree of knowledge, turn the other cheek, turn the world upside down, twinkling of an eye, two (heads) are better than one, two by two, two heads are better than one, two mites, two or three are gathered together, two-edged sword, unclean unclean, unto the pure all things are pure, unto us ... is born, unto us a child is born, unto us is born, upon this rock, valley of the shadow of death, vanity of vanities, vile bodies, virgin shall be with child, voice crying in the wilderness, wages of sin is death, wandering stars, wash [one's] hands, way of all flesh, way truth and life, weariness of the flesh, weeping and wailing, weeping and wailing and gnashing of teeth, what God hath joined together, what hath God wrought, what I have written, what I have written I have written, what shall it profit a man, wheels within wheels, where is thy victory grave, where two or three are gathered together, whips and scorpions, white as snow, whited sepulchres, widow's mite, wine maketh merry, wineskins, wish I'd never been born, wit's end, with us ... against us, woe is me, Word was made flesh, words shall not pass away, writing on the wall, ye of little faith, yoke is easy


Crystal, David. BEGAT: The King James Bible and the English Language. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2010.

[ | ѥڡ ]

Powered by WinChalow1.0rc4 based on chalow