ư take ¿ (polysemy) ˤĤƹͤƤ롥ɤǶʬΤϰ̣θŵŪȤϤɤΤ褦ڤƤ⡤take Τ褦ʴܸϡ¿ȸ虜ʤ
긵α¼ǤߤƤߤȡؿ缭ŵ6ǤǤϡ¾ưܤ38θΩƤƤ롥Ƹˤϲ̶ʬ⤢롥ʬǤϡäȺ٤ʤƤʤѱѸ켭ǤΰϤȤСOALD8 42롥ŪʼƤߤȡJohnson μ1755ǯˤ113ۤɡOED 2Ǥǰȡư take ι17 pp. 557--72 ˤ錄ꡤ47ۤɤʬ̤롥Ǥ94ڡäƤԴѤǤ롥ˤϡΤۤ take Ѥư䥤ǥʤɡεܤ˭٤
ưˤĤƤꤷ櫓ǤϤʤOED Ǥߤ¤ꡤtake ϱѸΰưΤʤǤⷲȴƵҤ¿θ¤ˤơҤȤޤ¿ŪȤäƤƴְ㤤ʤбܸΡ֤ȤפͤƤ⡤ϽʬǼǤ
Ԥ OED Online take ١Τ OED 2ǤεҤƤȻפΤϡƱܤƬ˶ᤤȤǡ¿12ʬȤƴʷ˼ƤƤȤOED Online ⡤ǥץ쥤Ǹ٥ȥ饤ƤΤǡƱͤξΤѶŪ˼˹ԤʤФʤʤ
Ǥ褫2Ǥꡤtake θʬ
General arrangement of senses: I. To touch. II. To seize, grip, catch. III. Ordinary current sense, i. with material obj.; ii. with non-material obj. IV. To choose, take for a purpose, into use. V. To derive, obtain from a source. VI. To receive, accept, admit, contain. VII. To apprehend mentally, comprehend. VIII. To undertake, perform, make. IX. To convey, conduct, deliver, apply or betake oneself, go. X. Idiomatic uses with special obj. XI. Intransitive uses with preposition. XII. Adverbial combinations = compound verbs. XIII. Idiomatic phrases, and Phrase-key.
¿äȤʤΤȤ

NZںߤ4֤ФޤϤΥѡޡå PAK'n'SAVE 䥳ʡΤݤȤʤĤĤޤŹäƤê˸ĤΤ֤áפȻפ碌ʡrice with oat crackers ǤʤʤˡפˡιʪǤ֤ߡפܤ1ۤΥ줿Ϥdzʰ¤ǼȤʤСʤϤޤ1ѥå49ȡʡ43ߡˤȤ˳ʤΰ¤
̾˰¤ФΤ¤Ǥ嵭Υѥåμ̿˸褦ˡ rice crackers ǤϤʤ rice with oat crackers ȤʤäƤޤoat ֥饹८פäƤΤǤФХåȥɤȷӤĤʪǡ porridge Ȥƿ뤳Ȥ¿ΤǤ⥹åȥα桤ī˿٤Ƥޤcf. #61. porridge ϰƼѹ٤ ([2009-06-28-1])ˡ
oat ߤ٤ƤߤơʥۥɤޤѥäȤϤޤߤʤ⡤߹ɡȴǡ100%ǤϤʤȤʬޤ̣ oat ʤΤǤ㴳ΰ´٤ǡ褷Ƥޤ櫓ǤϤʤߤȤƤϿ٤ʪǤ˳ʤΤʤȤСȤäƤ褤Ȼפޤ
ơoat ʹСѸˤؤȤΤԤϡͭ̾ʥԥɤפ⤫٤뤳ȤǤ礦1755ǯˡ֥Ρפ Samuel Johnson ۤϤԻѸ˾̾⤤ A Dictionary of the English Language ˤ oat ǤDr. Johnson ȤС18ꥹʸǤꡤθӤ⤵뤳Ȥʤ顤ΥåȥɤؤиȷʤʪȤƤΤƤޤμ oat ȡΤ褦ƤΤǤ
grain, which in England is generally given to horses, but in Scotland supports the people
ϡɤǤϤλǤˤ⤫餺åȥɤǤϿͤäƤ롤ȤҤȤʤäƤޤJohnson 餷Ƥޤ͡Ȥ˸ĿŪиǤޤȤˡʸΥ桼⥢ƤȤޤΤˤĤƤϡ#1420. Johnson's Dictionary ħȳס ([2013-03-17-1]) Ǥ夲ƤޤΤǡ⤴
ơ oat ˤĤƶ̣Ҥդȼ˼ä OALD (= Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary) 8Ǥˤ oat θ츻˸Ĥޤϸ츻ΤΤȤ⡤ʸŪʰյĻŦǡϤߤΩƤ뵭ҤǤ
oat Old English āte, plural ātan, of unknown origin. Unlike other names of cereals (such as wheat, barley, etc.), oat is not an uncountable noun and may originally have denoted the individual grain, which may imply that oats were eaten in grains and not as meal.
¾μפʹʪ (barley, corn, rye, wheat) ԲĻ̾찷ǤΤФoat Ļ̾ǤȤƶ٤ŦǤbarley wheat ʤɤιʪϡ̾ʴԤȤ¿ΤǡʪȤƤȤ館ݤˤ괧ʣ -s ĤʤԲĻ̾ȤưޤȤoat ϲĻ̾Ǥꡤ̾ oats Τ褦ʣѤޤOALD8 ΤλŦˤС¾ιʪʴԤƤ鿩٤ΡפäΤФơoat ϾʤȤ⤫ĤƤϡγΤޤ٤ΡפäǽȤΤǤĤޤꡤܿͤƤʴˤγΤޤ椤ƿΤ̤Ǥ褦ˡĤƤαѸüԤ oat γȤƥȤǤǿ٤ƤΤǤϤʤȤʸŪʹͻˤޤäڤ֤ΤǤ
졦̣֡ΥƥǤĻ̾졦ԲĻ̾ζ̤ڤΤοˤޤǻפڤ뤭äͿƤȤ϶äǤ OALD8 εҤϥäȽƤޤɤȤĻȩΩޤοʸˤƧ߹ˤϤʤĴդɬפǤ礦ؤ̥ϤΤƶǤ
rice with oat crackers οݤͤϡ1023 helwa ֡ڱѸˤ #358oat ֥饹८פˤĤ --- NZݡȤƤäΤǤ
ֱѸ츻ŵɥΡȡǤʤߤ lacolaco 923դǶ̣ note 줿2025ǯɥ ꤹ뤽εϡñʤɥιԵǤϤʤֱѸˡפȤ̤ƥɥȥ٥ᤰȤΤĥäŪhel (helkatsu) εϿǤ롥
ƱˤСlacolaco ϺȾФΥɥںߤޤˡA History of the English Language in 100 Places ɥ֥åȤơѸˤˤ椫Τξˬ⤤ȤܤˤĤƤ hellog ǤʲεʤɤǼ夲Ƥ
- #5956. 100ξDZѸˤؤ --- A History of the English Language in 100 Places ([2025-08-17-1])
- #5968. ֤ʤֱѸˤ椫ξ100פϤ⤷ˤʤꤽ --- HEL in 100 Places νʸ ([2025-08-29-1])
lacolaco ιϡޤˤܤ˰ܤιȤ롥Geoffrey Chaucer (1340?--1400) The Canterbury Tales ιۤäȤ Aldgate, Cockney (cockney) θ츻ȤʤäβΤ St Mary-le-Bow Samuel Johnson Ѹ˾ܳŪʼԻ Dr Johnson's House ʤɡˬϤϤѸˤؤּԤˤȤäƶǮʤФˤĤϡκǽŪϤǤ Canterbury ؤιChaucer 䡤Ʋú¤ St. Augustine's Chair --- ʤ٥Ʋ cathedra (ʶ) Τ --- ܤˤưäƤ롥
εǤȤ櫓οªΤϡlacolaco helgrim ʱѸϽԡˤȾΤƤ뤳Ȥ HEL (= History of the English Language) pilgrim ʽԡˤݤ碌 (blend)Ǥ롥Υ͡ߥˤæ˹롥
餷ǥ˾äꡤѸˤν٤ΤΤ helgrimage ʱѸι뤤helιˤȸƤӤѸˤؤӡˤޤ줿Ϥˬ⤯ϡʪȸ礦ǤʤŪʳؤӤηǤ롥줬ºݤ˻Ѥ졤Ƥ뤲ƤζۤȤǡѸǯɽγƹܤñʤμǤϤʤ´ȤΩ夬äƤϤ
Ѹ˸ϡŪˤʸؤǤꡤؤˤäƼܤ䴩ܤɤꡤPCŻҥѥʬϤΤŪ衤ϾξȷӤĤƤ롥˸ؤءҲءؤʤɤʬ̩ܤ˴ؤΤϤΤhelgrimage ϡѸˤȤ˥եɥ¦̤Ϳ̥Ϥ˿ƤǽƤ롥
ޤܥ֥Ǥ͡helƤƤ helgrimage ϤǽưŪʳưȤɥ䥫٥˸¤餺פĤűѸμܤ̲ۡˤϱѸ줬ŸƤȤʤäפʤɡhelgrimage ŪϤ¸ߤ롥
lacolaco κμϡѸˤγڤ˿ʿڤ곫ΤǤ롥¿ helgrims ³ȤäƤޤʤ helgrimage ˽Ф뤳Ȥˤ褦
Lucas, Bill and Christopher Mulvey. A History of the English Language in 100 Places. London: Robert Hale, 2013.
ε#5754. divers vs diverse ([2025-01-27-1]) ³ԡεɮ塤إᥤȤ ari ˤhel note #177 WD۵פ֤αѸ켭ΡֺΤȤСסɤΤäΤdivers Ȥñ줬124 Merriam-Webster: Word of the DayǼ夲ƤȤΤȡ

divers diverse ˤĤơ1755ǯ Johnson μƤߤΰʸǼƤ̤ꡤơθ줬Τ̡ΩवƤ롥Ǻܤ褦

Johnson εҤ顤ΥڥñˤĤƵˤʤä롥
diverse Τۤ divers ȤȤ˶1ˤäʤǤξˤϤβˤޥʡȯʹ
̣ΰ㤤 divers "more than one" ǡdiverse "different" ñ
Ǥ divers ϻȤʤʤäƤ
ʸߤ divers ̾ȤƤˡꡤƱʸˤƱˡ some ߤ
divers ѤΡֻ̹ (= the Acts of the Apostles) ͭ̾1Ȥơ"But when divers were hardened, and believed not, but spake evil of that way before the multitude, he departed from them, and separated the disciples, disputing daily in the school of one Tyrannus." (Acts 19:9) Ƥ
Ⱥ˰³green-eyed Υפʻ (parasynthesis) ˤߤ̾դ -ed ˤĤ (cf. [2023-12-18-1], [2023-12-19-1])
OED -ed, suffix2 ̣ˡβѤ
Appended to nouns in order to form adjectives connoting the possession or the presence of the attribute or thing expressed by the noun. In modern English, and even in Middle English, the form affords no means of distinguishing between the genuine examples of this suffix and those participial adjectives in -ed, suffix1 which are ultimately < nouns through unrecorded verbs. Examples that have come down from Old English are ringed:--Old English hringede, hooked: --Old English hócede, etc. The suffix is now added without restriction to any noun from which it is desired to form an adjective with the sense 'possessing, provided with, characterized by' (something); e.g. in toothed, booted, wooded, moneyed, cultured, diseased, jaundiced, etc., and in parasynthetic derivatives, as dark-eyed, seven-hilled, leather-aproned, etc. In bigoted, crabbed, dogged, the suffix has a vaguer meaning. (Groundless objections have been made to the use of such words by writers unfamiliar with the history of the language: see quots.)
ܵȤƤϡ~ġ~ħդ줿դ̾Ȥꤢƻ첽ˤˡ⤢ȤΤȤ̾ -ed ղäˤĤƤϡ̾ղäƤΤ뤤̾줬äưʻž (conversion) ǡư˲ʬ -ed ղäƤΤȽȤʤȤˤƤ롥ʻžư줬Ωʸڤʤˤ⡤ޤʸڤƤʤȤ뤷뤤夽Τ褦˹ͤ뤳ȤϲǽȤΩ⤢뤫⤷ʤΤǤϤ롥
ΰѤκǸˡ̾ + -edλѤȿФ̡ˤĤƤθڤ뤬OED ľ˵ƤΤ϶ŪˤϼǤ롥
1779 There has of late arisen a practice of giving to adjectives derived from substantives, the termination of participles: such as the 'cultured' plain..but I was sorry to see in the lines of a scholar like Gray, the 'honied' spring. (S. Johnson, Gray in Works vol. IV. 302)
1832 I regret to see that vile and barbarous vocable talented..The formation of a participle passive from a noun is a licence that nothing but a very peculiar felicity can excuse. (S. T. Coleridge, Table-talk (1836) 171)
Johnson Coleridge ޤ "writers unfamiliar with the history of the language" "Groundless objections" ȽҤ٤դꡤOED Ϥʤʤ긷
ѸֻβפɸಽؤδؿϡѸˤĹˤ錄ä³Ū˴ѻƤűѸ "West-Saxon Schriftsprache" ˡκ1Ѹˤ "AB-language" ֻ Ormulum, Laȝamon ʤɤ֤꤬Ŀͥ٥ˡ˴ؿ16ʹߤˤ (orthoepy) ؤδؿޤꡤȼäƸŪֻԤΩ³˸줿18ʹߤˤ Samuel Johnson Noah Webster ơˡγΩ˴ͿƤˤƤοֻפαưȤƤhellog Ǥ spelling_reform ¿εǿƤ̤Ǥ롥
Crystal (288) ˤȡŪˡ (TO = traditional orthography) Ф˾βפϿ¿뤬4ʬȤ
Standardizing approaches, such as New Spelling . . . , uses familiar letters more regularly (typically, by adding new digraphs . . .); no new symbols are invented.
Augmenting approaches, such as Phonotypy . . . add new symbols; diacritics and invented letters have both been used.
Supplanting approaches replace all TO letters by new symbols, as in Shavian . . . .
Regularizing approaches apply existing rules more consistently or focus on restricted areas of the writing system, as in Noah Webster's changes to US English . . . or those approaches which drop silent or redundant letters, such as Cut Spelling . . . .
ϩϩؤν¤ؤ Regularizing, Standardizing, Augmenting, Supplanting ȤʤޤܳŪֻפϤʤŪ˺פĤ Hart Webster ̾뤯餤Ǥ롥ơŪƤϾ˲ʤΤäѸˤˤֻפϤۤΤäΤǤꡤ⤽³ǽ⤤
Crystal, D. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language. 3rd ed. CUP, 2018.
#4986. ܸƤƤ봶ò ([2022-12-21-1])#4987. ѸδòλȤȽ19 ([2022-12-22-1]) ³ƴò "!" 夲ƤܸǤϡִòפΤ֤ۤӤäޡסֱס֤ס֥ޡס֥ݥȡפʤɤθƤ̾褦ѸǤ⤤ĤθƾΤ롥OED exclamation, n. admiration, n. 꼡̤ꡥ碌ƽ⼨
4c. note of exclamation, point of exclamation, also (originally U.S.) exclamation mark, exclamation point: a punctuation mark (!) indicating an exclamation; ; cf. note (also mark, point, sign) of admiration at ADMIRATION n. Phrases 2. Also figurative.
1656 J. Smith Myst. Rhetorique Unvail'd 271 A note of Exclamation or Admiration, thus noted!
P2. note (also mark, point, sign) of admiration: = exclamation mark at EXCLAMATION n. 4c.
1611 R. Cotgrave Dict. French & Eng. Tongues at Admiratif Th' admirative point, or point of admiration (and of detestation) marked, or made thus !
admiration θƾΤϸߤǤϤۤȤɻȤʤ褦ѸˤǤνФ exclamation ᤤե admiratif Υԥ졼Τ褦
1755ǯ Johnson μǤϡò EXCLAMATION ι3ȤƵƤ롥

Ƥ̾ϢươѸˤòλѤˤϤʹߤΤȤǤ롥ۤɸŤ櫓ǤϤʤϸŪʶ˰Ūˤ뤳ȤǤ롥Ϣơ#575. Ū punctuation ˤ500ǯۤɡ ([2010-11-23-1])#2666. Ѹʶˡ ([2016-08-14-1]) ʤɤȤ줿
츦塤ϤʤƤϤʤʤǤ롥ܥ֥濴ŪǤѸ˸ˤƤ⡤ƻμ̻ŪʼϤʤƤϤʤʤġȤƿͤκäΤǤ롥ԻԤθ٤ȿǤƤΤԻԸĿͤΥХ⤫äƤΤǤ롥츦Τˤϡդռ˼ʤӸμˤѤɬפΤΤ褦ʤƥեʴϰռγ֤뤳Ȥ¿㤨Сҿ OED ξǤдְ㤤ϤʤʤɤŪʿƤޤȤϤ褯롥
Ѹܤȡ㤨бѸ˾αѸ켭Ȥ 1604ǯ Robert Cawdrey A Table Alphabeticall ȡⲼäƵϼϤ1755ǯ Samuel Johnson A Dictionary of the English Language ȤǤϡԻ줿طʤۤʤи٤ۤʤΤǡƱФʤɤ٤ȤƤ⡤ˤϳΤ̻ŪѲȿǤƤǽϤΤΡ⤽ԻտޤۤʤȤθƤʤˤܤ˹礦⤷ʤColeman (99--100) ŦƤ롥
For example, the title of Cawdrey's Table Alphabetical (1604) explains that the dictionary was compiled "for the benefit and help of ladies, gentlewomen, or any other unskillful persons. Whereby they may the more easily and better understand many hard English words, which they shall hear or read in scriptures, sermons, or elsewhere, and also be made able to use the same aptly themselves" (spelling modernized). Similarly often quoted is the preface to Johnson's Dictionary of the English Language (1755):
When I took the first survey of my undertaking, I found our speech copious without order, and energetic without rules: wherever I turned my view, there was perplexity to be disentangled, and confusion to be regulated; choice was to be made out of boundless variety, without any established principle of selection. (Johnson 1755: Preface)
These quotations illustrate changing ideas about the status of English and the purpose of a dictionary. Cawdrey acknowledged that the vocabulary of English was varied and challenging, but apparently did not consider this to be a problem. His purpose was to help uneducated people struggling to understand loans from classical and modern languages: the deficit was in English speakers, not the language. Johnson, on the other hand, considered the exuberance of English to be problematic in itself, and for him the priorities were regulation and control of the language.
17 Cawdrey ϱѸüԤˤȹͤƤ18ȾФ Johnson ϱѸ줽ΤΤˤȹͤƤԻΥݥꥷߤ˰ۤʤäƤΤ̵̤ȤǤ롥
ɸˤǤ̤ŪϸΩŪʾǤϤʤײǽ⤤Τռ˼СṲ̄ơ̻ŪʸѲξڵʤȤ⡤ƻθ٤ǤȤȤʤΤ⤷ʤŪϻȤ褦Ǥ롥
Coleman, Julie. "Using Dictionaries and Thesauruses as Evidence." Chapter 7 of The Oxford Handbook of the History of English. Ed. Terttu Nevalainen and Elizabeth Closs Traugott. New York: OUP, 2012. 98--110.
friend ȤñѸŪ˹ͻȤɤʤǤ礦줬ȤƤ⤪⤷ΤǤұѸ˥ƥͧãͤζϢֱѸƳ2021ˤƱѸ˥ƥĤϤƤޤΤΤϺˤɽ줿ΤǤ3ڡۤɤûʸϤΤʤ friend Ȥ˥ڥ뤬ͤޤäƤޤ
friend ʹƺǽ˻פ⤫٤ϡͧãפǤ礦θˤϤۤˡ͡ (cf. boyfriend, girlfriend)̣ٻԡסֿפʤɤθ⤢ޤ͡ʸϡֿפ̣ΤȤޤȤޤ٤ʻȤʬϤ褽ʸ̮˰¸ʤʤȤʤΤʤΤǤ
friend ¿ϡθ줬ĸλʹߡ̣Ѳ֤Ƥ̤Ȥޤΰ̣ѲȤΤϡӥեȥեѥäڤؤȤ⡤Ťξ˿Ѥ߽ŤʤȤפȤΤۤ¿ΤǤĤޤꡤAB˥եȤȤϡAξ˸BդäȤ¿ΤǤfriend ⤽Τ褦ʸǤ
嵭ƥǤܽҤƤ뤳ȤǤfriend ΰ̣ѲˤĤơΰ̣Ѳò Room μŵꡤƱιѤƤ
friend ('one joined to another in mutual benevolence and intimacy' [Johnson])
In Old English, 'friend' meant 'lover', a sense exploited by Shakespeare in Love's Labour's Lost (1588), where Berowne says to Rosaline:
O! never will I trust to speeches penn'd
Nor to the motion of a school-boy's tongue,
Nor never come in visor to my friend,
Nor woo in rime, like a blind harper's song.
Something of this sense survives in modern 'girlfriend' and 'boyfriend'. From the twelfth century, too, 'friend' was frequently used to mean 'relative', 'kinsman', so that the Ordynarye of Cristen Men (1502) tells of 'All the sones & doughters of Adam & of Eue the which were our fyrst frendes', and in Shakespeare's Two Gentlemen of Verona (1591) the Duke, speaking to Valentine of his daughter Silvia, says:
But she I mean is promis'd by her friends
Unto a youthful gentleman of worth.
Even today, someone can speak of his or her 'friends', meaning relatives. ('I'm going to stay the night with friends.')
嵭ƥƤȴϢơfriend ֻȯꤪӥˡ§ (grimms_law) ˤĤơεåȡ
Room, Adrian, ed. NTC's Dictionary of Changes in Meanings. Lincolnwood: NTC, 1991.
#3155. Charles Richardson A New Dictionary of the English Language (1836--37) ([2017-12-16-1]) ǾҲ𤷤褦ˡRichardson (1775--1865) αѸ켭ϡJohnson, Webster, OED ȤˤήΤʤפƤꡤǤϤޤܤߤ뤳Ȥʤ19ȾФˤƤϽפ̤Ƥ
ĹȤƤϡѸ켭˾ܳŪˡˡפռäȤȤ롥ʸˤΥݡȤ Johnson ˻Ϥޤ뤬Johnson ȤŵˤʸϲŰʸΤΤǤꡤѸˤޤ̤뤳ȤϤʤäRichardson Ѹ졤ΡŪ§פʿΤǤ롥⡤ѿ Johnson ڤ˾äƤ롥̤Ȥơʸǰʤ2000ǤĶȤʤϤäꤤäƻȤŤ餤Ȥʤä (Dixon 146)
⤦1ĹŦȡμԻ찭¸μबȤƤRichardson ϥꥸʥܻؤȤǤ롥Τ륪ꥸʥμԻΤϡˤ Johnsonˤ OED пԤƤޤۤɤξɤǤꡤˤ Richardson Ƶɾʤ
ûȤƤϡεǤ줿Ȥꡤ"a word has one meaning, and one only" Ȥüʸ˸츻Ҥˤ˴٤äƤޤäȤθ Horne Tooke (1736--1812) ȤϤŪȡ츻ԤˤΤǡοʪϺǤϴȤ٤2ΤαѸ츻˴ؤ The Diversions of Purley (1786, 1805) ΤƤ롥Richardson μȽ Webster ⡤ Tooke 櫤ˤϤޤä1ͤǤꡤλ塤츻̤ Tooke αƶϤӤäƤȤʬ롥
ˤ Richardson ϡѸ켭ˤˤƼפʼԻȤΤϤޤdz19ȾФνץä
ãڸ ԡرѸؿ̾ŵ١ҡ1995ǯ
Dixon, R. M. W. The Unmasking of English Dictionaries. Cambridge: CUP, 2018.
Ѹ켭ˤƤήˤĤơ#609. 켭17 ([2010-12-27-1]) ȡ#610. æ켭18 ([2010-12-28-1]) dz⤷18ˤʤäƤ褦䤯ǤϤʤ̸ϿŪʱѸ켭ȤȤä
John Kersey A New English Dictionary (1702) Ի³ Nathaniel Bailey An Universal Etymological English Dictionary (1721) Dictionarium Britannicum: Or a more Compleat Universal Etymological English Dictionary than any Extant (1730) ǤǸ Samuel Johnson A Dictionary of the English Language (1755) äȤή
ˤܤŪʸ¿ϿȤǤϡKersey θФ28,000졤Bailey Dictionary 40,000Ǥ뤫顤Τ2ͤæ켭ϩɤäȤäƤ褤
ȤJohnson ϰŪʼԻȤǰ츫2ͤήǤ褦ˤߤΤΡäϩȤäƤ롥Ͽ39,000 Bailey 侯ʤ餤ǡϿäǤ롥ºݡJohnson ʪǰɽ魯ǼϿޤ褯ΤƤ褦Ѥ䶯ǽμԻԤȤ̾ĤƤ뤬ΰѸϾ˥ϥʸϵҤäΤǤ롥餫˾ήռ
Dixon (96) ϡŦơJohnson ϩ̣Ǥ켭ȱԤƶäƤ롥
Johnson's choice of words, and the senses exemplified, reflected his preoccupation with high-class literary style, rather than with general use of the language. His selectivity was, in a rather different sense, continuing the philosophy of the 'hard words' lexicographers.
ˤĤƤλطʤθɬפ롥Ϣơ#2650. 17μǹߤ18ȾФβߤء ([2016-07-29-1]) ⻲ȡ
Dixon, R. M. W. The Unmasking of English Dictionaries. Cambridge: CUP, 2018.
Samuel Johnson μ A Dictionary of the English Language (1755) ˤϡ̾άȤơ߸Ƥ n. ǤϤʤ n.s. ѤƤ롥̾ stone ιܤƬߤƤߤ褦

Ф³ơåΤ n. ʃ. 롥ξʸ <s> Ϥ long <s> ȸƤФΤǡߤΤΤȰۤʤΤաlong <s> ˤĤƤϡ#584. long <s> graphemics ([2010-12-02-1])#2997. 1800ǯ˰ä long <s> ([2017-07-11-1])#3869. 衼åѽ줬Ѹνդ˵ڤܤƶ ([2019-11-30-1])#3875. Ǥ19ޤǤĤäƤ long <s> ([2019-12-06-1]) ʤɤȡ
n.s. ϡŪ̾ؤ noun substantive ξάǤ롥ߤδФϤषĹ̾Τ褦˻פ뤫⤷ʤƥʸˡѸ츯餹ƥʸˡǤϡʤˤޤࡤʤ̾ȷƻҤä "noun" ȤߤʤƤˤʤä̾ȷƻʪȤ븫ޤ졤Ԥ "noun substantive"Ԥ "noun adjective" ȸƤФ뤳Ȥˤʤäޤ "noun" ޤޤƤǤϡѤǤȤ⤤롥Dixon (97) ϢѤ褦
Early Latin grammars used the term 'noun' for all words which inflect for case. At a later stage, this class was divided into two: 'noun substantive' (for words referring to substance) and 'noun adjective' (for those relating to quality). Johnson had shortened the latter to just 'adjective' but retained 'noun substantive', hence his abbreviation n.s.
Ѥˤ⤢̤ꡤƻΤۤ n.a. ǤϤʤ adj. ȤƤΤǡӤƤʤȤФ̤ƻ stone ιܤߤƤߤ褦

ʤߤˡˤư to stone θФ⸫뤬ʻά v.a. ϡverb active ɽ魯Ǥ¾ư (transitive verb) ƤǤΤǤ롥ư (intransitive verb) ϡv.n. (= verb neuter) ä
ʸˡѸŪˤĤƤϡ#1257. ʤгʡפ "accusative case" ʤΤ ([2012-10-05-1])#1258. ʤ¾ưפ "transitive verb" ʤΤ ([2012-10-06-1])#1520. ʤư֤Ρ֡פ voice ʤΤ ([2013-06-25-1])#3307. ʸˡѸȤƤ participle ʬס ([2018-05-17-1])#3983. ؤǤˡ (mood) ȤϲǤ (1) ([2020-03-23-1])#3984. ؤǤˡ (mood) ȤϲǤ (2) ([2020-03-24-1])#3985. ؤǤˡ (mood) ȤϲǤ (3) ([2020-03-25-1])#4317. ʤֳʡפ "case" ʤΤ ([2021-02-20-1]) ʤɤȡ
Dixon, R. M. W. The Unmasking of English Dictionaries. Cambridge: CUP, 2018.
color (AmE) vs colour (BrE) ɽ롤ꥫ -or Фƥꥹ -our ֻΩϹΤƤ롥ܥ֥Ǥ#240. ֻαƺ礭 ([2009-12-23-1])#244. ֻαƺΥꥹȡ ([2009-12-27-1])#3182. ARCHER colour color ̻ŪƺĴ ([2018-01-12-1])#3247. ֺ¡֥ڥǤɤѸˡפ5color colour --- ꥫΥڥס ([2018-03-18-1])#4152. ꥫѸ -our -or ؤΥե --- Webster αƶϸŪ ([2020-09-08-1]) ʤɤǼ夲Ƥ
Anson 褯Τ줿äƤΤꥫֻ Noah Webster (1758--1843) λˤդʧѸˤλįƤ餷Ȥƥƥͳ褷եͳƤ췲ФѸä⤭ƤΤΥॢȤƶϡ˿ (Anson 36--38)
ƥͳ褹ξ硤ƱֻȤƤϡʤˡ§ä -or- §äcolorem, ardorem, dolorem, favorem, flavorem, honorem, (h)umorem, laborem, rumorem, vigorem ΤȤǤ롥ťեǤϡΥƥ -or- ѤȤȤˡֻȤ -our- ⸽졤ξʻѾơʻѾѸˤ⤽Τޤޤ뤳ȤˤʤäºݡѸǤξֻǧ롥
ȤϤѸǤϡեѸˤĤƤϥեˤʤäθôʬ˥ȤΤ̤ǤꡤȤĹ첻Ǥ뤳ȤΤˡ-or Ū礭δ -our Τۤޤ뷹äʹߡʥꥹ˱ѸǤϡեŪ -our 礿ֻȤͥȤʤäƤ
ƥŪ -or ¸³ϤƤ16ˤʤȡͥθŵؤβĬ츻Ūֻ (etymological_respelling) δμͤδ֤ˤߤ褦ˤʤꡤ-or Ϥ֤ -or -our ζ礬Ƥ줫ŪֻȤƺѤ褦Ȥɸಽưߤ֤ä
17ȾβŴˤϡ2ˤƤ -our ĹˤƤ -or ޤ뷹ơǤ18ˤϡŪֻȤƺƤ -or ˾Ƥ褦ˤʤä1755ǯ˼˽Ф Johnson ϡľθ츻ֻŻ뤹顤եŪ -our ٻ뤳ȤˤʤꡤΥꥹֻŤθΥꥫѸǤ -or κ٤ˤĤƤϡ#4152. ꥫѸ -our -or ؤΥե --- Webster αƶϸŪ ([2020-09-08-1]) ǽҤ٤̤Ǥ롥
ĤޤꡤѸˤθ줬ѤƤꡤ-or vs -our ζϥΤ褦˾岼֤ƤΤꥫ -or ٻ븶ȤƤϡͥΥƥ⤢ä18ιŻλۤ⤢äWebster ΰ⤢äꥹ -our ٻ븶ȤƤϡѸΥե켰ؤζ⤢ä18ȾФ Johnson θ츻Ѥ⤢ä
ͥ Webster ӤĤʤɹͤȤʤäAnson ͥ줿ॢȤˤäơ줬ǽȤʤä
Anson, Chris M. "Errours and Endeavors: A Case Study in American Orthography." International Journal of Lexicography 3 (1990): 35--63.
ε#4060. ʤפ̣ spirit ־αפ̣Τ ([2020-06-08-1]) Ǿ줿褦ˡѸǡפ̣ sprite/spright spirit ΰ۷ˤ츻ˤ롥
sprite Ф spright ֻŪǤꡤ <-ite> /-aɪt/ <-ight> Ȥط "reverse spelling" Ǥ"reverse spelling" ˤĤƤϡ#34. thumb ֤ȯ ([2009-06-01-1])#724. thumb ֤ȯ (2) ([2011-04-21-1])#283. delectable delight ([2010-02-04-1]) ȡˡ
spright ֻǤ16˽ФShakespeare Folio Quarto νǡޤ Spenser ǤϡषŪ˻ȤƤ⤷Ȥ Johnson μˤξθФΩƤƤꡤ"spright" θФΤȤǡsprite ֤٤ (custom) ȤƤ spright Ƿ夬ĤƤȤθڤ롥Johnson 餷нλǤ롥ʤǤ sprite Τ̤ۤ

ƻդ spritely/sprightly, spriteful/sprightful ϡָʡȯʡפ̣Ƥ spright 켫ȤƱηƻȤѤ뤳Ȥ롥ηƻˤϡפθʥŤʤäƤ뤫⤷ʤ餯캬θ˴ޤޤ "animating or vital" εǿ줿褦ˡΥ륳֥ץ饤ȡ (Sprite) ϡˤϤú̥ϤǤ롥
1755ǯ Johnson μνʸ "Grammar of the English Tongue" ꤹʸˡҤξϤ롥ǷƻӤˤĤƤ⥹ڡ䤫Ƥ뤬-er/-est Ӥ more/most ӤȤȤʬϡ§ȤΤä褦Johnson ʤλƤߤ褦
The Comparison of Adjectives.
The comparative degree of adjectives is formed by adding er, the superlative by adding est, to the positive; as, fair, fairer, fairest; lovely, lovelier, loveliest; sweet, sweeter, sweetest; low, lower, lowest; high, higher, highest.
Some words are irregularly compared; as good, better, best; bad, worse, worst; little, less, least; near, nearer, next; much, more, most; many (or moe), more for moer), most (for moest); late, latter, latest or last.
Some comparatives form a superlative by adding most, as nether, nethermost; outer, outmost; under, undermost; up, upper, uppermost; fore, former, foremost.
Many adjectives do not admit of comparison by terminations, and are only compared by more and most, as benevolent, more benevolent, most benevolent.
All adjectives may be compared by more and most, even when they have comparatives and superlatives regularly formed; as fair; fairer, or more fair; fairest, or most fair.
In adjectives that admit a regular comparison, the comparative more is oftener used than the superlative most, as more fair is oftener written for fairer, than most fair for fairest.
The comparison of adjectives is very uncertain; and being much regulated by commodiousness of utterance, or agreeableness of sound, is not easily reduced to rules.
Monosyllables are commonly compared.
Polysyllables, or words of more than two syllables, are seldom compared otherwise than by more and most, as deplorable, more deplorable, most deplorable.
Disyllables are seldom compared if they terminate in some, as fulsome, toilsome; in ful, as careful, spleenful, dreadful; in ing, as trifling, charming; in ous, as porous; in less, as careless, harmless; in ed, as wretched; in id, as candid; in al, as mortal; in ent, as recent, fervent; in ain, as certain; in ive, as missive; in dy, as woody; in fy, as puffy; in ky, as rocky, except lucky; in my, as roomy; in ny, as skinny; in py, as ropy, except happy; in ry, as hoary.
Johnson ϤΤ褦ǡʤε§˱ʤȤơMilton Ben Jonson μƤ롥
Ǥ˰ѤҤˤϡ̣¿ޤޤƤ롥ȤС֡Ѥɽ魯Ǥ most ȤղäȤΤϸ츻Ūˤ⤷ (ex. nethermost, outmost, undermost, uppermost, foremost) outer ˤĤƤϡ#3616. 촴첻ûפӵͳ褹 latter, last, utter ([2019-03-22-1]) ȡޤforemost ˤĤƤϡ#1307. most mest ([2012-11-24-1]) ȡ
äơӤƻˤĤ most ѤǾ more ѤӵΤۤ٤ȤΤⶽ̣ŦӵȺǾǤϤ⤽ⷹۤʤ뤫⤷ʤȤϡ٤ࡥ
Milton λˤϵ줿 virtuousest, famousest, pow'rfullest ʤɤ Johnson ʤλˤǤϵƤʤʤäƤȤ⸫ƨʤJohnson Ǥ˸ŪʴФäƤȤˤʤ뤫ȤʬκСJohnson λޤǤ˸ʬۤȤϤǤäƤȹͤƤ褵
Τ褦ʡֺפ1ˤĤơLass ŦƤ뤳Ȥ⼨ŪǤ롥Lass (157) ϡJohnson ǤϵƤƤʤ woody, puffy, rocky, roomy ʤɤζӤߤǤϵƤƤ¤ͤȡ鸽ޤǤ˶ӤŬϰϤ礷ƤǽȽҤ٤Ƥ롥⤷ʤСθóȻ (lexical_diffusion) ȤƤߤ뤳ȤǤ
18εʸˡɤľϡѸ줫鸽ѸˤƤθѲΡȯפ¥Ƥ롥
Lass, Roger. "Phonology and Morphology." 1476--1776. Vol. 3 of The Cambridge History of the English Language. Ed. Roger Lass. Cambridge: CUP, 1999. 56--186.
Dixon (242--44) ꡤѸ˴ؤ뼭ˤάǯɽǤ롥ޤǼפʼ (dictionary) Ѹ콸 (glossary) ˹ʤäƤΤաȤ櫓18ʹߤˤϡǵƤʤ¿μǤ줿Ȥαդ줿줾Υȥä˵ܤΤʤñ켭ؤƤꡤǯϽǤǯɽ魯
| c725 | Corpus Glossary. Latin to Latin, Old English, and Old French. |
| c1000 | Aelfric's glossary. Latin to Old English. |
| 1499 | Anonymous. Promptorium Parvalorum [ms version in 1430]. English to Latin. |
| 1500 | Anonymous. Hortus Vocabularum [ms version in 1440]. Latin to English. |
| 1535 | Ambrogio Calepino. Dictionarium Latinae Linguae. Monolingual Latin. |
| 1538 | Thomas Elyot. Dictionary. Latin to English. |
| 1552 | Richard Huloet. Abecedarium Anglo-Latinum. English to Latin. |
| 1565 | Thomas Cooper. Thesaurus Linguae Romanae & Britannicae. Latin to English. |
| 1573 | John Baret. An Alvearie or Triple Dictionarie. English, Latin, and French. |
| 1582 | Richard Mulcaster. Elementarie. [List of English words with no definitions.] |
| 1587 | Thomas Thomas. Dictionarium. Latin to English. |
| 1596 | Edmund Coote. The English Schoole-maister. |
| 1604 | Robert Cawdrey. A Table Alphabeticall. |
| 1613 | Academia della Crusca. Vocabulario. Monolingual Italian. |
| 1616 | John Bullokar. An English Expositor. |
| 1623 | Henry Cockeram. The English Dictionarie. |
| 1656 | Thomas Blount. Glossographia. |
| 1658 | Edward Phillips. The New World of English Words. |
| 1676 | Elisha Coles. An English Dictionary. |
| 1694 | Académie française. Dictionnaire. Monolingual French. |
| 1702 | John Kersey. A New English Dictionary. |
| 1721 | Nathan Bailey. A Universal Etymological English Dictionary. |
| 1730 | Nathan Bailey. Dictionarium Britannicum. |
| 1749 | Benjamin Martin. Lingua Britannica Reformata. |
| 1753 | John Wesley. The Complete English Dictionary. |
| 1755 | Samuel Johnson. Dictionary. |
| 1765 | John Baskerville. A Vocabulary, or Pocket Dictionary. |
| 1773 | William Kenrick. A New Dictionary of English. |
| 1775 | John Ash. The New and Complete Dictionary. |
| 1798 | Samuel Johnson, Junr. A School Dictionary. |
| 1828 | Noah Webster. American Dictionary. |
| 1830 | Joseph Emerson Worcester. Comprehensive Dictionary. |
| 1835--7 | Charles Richardson. A New Dictionary of the English Language. |
| 1847--50 | John Ogilvie. The Imperial Dictionary. |
| 1872 | Chambers's English Dictionary. Robert Chambers and William Chambers. |
| 1888--1928 | Oxford English Dictionary. James A. H. Murray et al. |
| 1889--91 | The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia. William Dwight Whitney. |
| 1893--5 | A Standard Dictionary. Isaac K. Funk. [Later known as Funk and Wagnalls.] |
| 1898 | Webster's Collegiate Dictionary. [No editor stated.] |
| 1898 | Austral English. Edward E. Morris. |
| 1909 | Webster's New International Dictionary. William Torey Harris and F. Sturgis Allen. |
| 1911 | The Concise Oxford English Dictionary of Current English. H. W. Fowler and F. G. Fowler. |
| 1927 | The New Century Dictionary. H. G. Emery and K. G. Brewster. |
| 1933 | The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary. C. T. Onions. |
| 1935 | The New Method English Dictionary. Michael West and James Endicott. |
| 1938--44 | A Dictionary of American English. William A. Craigie and James R. Hulbert. |
| 1947 | The American College Dictionary. Clarence Barnhart. |
| 1948 | The Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary. As. S. Hornby. |
| 1951 | A Dictionary of Americanisms. Mitford M. Mathews. |
| 1965 | The Penguin English Dictionary. George N. Garmonsway. |
| 1966 | The Random House Dictionary Unabridged. Jess Stein. |
| 1969 | The American Heritage Dictionary. Anne H. Soukhanov. |
| 1971 | Encyclopedic World Dictionary. Patrick Hanks. |
| 1978 | Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English. Paul Proctor. |
| 1979 | Collins English Dictionary. Patrick Hanks. |
| 1981 | The Macquarie Dictionary. Arthur Delbridge |
| 1987 | COBUILD English Dictionary. John Sinclair. |
| 1988 | The Australian National Dictionary. W. S. Ramson. |
| 1995 | The Oxford English Reference Dictionary. Judy Pearsall and Bill Trumble. |
| 1999 | The Australian Oxford Dictionary. Bruce Moore. |
ε#3490. dreamt dreamed ء ([2018-11-16-1]) ȴϢơɸˤĤơξˡκĴ٤椬褦ΤʺϤʤ褦Ǥ롥ˡκȤƺȤ뤳Ȥ¿ꥫѸǤ dreamed ޤ졤ꥹѸǤξȤѤȤʾp. 422ˡ
Fowler's (231) ˤ "Dreamed, esp. as the pa.t. form, tends to be used for emphasis and in poetry." ȤꡤѰˤ뺹뤳ȤƤ롥
Ѹξ MED ƤߤȡȤơֵ§Ūʡ drēmed(e ȡԵ§Ūʡ drempte ξѤƤȤ狼뤬ʬȤƤϵ§εܤʤʤԵ§˸治ź (epenthesis) p äƤ뤳Ȥ (cf. #739. glide, prosthesis, epenthesis, paragoge ([2011-05-06-1]))
ѸǶ̣ΤϡShakespeare ǤξѤƤ뤬AV ˤ dreamt ϤʤȤ¤ʡرѸ츻ŵ١ˡAV Shakespeare ٤ʸŪǸʸˡ褯ݻƤȤΤǡ dreamed ΤۤȤФäΤ⤷ʤդˤСdreamt άŪˤˤϤդ路ʤȹͤ줿Τ⤷ʤ
ʤ1775ǯ Johnson μǤ "preter. dreamed, or dreamt" Ȥꡤdreamed ɮƬ˵Ƥ뤳Ȥ˿Ƥ
ͧ ԡظѸˡŵ١Ʋ2006ǯ
Burchfield, Robert, ed. Fowler's Modern English Usage. Rev. 3rd ed. Oxford: OUP, 1998.
߷ ˧ͺ (Խ紴)رѸ츻ŵ١ҡ1997ǯ
ֽפ autumn fall Ȥ˴ϢơޤǤ#1221. ˡ ([2012-08-30-1]) #2925. autumn vs fall, zed vs zee ([2017-04-30-1]) εǡäˡ#2916. Ϣ4֥ꥹѸ autumn ȥꥫѸ fall --- ʣŪͤΤס ([2017-04-21-1]) ĥä֥ꥹѸ autumn ȥꥫѸ fall --- ʣŪͤΤǾܤ夲Ƥ
Dictionary by Merriam-Webster θˡڡ Is It 'Autumn' or 'Fall'? ȤĤǡֽפ̣ fall ϡξǤ Johnson A Dictionary of the English Language (1755) ޤǷǺܤƤʤäȽҤ٤ƤΤǡ® Johnson äƤߤ̾ fall 13ˤä
13. Autumn; the fall of the leaf; the time when the leaves drop from the trees.
What crowds of patients the town-doctor kills,
Or how last fall he rais'd the weekly bills. Dryden's Juven.
13Ȥ֤Ť餷ơֽפΰ̣Ǥ fall ϥꥹѸǤϤޤǥޥʡʡֽäȿ¬Ǥ롥ȾˤϡꥫѸǤ fall Ǥ̤Ρֽפɽ魯ˤʤäƤȤJohn Pickering A Vocabulary, or Collection of Words Which Have Been Supposed to Be Peculiar to the United States of America (1816) ˸뼡εҤΤʾ嵭θˡڡ¹ˡ
A friend has pointed out to me the following remark on this word: "In North America the season in which this [the fall of the leaf] takes place, derives its name from that circumstance, and instead of autumn is universally called the fall."
#3049. ѸǤ⥢ե٥åȤϤޤ26ʸǤϤʤä ([2017-09-01-1]) ǾҲ𤷤褦ˡ1755ǯ˱ƶϤΤ뼭ä Samuel Johnson (1709--84) ϡե٥åȤʸξ26ʸȤʤ⡤ºݤμˤƤ i/j, u/v γơ勞ˤ˽äI, V θФΤȤˡ줾켡Τ褦롥Crystal ȴǤѤ롥
I
is in English considered both as a vowel and consonant; though, since the vowel and consonant differ in their form as well as sound, they may be more properly accounted two letters.
I vowel has a long sound, as fine, thine, which is usually marked by an e final; and a short sound, as fin, thin. Prefixed to e it makes a diphthong of the same sound with the soft i, or double e: thus field, yield, are spoken as feeld, yeeld; except friend, which is spoken frend. Subjoined to a or e it makes them long, as fail, neight; and to o makes a mingled sound, which approaches more nearly to the true notion of a diphthong, or sound composed of the sounds of two vowels, than any other combination of vowels in the English language, as oil, coin. The sound of i before another i, and at the end of a word, is always expressed by y.
J consonant has invariably the same sound with that of g in giant; as jade, jet, jilt, jolt, just.
V
Has two powers, expressed in modern English by two characters, V consonant and U vowel, which ought to be considered as two letters; but they were long confounded while the two uses were annexed to one form, the old custom still continues to be followed.
U, the vowel, has two sounds; one clear, expressed at other times by eu, as obtuse; the other close, and approaching to the Italian u, or English oo, as obtund.
V, the consonant, has a sound nearly approaching to those of b and f. With b it is by the Spaniards and Gascons always confounded, and in the Runick alphabet is expressed by the same character with f, distinguished only by a diacritical point. Its sound in English is uniform. It is never mute.
ʸŵŪʲˡǫ˵ҤƤΤ狼롥ǤƤ褦ˡJohnson ϤϤ i j, u v Τ˶̤٤ʸȤߤʤƤ롥Ǥ⡤ޤǤδѤ˽虜ʤȤΩˤޤƤ롥դˡȴѤζ֤ɤ뤳λͭ褯ɽ蘆Ƥ褦˻פ롥
ΡֻͤIJ̾פʤ̥ե٥åȤΡֻͤʸפŪطʤˤĤƤϡ#373. <u> <v> ʬ (1) ([2010-05-05-1])#374. <u> <v> ʬ (2) ([2010-05-06-1])#1650. ʸǤȤƤ j Ω ([2013-11-02-1])#2415. Ūɽֻ John Hart ˤפơ ([2015-12-07-1]) Ȥ줿
Johnson, Samuel. A Dictionary of the English Language: An Anthology. Selected, Edited and with an Introduction by David Crystal. London: Penguin, 2005.
frequent ˤʡӤӤΡˤϡʸ̤ˤѤѸθȯΤϰճȿ϶äƤ1596ǯΤȤΤäθϡƥư frequentāre ʵͤˤƻ frequēns ʺ߹äˤե fréquent Фơ15ȾФ˱ѸäƤθϡեä֤Ӥ˭٤ʡפǤꡤֺ߹ä¿ͿΡפθǤ19ޤǻȤ줿ֺ߹ä¿ͿΡפȤƤϡDiscourse concerninge the Spanish Fleet Invadinge Englande (1590) 18ˤơ"There was generally made throughout the whole realm a most frequent assembly of all sorts of people." ȸ롥
θ塤frequent ϡ֤դ줿פۤɤŪʴްդȯãShakespeare ǤϤ "addicted" ־ャŪÿŮƤ ۤɤθǻȤƤ롥The Winter's Tale (1611) Ȥơ"I have missingly noted he is of late much retired from court, and is less frequent to his princely exercises than formerly he hath appeared".
ˤθ塤ŪʴްդΩѤ־ャŪʡסˤʡפθȯãϾҤΤ褦16Ǥ롥1604ǯ Ѹ˾αѸ켭 A Table Alphabeticall Ǥ "often, done many times: ordinarie, much haunted, or goe too" ȤꡤǤ˿夷Ƥ褦Ǥ롥
1755ǯ Johnson μǤ⡤ʲΤ褦ˡֺ߹ä¿ͿΡפȤŤޤϿƤʤȤϤäƤ⡤ȤƵƤ frequent and full 17 Milton ΤΤǤϤäˡ
1. Often done; often seen; often occurring.
2. Used often to practise any thing.
3. Full of concourse
ñˤ⡤̣ѲˤǤΤǤ롥"Chaque mot a son histoire." (= "Every word has its own history.")
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