18Υꥹ˵ϼĹطʤˤĤơ#1244. ʤϼ18˵Ĺ ([2012-09-22-1]) ϤȤ prescriptive_grammar εǼ夲Ƥ Aitchison ϡ2ĤζϤʼҲŪװطʤˤꡤϼνŪʶˤޤǻ夲줿ΤȹͤƤ롥2ĤȤϡ"The first was a long-standing admiration for Latin, and the second was powerful class snobbery" (10) Ǥ롥
ޤƥؤƴݤˤĤơΤˤƥƥΰҿ֤⤫äΤϡˤƥꥹȶθǤäȡƶΥͥʹߤ˳θȤʤäȤˤ롥Ǥ˥ƥïǤʤäˤ⤫餺Τ褦ȤۤȤ졤ƥ춵餬˹ԤʤƤBen Jonson "queen of tongues" ȸ路ۤɤǤꡤºݡ¯ʸˡҤݤˤϡ˥ƥʸˡǥȤ줿
ΥƥΰŪʰҿ椨ˡ¯Ф3Ĥ٤뤳Ȥˤʤä1Ĥϡˤϸꤵ줿ˡΤȤͤǤ롥⤦1Ĥˤϡƥ줬դäˡäդФդͥۤȤǸˡƥ줬˭٤ʶޤǤ뤿ˡޤ˼äѸΤ褦ʸǤȤäޤ줿
ϼ18Ĺ2ܤװϡήҤǤ롥Samuel Johnson ŵǤ롥Johnson Dictionary ԻݤˡήɤԤդѤˡˤǺѤդ˲ؤο͡äդˤĤƤϤ
Τ褦ʻطʤΤʤȯŸϼȵʸˡϡθ192021ˤѤ졤ޤʤߤǤ롥ĤοäĹȤäƤ褤
Aitchison, Jean. Language Change: Progress or Decay. 4th ed. Cambridge: CUP, 2013.
enough θ촴ϰĸ̤ꡤޥƱ줬ǧ롥ޥĸ *ȝanōȝaz Ƹθϡ genoeg, ɥĸ genug, ťΥɸ gnógrȸ ganōhsƸűѸ ġenōh, ġenōg ʤɤǤ롥
űѸˤϡ g Ĺ첻θ̵뤳Ȥ¿/x/ ȯ褦ˤʤäȹͤ롥θ塤16ޤǤ˿ /f/ ȤʤäΤߤ enough ɸȯϢʤȯǤ롥
ʸǤϤʤ˸ g Ͼ嵭ηϩɤʤäϽפǤ롥ȤΤϡƻȤƤθ줬ѤȤűѸѸˤƤϡʤ˱ղäɬפꡤ g ϤƤǤϤʤ뤳Ȥˤʤ뤫㤨СűѸˤơʣʡгʤǤ -e ղäơġenōge Ȥ֤äη֤ˤäƤϡλҲϸλȾ첻˾夲첻ܤʤɤβѲФơѸޤǤ˸ߤ /ɪˈnaʊ/ ˶ᤤȯˤʤäƤenow ֻϡȯȿǤΤǤ롥
Τ褦ˡenough enow ζ̤Ūˤñʣΰ㤤ȹͤ뤳ȤǤ뤬ñ enowʣ enough Ѥ褦ξԤκϤǤѸ餢ä褦Ǥ롥enow ऱƤ enough ΰ̲ϡŪʶ̤ΤˤĤƤ Milton Τ褦ʽ⤤ΤΡ17ˤϳΩƤȤߤ (Jespersen 2.75)
Ȥ⤷Ȥ1755ǯ˽Ǥ줿 Johnson μǤϡenow enough ̤θФǵƤꡤ"The plural of enough. In a sufficient number." Ȥ롥ʸȤͿƤΤ Sydney, Milton, Dryden, Addison ʤɤΤŤʸǤꡤ enow enought Ū˶̤ƤڵȤ櫓ˤϤʤ
ߤμǤϡenow ϡԸդȤ졼٥Ž enough ѤȤƤ뤬嵭Τ褦ˡŪˤ enough ʣ˵ĤȤ¤ϲƤʤѸǤϤСenow Τ̲ۤŪ˻ѤƤ륱¿ȤոƤ
ʤߤˡenough/enow ʿŪȤơplough/plow 뤳ȤǤ롥ˤĤƤϡ#1195. <gh> = /f/ б ([2012-08-04-1]) ȡϢơblond/blonde ˸ˤֶޡפꤢ#504. Ѹ¸ߤͣζޤƻ ([2010-09-13-1]) ɤ
Jespersen, Otto. A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles. Part 2. Vol. 1. 2nd ed. Heidelberg: C. Winter's Universitätsbuchhandlung, 1922.
Algeo and Pyles αѸǯɽ3ƤϽѸ (153--55) ԤϽѸ1500--1800ǯȤƶڤäƤ뤳Ȥա#3193. űѸμפʽǯɽ ([2018-01-23-1]) ȡ#3196. Ѹμפʽǯɽ ([2018-01-26-1]) ⻲ȡ
| 1476 | William Caxton brought printing to England, thus both serving and promoting a growing body of literate persons. Before that time, literacy was confined to the clergy and a handful of others. Within the next two centuries, most of the gentry and merchants became literate, as well as half the yeomen and some of the husbandmen. |
| 1485 | Henry Tudor ascended the throne, ending the civil strife called the War of the Roses and introducing 118 years of the Tudor dynasty, which oversaw vast changes in England. |
| 1497 | John Cabot went on a voyage of exploration for a Northwest Passage to China, in which he discovered Nova Scotia and so foreshadowed English territorial expansion overseas. |
| 1534 | The Act of Supremacy established Henry VIII as "Supreme Head of the Church of England," and thus officially put civil authority above Church authority in England. |
| 1549 | The first Book of Common Prayer was adopted and became an influence on English literary style. |
| 1558 | At the age of 25, Elizabeth I became queen of England and, as a woman with a Renaissance education and a skill for leadership, began a forty-five-year reign that promoted statecraft, literature, science, exploration, and commerce. |
| 1577--80 | Sir Francis Drake circumnavigated the globe, the first Englishman to do so, and participated in the defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588, removing an obstacle to English expansion overseas. |
| 1590--1611 | William Shakespeare wrote the bulk of his plays, from Henry VI to The Tempest. |
| 1600 | The East India Company was chartered to promote trade with Asia, leading eventually to the establishment of the British Raj in India. |
| 1604 | Robert Cawdrey published the first English dictionary, A Table Alphabeticall. |
| 1607 | Jamestown, Virginia, was established as the first permanent English settlement in America. |
| 1611 | The Authorized or King James Version of the Bible was produced by a committee of scholars and became, with the Prayer Book and the works of Shakespeare, one of the major examples of and influences on English literary style. |
| 1619 | The first African slaves in North America arrived in Virginia. |
| 1642--48 | The English Civil War or Puritan Revolution overthrew the monarchy and resulted in the beheading of King Charles I in 1649 and the establishment of a military dictatorship called the Commonwealth and (under Oliver Cromwell) the Protectorate, which lasted until the Restoration of King Charles II in 1660. |
| 1660 | The Royal Society was founded as the first English organization devoted to the promotion of scientific knowledge and research. |
| 1670 | The Hudson's Bay Company was chartered for promoting trade and settlement in Canada. |
| ca. 1680 | The political parties---Whigs (named perhaps from a Scots term for 'horse drivers' but used for supporters of reform and parliamentary power) and Tories (named from an Irish term for 'outlaws' but used for supporters of conservatism and royal authority), both terms being originally contemptuous---became political forces, thus introducing party politics as a central factor in government. |
| 1688 | The Glorious Revolution was a bloodless coup in which members of Parliament invited the Dutch prince William of Orange and his wife, Mary (daughter of the reigning English king, James II), to assume the English throne, resulting in the establishment of Parliament's power over that of the monarchy. |
| 1702 | The first daily newspaper was published in London, followed by an extension of such publications throughout England and the expansion of the influence of the press in disseminating information and forming public opinion. |
| 1719 | Daniel Defoe published Robinson Crusoe, sometimes identified as the first modern novel in English, although the evolution of the genre was gradual and other works have a claim to that title. |
| 1755 | Samuels Johnson published his Dictionary of the English Language, a model of comprehensive dictionaries of English |
| 1775--83 | The American Revolution resulted in the foundation of the first independent nation of English speakers outside the British Isles. Large numbers of British loyalists left the former American colonies for Canada and Nova Scotia, introducing a large number of new English speakers there. |
| 1788 | The English first settled Australia near modern Sydney. |
Ѹ̾ʼȤСJohnson (1755), Webster (1828), OED (1928) 뤬ζ֤ˤäפƤ봶ΤΤɸμǤ롥Ѹ켭ԻˤδϡɾͿ٤Ǥ롥
Charles Richardson (1775--1865) ϡɥޤˡΧؤ˸ءʸؤžʸؤŻ뤷ĤĻΤǶ˷ȤäJohnson μФȽŪΩꡤ鼭Ի˼ȤEncyclopædia Metropolitana ˤϢܤϤ塤1835ǯʬηǽǤϤᡤǽŪˤϾ崬 (1836) Ȳ (1837) ʤ A New Dictionary of the English Language 1839ǯˤϴǤǤƤ롥
μκħϡñΰ̣ŪȯŸˤäƤǤϤʤŪʰʸѤפŤ褦ȤȤǤ롥Ū§(historical principle) ˤۤʤʤνϰϤѸ Robert of Gloucester, Robert Mannyng of Brunne ޤ̤餻Ū§οʿȤäƤ褤ơˤθ§ѤŰ줵Τ OED ä櫓
Richardson Webster ˤϹɾ줿Ȥޤ"a word has one meaning, and one only" Ȥüʸˡ͡ʲս̵츻μ갷ˤߤ٤ΤʤäJohnson Webster Ȥ缭θ٤ OED ؤΤĤʤ̤¸ߤȤơѸ˾嵭٤ԻȡˤǤϤ
Knowles (141) ϡRichardson OED ؤμԻ˾ιΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥
The Oxford dictionary was an outstanding work of historical scholarship, but it was not the first historical dictionary. This was Charles Richardson's A new dictionary of the English language, which appeared in 1836--7, and which attempted to trace the historical development of the meanings of words using historical quotations rather than definitions. The original intention of the Philological Society in 1857 was simply to produce a supplement to the dictionaries of Johnson and Richardson, but it was soon clear that a complete new work was required.
ʾ塤رѸؿ̾ŵ (288--89) Charles Richardson ιȤƼɮ
Knowles, Gerry. A Cultural History of the English Language. London: Arnold, 1997.
ãڸ ԡرѸؿ̾ŵ١ҡ1995ǯ
#3038. űѸ쥢ե٥åȤ27ʸ ([2017-08-21-1]) ǿ줿褦ˡѸΥե٥åȤΤѤ餺26ʸä櫓ǤϤʤȡˤΤʤ¿֤ƤΤǤ뤳ȤҤ٤Ǥϡ26ʸȤʤäΤϤĤϡѸȤäƤ褤
Johnson ϡƶϤΤ Dictionary (1755) νʸ³ "A Grammar of the English Tongue" ΤʤǡѸ쥢ե٥åȤ24ʸ뤤26ʸʤäƤȽҤ٤Ƥ롥
Our letters are commonly reckoned twenty-four, because anciently i and j, as well as u and v, were expressed by the same character; but as those letters, which had always different powers, have now different forms, our alphabet may be properly said to consist of twenty-six letters.
Johnson λˤϡե٥åȤŪˤ˽ä24ʸΥåȤȹͤƤȤ狼롥i/j u/v ʬǤ˼Ƥ櫓顤ǧꤷƥե٥å26ʸȤߤʤΤ褤ȤΤ Johnson ΰո⤽ⲿäơ֥ե٥åȤʸåȡפȸƤ֤٤ʤΤʸǿΤʸǤǿΤʤɤκ٤ˤĤƤƤ櫓ǤʤΤǡʸåȤϤޤǴˤͤƤɬפ
Johnson ϾΤ褦ΤǤ26ʸȤʤ⡤Dictionary Ǥϡi/j ȥޡƤ뤷u/v ˤĤƤƱͤǤ롥٥Ǥϡ4ʸȿ˷2ʸȿƤ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥㤨Сinwreathe θФ job ³vizier θ ulcer ³Ƥ롥ˡϤθμǤ⤷Ф餯Ƨ줿1820ǯˤ褦䤯ͤƤǤ26ʸΥեޥåȤ褦ˤʤ (Crystal 191) Ѹ쥢ե٥åȤϤɤΤ褦˿Ƥ26ʸȤǧ夷ΤϡĤ200ǯۤΤȤǤ롥
Crystal, David. Spell It Out: The Singular Story of English Spelling. London: Profile Books, 2012.
ε#2997. 1800ǯ˰ä long <s> ([2017-07-11-1]) κǸ˿줿褦ˡʬ˸Ѹ˶ᤤȴ18ǤʤʬŪ19ǤˡȼϡʸֻεϤ˴ؤơ2ĤΰۤʤƤȤäƤ褤С2Ĥˡ¸ߤƤʤ⡤ơϸŪʰ̣Ǥοϳ餵̶ǤʵϤȤ櫓ǤϤʤäˡϤ褽ָפǤꡤϡֻפǤ뤫顤ˡϸǻȤʬ٤ŴȤʤäƤΤǤ롥
κۤǤŪ˸ΤϡJohnson μǤֻȡJohnson λŪʤǤֻǤ롥㤨СJohnson ϼǤֻȤϰۤʤꡤʤǤ companiable, enervaiting, Fryday, obviateing, occurences, peny, pouns, stiched, chappel, diner, dos (= does) ֻƤ (Tieken-Boon van Ostade 42) Τ褦ʾ¾κȤˤĤƤƱͤ˸뤳Ȥ顤Johnson ֤겼äȤ̷ƤʤɤȤˤϤʤʤषŪʰȻŪʼȤǰۤʤֻδबꡤ줬뤵ƤȤȤǤ롥
Τ褦ʾϡβ桹ˤȤäƤˤ⤷ʤֻθͤƤߤмΤȤǤ롥Ѹˤֻζʽ¿Ǥ줿ϻҶ˰줿ƥȤɤ褦ˤ뤿ζʽǤꡤҶֻȤ붵ʽǤϤʤäƥȤֻϡȼԤˤäƴŪ줿ˡȿǤƤꡤҶϤηŪֻɤֽä˼ƤʤäΤ褦ʻҶǽʤǧʤˤϡʤƥȤɽ蘆Ƥˡ§ä֤뤳ȤϤǤʤȤäñޤä֤ʤȤȤˤϤʤʤʤμ˸뤳ȤۤȤɤʤ
ơξϡֻؤǤҶΤߤʤ餺ʸɤ߽ͤˤ̤ƤϤޤäȼΩϡΩΤߤʤ餺ֻɤǽϤȽǽϤΩǤ⤢äΤ
Tieken-Boon van Ostade, Ingrid. An Introduction to Late Modern English. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2009.
ѸѸȾФˤƵäѸɸಽȵϲĬήˤĤơ#1237. ɸѸΥǥȱѸɸಽ ([2012-09-15-1])#1244. ʤϼ18˵Ĺ ([2012-09-22-1])#2741. ascertaining, refining, fixing ([2016-10-28-1]) 濴Ȥơstandardisation prescriptive_grammar γƵˤƤήˤĤħŪĶ̣ϡΥСåפϤˤ衤âʸˡȯν˵ϲλߤʤƤȤ
ɡƥꥹ줿ѸɸಽܻؤƤǽϡää16ȾϸäƤȤϤθ17ˤƤϡֻε§첽˾Ƥ褦ˤʤääȤֻϡ17--18ޤǤˤϤ褽褷Ƥꡤ1755ǯ Johnson μνǤϤᲡȤߤƤ褤ʴϢơ#1407. Ѹ3Ĥ ([2013-03-04-1])#2321. ֻɸಽδĬή ([2015-09-04-1]) ȡˡ
ɸಽϲΥåȤȤʤäΤϡʸˡǤ롥18ˤϵʸˡνǤ꼡Ǥ#2583. Robert Lowth, Short Introduction to English Grammar ([2016-05-23-1]) #2592. Lindley Murray, English Grammar ([2016-06-01-1]) 繥ɾ
ơ٤18Ⱦ19ˤơȯפؤΤ꤬褦ˤʤ롥Ū (orthoepy) ؤδؿϡ#571. orthoepy ([2010-11-19-1]) ǽҤ٤褦16鸫ΤŪˡȯפԤʤ٤ȤĬ͡δ֤Ǥˤ狼˹ޤäƤΤ18ȾԤʤФʤʤä礭ʹʤΤϡ#1456. John Walker A Critical Pronouncing Dictionary (1791) ([2013-04-22-1]) Ǥ롥
ȯפμĥʤ褦ˤʤäΤ18ȾȤŪ٤äȤˤĤơBaugh and Cable (306) ϼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥
The first century and a half of English lexicography including Johnson's Dictionary of 1755, paid little attention to pronunciation, Johnson marking only the main stress in words. However, during the second half of the eighteenth century and throughout the nineteenth century, a tradition of pronouncing dictionaries flourished, with systems of diacritics indicating the length and quality of vowels and what were considered the proper consonants. Although the ostensible purpose of these guides was to eliminate linguistic bias by making the approved pronunciation available to all, the actual effect was the opposite: "good" and "bad" pronunciations were codified, and speakers of English who were not born into the right families or did not have access to elocutionary instruction suffered linguistic scorn all the more.
ǤϡḽѸɸಽȵϲλߤáֻޤˢʸˡȯȤǿʤǤäΤϤʤˤĤƤεǡ
Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.
ε#2759. Swift ˤ륢ǥߡΩƤ̤ʤäͳ ([2016-11-15-1]) ȴϢơѸ쥢ǥߡΩƤ˥ԥ졼ͿꥢȥեȡɤŨ Johnson μβͤˤĤ
ꥹѸ쥢ǥߡΩ褦ȲΤϡǤ˥ꥢȥե˥ǥߡ㤬ä顤Ȥͳ礭衼åѽϹֹפ (cf. #2741. ascertaining, refining, fixing ([2016-10-28-1])) ǤꡤǥߡȤؤ̤Ƥ¸褦ȹͤƤܤĤΤϥꥢǤ롥ꥢˤ͡ʥǥߡäǤ褯ΤƤΤ1582ǯΩ줿 Accademia della Crusca Ǥ롥εؤϡ1612ǯ Vocabolario degli Accademici della Crusca ȤǤʪĤθŤͤơ1691ǯˤ3ʬ1729--38ǯǤǤ6ʬˤޤĹ (Baugh and Cable 257)
եǤϡ1635ǯ˿ Richelieu ʸإõͿνġʺ40̾ˤ l'Académie française ȤΤ褦ˤʤäεؤϡʸˡԽ뤳ȤŪ1ĤȤƷǤƤꡤȤ١ȤƤΤΡ1694ǯˤϼǤ˻ä (Baugh and Cable 257)
Τ褦ˡꥢեǤ17˥ǥߡϤˤӤѤ߾夲ƤƱꥹǤϥǥߡΩƤʤƤʤäΤǤ롥θ塤1712ǯ Swift ˤƤʤ줿̤Ȥή줿аޤˤĤƤϺεǽҤ٤˸1755ǯˤϡǥߡˤ餺Johnson ĿͤϤǡꥢեμɤŨѸμǤ˻äJohnson ο David Garrick ϡΥԥĤƤ (Baugh and Cable 267)
And Johnson, well arm'd like a hero of yore,
Has beat forty French, and will beat forty more.
Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.
Swift ˤ A Proposal for Correcting, Improving and Ascertaining the English Tongue (1712) ϡѸΥǥߡ (academy) Ω˸ƺǤᤤȤޤߤäǤ17ȾˤϱѸ쥢ǥߡϾ夬äƤꡤ18Ƭ Swift Ƥˤƥԡޤˤ衤θ18⥢ǥߡΩϤñˤϾǤʤäˤ֤äƤߤСSwift Ƥ̤ʤäȤˤꡤǥߡΩƤʱ٤뤳ȤˤʤäȤϸäƤ褤Ǥϡʤ Swift Ƥή줿Τ
ˤϡĿŪŪ Anne λȤ𤬤äBaugh and Cable (262) ˼Τ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥
Apparently the only dissenting voice was that of John Oldmixon, who, in the same year that Swift's Proposal appeared, published Reflections on Dr. Swift's Letter to the Earl of Oxford, about the English Tongue. It was a violent Whig attack inspired by purely political motives. He says, "I do here in the Name of all the Whigs, protest against all and everything done or to be done in it, by him or in his Name." Much in the thirty-five pages is a personal attack on Swift, in which he quotes passages from the Tale of a Tub as examples of vulgar English, to show that Swift was no fit person to suggest standards for the language. And he ridicules the idea that anything can be done to prevent languages from changing. "I should rejoice with him, if a way could be found out to fix our Language for ever, that like the Spanish cloak, it might always be in Fashion." But such a thing is impossible.
Oldmixon's attack was not directed against the idea of an academy. He approves of the design, "which must be own'd to be very good in itself." Yet nothing came of Swift's Proposal. The explanation of its failure in the Dublin edition is probably correct; at least it represented contemporary opinion. "It is well known," it says, "that if the Queen had lived a year or two longer, this proposal would, in all probability, have taken effect. For the Lord Treasurer had already nominated several persons without distinction of quality or party, who were to compose a society for the purposes mentioned by the author; and resolved to use his credit with her majesty, that a fund should be applied to support the expense of a large room, where the society should meet, and for other incidents. But this scheme fell to the ground, partly by the dissensions among the great men at court; but chiefly by the lamented death of that glorious princess."
ĤޤꡤSwift ƤƤ켫ΤäȤ櫓ǤϤʤΤǤ롥ǥߡΩ¿ο͡δꤤǤ⤢ä塹ȿʤǤŪˤ Swift ȿФʪ˶ӡոפޤ줿ȤȡƲ⡤ǥߡΩ˸ưФƤ Anne 1714ǯ˴ʤäȤSwift αοԤä
־夫פαѸ쥢ǥߡĤ˺ʤäȤˤꡤ18ϡֲפθ쵬Ϥκ꤬ʤǤȤˤʤ (see #2583. Robert Lowth, Short Introduction to English Grammar ([2016-05-23-1]), #1421. Johnson θѡ ([2013-03-18-1]), #141. 18εϤѤ ([2009-09-15-1])) ꥹϡǥߡջ֤ʤä櫓ǤϤʤȾˤζǺ˻ʤäɾΤŬڤ
Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.
Ѹ˾ͭ̾ Swift ˤ A Proposal for Correcting, Improving and Ascertaining the English Tongue (1712) Ǥϡ̾3Ĥΰۤʤư correct, improve, ascertain ѤƤ롥ѸפֲפֳꤹפȤäΤǤ뤳Ȥʬ롥ֱѸθոäפȤǤ϶̤Ƥ뤬ưδ֤ˤϤɤΤ褦ʴްդκΤcorrect ˤϡָŦΤľפȤްդꡤimprove ˤϡ֤ɤס ascertain ˤϸŤȤơֳꤵפۤɤΰ̣롥
3ĤưȤԤäŤʤ櫓ǤϤʤSwift ϼλˡֱѸθոäפۤɤΰ̣Ǥ褯Ѥ줿⤦1·3ư줬롥ascertain, refine, fix 3ĤBaugh and Cable (251) ˤС줾ϼΤ褦ʰ̣Ѥ롥
ascertain: "to reduce the language to rule and set up a standard of correct usage"
refine: "to refine it--- that is, to remove supposed defects and introduce certain improvements"
fix: "to fix it permanently in the desired form"
ֱѸθոäǶ̤Ƥ褦˸뤬ܤƤ¦̤ϰۤʤ롥ascertain ϤŪɸκäΤǡJohnson ascertainment "a settled rule; an established standard" ŤƤ롥ŪˤСǤȤʤ뼭ʸˡǤ뤳Ȥؤ
ˡrefine ϤФոܻؤΤǤ롥μͤδ֤ˤ Chaucer λ䥨ꥶ٥īαѸ줳ͥǸҤѸǤȤΥ른åʱѸѤꡤαѸϿʬƤޤäȤФäΤǤ롥ˤϡ#1947. Swift clipping Ƚ([2014-08-26-1]) #1948. Addison clipping Ƚ ([2014-08-27-1]) ޤޤ
Ǹˡfix ϰٳꤷոʱ뤷褦ȤΡȤȤ館ƤФ褤Swift ϤȤ18ȾνꤿϡνʸϤʱ뤵뤳ȤܵǴäƤΤǤ롥ͤСޤạ̈ΤʤꤤǤϤ (cf. #1421. Johnson θѡ ([2013-03-18-1]))
18εϼԤδ֤ˤϡɤ¦̤֤ƻŸƤΤˤĤư㤤ΤǡưȤΰ̣϶̤Ƥɬפ롥
Ƕܸפ˶ФƤ뤬ܸˤĤ ascertain, refine, fix Τ¦̤бΤʤΤ뤤ϡ3ĤΤǤʤ¾¦̤ʤΤ褯ʬʤȤǤϤ롥
Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.
ʸػˡʸˤǤϡ17꤫18 Augustan Period ˤơäˤȾϡǤʸΤޤ줿Ȥ롥18Ⱦ顤̣ʸΤ˰ꤺɼ깥ߤʸΤĩ魯ʸɮȤƤƥβ̥ϤѤ줺ɼꤵ꤬줿ΤοˤΤäʸ1ͤ Samuels Johnson Ǥ롥ळ18ȾФβߤνɽԤȤʤäȤȤ顤ʸΤĬήѲ "Johnson's Latinate Revival" Ȥ⤤롥

18ʸΤѤѲäȤϡ餫Ǥ롥Knowles (137) ˤС
The typical prose style of the period following the Restoration of the monarchy . . . was essentially unadorned. This plainness of style was a reaction to the taste of the preceding period. Early in the eighteenth century taste began to change again, and there are suggestions that ordinary language is not really sufficient for high literature. Addison in the Spectator (no. 285) argues: 'many an elegant phrase becomes improper for a poet or an orator, when it has been debased by common use.' By the middle of the century, Lord Chesterfield argues for a style raised from the ordinary; in a letter to his son he writes: 'Style is the dress of thoughts, and let them be ever so just, if your style is homely, coarse, and vulgar, they will appear to as much disadvantage, and be as ill-received as your person, though ever so well proportioned, would, if dressed in rags, dirt and tatters.' At this time, Johnson's dictionary appeared, followed by Lowth's grammar and Sheridan's lectures on elocution. By the 1760s, at the beginning of the reign of George III, the elevated style was back in fashion.
The new style is associated among others with Samuel Johnson. Johnson echoes Addison and Chesterfield: 'Language is the dress of thought . . . and the most splendid ideas drop their magnificence, if they are conveyed by words used commonly upon low and trivial occasions, debased by vulgar mouths, and contaminated by inelegant applications' . . . . This gives rise to the belief that the language of important texts must be elevated above normal language use. Whereas in the medieval period Latin was used as the language of record, in the late eighteenth century Latinate English was used for much the same purpose.
ǽҤ٤Ƥ褦ˡAugustan Period ȾϼҲݼŪǤꡤ;ȤϸŪˤ餫Ǥ롥㤨СOED Ǥ¾λ٤ƿ줬ޤ긽Ƥʤcf. #1226. Ѹˤäǯʬۡ ([2012-09-04-1])#203. 1500--1900ǯˤѸäá ([2009-11-16-1])ˡAugustan periods θȾ18Ⱦˤ夫ȿưǡJohnson ɽʸˡήԤȤʤ˻롥2 "aureate diction" (cf. #292. aureate diction ([2010-02-13-1])) äΤƱͤˡ⤦1ƱήԤϤӤäΤǤ롥
ʸΤüѤ˴ؤ¤ꡤѸˤˤƤη֤ϲ٤ȤʤäƤ롥ϡ㤨ܤˤŻ뤹뷹ΥХХʤɤȻ褦ʻǤʤʤ
Knowles, Gerry. A Cultural History of the English Language. London: Arnold, 1997.
Samuel Johnson (1709--84) A Dictionary of the English Language (1755) ϡѸ˾θäֻ˴ؤˤȤäƤ褤μȤʪԻԤˤĤƤϡ#1420. Johnson's Dictionary ħȳס ([2013-03-17-1])#1421. Johnson θѡ ([2013-03-18-1]) ۤjohnson εۤƤϡѸνˤȤä practice ̾ˤ practise ưˤΤ褦2ñ졦ֻζ̤ˤĤơJohnson ͿƤ뤳Ȥ˿줿
Horobin (148) ˤСѸǤ practice practise ߤ˸ǽʤΤȤѤƤJohnson μνǤˤ긽ζ̤ΩȤƤ롥Johnson ϸФȤ̾ˤ practice ưˤ practise ΩƤƤꡤռŪ˶̤ĤƤ롥ȤJohnson Ȥ̤ʬǤʻˤ餺 practice ֻפ롥㤨СTo Cipher Τʤ "To practice arithmetick" Ȥ뤷Coinage Ȥ "The act or practice of coining money" ߤ롥
Johnson Ƴ̤Τ⤦1ĤȤơcouncil counsel 롥2ϵŪˤϸ츻ŪʤĤʤϤʤơϥƥ concilium ʽˤ consilium ʽˤͳ褹롥ѸǤϰ̣Ūˤֻ⺮ƱƤꡤǽȤäƤ褫äȤ츻 Johnson ϡƥޤ̤äξԤ̤뤳Ȥ褷ȤΤǤ (Horobin 149)
ˤ⤦1ĴϢСѸǤʶ路2Ĥηƻ discreet ʻθΤˤ discrete ʬΥˤζ̤롥ξϸ츻ŪˤƱǤꡤ2Ÿ (doublet) 뤬ѸˤϤθˤƤ⡤ե discret ȿǤ discrete ֻΤ̤ۤäȤ16ޤǤ discreet ֻɤȴͥȤʤꡤȤ櫓ֻθפθˤƤϤηȤʤä2ĤηƻˤĤƤϡJohnson ľ˶̤ƳȤ櫓ǤϤʤä̤Ƥζ̤Ω뤳Ȥ˹Ϥ (Horobin 149)
Τ褦 Johnson ϸ츻Ūʥݥꥷ䴸ʤȯˤޤ³ʸΥڥĤƳ뤤夵̯ʤȤˡǤϤĤƤ̤ Johnson ǤΤˤ϶̤ƤʤȤդߤΤ#2440. flower flour (2) ([2016-01-01-1]) Ǽ夲Υڥ1ۤˤ⸽ licence ̾ˤ license ưˤζ̤˴ؤΤ롥Johnson Ϥ2ޤäʬƤ餺ʻˤ license ֻǸФΩƤƤ롥Johnson ȤŦƤ褦̾ϥե licence ˡưϥե licencier ͳ褹ȤȤǤС츻ŪˤϡʻǤ <c> ֻΤۤդ路ϤȻפ뤬Johnson ΤäΤϡʤդΤۤ <s> Ǥ (Horobin 148) Johnson ϡΤ褦̯ʤȤ롥ʤdefence Ȥ̾ξˤ⡤Johnson ϵƥ defensio Ǥ뤳ȤǧƤˤ⤫餺<c> ֻѤƤ뤫顤Ʊ褦̯Ǥ (Horobin 149) Johnson Ȥɤ⡤ͤλҤȤȤ
Horobin, Simon. Does Spelling Matter? Oxford: OUP, 2013.
223դǡåեؤαѸ˳ؼ Simon Horobin ˤ A history of English . . . in five words ꤹ뵭־˥åפ줿Ѹ˸줿ǯ English, beef, dictionary, tea, emoji Ȥ5ñ夲ѸŪʴ饨å˥ȤƤ롥ϥѡ줿ѤΤ⡤ѸˤޤĤˤʸμ䤷ƤɼζǤ롥Τ
ʲ5ñγơˤĤơܥ֥δϢ뵭ˤĥäƤ
1. English or Anglo-Saxon
#33. 塼ȿͤ̾Τˡ ([2009-05-31-1])
#389. Angles, Saxons, and Jutes θϤȰܽ ([2010-05-21-1])
#1013. ͤϤɤ֥ƥϤä ([2012-02-04-1])
#1145. English England ̾Ρ ([2012-06-15-1])
#1436. English England ̾ (2) ([2013-04-02-1])
#2353. ʤͤϥɤΤ ([2015-10-06-1])
#2493. ͤϲäơͤϰ줿 ([2016-02-23-1])
2. beef
#331. ưʪȤɽñ ([2010-03-24-1])
#332. ưʪȤɽñפοá ([2010-03-25-1])
#1583. swine vs pork μҲŪյ ([2013-08-27-1])
#1603. ưʪȤɽñפǽ˻Ŧ͡ ([2013-09-16-1])
#1604. ưʪȤɽñפ˻Ŧͤ ([2013-09-17-1])
#1966. ʡʤäƤѸΰʪ˥塼 ([2014-09-14-1])
#1967. ˴ؤեѸ ([2014-09-15-1])
#2352. ưʪȤɽñפο (2) ([2015-10-05-1])
3. dictionary
#603. ǽαѱѼ A Table Alphabeticall (1) ([2010-12-21-1])
#604. ǽαѱѼ A Table Alphabeticall (2) ([2010-12-22-1])
#609. 켭17 ([2010-12-27-1])
#610. æ켭18 ([2010-12-28-1])
#726. ǤȤ뤫⤷ʤŪ Cawdrey μ ([2011-04-23-1])
#1420. Johnson's Dictionary ħȳס ([2013-03-17-1])
#1421. Johnson θѡ ([2013-03-18-1])
#1609. Cawdrey μǡ١ ([2013-09-22-1])
4. tea
#756. μѸ ([2011-05-23-1])
#1966. ʡʤäƤѸΰʪ˥塼 ([2014-09-14-1])
5. emoji
#808. smileys or emoticons ([2011-07-14-1])
#1664. CMC (computer-mediated communication) ([2013-11-16-1])
Ѹ̤ˤĤƤϡ#756. μѸ ([2011-05-23-1]), #1526. Ѹܸθûоɽ ([2013-07-01-1]) ϤȤơlexicology loan_word ʤɤεȡ
ǯޤ2016ǯ hellog ³ޤǯΰȯܤϡˤ#183. flower flour ([2009-10-27-1]) Ǽ夲ǤϤޤ
2Ĥñϡε褦ˡȤ1ĤθΤʤ2Ĥΰۤʤä餯Υ줹Ƥޤäˡ¿ȤƤǤϤʤƱ۵Ȥǧ褦ˤʤꡤʤȤֻ϶̤Τդ路ȴ褦ˤʤäΤѸˤ֤ʬ뷹Ƥ
ơθ줬ֲ֡פΰ̣ǥե줫Ѥ줿Τ13ƬΤȤǤ롥MED flour (n.(1)) ˤС"c1230(?a1200) *Ancr. (Corp-C 402) 92a: & te treou .. bringeð forð misliche flures .. uertuz beoð .. swote i godes nease, smeallinde flures." Ǥ롥Ϣ־ʴʡʴΤʤκǤΡֲڡסˡפΰ̣Ǥ13ȾФˤϱѸǽ㤬Ƥ롥MED flour (n.(2)) ˤС" a1325(c1250) Gen. & Ex. (Corp-C 444) 1013: Kalues fleis and flures bred..hem ðo sondes bed." ȤʤäƤ롥ФֻʸֻФ狼褦ˡϤθˤƤ <flour> <flur> ̤ä
θ塤ѸǤξδطƤȤʤꡤֲ֡פ־ʴפʬơѸΥޥʡʰֻǤä <flower> Ѥ褦ˤʤäֻʬϰճ٤18ΤȤäθ19ޤǤϡ־ʴפ <flower> ֤ʤɤκѤߤ줿֤ʬ뤫ݤϡĿͤˤäƤۤʤäƤ褦ǡShakespeare Cruden Concordance to the Bible (1738) ǤϸߤΤ褦ʶ̤դƤJohnson μǤϡޤ flower Ȥ1ĤθФΤȤξƤ롥OED flour, n. θ츻Ǥ "Johnson 1755 does not separate the words, nor does he recognize the spelling flour." ȽҤ٤Ƥ뤬Horobin (150) ŦƤ褦 Johnson μ biscotin ΤʤǤ "A confection made of flour, sugar, marmalade, eggs. Etc." Τ褦 <flour> ѤƤ롥֤ʬ夹ˤϡ٤λ֤äȤȤɸֻ塤ˡγΩϡ⿴ʤʲǤ롥
Horobin, Simon. Does Spelling Matter? Oxford: OUP, 2013.
#192. etymological respelling (2) ([2009-11-05-1]) ΥꥹȤˤȤꡤѸ fault ֻ l ޤޤƤΤϸ츻ŪֻˤΤǤ롥츻ŪֻŵŪˤϽѸΥƥǮιޤäν껺Ȥ뤬¤Ϥäᤤ⾯ʤʤfault 14 Gower ((a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3) 6.286) "As I am drunke of that I drinke, So am I ek for falte of drinke." ȤƽФ롥ºߤΥƥñľܤεȤϤʤ *fallitum ΩƤƤ롥եǤ15--17 faute faulte ηǸƤ롥Ѹ l ޤֻɸȤʤäΤ17ʹߤȯˤ /l/ εưϤǰꤷʤä
OED ˤȡ17--18 Pope Swift ˤ fault thought wrought ȵӱƧǤȤ1855ǯ Johnson μˤ "The l is sometimes sounded, and sometimes mute. In conversation it is generally suppressed." ս롥fault Ȼ褦ʴĶˤ l ϡؼԤˤȤäƤμä褦ǡͻҤ Dobson (Vol. 2, 425. fn. 5) 褯Ƥ롥
Balm, calm, palm, almond, falcon, salmon, &c. should by etymology have no [l], being from OF baume, &c., and normally are recorded without [l]. But some of them had 'learned' OF forms, adopted directly from Latin, which retained [l] . . ., and others came to be spelt with l partly on etymological grounds and partly on the model of psalm, &c., spelt with but pronounced without l; and from the OF 'learned' variants, and perhaps partly from the spelling in combination with the variation in pronunciation in psalm, &c., there arose pronunciations with ME aul, recorded by Salesbury in calm, Bullokar in almond, balm, and calm, Gil in balm (as a 'learned' variant), and Daines in calm (as a variant). . . .
Variation between pronunciations with and without l in such native words as malt and salt has clearly aided the establishment of the spelling-pronunciations with [l] in fault and vault, in which the orthoepists regularly show the l to be silent, with the following exceptions. Hart once retains l in faults, probably by error; Gil says that most omit the l, but some -pronounce it, and twice gives transcriptions with l elsewhere (in Luick's copy of the 1619 edition a transcription faut is corrected by hand to falt); Tonkis fails to say that the l is silent, and the anonymous reviser (1684) of T. Shelton's Tachygraphy does not omit it (in contrast to this treatment of, for example, balm); and Hodges relegates to his 'near alike' list the paring of fault and fought. Bullokar twice transcribes vault without l, but once retains it.
fault ˤĤƶܤܤȡEnglish Dialect Dictionary ˤϡ"FAULT, sb. and v. Var. dial. uses in Sc. Irel. Eng. and Amer. Also in forms faut Sc. Ir. n.Yks.2 e.Yks. n.Lin.1 War. Shr.1 2 Som. w.Som.1; faute Sc.; fowt Suf. [folt, fat, f$t, fout.]" ȵܤƤꡤ¿ l ʤη֤ʬۤƤ뤳Ȥ狼롥
ɸѸȯ /fɔːlt/ ǰꤷƤꡤ̾ϲռʤɸफܤ餻Сˤ̤ʪ줬äƤ롥fault 츻Ūֻݤ;ȤϡϤޤäƤä⡤Τ³ƤΤǤ롥
Dobson, E. J. English Pronunciation 1500--1700. 2nd ed. Vol. 2. Oxford: OUP, 1968.
ɸθֻϡԤ <dispatch> ɸŪȤ뤬ä˥ꥹѸǤϸԤ <despatch> Ѥ롥ǤξܤƤΤ̤ǡԤäɸŪǤȤҤϤʤϲȤΤʤˤϸԤ츻Ūʴ⤢褦ˤĤ Horobin (230--31) ϼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥
The preference for dispatch over despatch is similarly debatable, given that despatch is recorded as an alternative spelling for dispatch by the OED. The spelling dispatch is certainly to be preferred on etymological grounds, since its prefix derives from Latin dis-; the despatch spelling first appeared by mistake in Johnson's Dictionary. However, since the nineteenth century despatch has been in regular usage and continues to be widely employed today. Given this, why should despatch not be used in The Guardian? In fact, a search of this newspaper's online publication shows that occurrences of despatch do sneak into the paper: while dispatch is clearly the more frequent spelling (almost 14,000 occurrences when I carried out the search), there were almost 2,000 instances of the proscribed spelling despatch.
ѤˤȤꡤȯü Johnson μεҤ餷Τ Johnson ϸФȤ <despatch> ǤƤꡤ츻Ǥϥե depescher ȤƤ롥Ƭ첻ϥޥǤ <i> <e> ɤƤΤǤꡤJohnson <e> κѤ츻˾Ȥ餷 "mistake" ȸƤ٤뤫ɤϵǤ롥ȤȥƥǤϤθʸڤƤʤꥢǤ dispaccioեǤ despeechier ʤɤֻԤƤѸֻݤˤɤθ츻Ȥ줿ǤꡤǤϤʤޤJohnson ϼʳμˤƤϰӤ <dispatch> ѤƤꡤŴ֤äȤƤ
<despatch> γطʤ Johnson μäȤȤϡ¾ڤ뤳ȤΤΡʬˤꤽѸ쥳ѥ CLMET3.0 70ǯȤ˶ڤä3ˤξֻ٤äƤߤȡΤ褦˽Ф
| Period (subcorpus size) | <dispatch> etc. | <despatch> etc. |
|---|---|---|
| 1710--1780 (10,480,431 words) | 403 | 354 |
| 1780--1850 (11,285,587) | 145 | 267 |
| 1850--1920 (12,620,207) | 67 | 263 |
դˤϡformality Υ٥뤬¸ߤ롥ܸȤˤ⡤줬ǽŪ˸ŪʰʪդͽǤС㤨д˴ְ㤤Τʤ褦ĤʤɡʤդʧΤ̤Ǥ롥ŻҥʸϤʤɤǤϡʪϳʼ٤뤳Ȥ¿ӥͥʤŪŪʤζʸϤǤäƤæʤɤϷ褷ƾʤʤŪʥʸϤǤСʤæʤɤΩĤȤϡïиƤȤǤ롥ˡʬɤळȤΤʤ˺ϿʤɤǤϡʸˡƤꡤŬ˻Ȥäꤹ롥⤷ͤ˸졤äƤȻŦ줿ȤƤ⡤䤿ϤϸǤϤʤάʽˤʤȿʤդˤϡˡδȤ̤μȤơformality δγʼάȤ롥ϸѸǤƱǤ롥
Ѹˤֻɸಽȸ경塹ȿʹԤƤ17--18ˤ⡤ƱäֻˤϡȤ̤μȤ formality μ¸ߤƤAddison, Dryden, Swift, Johnson ʤʸͤϡ1ĤθꤷֻDZѸȤĥˡεϤΩ褦ȤϤޤǸŪʸϤ˸ꤵƤȤΤϡ修ʤɤǤϡɤ줿ֻˤѤƤǤ롥Swift ¾ͤμˤֻˤϸäˤ⤫餺 jail/gaol, hear/here/heer, college/colledge ʤɤɤƤJohnson ϼǤֻθ경ˤäŪʽʪǤ complete/compleet, pamphlet/pamflet, dos/do's/does ѰۤJohnson Ǥ顤修ˤƤä˸ˡɬפƤʤäΤǤ롥Horobin (157) ϡ17--18ˤ뤳ξˤĤơʲΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥
Rather being a marker of literacy or education, non-standard spellings in private letters seem to have been considered a marker of relative formality. These private spellings do not appear in printed works, which follow the accepted standard spelling conventions.
ξϡ¿쾯ʤ19ʹߡߤޤ³ƤȤäƤǤϤʤդˤĤƤϡˡ formality ꡤ뤤ϸȤƱƤϤʤʤȤȤ
ȤȤǤСԥ塼ǤΤȤ¿ʤäƤŪʥƤȤǤ顤ȾмưŪ˥ڥåѴʸʤɤΥåǽư褦ˤʤäƤĤƤϿǡȼԤäƤŪʥåǽߡԥ塼ˤäƻŪʽʪΰˤƤƤȤˡл뤹뵬ϼŪΩοͤˤȤäƤϡΤ褦ʼưåǽ¸ߤ˾ޤפΤ⤷ʤˡθȤ⤤뤫 Swift Johnson Ǥ顤ΤεϤβĤˤפΤǤϤʤפȤɬפˤʤΤϸŪʸ̮ˤƤǤꡤŪʸ̮ǤפⶵΤ©줷롥ȾưǺư륹ڥåѴظ˹Ƥ뼭βʤΤϤΤȾХ֥åܥåȤʤäƤǡˡפפƤȤȤϡͤƤߤ©줷Ф꤫鴶롥Swift Johnson θζ̤ϡƳQŪäƤΤ⤷ʤ
դؤοβȤˤĤƤϡ#1844. ɥĸ켰̾ƬʸѤϱѸˤ⤢ä (2) ([2014-05-15-1]) Ȥ줿
Horobin, Simon. Does Spelling Matter? Oxford: OUP, 2013.
ε#1982. -ick or -ic (2) ([2014-09-30-1]) ˰³ѸǤ -ic(k) ΰ֤ʬۡʿܡˤĴ롥Ѥ륳ѥϻΤΤΤǤϤʤĿŪ EEBO (Early English Books Online) ɤѤƥȽǤ롥ޤѥƤ餺ɽѹդݤƤʤñʤƥȤνȤΤʤΤǡĴ̤ϲΤΤȤƲᤷƤʬ1617绨Ĥʬ줾쥳ѥ923,115졤9,637,954Ǥʥѥ10ܰʾγԶѹդʼ֤աˡʲǤϡ100 (wpm) ǼƤ롥
| Spelling pair | Period 1 (1501--1600) (in wpm) | Period 2 (1601--1700) (in wpm) |
|---|---|---|
| angelick / angelic | 0.00 / 0.00 | 1.45 / 0.21 |
| antick / antic | 0.00 / 0.00 | 2.49 / 0.10 |
| apoplectick / apoplectic | 0.00 / 0.00 | 0.21 / 0.00 |
| aquatick / aquatic | 0.00 / 0.00 | 0.10 / 0.00 |
| arabick / arabic | 0.00 / 0.00 | 0.52 / 0.10 |
| archbishoprick / archbishopric | 0.00 / 0.00 | 0.10 / 0.00 |
| arctick / arctic | 0.00 / 0.00 | 0.42 / 0.00 |
| arithmetick / arithmetic | 0.00 / 0.00 | 3.22 / 0.31 |
| aromatick / aromatic | 0.00 / 0.00 | 0.83 / 0.10 |
| asiatick / asiatic | 0.00 / 0.00 | 0.31 / 0.00 |
| attick / attic | 0.00 / 0.00 | 0.31 / 0.21 |
| authentick / authentic | 0.00 / 0.00 | 3.94 / 0.42 |
| balsamick / balsamic | 0.00 / 0.00 | 0.73 / 0.10 |
| baltick / baltic | 0.00 / 0.00 | 0.93 / 0.00 |
| bishoprick / bishopric | 1.08 / 0.00 | 4.25 / 0.00 |
| bombastick / bombastic | 0.00 / 0.00 | 0.10 / 0.00 |
| catholick / catholic | 5.42 / 0.00 | 38.39 / 1.97 |
| caustick / caustic | 0.00 / 0.00 | 0.21 / 0.00 |
| characteristick / characteristic | 0.00 / 0.00 | 0.21 / 0.10 |
| cholick / cholic | 0.00 / 0.00 | 0.93 / 0.00 |
| comick / comic | 1.08 / 0.00 | 1.45 / 0.10 |
| critick / critic | 0.00 / 0.00 | 1.76 / 1.87 |
| despotick / despotic | 0.00 / 0.00 | 0.62 / 0.21 |
| domestick / domestic | 0.00 / 0.00 | 8.09 / 0.21 |
| dominick / dominic | 1.08 / 0.00 | 0.62 / 0.42 |
| dramatick / dramatic | 0.00 / 0.00 | 0.83 / 0.10 |
| emetick / emetic | 0.00 / 0.00 | 0.31 / 0.00 |
| epick / epic | 0.00 / 0.00 | 0.21 / 0.10 |
| ethick / ethic | 0.00 / 0.00 | 0.00 / 0.10 |
| exotick / exotic | 0.00 / 0.00 | 0.73 / 0.10 |
| fabrick / fabric | 0.00 / 0.00 | 8.72 / 0.31 |
| fantastick / fantastic | 1.08 / 0.00 | 3.42 / 0.10 |
| frantick / frantic | 1.08 / 0.00 | 3.94 / 0.00 |
| frolick / frolic | 1.08 / 0.00 | 3.32 / 0.00 |
| gallick / gallic | 0.00 / 0.00 | 3.32 / 0.52 |
| garlick / garlic | 0.00 / 0.00 | 2.28 / 0.00 |
| heretick / heretic | 2.17 / 0.00 | 6.02 / 0.00 |
| heroick / heroic | 0.00 / 0.00 | 16.91 / 1.35 |
| hieroglyphick / hieroglyphic | 0.00 / 0.00 | 0.31 / 0.00 |
| lethargick / lethargic | 0.00 / 0.00 | 0.52 / 0.10 |
| logick / logic | 0.00 / 0.00 | 7.06 / 1.04 |
| lunatick / lunatic | 0.00 / 0.00 | 1.66 / 0.00 |
| lyrick / lyric | 0.00 / 0.00 | 0.42 / 0.10 |
| magick / magic | 2.17 / 0.00 | 3.32 / 0.10 |
| majestick / majestic | 0.00 / 0.00 | 4.88 / 0.42 |
| mechanick / mechanic | 0.00 / 0.00 | 4.15 / 0.00 |
| metallick / metallic | 0.00 / 0.00 | 0.21 / 0.00 |
| metaphysick / metaphysic | 0.00 / 0.00 | 0.10 / 0.21 |
| mimick / mimic | 0.00 / 0.00 | 0.42 / 0.00 |
| musick / music | 7.58 / 627.22 | 40.98 / 251.40 |
| mystick / mystic | 0.00 / 0.00 | 1.45 / 0.10 |
| panegyrick / panegyric | 0.00 / 0.00 | 4.46 / 0.10 |
| panick / panic | 0.00 / 0.00 | 1.35 / 0.10 |
| paralytick / paralytic | 0.00 / 0.00 | 0.10 / 0.00 |
| pedantick / pedantic | 0.00 / 0.00 | 0.93 / 0.00 |
| philosophick / philosophic | 0.00 / 0.00 | 0.00 / 0.21 |
| physick / physic | 1.08 / 0.00 | 27.39 / 1.56 |
| plastick / plastic | 0.00 / 0.00 | 0.21 / 0.00 |
| platonick / platonic | 0.00 / 0.00 | 0.93 / 0.00 |
| politick / politic | 0.00 / 0.00 | 15.98 / 1.14 |
| prognostick / prognostic | 0.00 / 0.00 | 0.52 / 0.00 |
| publick / public | 5.42 / 3.25 | 237.39 / 5.71 |
| relick / relic | 0.00 / 0.00 | 0.52 / 0.00 |
| republick / republic | 0.00 / 0.00 | 3.01 / 0.31 |
| rhetorick / rhetoric | 0.00 / 0.00 | 5.71 / 0.21 |
| rheumatick / rheumatic | 0.00 / 0.00 | 0.21 / 0.00 |
| romantick / romantic | 0.00 / 0.00 | 0.83 / 0.00 |
| rustick / rustic | 0.00 / 0.00 | 1.66 / 0.00 |
| sceptick / sceptic | 0.00 / 0.00 | 0.10 / 0.10 |
| scholastick / scholastic | 0.00 / 0.00 | 0.31 / 0.42 |
| stoick / stoic | 0.00 / 0.00 | 0.93 / 0.00 |
| sympathetick / sympathetic | 0.00 / 0.00 | 0.21 / 0.00 |
| topick / topic | 0.00 / 0.00 | 1.45 / 0.00 |
| traffick / traffic | 3.25 / 0.00 | 8.61 / 0.42 |
| tragick / tragic | 3.25 / 0.00 | 2.91 / 0.00 |
| tropick / tropic | 0.00 / 0.00 | 1.04 / 0.00 |
#872. -ick or -ic ([2011-09-16-1]) εǡ<public> <publick> ֻʬ̻ۤŪѲˤĤơGoogle Books Ngram Viewer Google Books: American English ѤƴʰĴ-ic -ick ˾ѰۤˤĤƤϡJohnson A Dictionary of the English Language (1755) ǤԤޤƤWebster The American Dictionary of the English Language (1828) ǤϸԤؤɤڤäƤȰҤ٤ΰϾɬפΤ褦
#1637. CLMET3.0 between betwixt ʬۤĴ ([2013-10-20-1]) ǾҲ𤷤 CLMET3.0 ѤơѸμ礿 -ic(k) ֻĴƤߤ1710--1920ǯδ֤3ʬơ줾ֻ٤Ȥä̤ʲ˷Ǥ褦
| Spelling pair | Period 1 (1710--1780) | Period 2 (1780--1850) | Period 3 (1850--1920) |
|---|---|---|---|
| angelick / angelic | 6 / 50 | 0 / 68 | 0 / 50 |
| antick / antic | 4 / 10 | 1 / 6 | 0 / 3 |
| apoplectick / apoplectic | 0 / 10 | 1 / 19 | 0 / 14 |
| aquatick / aquatic | 1 / 2 | 0 / 35 | 0 / 56 |
| arabick / arabic | 2 / 101 | 0 / 45 | 0 / 115 |
| archbishoprick / archbishopric | 4 / 7 | 2 / 2 | 0 / 8 |
| arctick / arctic | 1 / 5 | 0 / 20 | 0 / 93 |
| arithmetick / arithmetic | 9 / 32 | 0 / 77 | 0 / 98 |
| aromatick / aromatic | 4 / 14 | 0 / 29 | 0 / 36 |
| asiatick / asiatic | 1 / 101 | 0 / 48 | 0 / 76 |
| attick / attic | 1 / 32 | 0 / 34 | 0 / 71 |
| authentick / authentic | 4 / 160 | 0 / 79 | 0 / 68 |
| balsamick / balsamic | 1 / 1 | 0 / 5 | 0 / 1 |
| baltick / baltic | 4 / 50 | 0 / 33 | 0 / 43 |
| bishoprick / bishopric | 3 / 28 | 2 / 9 | 0 / 19 |
| bombastick / bombastic | 1 / 2 | 0 / 3 | 0 / 4 |
| cathartick / cathartic | 0 / 1 | 1 / 0 | 0 / 0 |
| catholick / catholic | 7 / 291 | 0 / 342 | 0 / 296 |
| caustick / caustic | 1 / 2 | 0 / 11 | 0 / 20 |
| characteristick / characteristic | 8 / 92 | 0 / 354 | 0 / 687 |
| cholick / cholic | 1 / 13 | 0 / 2 | 0 / 1 |
| comick / comic | 1 / 68 | 0 / 67 | 0 / 165 |
| coptick / coptic | 1 / 11 | 0 / 3 | 0 / 35 |
| critick / critic | 12 / 153 | 0 / 168 | 0 / 155 |
| despotick / despotic | 9 / 66 | 0 / 51 | 0 / 65 |
| dialectick / dialectic | 1 / 0 | 0 / 0 | 0 / 6 |
| didactick / didactic | 0 / 10 | 1 / 20 | 0 / 23 |
| domestick / domestic | 46 / 733 | 0 / 736 | 0 / 488 |
| dominick / dominic | 4 / 11 | 0 / 14 | 1 / 3 |
| dramatick / dramatic | 8 / 214 | 0 / 206 | 0 / 216 |
| elliptick / elliptic | 1 / 1 | 0 / 8 | 0 / 2 |
| emetick / emetic | 4 / 5 | 0 / 7 | 0 / 5 |
| epick / epic | 1 / 68 | 0 / 83 | 1 / 38 |
| ethick / ethic | 1 / 6 | 0 / 0 | 0 / 3 |
| exotick / exotic | 2 / 7 | 0 / 20 | 0 / 38 |
| fabrick / fabric | 15 / 116 | 1 / 84 | 0 / 111 |
| fantastick / fantastic | 9 / 45 | 0 / 157 | 0 / 198 |
| frantick / frantic | 5 / 88 | 2 / 163 | 0 / 124 |
| frolick / frolic | 19 / 44 | 0 / 46 | 0 / 32 |
| gaelick / gaelic | 1 / 1 | 0 / 30 | 0 / 64 |
| gallick / gallic | 1 / 75 | 0 / 11 | 0 / 10 |
| gothick / gothic | 2 / 498 | 0 / 131 | 0 / 66 |
| heretick / heretic | 2 / 31 | 0 / 37 | 0 / 24 |
| heroick / heroic | 17 / 201 | 2 / 224 | 0 / 211 |
| hieroglyphick / hieroglyphic | 2 / 4 | 0 / 7 | 0 / 8 |
| hysterick / hysteric | 1 / 9 | 0 / 10 | 0 / 6 |
| laconick / laconic | 2 / 13 | 0 / 14 | 0 / 7 |
| lethargick / lethargic | 1 / 12 | 0 / 8 | 0 / 14 |
| logick / logic | 4 / 62 | 0 / 361 | 0 / 367 |
| lunatick / lunatic | 2 / 32 | 0 / 34 | 0 / 77 |
| lyrick / lyric | 3 / 15 | 0 / 26 | 0 / 37 |
| magick / magic | 9 / 110 | 0 / 296 | 0 / 292 |
| majestick / majestic | 4 / 73 | 0 / 149 | 1 / 115 |
| mechanick / mechanic | 6 / 79 | 0 / 47 | 0 / 58 |
| metallick / metallic | 1 / 9 | 0 / 79 | 0 / 137 |
| metaphysick / metaphysic | 1 / 2 | 0 / 11 | 0 / 9 |
| mimick / mimic | 2 / 25 | 1 / 46 | 0 / 23 |
| musick / music | 87 / 549 | 3 / 1220 | 3 / 1684 |
| mystick / mystic | 1 / 39 | 0 / 92 | 0 / 167 |
| obstetrick / obstetric | 1 / 2 | 0 / 1 | 0 / 0 |
| panegyrick / panegyric | 19 / 121 | 0 / 43 | 0 / 16 |
| panick / panic | 14 / 58 | 1 / 90 | 0 / 314 |
| paralytick / paralytic | 1 / 15 | 0 / 41 | 0 / 14 |
| pedantick / pedantic | 3 / 31 | 0 / 28 | 0 / 29 |
| philippick / philippic | 2 / 2 | 0 / 3 | 0 / 2 |
| philosophick / philosophic | 1 / 140 | 0 / 80 | 0 / 155 |
| physick / physic | 35 / 157 | 4 / 51 | 3 / 38 |
| plastick / plastic | 1 / 4 | 0 / 19 | 0 / 32 |
| platonick / platonic | 5 / 48 | 0 / 30 | 0 / 22 |
| politick / politic | 8 / 40 | 2 / 37 | 0 / 51 |
| prognostick / prognostic | 2 / 18 | 0 / 5 | 0 / 1 |
| publick / public | 767 / 3350 | 1 / 3171 | 2 / 2606 |
| relick / relic | 1 / 26 | 4 / 56 | 0 / 65 |
| republick / republic | 12 / 515 | 0 / 185 | 0 / 171 |
| rhetorick / rhetoric | 26 / 109 | 2 / 40 | 0 / 65 |
| rheumatick / rheumatic | 1 / 7 | 0 / 33 | 0 / 30 |
| romantick / romantic | 32 / 191 | 0 / 346 | 0 / 322 |
| rustick / rustic | 3 / 102 | 0 / 157 | 0 / 80 |
| sarcastick / sarcastic | 1 / 37 | 0 / 66 | 0 / 60 |
| sceptick / sceptic | 3 / 26 | 0 / 19 | 0 / 26 |
| scholastick / scholastic | 2 / 24 | 0 / 42 | 0 / 46 |
| sciatick / sciatic | 1 / 1 | 0 / 1 | 0 / 3 |
| scientifick / scientific | 2 / 16 | 0 / 451 | 0 / 814 |
| stoick / stoic | 5 / 34 | 1 / 15 | 0 / 26 |
| sympathetick / sympathetic | 3 / 26 | 0 / 70 | 0 / 248 |
| systematick / systematic | 1 / 13 | 0 / 64 | 0 / 104 |
| topick / topic | 12 / 128 | 0 / 177 | 0 / 176 |
| traffick / traffic | 80 / 67 | 1 / 164 | 0 / 203 |
| tragick / tragic | 4 / 65 | 0 / 65 | 0 / 209 |
| tropick / tropic | 12 / 37 | 0 / 7 | 0 / 23 |
ε#1749. οʲŤΥԡɡ ([2014-02-09-1]) ǡAitchison "language bonfire" βҲ𤷤 bonfire ʲСˤȤθ郎̣ΤǿƤ̣ȷ֤ξˤơѲ뤲ƤǤ롥
θνФ15̤ꡤbonnefyre, banefyre ʤɤֻǸ롥츻ȤƤŪñǡbone + fire ʣǤ롥ʸ̤DzФʲ餯ꥹȶ̤ԻؤƤ褦ǡֽŪŵޤʤɤΤŷʲ礫Сפ̣ ¤εԤιΤ褦Ѥdz䤹ФΤȤǤ⤢ꡤФ֤ηʲѤФΤȤǤ⤢äOnians (268fn) ˤȡ̿μȹͤƤꡤdz䤹Ȥ˭¿ȿƤȤ⤤ƥ ignis ossiumե feu d'os ʤɤб礬롥ϡMED bōn-fīr ȡ
161ĤŤޤä bonfire ֻڤˤĤ bone θ˺褦ˤʤꡤ̲ʲСס֥ʲפƤ롥åȥɤǤϡOED bonfire, n. θ츻ˤ褦ˡֻȸ1800ǯޤݤƤ褦 ("In Scotland with the form bane-fire, the memory of the original sense was retained longer; for the annual midsummer 'banefire' or 'bonfire' in the burgh of Hawick, old bones were regularly collected and stored up, down to c1800.") ۤˤǤĹ첻ֻĤäƤ (see "bonefire" in EDD Online)
1Ǥ bon ɽΤˤʤäƤȡָ̱츻βԤ褦ˤʤꡤ1755ǯˤ Johnson μǤ鼡Τ褦ʲ
BO'NFIRE. n. s. [from bon, good, Fr. and fire.] A fire made for some publick cause of triumph or exultation.
ʣ1ǤΤ褦ṳ̂ΤȤǤϤʤȤȤĹ첻ʣˤΤĹʤ뤳ȤؤȤơû첻Ȥϡgospell (< God + spell), holiday (< holy + day), knowledge (< know + -ledge), Monday (< moon + day) ʤɤ̤˸롥
bonfire ȤСꥹǤ115˹Ԥֹ̱Ի Bonfire Night 뤤 Guy Fawkes Night ͭ̾Ǥ롥1605ǯ115ȥå̤IJˤ James I Ż⤯Ż (Gunpowder Plot) ¹Ԥͽäײ褬Ϫ¹ԼԤȤ Guy Fawkes (1570--1606) ᤵ줿衤ŤϪȹ̵ˤ٤Ƭ礭ʤФdz䤷Guy Fawkes ɤäͷdz䤷ֲФ뽬¯ԤƤ
Onians, Richard Broxton. The Origins of European Thought about the Body, the Mind, the Soul, the World, Time, and Fate. 2nd ed. Cambridge: CUP, 1954.
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