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walker - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2022-12-06 Tue

#4971. often t ȯΤʤΤ [youtube][spelling_pronunciation][prestige][stigma][walker][genius6]

줿 YouTube ְʼδѸظإͥκǿȤʤ81Ƥoften t ȯͤ÷ʤoften often t ˤĤƹͻƤޤ
ȯ䤵줿إ˥¼ŵ6ˡ䤬ɮƤֱѸQ&AפȤबߤƤꡤ often ˤĤƤΥޤޤƤΤǡ YouTube ǤϤ򿼷ꤷ褦ȻפΩäǤcf. #4892. ͽΡإ˥¼ŵ6ǤοߥֱѸQ&AפξҲ ([2022-09-18-1])ˡYouTube μϿͤ˥塼뤷ϪܤβȤȤ⤢ޤơҤİƤФȡ



ǯ often /t/ spelling_pronunciation θ˽äƶȯƤƤȤäǤˤĤƤ hellog Ǥľܡܤ¿夲Ƥޤʲ򤴻Ȥ

#4146. ʤ often ϡ֥եȥפȯ뤳ȤΤǤ --- hellog 饸ǡ ([2020-09-02-1])
#379. often spelling pronunciation ([2010-05-11-1])
#211. spelling pronunciation ([2009-11-24-1])
#2121. Ѹˤˤ /t/ æ ([2015-02-16-1])
#380. often <t> ǤϤʤ <n> ⤷ ([2010-05-12-1])
#381. oft often ʬ̻ۤŪѲ ([2010-05-13-1])
#3662. "Recency Illusion" "Frequency Illusion" ([2019-05-07-1])

ͤޤǤ American Heritage Dictionary 5th ed. ˤ often Usage Note ѤƤޤŪʷаޤ󤵤Ƥޤ

Usage Note: The pronunciation of often with a (t) is a classic example of what is known as a spelling pronunciation. During the 1500s and 1600s, English experienced a widespread loss of certain consonant sounds within consonant clusters, as the (d) in handsome and handkerchief, the (p) in consumption and raspberry, and the (t) in chestnut and often. In this way the consonant clusters were simplified and made easier to articulate. But with the rise of public education and literacy in the 1800s, people became more aware of spelling, and sounds that had become silent were sometimes restored. This is the case with the (t) in often, which is acceptably pronounced with or without the (t). In similar words, such as soften and listen, the t has generally remained silent.


ߤǤ¿αѸüԤ often ˤĤ /t/ ζʤŪȯȶ׿ŪȯξäƤ褦ǡä˸Ԥܤ (stigma) դƤ櫓ǤʤǤԤǰҿ (prestige) ΤȯȤռϤޤ¿ĤäƤ뤫⤷ޤ󡥳׿Ūȯ̱ˤϡ¿֤ΤǤ
Ǥ⤷Τϡ16--17ˤϤष /t/ ʤȯ׿ŪäȤǤơDobson (§405) θˤСºݤ˰ҿ㤫ä餷ΤǤ

§405. Loss of [t] after [f] is common only in often, where assimilation to the following [n̩] assists the loss, but occurs in other cases (see Wyld, p. 302, on Toft's and Shaftesbury). In often [t] is kept by Hart, Bullokar, Robinson, Gil, Hodges, and the shorthand-writer Hopkins (as often in PresE; Wyld, loc. cit., is surely wide of the mark in calling this 'a new-fangled innovation'), but shown as lost by the 'phonetically spelt' lists of Coles and his successors (Strong, Young, and Brown); despite its use by Queen Elizabeth, the pronunciation without [t] seems to have been avoided in careful speech in the seventeenth century, for record in these 'phonetically spelt' lists and nowhere else generally indicates a vulgarism.


ʤ18εȯηǤȤ#1456. John Walker A Critical Pronouncing Dictionary (1791) ([2013-04-22-1]) ˤС/t/ ʤȯΤߤǺܤƤޤ

Dobson, E. J. English Pronunciation 1500--1700. 2nd ed. 2 vols. Oxford: OUP, 1968.

Referrer (Inside): [2023-05-31-1]

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2022-09-09 Fri

#4883. magic e Ȥƾ [oed][final_e][spelling][vowel][terminology][mulcaster][walker][silent_letter][pronunciation][spelling_pronunciation_gap]

take, meme, fine, pope, cute ʤɤθ -e ϡ켫ΤȯʤԤ첻ĹפɤޤޤȤƵǽ롥Τ褦ˡ e magic e ʥޥå eˤȸƤФ롥ˡΤ褦¾첻ȯƤޤѸ춵顦ؽѸȤƤ褯ΤƤ롥
magic e Ưˤξܺ٤ hellog ʲε򻲾Ȥ줿

#1289. magic <e> ([2012-11-06-1])
#979. Ѹֻ <e> ([2012-01-01-1])
#1827. magic <e> Ȥ̵ط <-ve> ([2014-04-28-1])
#1344. final -e ˡ ([2012-12-31-1])
#2377. ԤĹ첻ɽ魯 <e>  (1) ([2015-10-30-1])
#2378. ԤĹ첻ɽ魯 <e>  (2) ([2015-10-31-1])
#3954. 첻Ĺûʬ褦ȤѸο ([2020-02-23-1])

magic e ȤƾΤΤΤ˾ƤOED magic, adj. (and int.) ΤȤɤ߸ФΩƤƤ롥

magic e n. (also with capital initials) (chiefly in primary school literacy teaching) a silent e at the end of a word or morpheme following a consonant, which lengthens the preceding vowel and consequently appears to transform its sound; as the e in hope, lute, casework, etc.
     Cf. silent adj. 3c.
   1918 Primary Educ. Mar. 183/2 Let us see how the a will sound after magic e is fastened on mat. (Write mate on board. Pronounce.) You see what trick he did. He changed short a into long a.
   2005 L. Wendon & L. Holt Letterland: Adv. Teacher's Guide (2009) ii. 58 It was recommended that children play-act the Magic e's function in tap and tape.


Ф100ǯۤζػȤʤäƤ롥1918ˤ̤ʤŪɽǤϤʤͽۤƤä褦
嵭 Cf. ȤƵ󤲤Ƥ silent, adj. and n. 򻲾ȤƤߤȡ3c ι "silent e" ˴ؤ뵭Ҥä

c. Of a letter: written but not pronounced. Cf. mute adj. 4b, magic e n. at magic adj. Compounds.
     Sometimes designating a letter whose absence would have no impact on the pronunciation of the word, as b in doubt, and sometimes designating a letter that has a diacritic function, as final e indicating the length of the vowel of a preceding syllable, as in mute or fate.
   1582 R. Mulcaster 1st Pt. Elementarie xvii. 113 Som vse the same silent e, after r, in the end, as lettre, cedre, childre, and such, where methink it were better to be the flat e, before r, as letter, ceder, childer.
   1775 J. Walker Dict. Eng. Lang. sig. 4Ov Persuade, whose final E is silent, and serves only to lengthen the sound of the A in the last syllable.
   1881 E. B. Tylor Anthropol. vii. 179 The now silent letters are relics of sounds which used to be really heard in Anglo-Saxon.
   2017 Hispania 100 286 The letter 'h' is silent in Spanish and is often omitted by those who are not familiar with the spelling of a word.


magic e "silent e" ƱͤǤϤʤԤϸԤüǤ롥ΰѤ Mulcaster ν magic e ΤȤҤ٤Ƥ櫓ǤϤʤȤդɬפǤ롥2ܤ Walker ϡΤ magic e ΤȤҤ٤Ƥ롥
mute, adj. and n.3 4b ιƤߤ "mute e" ȤƤ⤢ʬ롥 "silent e" ƱͤǤ롥θƾΤνϼ̤ǡǤϼ¼Ū magic e ΤȤҤ٤Ƥ롥

1840 Proc. Philol. Soc. 3 6 It gradually was established..that when a mute e followed a single consonant the preceding vowel was a long one.

Referrer (Inside): [2022-11-14-1]

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2022-01-31 Mon

#4662. ΩαѸ쥹ԡ󥰥ƥȤ [elt][khelf][world_englishes][rp][walker][pronunciation]

ǯ1227ΤȤˤʤޤīʹ Edua ֤ɤʤء⹻ΩαѸ쥹ԡ󥰥ƥȡ餬ƳȿСפεԲ񸫡ꤹ뵭Ǻܤޤ1ͤҲ𤷤Ƥޤơ٤Фʤ⤳ؤΥե khelf ǵȯƤƤޤ
ϤΤǤȤ櫓ܤ٤ϰʲǤƱѡˡ

ɾοˤĤƤϡɤΤ褦ʴְ㤤ɤ뤫ƩȤäԶѤƤˤֲפιܡ3ˤˤĤƵ褷ιܤϡαƶ˶Ƥפ1αƶ򶯤Ƥפ2αƶƤ礬뤬ʤˤפ3ȤƤ롥ˡֻդǿѸ춵鸦ĹĿϡָ̩ʶ̤ĤȤϻפʤܸüԤܸαƶɬƤꡤˤƤޤȤäʤƤǤʤˤ¿ͤʱѸ줬Τˡ̤ȤΤϤΤǤϤʤפä


ĥåߤ饭꤬ʤȤΤϡޤˤΤȤǤ餳ե夬äƤȤ櫓ạ̇̄ǤȤƤ褤ȤʤäƤޤʤΥڡ3ǯ٤ΥץƥȺǤϡαƶפ˴ؤܤϺƤޤ
Ѹ˸ԤΩ줫뤳Ȥϡȯ濴Ȥäդ˴ؤ붯ϲϡޤĤ㤬ʤȤȤǤ18εϼλȯˤĤƤ⡤19Ⱦ RP ˤĤƤ⡤ޤܻؤ٤ȯ򼨤ΤǤꡤΡָŪʻǤפȤεϲˤϱ󤯵ڤӤޤcf. #768. ѲĤĤ RP ϰ̡ ([2011-06-04-1])#1456. John Walker A Critical Pronouncing Dictionary (1791) ([2013-04-22-1])#3356. ɸȯ18Ⱦ ([2018-07-05-1])ˡäդˤĤɸಽϲϡ "focused" ˤȤɤޤ "fixed" ܻؤȤϸ¤ˤԲǽǤ (cf. #3207. ɸѸȸɸಽ˴ؤ뤤ĤνѸ ([2018-02-06-1])) Τ褦ɸ򡤤ƻǤϲȤ¸ȤȤʤΤǤ礦
ޤ "World Englishes" Ǥϡ¿ͤʱѸȯԤʤƤȤ¤ޤ塤Ȥ٤ѸѼȯ뤳ȤɬפǤ¾Ѽȯ¸ߤǧ뤳ȤɬפǤξɬۤꤹ٤ˤơ嵭κΤ褦ʡˤΤ߿ڤäˤΤŬڤǤϤʤȹͤޤ
ܥ֥ɼԤγ⡤ˤĤƹͤƤߤƤϤǤ礦

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2022-01-06 Thu

#4637. 18ɸŪȯˡ [dialectology][standardisation][prescriptive_grammar][philology][ortheopy][prescriptivism][pronunciation][lexicography][methodology][walker][reconstruction]

Ѹ˸ǤϡѸȤ櫓18ɸŪȯƱ񤷤ȿƤ18ȤСλפǤꡤˤĤƤФޤ˵ϼ (prescriptivism) λǤ롥#1456. John Walker A Critical Pronouncing Dictionary (1791) ([2013-04-22-1]) ɽȤơɸŪǵŪȯ󼨤뼭񤬼ȽǤ줿äɸŪϰҲϿ;ϤʤɤʤȿƤ
ͤƤߤСϼθȤΤϡ֡ȤȯˡѤ٤פȤǤϤʤ֢ȤȯˡѤ٤餺פ⤯Ȥ¿Ĥޤꡤػߤ٤Ȥ֢פɸŪʸɽ路ƤΤȲǤΤǤ롥äΤ򤹤뤳ȤϡʤΰŪʸ촷뤳ȤˤĤʤΤǤ롥ʸؾξڵ (evidence) ᥽ɥȤưΤɤǤ֤ȤäƤ褤Beal ʸϡޤˤΤɤǤ֤ϪƤƤ롥Beal (345--46) ηѤ褦

I hope that I have demonstrated that, even though the authors of these works [= prescriptive works] were prescribing what they viewed as 'correct' pronunciation, a proto-RP used by educated, higher-class speakers in London, they were often acute observers of the variants which were proscribed. In telling their readers which pronunciations to avoid, they provide us with a record of precisely those non-standard features that were most salient at the time. Such evidence can fill in the gaps in the histories of dialects, provide answers to puzzles such as those surrounding the reversal of mergers, and, perhaps most importantly, can provide time-depth to the 'apparent-time' studies so prevalent in current variationist work.


ʸؤˤƤϾڵ꤬ǽפǤ뤳Ȥ򡤺ƹͤƤ롥

Beal, Joan C. "Marks of Disgrace: Attitudes to Non-Standard Pronunciation in 18th-Century English Pronouncing Dictionaries. Methods and Data in English Historical Dialectology. Ed. Marina Dossena and Roger Lass. Bern: Peter Lang,2003. 329--49.

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2020-08-13 Thu

#4126. NURSE Merger ν [sound_change][phonetics][centralisation][vowel][merger][assimilation][rhotic][r][walker]

#3507. NURSE Merger ([2018-12-03-1])#4068. Ѹ -ir, -er, -ur ͻβŪᥫ˥ ([2020-06-16-1]) εǡr ֤첻Ūͻ礷ƤܤѸβѲȤǤ Dobson (724) "No consonant exercises greater or more varied influence on the development of the words in ME and ModE than r." ȽҤ٤Ƥ̤ꡤѸ˾夭ƱƶϤ礭ʲѲǤ롥
βѲˤĤ Hickey ʸɤൡ񤬤äޤȤƤͭפʤΤǡβսѤ褦 (99--100)

The BIRD-TERM-NURSE merger

For his discussion of short vowel centralisation before /r/ Dobson discusses /ɛ/, /ɪ/ and /ʌ/ separately and in that order. However, he sees the development of all three vowels as similar and as having taken place in the early seventeenth century, in "Standard English", though earlier "in the dialects" (Dobson 1968, 746). The centralisation took place "because of the influence of the following r to the central vowel [ə]". He continues to state that "[t]he reason for the retraction was to anticipate the pronunciation of the r, for [ə] is a vowel closely allied to the ModE [r]". Lass (2006, 91) sees the centralisation for all three ME vowels as having taken place somewhat later and mentions Nares (1794) as the first writer to say that "vergin, virgin and vurgin would be pronounced alike".
   Dobson (1968, 746) states that the schwa vowel "must have been of approximately the same quality as PresE [ə] which later develops from it when the r is vocalized to [ə]". There is an important conclusion from these remarks, namely that centralisation presupposes the existence of a following /r/ so that the loss of rhoticity must be dated after the centralisation. Confirmation of this is found from prescriptive authors of the eighteenth century. For instance, John Walker in his Critical Pronouncing Dictionary of 1791 has 'bu2rd' for bird, his u2 represents schwa (in his principle 172 he states that the vowel value is the same as that in done, son). Walker also transcribes bird with "r" but we know that he favoured the retention of non-prevocalic /r/ even though he recognised that it was rapidly losing ground during his lifetime.


NURSE Merger ΥΥˤĤƲƥݥȤȴФȡΤ褦ˤʤ롥

(1) ͻ礬ϡ1718ޤǤȽ֤
(2) ɸѸǤɸѸ٤ä
(3) ޤ첻ɤ岽ͻ礷θ˸첻ͻ礷
(4) 첻ͻ /r/ ξü

Dobson, E. J. English Pronunciation 1500--1700. 1st ed. Oxford: Clarendon, 1957. 2 vols.
Hickey, Raymond. "Vowels before /r/ in the History of English." Contact, Variation, and Change in the History of English. Ed. Simone E. Pfenninger, Olga Timofeeva, Anne-Christine Gardner, Alpo Honkapohja, Marianne Hundt and Daniel Schreier. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: Benjamins, 2014. 95--110.
Lass, Roger. "Phonology and Morphology." A History of the English Language. Ed. Richard Hogg and David Denison. Cambridge: CUP, 2006. 43--108.
Nares, Robert. Elements of Orthoepy. 1794. Reprint. Menston: Scolar P, 1968.

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2020-02-06 Thu

#3937. hospital humble h 200ǯˤȯƤʤä [walker][h][lmode][sociolinguistics]

ε#3936. h-dropping ȽȥꥷѸ ([2020-02-05-1]) ˰³Minkova (108) ˰͵򤷤ʤ h ˴ؤ󶡤
ɸѸǸƬ h ȯʤȤƤΤ heir, honest, honour, hour 䤽δϢʤɾ˸¤Ƥ뤬h ̵ͭɤ򼨤ȤȤǤ herb, historical, humour ʤɤɲä롥ºݡ#461. OANC ФȯʤƬ <h> ([2010-08-01-1])#462. BNC ФȯʤƬ <h> ([2010-08-02-1]) Ĵ٤ƤߤȤˤȡɤλϾʤʤ
ŪˤΤ褦ɤ줬ߤȤȤϡ̻Ūˤ͡ѰۤѲäȤͽۤ롥ºݡŪǶȤ⤤Ѹ˾ʤäƤߤƤ⡤Ȥϰۤʤ⤫Ӿ夬äƤ롥200ǯۤεŪȯǤФ John Walker Critical Pronouncing Dictionary (46) 򻲾ȤƤߤ褦Ƭ h ϾȯȤȤˤʤäƤ뤬θˤƤ㳰Ū h ȯʤȤơ15줬󤵤Ƥ롥

heir, heiress, honest, honesty, honour, honourable, herb, herbage, hospital, hostler, hour, humble, humour, humorous, humoursome


ˤϸ h ̵ͭɤ򼨤ޤޤƤ뤬ΤȤƤȸεϤ礭ۤʤ櫓ǤϤʤΤʤǤ hospital humble ˴ؤƤϡѸǤ /h/ ȯΤ̤Ĥޤꡤ200ǯۤɤδ֤ˡʤȤ⤳2˴ؤƤȯʤεϡˤѤäȤȤʤޤǵϤѲǤäơºݤαѸüԤȯѲΤɤĴ٤ɬפ뤳Ȥաˡ
200ǯδ֤δˤ䤫ʵϤѲ̣Τʤ¾θǤϤʤ hospital humble ѲΤʤϻĤ롥ѸȸѸȤѲƤʤΤϡλˤƤ⡤<h> ֤ʤ /h/ ȯʤθ줬뤳ȡƤΤäƤ뤳ȤܤξڤǤȤȤ⺣⡤h Henry Sweet Ȥ "an almost infallible test of education and refinement" Ǥ⤢ꡤLynda Mugglestone "symbol of the social divide" Ǥ⤢³ƤΤ

Minkova, Donka. A Historical Phonology of English. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2014.
Walker, John. Critical Pronouncing Dictionary and Expositor of the English Language. London: Robinson and Cadell, 1971.

Referrer (Inside): [2020-02-07-1]

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2018-07-05 Thu

#3356. ɸȯ18Ⱦ [standardisation][prescriptivism][pronunciation][walker][rp][phonetics][dictionary][ipa]

#2772. ɸಽȵϲλߤϡâʸˡȯν (1) ([2016-11-28-1])#2773. ɸಽȵϲλߤϡâʸˡȯν (2) ([2016-11-29-1]) ǿ줿褦ˡѸˤˤɸಽϲήΤʤȯåȤˤ줿ΤϺǤ٤ä18Ⱦȯ񤬽ǤϤ᤿ΤäܳŪȯ "codification" ߤ줿ΤϤ1塤IPAInternational Phonetic Alphabet; ݲɸʸˤ߽Ф줿19ȾΤȤäơή2021ؤ³Ƥ롥Nevalainen and Tieken-Boon van Ostade (307--08) βѤ褦

It is only relatively recently that the norms of standard British (or rather English) English pronunciation were first systematically codified. Attempts were made to that effect in pronunciation dictionaries in the late eighteenth century by Walker (1791) and, in particular, Sheridan (1780). However, a more detailed codification did not become possible until the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) came into existence and began to be used by Henry Sweet, Daniel Jones and their fellow phoneticians in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Jones' works ran into a large number of editions, An Outline of English Phonetics, first published in its entirely in 1918, into as many as nine. His English Pronouncing Dictionary came out in 1917 and underwent a series of revisions first by Jones himself, and later by A. C. Gimson and Susan Ramsaran (14th edition, 1977). Its sixteenth edition, prepared by Peter Roach and James Hartman, came out in 2003. The most comprehensive recent work in the field is John Wells' Longman Pronunciation Dictionary (1990), which shows both RP and General American pronunciations.


ѤǤϡȯεϲȤʤä18ȾǤȤ櫓ƶϤäΤȤ Walker Ƥ뤬ˤĤƤϡ#1456. John Walker A Critical Pronouncing Dictionary (1791) ([2013-04-22-1]) 򻲾ȡWalker θȤ Longman Pronunciation Dictionary ̾󤲤Ƥ뤬ȯܥ֥ǤȯˤȤ˲٤ȤʤäˤʤäƤ
ȯɸಽϲȤϤäƤ⡤񤭸դȷӤĤ䤹ֻʸˡȰۤʤꡤȯäդΰ°ΤʤΤǡɸಽϲ˾ȤƤñΤǤϤʤޤܻؤ٤ŪʥåȤǤ롥

Nevalainen, Terttu and Ingrid Tieken-Boon van Ostade. "Standardisation." Chapter 5 of A History of the English Language. Ed. Richard Hogg and David Denison. Cambridge: CUP, 2006. 271--311.

Referrer (Inside): [2022-01-31-1] [2018-10-15-1]

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2016-11-28 Mon

#2772. ɸಽȵϲλߤϡâʸˡȯν (1) [standardisation][prescriptivism][prescriptive_grammar][emode][pronunciation][orthoepy][dictionary][lexicography][rp][johnson][lowth][orthoepy][orthography][walker]

ѸѸȾФˤƵäѸɸಽȵϲĬήˤĤơ#1237. ɸѸΥǥȱѸɸಽ ([2012-09-15-1])#1244. ʤϼ18˵Ĺ ([2012-09-22-1])#2741. ascertaining, refining, fixing ([2016-10-28-1]) 濴Ȥơstandardisation prescriptive_grammar γƵˤƤήˤĤħŪĶ̣ϡΥСåפϤˤ衤âʸˡȯν˵ϲλߤʤƤȤ
󥰥ɡƥꥹ줿ѸɸಽܻؤƤǽϡää16ȾϸäƤȤϤθ17ˤƤϡֻε§첽˾Ƥ褦ˤʤääȤֻϡ17--18ޤǤˤϤ褽褷Ƥꡤ1755ǯ Johnson μνǤϤᲡȤߤƤ褤ʴϢơ#1407. Ѹ3Ĥ ([2013-03-04-1])#2321. ֻɸಽδĬή ([2015-09-04-1]) 򻲾ȡˡ
ɸಽϲΥåȤȤʤäΤϡʸˡǤ롥18ˤϵʸˡνǤ꼡Ǥ#2583. Robert Lowth, Short Introduction to English Grammar ([2016-05-23-1]) #2592. Lindley Murray, English Grammar ([2016-06-01-1]) 繥ɾ
ơ٤18Ⱦ19ˤơȯפؤΤ꤬褦ˤʤ롥Ū (orthoepy) ؤδؿϡ#571. orthoepy ([2010-11-19-1]) ǽҤ٤褦16鸫ΤŪˡȯפԤʤ٤ȤĬ͡δ֤Ǥˤ狼˹ޤäƤΤ18ȾԤʤФʤʤä礭ʹ׸ʤΤϡ#1456. John Walker A Critical Pronouncing Dictionary (1791) ([2013-04-22-1]) Ǥ롥
ȯפμĥʤ褦ˤʤäΤ18ȾȤŪ٤äȤˤĤơBaugh and Cable (306) ϼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥

The first century and a half of English lexicography including Johnson's Dictionary of 1755, paid little attention to pronunciation, Johnson marking only the main stress in words. However, during the second half of the eighteenth century and throughout the nineteenth century, a tradition of pronouncing dictionaries flourished, with systems of diacritics indicating the length and quality of vowels and what were considered the proper consonants. Although the ostensible purpose of these guides was to eliminate linguistic bias by making the approved pronunciation available to all, the actual effect was the opposite: "good" and "bad" pronunciations were codified, and speakers of English who were not born into the right families or did not have access to elocutionary instruction suffered linguistic scorn all the more.


ǤϡḽѸɸಽȵϲλߤáֻޤˢʸˡȯȤǿʤǤäΤϤʤˤĤƤεǡ

Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.

Referrer (Inside): [2018-07-05-1] [2016-11-29-1]

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2013-04-24 Wed

#1458. cockney [cockney][variety][sociolinguistics][estuary_english][walker][popular_passage]

cockney Ȥϡϥɥ Cheapside ˤ St Mary-le-Bow ɥǻä̿򲼷ǡˤξ (Bow bells) βʹϰޤäɥҤȤθդؤߤϡɥβĮä East End ˽ϫƯԳ¯ŪѼؤ

St Mary-le-Bow

cockney ϼҲŪˤ㤯ƤѼǤꡤ#1456. John Walker A Critical Pronouncing Dictionary (1791) ([2013-04-22-1]) ǿ줿褦ˡϼλؼ John Walker (1732--1807) ʤɤ cockney ¤򲿤ˤޤ񤷤ۤɤGeorge Bernard Shaw (1856--1950) ˤ Pygmalion (1913) Υߥ塼 My Fair Lady ǡHiggins cockney ¤ΤĤ Eliza ȯ륷פФͤ⤤[2010-11-19-1]ε֡#571. orthoepyפ򻲾ȡˡ
ơcockney Ȥϡ14Ⱦ Piers Plowman A Cokeneyes ȤƽФ뤬θϡַܤפǤ롥cock ʤɤˤʣ°ʷ coken ei ˤäʣǤʤɤ򻺤ޤʤ顤̸ȤΤ ei θˤĤƤϡ[2010-03-30-1]ε#337. egges or eyrenפ򻲾ȡˡ顤֤ǤʤסִŤäʻҡסԲ͡פؤỌ̇̄ȯŸ֥ɥҡפθ1600ǯ˽Ф1617ǯˤ J. Minsheu Ductor in linguas: The guide into tongues ˤ⿨줿ͭ̾ʡפͿ롥ʲOED

A Cockney or Cockny, applied only to one borne within the sound of Bow-bell, that is, within the City of London, which tearme came first out of this tale: That a Cittizens sonne riding with his father..into the Country..asked, when he heard a horse neigh, what the horse did his father answered, the horse doth neigh; riding farther he heard a cocke crow, and said doth the cocke neigh too? and therfore Cockney or Cocknie, by inuersion thus: incock, q. incoctus i. raw or vnripe in Country-mens affaires.


ѸѼȤƤ cockney ϡȤɸѼȤϰۤʤȯĤΤȤƸڤ롥㤨СǯꥹDZƶϤ򹭤ĤĤѼ Estuary English (see [2010-08-04-1], [2010-08-05-1]) ȯȤϢŤƤ롥cockney ħȯˤȤɤޤʤŪͭ̾ʤΤ Cockney rhyming slang Ǥ롥ˤĤƤϡεǡ

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2013-04-22 Mon

#1456. John Walker A Critical Pronouncing Dictionary (1791) [orthoepy][pronunciation][dictionary][lexicography][rp][prescriptive_grammar][walker][bl]

ѸȤ18˱ѸεϤäĿ̾󤲤ȸ줿顤ֻˤ Samuel Johnson (1709--84)ʸˡ Robert Lowth (1710-87)Ǥȯï
ϡJohn Walker (1732--1807) Ǥ롥路 A Critical Pronouncing Dictionary (1791) ϡҤȯ᤿18Υꥹ̱˳Τƻ٤Ϳǰʹߡ100ǰʾŤͤƿ͵ƤǤ "Elocution Walker" ȸƤФޤǤ˻ä18 Walker 夵Ťϩϡ1920ˤǧȯ (RP = Received Pronunciation) ߽Фפ󶡤ɸѸˤޤ礭ʱƶڤܤƤ롥
ɽˤäĹ"A Critical Pronouncing Dictionary and Expositor of the English Language: to which are prefixed Principles of English Pronunciation: Rules to be Observed by the Natives of Scotland, Ireland, and London, for Avoiding their Respective Peculiarities; and Directions to Foreigners for Acquiring a Knowledge of the Use of this Dictionary." ɽɽȤꡤɥ濴˶ŤǤޤäϼǤ롥ʸǤɥȯ "undoubtedly the best" ǸƤ뤬ɥȤϤäƤ Cockney ȯ㳰Ǥꡤåȥɤ䥢ɤȯ礤˽Фʤ Cockney "a thousand times more offensive and disgusting" ȵƤƤ롥
Walker μȯϼ¤˾ܺ٤ǡ㤨 drama θ22ۤɤǽäƤ뤬ȯ770˵ڤ־ܤϿ36,600ϡ饤Х뼭Ȥ⤤ Thomas Sheridan A General Dictionary of the English Language (1780) 38,000ˤϾڤФʤȯξܺ٤Ӥˤʤʤ
British Library English Timeline ˤ Walker's correct pronunciation ꡤФ "BACK" ǻϤޤ뼭ΥڡǤ롥ʾ塤Crystal (52) ӻ߷ (19--20) 򻲾ȤƼɮ
ˤĤƤϡ#571. orthoepy ([2010-11-19-1]) 򻲾ȡ

Crystal, David. Evolving English: One Language, Many Voices. London: The British Library, 2010.
߷ ˧ͺԡˡؼѸ졦١ұѸʸꡡ8ҡ2006ǯ

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