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ºÇ½ª¹¹¿·»þ´Ö: 2026-07-15 01:27

2025-11-20 Thu

¢£ #6051. NZE ¤Îµ¯¸»¤ò¤á¤°¤ë4¤Ä¤ÎÀâ [new_zealand_english][australian_english][cockney][dialect_contact][dialect_mixture][koineisation]

¡¡Ï¢Æü»²¾È¤·¤Æ¤¤¤ë Bauer ¤Ë¡¤¥Ë¥å¡¼¥¸¡¼¥é¥ó¥É±Ñ¸ì¤Îµ¯¸»¤ò¤á¤°¤ë4¤Ä¤Î³ØÀ⤬¾Ò²ð¤µ¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤ë (420--28) ¡¥¤¤¤º¤ì¤â¥ª¡¼¥¹¥È¥é¥ê¥¢±Ñ¸ì¤ò²£ÌܤËâˤߤʤ¬¤é¡¤Èæ³ÓÂоȤ·¤Ê¤¬¤éÄ󾧤µ¤ì¤Æ¤­¤¿Àâ¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡¥¤Ê¤ª¡¤Î¾ÊѼï¤ò»Ø¤¹Êص¹Åª¤ÊÍѸì¤È¤·¤Æ Australasian ¤¬ÍѤ¤¤é¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤ë¤³¤È¤ËÃí°Õ¡¥

1. Australasian as Cockney

¡¡¥ª¡¼¥¹¥È¥é¥ê¥¢±Ñ¸ì¤Ï18À¤µª¤Î¥í¥ó¥É¥ó±Ñ¸ì¡ÊCockney ¤ÎÁ°¿È¡Ë¤Ë¥ë¡¼¥Ä¤¬¤¢¤ë¤Î¤ÈƱÍͤˡ¤¥Ë¥å¡¼¥¸¡¼¥é¥ó¥É±Ñ¸ì¤Ï19À¤µª¤Î¥í¥ó¥É¥ó±Ñ¸ì¤Ë¥ë¡¼¥Ä¤¬¤¢¤ë¡¥Î¾ÊѼï¤Ëº¹°Û¤¬¤ß¤é¤ì¤ë¤È¤¹¤ì¤Ð¡¤¤½¤ì¤Ï18À¤µª¤È19À¤µª¤Î¥í¥ó¥É¥ó±Ñ¸ì¤Îº¹°Û¤Ëµ¯°ø¤¹¤ë¡¥¡Ê¤·¤«¤·¡¤¥Ë¥å¡¼¥¸¡¼¥é¥ó¥É°Ü̱¤Ï Cockney ¤Ç¤Ï¤Ê¤¯¡¤¤à¤·¤í Cockney ¤ò·ÚÊΤ·¤Æ¤¤¤¿¤È¤â¹Í¤¨¤é¤ì¤Æ¤ª¤ê¡¤¤³¤ÎÀâ¤Î¿®ØáÀ­¤ÏÇö¤¤¤È Bauer ¤Ïɾ²Á¤·¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡¥¡Ë

2. Australasian as East Anglian

¡¡Trudgill ¤¬¼¨º¶¤¹¤ë¤È¤³¤í¤Ë¤è¤ì¤Ð¡¤¥ª¡¼¥¹¥È¥é¥ê¥¢±Ñ¸ì¤È¥Ë¥å¡¼¥¸¡¼¥é¥ó¥É±Ñ¸ì¤Îȯ²»ÆÃħ¤Ï¡¤¥í¥ó¥É¥ó±Ñ¸ì¤Ç¤Ï¤Ê¤¯ East Anglian ¤Ë¶á¤¤¤È¤¤¤¦¡¥¤¿¤À¤·¡¤Trudgill ¤Ï¡¤Ä¾ÀÜ East Anglian ¤«¤éÇÉÀ¸¤·¤¿¤È¹Í¤¨¤Æ¤¤¤ë¤ï¤±¤Ç¤Ï¤Ê¤¯¡¤¥í¥ó¥É¥ó±Ñ¸ì¤ò¼çÍ×ÁǤȤ·¤Ä¤Ä¡¤East Anglian ¤ò´Þ¤à¥¤¥ó¥°¥é¥ó¥ÉÆîÅìÉô¤Î½ôÊý¸À±Ñ¸ì¤¬º®¹ç¤·¤Æ¤Ç¤­¤¿ "a mixed dialect" ¤À¤È¤¤¤¦°Õ¸«¤À¡¥¡ÊBauer ¤Ï¡¤¼è¤êΩ¤Æ¤Æ East Anglian ¤òÁ°Ì̤˽Ф¹Àâ¤Ëµ¿Ìä¤òÄ褷¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡¥Â¾¤ÎÊý¸À¤â¸õÊä¤È¤Ê¤êÆÀ¤ë¤Î¤Ç¤Ï¤Ê¤¤¤«¡¥¡Ë

3. The mixing bowl theory

¡¡¥ª¡¼¥¹¥È¥é¥ê¥¢±Ñ¸ì¤ä¥Ë¥å¡¼¥¸¡¼¥é¥ó¥É±Ñ¸ì¤Ï¡¤½ôÊý¸À¤¬¹ç¤ï¤µ¤Ã¤Æ¤Ç¤­¤¿Êý¸Àº®¹ç (dialect_mixture) ¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡¤¤È¤¤¤¦Àâ¡¥Bauer ¤Ï¡¤¤â¤Ã¤È¤â¤é¤·¤¤Àâ¤Ç¤Ï¤¢¤ë¤¬¡¤¥é¥ó¥À¥à¤Êº®¹ç¤À¤È¤¹¤ì¤ÐξÊѼ郎Èó¾ï¤ËÎà»÷¤·¤Æ¤¤¤ë¤Î¤Ï¤Ê¤¼¤«µ¿Ì䤬»Ä¤ë¤È½Ò¤Ù¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡¥°ìÊý¡¤Trudgill ¤Ï koineisation ¤ÎÍѸì¤Ç¡¤Î¾ÊѼï¤ÎÎà»÷À­¤òÀâÌÀ¤·¤è¤¦¤È¤·¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡¥

4. New Zealand English as Australian

¡¡¥Ë¥å¡¼¥¸¡¼¥é¥ó¥É±Ñ¸ì¤Ï¡¤¥ª¡¼¥¹¥È¥é¥ê¥¢±Ñ¸ì¤«¤éÇÉÀ¸¤·¤¿ÊѼï¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡¥¤­¤ï¤á¤ÆÊ¬¤«¤ê¤ä¤¹¤¤Àâ¤Ç¡¤Bauer ¤Ï "The influence of Australia in all walks of life is ubiquitous in New Zealand" (427) ¤È½Ò¤Ù¤Ä¤Ä¡¤¤³¤ÎÀâ¤ò¿ä¤·¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡¥¤¿¤À¤·¡¤¥Ë¥å¡¼¥¸¡¼¥é¥ó¥É¿Í¤Î´¶¾ð¤ò¹Í¤¨¤ë¤È¿µ½Å¤Ë¤Ê¤é¤¶¤ë¤òÆÀ¤Ê¤¤¤è¤¦¤Ç¡¤"it is politically not a very welcome message in New Zealand. I shall thus try to present this material in a suitably tentative manner" (425) ¤È¤â½Ò¤Ù¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡¥¤½¤ì¤Ç¤â¡¤·ëÏÀÉô¤Ç¤Ï¼¡¤Î¤è¤¦¤ËÄù¤á¤¯¤¯¤Ã¤Æ¤¤¤ë (428) ¡¥

 I do not believe that the arguments are cut and dried, but it does seem to me that, in the current state of our knowledge, the hypothesis that New Zealand English is derived from Australian English is the one which explains most about the linguistic situation in New Zealand.


¡¡¤³¤ÎÏÃÂê¤ÏÀèÆü heldio ¤Ç¤âÍ×Ì󤷤ơÖ#1632. ¥Ë¥å¡¼¥¸¡¼¥é¥ó¥É±Ñ¸ì¤Ï¤É¤³¤«¤éÍ褿¤Î¤«¡©¡×¤È¤·¤ÆÇÛ¿®¤·¤¿¤Î¤Ç¡¤¤¼¤Ò¤ªÄ°¤­¤¤¤¿¤À¤±¤ì¤Ð¡¥¤Þ¤¿¡¤´ØÏ¢¤·¤Æ¡¤hellog ¡Ö#5974. New Zealand English ¤Î¥á¥¤¥­¥ó¥°¡× ([2025-09-04-1]) ¤È¡Ö#1799. New Zealand ¤Ë¤ª¤±¤ë±Ñ¸ì¤ÎÎò»Ë¡× ([2014-03-31-1]) ¤âÍ×»²¾È¡¥



¡¡¡¦ Bauer L. "English in New Zealand." The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 5. Ed. Burchfield R. Cambridge: CUP, 1994. 382--429.

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2025-09-28 Sun

¢£ #5998. ±Ñ¸ì»Ëι¡¤helι¡¤¤¢¤ë¤¤¤Ï helgrimage [helgrim][helkatsu][notice][chaucer][canterbury_tales][cockney][london][johnson][blend][100_places]

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¡¡¡¦ Lucas, Bill and Christopher Mulvey. A History of the English Language in 100 Places. London: Robert Hale, 2013.

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2025-09-04 Thu

¢£ #5974. New Zealand English ¤Î¥á¥¤¥­¥ó¥° [new_zealand_english][maori][history][cockney][sociolinguistics][variety][founder_principle][dialect_contact][dialect_mixture][dialect_levelling][australian_english][100_places]

¡¡¥Ë¥å¡¼¥¸¡¼¥é¥ó¥É±Ñ¸ì¤Ë¤Ä¤¤¤Æ¤Ï¡Ö#1799. New Zealand ¤Ë¤ª¤±¤ë±Ñ¸ì¤ÎÎò»Ë¡× ([2014-03-31-1])¡¤¡Ö#402. Southern Hemisphere Shift¡× ([2010-06-03-1])¡¤¡Ö#278. ¥Ë¥å¡¼¥¸¡¼¥é¥ó¥É¤Ë¤ª¤±¤ë¥Þ¥ª¥ê¸ì¤Î³èÀ­²½¡× ([2010-01-30-1]) ¤ò´Þ¤à new_zealand_english ¤Îµ­»ö·²¤Ç¼è¤ê¾å¤²¤Æ¤­¤¿¡¥º£²ó¤ÏºÇ¶á¤ªµ¤¤ËÆþ¤ê¤Î A History of the English Language in 100 Places ¤ÎÂè52Àá "WAITANGI --- the English Language in New Zealand (1840)" ¤è¤ê¡¤New Zealand English ¤Î¥á¥¤¥­¥ó¥°¤Ë¤Ä¤¤¤Æ¤Î²òÀâ¤òÆÉ¤ß¤¿¤¤ (129--31) ¡¥

On 6 February 1840, at Waitangi, Aoteoroa, Maori chiefs signed a treaty with the representatives of the British government. The Maori were agreeing to permanent white settlement in their islands. The treaty of Waitangi signalled the moment when the British, not the French, asserted possession of what was renamed New Zealand; it was also the moment when English was destined to become the dominant European language of Aotearoa.
   After 1840, European migration to New Zealand came almost exclusively from the British Isles. A census in 1871 showed that of these various migrants, 51 per cent came from England, 27 per cent from Scotland, 22 per cent from Ireland. The majority spoke regional dialects unlike the upper-class English of the colony's administrators. That division shaped linguistic attitudes and accents until the 1960s at least. At the same time, the Maori language provided many terms for local animals, plants and landscape features.
   The proportions of the 1871 census suggest the founding elements of New Zealand English, but they do not take account of the fact that there was a continuous movement back and forth between New Zealand and Australia. Some 6 per cent of the 1871 white population was born in Australia, and very large numbers of those who came from the British Isles first landed in Australia before deciding to move to New Zealand. Australian English had then --- and continues to have --- a strong influence. . . .
   As in Australia, school inspectors, administrators and leaders of opinion complained from the beginning about the kind of English that they found widespread in New Zealand. A major complaint was that many New Zealanders said 'in', not 'ing', a the ends of words; they added and dropped 'h's improperly; and generally sounded Cockney.
   New Zealand linguists challenged the idea that there were large numbers of Londoners among the immigrants to New Zealand. Moreover, within England and the Empire, Cockney was the accent most disliked by upper-class English speakers, and there was a tendency to label any disliked accent as Cockney. Arguing for a levelling of the nineteenth-century English, Irish and Scottish immigrant dialects, New Zealand linguists claim that a distinctive voice appeared about 1900 and spread rapidly through the country. It was initially noted in derogatory terms as a colonial drawl or twang. However, modern-day New Zealanders have homogenized their speech, eroding the once unacceptable drawl as well as the once superior vowels.


¡¡¥Ë¥å¡¼¥¸¡¼¥é¥ó¥É±Ñ¸ì¤Ï¡¤±Ñ¸ìÊì¸ìÏüԤ¬Æþ¿¢¤·¤¿Åö½é¤Î¥¤¥®¥ê¥¹½ôÅçͳÍè¤Î½ôÊý¸À¤ò¥Ù¡¼¥¹¤È¤·¤Ä¤Ä¤â¡¤ÂÐí¨ÃϤη»Äï¤È¤·¤Æ¤Î¥ª¡¼¥¹¥È¥é¥ê¥¢±Ñ¸ì¤Î±Æ¶Á¤òÈï¤ê¡¤¤µ¤é¤ËÅÚÃå¤Î¥Þ¥ª¥ê¸ì¤Î¸ì×ä⿤¯¼ÚÍѤ·¤Ê¤¬¤éº®¸ò¤·¤Æ¤­¤¿¡¥¥ª¡¼¥¹¥È¥é¥ê¥¢±Ñ¸ì¤ÈƱÍͤˡ¤°ìÈÌ¤Ë Cockney ¤Î±Æ¶Á¤Î¶¯¤¤ÊѼï¤È¤ß¤é¤ì¤ë¤³¤È¤¬Â¿¤¤¤¬¡¤¤½¤ì¤Ï¡ÖCockney ¡áÈóɸ½àŪ¤Ê½ôÊѼï¡×¤È¤¤¤¦Â绨ÇĤ¹¤®¤ëÁ°Äó¤Ë´ð¤Å¤¤¤¿¸í²ò¤Ç¤¢¤ë²ÄǽÀ­¤¬¹â¤¤¡¥¥Ë¥å¡¼¥¸¡¼¥é¥ó¥É¤Ç¤Ï¡¤20À¤µª¤Ë¤«¤±¤ÆÁ°À¤µª¤Þ¤Ç¤Ë¹Ô¤Ê¤ï¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤¿ÍÍ¡¹¤ÊÊѼ郎¿åÊ¿²½¤·¡¤¸½Âå¤Ë¤Ä¤é¤Ê¤ë¥Ë¥å¡¼¥¸¡¼¥é¥ó¥É¤é¤·¤¤±Ñ¸ìÊѼ郎À¸¤Þ¤ì¤Æ¤­¤¿¡¤¤È¹Í¤¨¤é¤ì¤ë¡¥


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¡¡¡¦ Lucas, Bill and Christopher Mulvey. A History of the English Language in 100 Places. London: Robert Hale, 2013.

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2022-02-22 Tue

¢£ #4684. æ¸ý²»²½ [glottal_stop][grimms_law][phonetics][consonant][debuccalisation][cockney]

¡¡¤¢¤Þ¤êʹ¤­´·¤ì¤Ê¤¤¤¬¡¤Ã¦¸ý²»²½ (debuccalisation) ¤È¤¤¤¦²»ÊѲ½¤¬¤¢¤ë¡¥Ä´²»ÅÀ¤¬¸ý¹ÐÆâ¤«¤é¹Ð³°¤Ë°Ü¤ë¤³¤È¤À¡¥¤è¤ê¶ñÂÎŪ¤Ë¤Ï¡¤Ä´²»ÅÀ¤¬¹¢¤Î±ü¤Ë°Ü¤Ã¤¿¾ì¹ç¤Ë¤¤¤ï¤ì¤ë¤³¤È¤¬Â¿¤¤¡¥Crystal (130) ¤Î¸À¸ì³ØÍѸ켭ŵ¤è¤ê debuccalized ¤Î¹à¤ò°úÍѤ¹¤ë¡¥

debuccalized (adj.) A term used in some models of non-linear phonology to refer to consonants which lack an oral place feature, such as glottal stop or [h]. The process through which such consonants are formed is called debuccalization) (also deoralization): examples include [t] > [ʡ] and [s] > [h].


¡¡¤³¤ì¤ÏÄ̸À¸ìŪ¤Ë°ìÈÌŪ¤Ê²»ÊѲ½¤Î¤è¤¦¤Ç¡¤±Ñ¸ì»Ë¤äÆüËܸì»Ë¤ò»²¾È¤¹¤ë¤À¤±¤Ç¤â¡¤Î㤬¤¤¤¯¤Ä¤«µó¤¬¤Ã¤Æ¤¯¤ë¡¥¤Þ¤º¥°¥ê¥à¤Îˡ§ (grimms_law) ¤ÎÆð¸ý³¸·ÏÎó¤Î̵À¼»Ò²»¤ÎÊѲ½¤ò°ìÍ÷¤·¤Æ¤ß¤ë¤È [kh] > [k] > [x] > [h] ¤Î¤è¤¦¤Ê·ÐÏ©¤¬ÁÛÄꤵ¤ì¤ë¡¥ºÇ½ªÅþãÅÀ¤Ï "debuccalised" ¤ÊÀ¼ÌçË໤²» [h] ¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡¥
¡¡¾åµ­°úÍѤˤ⤢¤ë¤¬¡¤¥³¥Ã¥¯¥Ë¡¼ (cockney) ¤Ê¤É¤ÎÆÃħ¤È¤µ¤ì¤ë¡¤[t] ¤¬À¼ÌçÊĺ¿²» [ʡ] ¤ÇÂåÍѤµ¤ì¤ë¸½¾Ý¤âæ¸ý²»²½¤ÎÎã¤È¤Ê¤ë¤À¤í¤¦¡¥
¡¡ÆüËܸì»Ë¤Ë¤ª¤¤¤ÆÃΤé¤ì¤ë¡Ö¿°²»Âಽ¡× ([p] > [ɸ] > [h]) ¤âæ¸ý²»²½¤Îŵ·¿Åª¤Ê1Îã¤È¤Ê¤ë¡Êcf. ¡Ö#1271. ÆüËܸì¤Î¿°²»Âಽ¤È¤½¤Î¸¶°ø¡× ([2012-10-19-1])¡Ë¡¥
¡¡¤½¤Î¾¡¤Bybee (27) ¤Ë¤è¤ì¤Ð¡¤¥¹¥Ú¥¤¥ó¸ì¤Î /s, f/ > /h/ ¤ÎÎ㤬µó¤²¤é¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡¥¤Þ¤¿¡¤¥¦¥¬¥ó¥À¤ÇÏ䵤ì¤ë¥Ð¥ó¥Ä¡¼·Ï¤Î Lumasaaba ¸ì¤Ë¤ª¤¤¤Æ¡¤²»´Ä¶­¤Ë±þ¤¸¤Æ [p] > [h] ¤¬³Îǧ¤µ¤ì¤ë»öÎã¤â¾Ò²ð¤µ¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡¥
¡¡°Ê¾å¤ÎÎã¤Ç¤Ï¼ç¤Ë [p] ¤Î¤è¤¦¤Ê¿°²»¤Îæ¸ý²»²½¤¬ÏÃÂê¤È¤µ¤ì¤Æ¤­¤¿¤¬¡¤»õ·Ô²»¤Î [t] ¤äÆð¸ý³¸²»¤Î [k] ¤Ê¤É¡¤Â¾¤ÎÄ´²»ÅÀ¤Î»Ò²»¤Ë¤Ä¤¤¤Æ¤â¡¤»ö¾ð¤ÏƱ¤¸¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡¥¤¢¤ë°ÕÌ£¤Ç¤Ï¤É¤ó¤Ê¸ý²»¤â¡¤¼å²½¤·¤ÆÃ¦¸ý²»²½¤·¤Æ¤·¤Þ¤¨¤Ð¡¤ºÇ½ªÅþãÅÀ¤Ï [h]¡¤¤µ¤é¤Ë¤Ï̵²»¤È¤Ê¤ë¤È¤¤¤¦¤ï¤±¤À¡¥¤½¤ÎÅÀ¤Ç¤Ï¡¤Ã¦¸ý²»²½¤È¤¤¤¦¤Î¤Ï¡¤"lenition" ¤È¤¤¤¦¤è¤êÂ礭¤Ê²áÄø¤Î°ìÉô¤È¤·¤Æ¤È¤é¤¨¤ë¤Î¤¬¤è¤¤¤Î¤«¤â¤·¤ì¤Ê¤¤¡¥Bybee ¤Î "Path of lenition for voiceless stops" ¤Îɽ¤ò·Ç¤²¤Æ¤ª¤³¤¦ (29) ¡¥

Voiceless stop>Affricate>Fricative>Voiclessness>Zero
p>pf>f>h>ø
t>ts/tθ>s/θ>h>ø
k>kx>x>h>ø


¡¡¡¦ Crystal, David, ed. A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics. 6th ed. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2008. 295--96.
¡¡¡¦ Bybee, Joan. Language Change. Cambridge: CUP, 2015.

Referrer (Inside): [2022-03-16-1]

[ ¸ÇÄê¥ê¥ó¥¯ | °õºþÍÑ¥Ú¡¼¥¸ ]

2021-09-19 Sun

¢£ #4528. ¥¤¥®¥ê¥¹½ôÅç¤Î¼þÊÕÃϰè¤Ë»Ä¤ë3¤Ä¤Îȯ²» [pronunciation][h][r][rhotic][vowel][centralisation][phonology][phonetics][phoneme][substratum_theory][celtic_hypothesis][cockney]

¡¡¥¤¥®¥ê¥¹½ôÅçÁ´ÂΤΤʤ«¤ÇÃæ¿´Åª¤Ê±Ñ¸ì¤È¤¤¤¨¤Ð¡¤¥Ö¥ê¥Æ¥óÅç¤Î¥¤¥ó¥°¥é¥ó¥É¤Î¥í¥ó¥É¥ó¤òÃæ¿´¤È¤¹¤ë¥¤¥ó¥°¥é¥ó¥ÉÆîÉôɸ½à±Ñ¸ì¤Î¤³¤È¤ò»Ø¤¹¤Î¤¬ÉáÄ̤Ǥ¢¤ë¡¥¤³¤ì°Ê³°¤Î¥¤¥ó¥°¥é¥ó¥É¤ÎÆîÀ¾Éô¡¦ÃæÉô¡¦ËÌÉô¤ä¡¤¥¦¥§¡¼¥ë¥º¡¤¥¹¥³¥Ã¥È¥é¥ó¥É¡¤¥¢¥¤¥ë¥é¥ó¥É¡¤¤½¤Î¾¤ÎÅçÖÙÉô¤Ê¤É¤ò¤Þ¤È¤á¤Æ¼þÊÕÃϰè¤È¸Æ¤Ö¤³¤È¤Ë¤¹¤ë¤È¡¤¤³¤Î¼þÊÕÃϰè¤Î±Ñ¸ìÊѼï¤Ë¤Ï¤·¤Ð¤·¤Ð¸Å¤¤¸À¸ìÆÃħ (relic features) ¤¬´Ñ»¡¤µ¤ì¤ë¡¥²»±¤ÏÀŪ¤ÊÆÃħ¤È¤·¤Æ¡¤Corrigan (355) ¤è¤ê3¤Ä¤Îͭ̾¤Ê»öÎã¤òµó¤²¤Æ¤ª¤³¤¦¡¥

(1) "FOOT/STRUT split"
¡¡Îò»ËŪ¤Ê /ʊ/ ¤¬¡¤Ãæ¿´Ãϰè¤Ç /ʊ/ ¤È /ʌ/ ¤ËʬÎö¤·¤¿²»±¤ÊѲ½¤ò¤µ¤¹¡¥17À¤µª¤ËÀ¸¤¸¤¿ÃæÀå²½ (centralisation) ¤È¸Æ¤Ð¤ì¤ë²áÄø¤Ç¡¤¤³¤ì¤Ë¤è¤êÊì²»²»ÁǤ¬1¤ÄÁý¤¨¤¿¤³¤È¤Ë¤Ê¤ë¡¥°ìÊý¡¤¼þÊÕÃϰè¤Ç¤ÏʬÎö¤Ïµ¯¤³¤Ã¤Æ¤¤¤Ê¤¤¤¿¤á¤Ë foot ¤È strut ¤ÏÁêÊѤï¤é¤º /ʊt/ ¤ÇµÓ±¤¤òƧ¤à¡¥¡Ö#1297. does, done ¤ÎÊì²»¡× ([2012-11-14-1]) ¤ÇÊý¸ÀÃϿޤò¼¨¤·¤¿¤è¤¦¤Ë¡¤Ê¬Îö¤Î̵ͭ¤ÎÊý¸ÀʬÉÛ¤ÏÌÀ³Î¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡¥

(2) "non-prevocalic /r/"
¡¡¤³¤ÎÏÃÂê¤ÏËÜ¥Ö¥í¥°¤Ç¤â rhotic ¤Î¿¤¯¤Îµ­»ö¤ÇÏÃÂê¤Ë¤·¤Æ¤­¤¿¡¥¡Ö#452. ¥¤¥ó¥°¥é¥ó¥É±Ñ¸ì¤Î½ôÊý¸À¤Ë¤ª¤±¤ë r¡× ([2010-07-23-1]) ¤ËÊý¸ÀÃϿޤò·ÇºÜ¤·¤Æ¤¤¤ë¤¬¡¤¼þÊÕÉô¤Ç¤ÏÊì²»Á°°ÌÃÖ¤ËÍè¤Ê¤¤Îò»ËŪ¤Ê r ¤¬¼Â¸½¤µ¤ì³¤±¤Æ¤¤¤ë¤¬¡¤Ãæ¿´Éô¤Ç¤Ï¼Â¸½¤µ¤ì¤Ê¤¤¡¥¥¹¥³¥Ã¥È¥é¥ó¥É¤ä¥¢¥¤¥ë¥é¥ó¥É¤â rhotic ¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡Ê¤¿¤À¤·¥¦¥§¡¼¥ë¥º¤Ç¤Ï°ìÉô¤ò½ü¤­ non-rhotic ¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡Ë¡¥

(3) "h-dropping"
¡¡Cockney ȯ²»¤È¤·¤Æ¤è¤¯ÃΤé¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤ë h ¤¬Ã¦Í¤ë¸½¾Ý¡¥¼Â¤Ï Cockney ¤Ë¸Â¤é¤º¡¤½é´ü¶áÂå±Ñ¸ì´ü°Ê¹ß¡¤Ãæ¿´Ãϰè¤Ç¹­¤¯¹Ô¤Ê¤ï¤ì¤Æ¤­¤¿¡¥h-dropping ¤ÏÃϰèÊѼï¤È¤·¤Æ¤ÎÆÃħ¤Ç¤Ï¤Ê¤¯¼Ò²ñÊѼï¤È¤·¤Æ¤ÎÆÃħ¤È¤ß¤é¤ì¤ë¤³¤È¤¬Â¿¤¤¤¬¡¤¼þÊÕÃϰè¤ÎÊѼï¤Ç¤Ï¤¢¤Þ¤ê¸«¤é¤ì¤Ê¤¤¤È¤¤¤¦»ö¼Â¤â¤¢¤ê¡¤¤³¤È¤Ïñ½ã¤Ç¤Ï¤Ê¤¤¡¥¥±¥ë¥È·Ï¤Î´ðÁؤò¤â¤Ä±Ñ¸ìÊѼï¤Ç¤Ï°ìÈÌŪ¤Ë¸ìƬ¤Î h ¤¬ÊÝ»ý¤µ¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡¥

¡¡¤³¤Î¤è¤¦¤Ë¼þÊÕÃϰè¤Ï¸Å¤¤ÆÃħ¤òÊÝ»ý¤·¤Æ¤¤¤ë¤³¤È¤¬Â¿¤¤¤¬¡¤½ã¿è¤ËÃÏÍýŪ¤Ê´ÑÅÀ¤«¤éʬÉÛ¤òÀâÌÀ¤¹¤ë¤À¤±¤Ç½½Ê¬¤Ê¤Î¤À¤í¤¦¤«¡¥¤³¤ì¤é¤ÎÃϰè¤Ï¡¤ÃÏÍýŪ¤Ê°ÕÌ£¤Ç¼þÊդǤ¢¤ë¤À¤±¤Ç¤Ê¤¯¡¤¥±¥ë¥È·Ï¸À¸ì¡¦Êý¸À¤ò´ðÁؤˤâ¤Ä±Ñ¸ìÊѼ郎¹Ô¤Ê¤ï¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤ëÃϰè¤È¤·¤ÆÌ±Â²Åª¤Ê°ÕÌ£¤Ç¤â¼þÊդǤ¢¤ë¡¥Corrigan ¤Ï¾åµ­¤ÎÆÃħ¤¬¥±¥ë¥È¸ì´ðÁز¾Àâ¤Ë¤è¤ë¤â¤Î¤À¤È¶¯¤¯¼çÄ¥¤·¤Æ¤¤¤ë¤ï¤±¤Ç¤Ï¤Ê¤¤¤¬¡¤¤½¤ì¤ò¼¨º¶¤¹¤ë½ñ¤­Êý¤Ç¾Ò²ð¤·¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡¥

¡¡¡¦ Corrigan, Karen P. "The Atlantic Archipelago of the British Isles." Chapter 17 of The Oxford Handbook of World Englishes. Ed. by Markku Filppula, Juhani Klemola, and Devyani Sharma. New York: OUP, 2017. 335--70.

Referrer (Inside): [2023-05-23-1]

[ ¸ÇÄê¥ê¥ó¥¯ | °õºþÍÑ¥Ú¡¼¥¸ ]

2021-06-14 Mon

¢£ #4431. cockney ¤Ë¤ß¤é¤ì¤ë¡Ö´§»ì + À¼ÌçÊĺ¿²» + Êì²»¤Ç»Ï¤Þ¤ë¸ì¡× [article][glottal_stop][phonetics][cockney][euphony]

¡¡ÉÔÄê´§»ì¤Ë¤»¤èÄê´§»ì¤Ë¤»¤è¡¤Êì²»¤ÎÁ°°ÌÃ֤ˤ¢¤Ã¤Æ¤Ï¡¤Ä̾ï¤Î [ə], [ðə] ¤Ç¤Ï¤Ê¤¯ [ən], [ði] ¤Èȯ²»¤µ¤ì¤ë¤Î¤¬µ¬ÈÏŪ¤È¤µ¤ì¤ë¡¥¼ÂºÝ¤Ë¤Ï¡Ö#907. Êì²»¤ÎÁ°¤Î the ¤Îµ¬ÈÏŪȯ²»¡× ([2011-10-21-1]) ¤Ç¿¨¤ì¤¿Ä̤ꡤɬ¤º¤·¤âµ¬ÈÏÄ̤ê¤Îȯ²»¤¬¹Ô¤Ê¤ï¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤ë¤ï¤±¤Ç¤Ï¤Ê¤¤¤Î¤À¤¬¡¤°ìÈÌŪ¤Ê·¹¸þ¤È¤·¤ÆÇ§¤á¤é¤ì¤ë¤³¤È¤Ï»ö¼Â¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡¥´ØÏ¢¤¹¤ëÎò»ËŪ·Ð°Þ¤äÍýÏÀŪ¦Ì̤ϡ¤°Ê²¼¤Îµ­»ö¤Ç¼è¤ê¾å¤²¤Æ¤­¤¿¡¥

¡¡¡¦ ¡Ö#831. Why "an apple"?¡× ([2011-08-06-1])
¡¡¡¦ ¡Ö#906. the ¤Î°Û¤Ê¤ëȯ²»¡× ([2011-10-20-1])
¡¡¡¦ ¡Ö#907. Êì²»¤ÎÁ°¤Î the ¤Îµ¬ÈÏŪȯ²»¡× ([2011-10-21-1])
¡¡¡¦ ¡Ö#2236. Êì²»¤ÎÁ°¤Î the ¤Îȯ²»¤Ë¤Ä¤¤¤ÆºÆ¹Í¡× ([2015-06-11-1])
¡¡¡¦ ¡Ö#2814. Ê첻Ϣ³²óÈò¤ÈÀ¼ÌçÊĺ¿²»¡× ([2017-01-09-1])

¡¡¤È¤ê¤ï¤±ºÇ¸å¤Îµ­»ö¡Ö#2814. Ê첻Ϣ³²óÈò¤ÈÀ¼ÌçÊĺ¿²»¡× ([2017-01-09-1]) ¤ËÃíÌܤ·¤Æ¤â¤é¤¤¤¿¤¤¡¥ºòÆü¤Îµ­»ö¡Ö#4430. cockney ¤Î¸½ºß¡× ([2021-06-13-1]) ¤Ç°úÍÑ¡¦»²¾È¤·¤¿ Fox ¤¬¡¤cockney ¤Îȯ²»¤ÎÆÃħ¤Î1¤Ä¤È¤·¤Æ¡Ö´§»ì + À¼ÌçÊĺ¿²» + Êì²»¤Ç»Ï¤Þ¤ë¸ì¡×¤ò¼è¤ê¾å¤²¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡¥Ê첻Ϣ³¤ò²óÈò¤¹¤ë¤¿¤á¤ËÀ¼ÌçÊĺ¿²»¤òÁÞÆþ¤¹¤ë¤È¤¤¤¦¼ÂÎ㤬¡¤cockney ¤Ë¤¢¤Ã¤¿¤³¤È¤Ë¤Ê¤ë¡¥¤·¤«¤â¡¤Èæ³ÓŪºÇ¶á¤Î³×¿·¤À¤È¤¤¤¦¤Î¤Ç¡¤¤Þ¤¹¤Þ¤¹¤ª¤â¤·¤í¤¤¡¥
¡¡cockney ¤Î¼ã¼Ô¤Î¿¤¯¤Ï¡¤¤½¤â¤½¤â¾åµ­¤Î´§»ì¤Îȯ²»¤Ë´Ø¤¹¤ëµ¬ÈÏŪ¤Ê¶èÊ̤ò¼ÂÁ©¤·¤Æ¤ª¤é¤º¡¤Êì²»¤ÎÁ°¤Ç¤â [ə], [ðə] ¤òÍѤ¤¤ë¤È¤¤¤¦¡¥¤·¤«¤·¡¤Êì²»¤ÎÁ°¤Ç¤ÏÊ첻Ϣ³ (hiatus) ¤òÈò¤±¤ë¤è¤¦¤Ë¡¤À¼ÌçÊĺ¿²» [ʔ] ¤ò¶´¤ß¹þ¤à·¹¸þ¤¬¤ß¤é¤ì¤ë¤È¤¤¤¦¡¥Fox (2025) ¤ÎÀâÌÀ¤ò°úÍѤ¹¤ë¡¥

In an investigation of young speakers of Bangladeshi and white British origin, Fox . . . found high frequency of the use of a [ə] and the [ðə] before vowel-initial words among Bangladeshi male adolescents in Tower Hamlets, London, and to a lesser extent in the speech of their white Anglo male peers. All speakers used glottal stop to resolve hiatus in the V#V context. Multi-ethnic friendship networks were shown to play a key role in the diffusion of these features.


¡¡²»±¤ÍýÏÀŪ¤Ë½½Ê¬¤ª¤â¤·¤í¤¤ÌäÂê¤À¤¬¡¤¤µ¤é¤Ë¼Ò²ñ¸À¸ì³ØÅª¤Ë¤â¹Í»¡¤Ç¤­¤ëÌäÂê¤È¤¤¤¦¤³¤È¤Ç¥¨¥­¥µ¥¤¥Æ¥£¥ó¥°¤À¡¥

¡¡¡¦ Fox, Sue. "Varieties of English: Cockney." Chapter 128 of English Historical Linguistics: An International Handbook. 2 vols. Ed. Alexander Bergs and Laurel J. Brinton. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2012. 2013--31.

[ ¸ÇÄê¥ê¥ó¥¯ | °õºþÍÑ¥Ú¡¼¥¸ ]

2021-06-13 Sun

¢£ #4430. cockney ¤Î¸½ºß [cockney][h][variety][sociolinguistics]

¡¡cockney ¤Ï¡¤¥í¥ó¥É¥ó¤Î²¼Ä® East End ¤Ë½»¤àϫƯ¼Ô³¬µé¤Î¯¸ìŪ¤Ê±Ñ¸ìÊѼï¤È¤·¤ÆÃΤé¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤ë¤¬¡¤¤³¤ì¤Û¤É¥¹¥Æ¥ì¥ª¥¿¥¤¥×¤È¤·¤Æ¤ß¤é¤ì¤Æ¤­¤¿±Ñ¸ìÊѼï¤Ï¤Ê¤¤¤À¤í¤¦¡¥½é´ü¶áÂå±Ñ¸ì´ü°ÊÍ賤¤¤Æ¤­¤¿¡ÖÅÁÅý¤¢¤ë¡×¥¹¥Æ¥ì¥ª¥¿¥¤¥×¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡Êcf. ¡Ö#1458. cockney¡× ([2013-04-24-1])¡Ë¡¥
¡¡¸À¸ìŪ¤Ë¤Ï¡¤É¸½à±Ñ¸ì¤ÈÈæ³Ó¤·¤ÆÍÍ¡¹¤Êº¹°Û¤¬¤ß¤é¤ì¤ë¡¥Fox (2016--29) ¤Ëµò¤Ã¤Æ¤¤¤¯¤Ä¤«µó¤²¤Æ¤ß¤è¤¦¡¥

¡¡¡¦ happy ¤Î¸ìËöÊì²»¤¬ [ɪ] ¤Ç¤Ï¤Ê¤¯ [i] ¤Çȯ²»¤µ¤ì¤ë¡¤¤¤¤ï¤æ¤ë "happy tensing"
¡¡¡¦ Êĺ¿²» /p, t, k/ ¤¬À¼ÌçÊĺ¿²» [ʔ] ¤Çȯ²»¤µ¤ì¤ë
¡¡¡¦ »õË໤²» /θ/, /ð/ ¤¬¤½¤ì¤¾¤ì¿°»õË໤²» /f/, /v/ ¤Çȯ²»¤µ¤ì¤ë¡¤¤¤¤ï¤æ¤ë "th-fronting"
¡¡¡¦ /h/ ¤¬È¯²»¤µ¤ì¤Ê¤¤¡¤¤¤¤ï¤æ¤ë h-dropping (cf. ¡Ö#3936. h-dropping ÈãȽ¤È¥®¥ê¥·¥¢¼ÚÍѸì¡× ([2020-02-05-1]))
¡¡¡¦ be ¤È have ¤ÎÈÝÄê·Á¤È¤·¤Æ¤Î ain't ¤Î»ÈÍÑ
¡¡¡¦ She can't say nothing. ¤Î¤è¤¦¤Ê¿½ÅÈÝÄê
¡¡¡¦ Éղõ¿Ìäʸ¤ÎÉÔÊѤΠinnit (< isn't it) ¤Î»ÈÍÑ
¡¡¡¦ Cockney rhyming slang ¤Î»ÈÍÑ (cf. ¡Ö#1459. Cockney rhyming slang¡× ([2013-04-25-1]))

¡¡¤³¤ì¤é¤Î¸À¸ìÆÃħ¤Ï³Î¤«¤Ë¸½ºß¤Î cockney ¤Ë¤âǧ¤á¤é¤ì¡¤¸½¼Â¤«¤é¤«¤±Î¥¤ì¤¿¥¹¥Æ¥ì¥ª¥¿¥¤¥×¤È¤¤¤¦¤ï¤±¤Ç¤Ï¤Ê¤¤¡¥¤·¤«¤·¡¤¡Öcockney ÏüԡפÈǧ¤á¤é¤ì¤ë¿Í¡¹³§¤¬¡¤Î㤨¤ÐÀ¸³è¤ÎÃæ¤Ç Cockney rhyming slang ¤òÉÑÍѤ·¤Æ¤¤¤ë¤«¤È¤¤¤¨¤Ð¡¤¤½¤ì¤Ï¼ÂÂÖ¤«¤é¤«¤±Î¥¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡¥¼ÂÂ֤ε­½Ò¤¬ÀºÌ©¤Ë¤Ê¤µ¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤Ê¤¤¤³¤È¤¬¡¤¥¹¥Æ¥ì¥ª¥¿¥¤¥×¤ò¸³¤µ¤»¤Æ¤¤¤ë¤Î¤À¤í¤¦¡¥
¡¡cockney ÏüԤÎʬÉۤˤĤ¤¤Æ¤â¡¤ÅÁÅýŪ¤Ê¸«Êý¤Ë¤Ï¾¯¡¹¤Î½¤Àµ¤¬É¬ÍפȤʤäƤ­¤Æ¤¤¤ë¤è¤¦¤À¡¥Fox (2015) Û©¤¯¡¤

Cockney is therefore no longer confined to the traditional dialect area with which it has been associated but has come to represent the working class dialect of a much wider geographical southeastern region of England. It is probably also accurate to say that Cockney has become synonymous with white working class speakers and is not generally a term applied to speakers of minority ethnic backgrounds even if they have been born within the traditional Cockney area.


¡¡Fox ¤Î cockney ¤Î¸½ºß¤Ë´Ø¤¹¤ë²òÀâ¤Ï¡¤´Ê¤Ë¤·¤ÆÍפòÆÀ¤ë¡¥°Ê²¼¤Ë°úÍѤ¹¤ë¹¼³µ (2013) ¤òÆÉ¤à¤À¤±¤Ç¤â¡¤ÁêÂв½¤·¤¿»ëÅÀ¤«¤é cockney ¤òÍý²ò¤¹¤ë¤³¤È¤¬¤Ç¤­¤ë¤À¤í¤¦¡¥

There is no homogeneous speech form to which Cockney refers. There have always been slight regional differences as well as specific local variants used by some speakers and of course there have also always been social and stylistic differences among individuals. Nevertheless, Cockney is a term which has a long history and, even if its application has been rather vague, has traditionally been associated with the speech of the lower social groups in London, particularly in the "East End". However, like any variety, it has been subject to change over time and recent sociolinguistic research shows that socio-economic and demographic changes to the area may render the term Cockney irrelevant to the majority of people now living in the traditional homeland of the variety. This chapter will give an overview of the traditional aspects of the London dialect while at the same time taking into account some of the recent changes described as Multicultural London English.


¡¡¡¦ Fox, Sue. "Varieties of English: Cockney." Chapter 128 of English Historical Linguistics: An International Handbook. 2 vols. Ed. Alexander Bergs and Laurel J. Brinton. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2012. 2013--31.

Referrer (Inside): [2021-06-14-1]

[ ¸ÇÄê¥ê¥ó¥¯ | °õºþÍÑ¥Ú¡¼¥¸ ]

2021-05-29 Sat

¢£ #4415. as mad as a hatter --- ¶¯°ÕŪ¡¦ÐݸÁŪľÓȤθÀÍÕÍ·¤Ó [alliteration][rhyme][metaphor][cockney][slang][word_play][eebo][clmet][khelf_hel_intro_2021]

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¢£ #3936. h-dropping ÈãȽ¤È¥®¥ê¥·¥¢¼ÚÍѸì [greek][loan_word][renaissance][inkhorn_term][emode][lexicology][h][etymological_respelling][spelling][orthography][standardisation][prescriptivism][sociolinguistics][cockney][stigma]

¡¡Cockney ȯ²»¤È¤·¤ÆÃΤé¤ì¤ë h-dropping ¤ò½ä¤ëÌäÂê¤Ë¤Ï¡¤¿¼¤¤Îò»ËÅªÇØ·Ê¤¬¤¢¤ë¡¥²»ÊѲ½¡¤È¯²»¤ÈÄÖ»ú¤Î´Ø·¸¡¤¸ì×üÚÍÑ¡¤¼Ò²ñŪɾ²Á¤Ê¤ÉÍÍ¡¹¤Ê´ÑÅÀ¤«¤é¹Í»¡¤¹¤ëɬÍפ¬¤¢¤ê¡¤±Ñ¸ì»Ë¸¦µæ¤Ë¤ª¤¤¤ÆºÇ¤â¹þ¤ßÆþ¤Ã¤¿ÌäÂê¤Î1¤Ä¤È¤¤¤Ã¤Æ¤è¤¤¡¥ËÜ¥Ö¥í¥°¤Ç¤â h ¤Î³Æµ­»ö¤Ç°·¤Ã¤Æ¤­¤¿¤¬¡¤¤È¤ê¤ï¤±¡Ö#1292. Ãæ±Ñ¸ì¤«¤é¶áÂå±Ñ¸ì¤Ë¤«¤±¤Æ¤Î h ¤Î°ÌÃ֤Ť±¡× ([2012-11-09-1])¡¤¡Ö#1675. Ãæ±Ñ¸ì¤«¤é¶áÂå±Ñ¸ì¤Ë¤«¤±¤Æ¤Î h ¤Î°ÌÃ֤Ť± (2)¡× ([2013-11-27-1])¡¤¡Ö#1899. Ãæ±Ñ¸ì¤«¤é¶áÂå±Ñ¸ì¤Ë¤«¤±¤Æ¤Î h ¤Î°ÌÃ֤Ť± (3)¡× ([2014-07-09-1])¡¤¡Ö#1677. ¸ìƬ¤Î <h> ¤ÎÎò»Ë¤Ë¤Ä¤¤¤Æ¤Î½ôÀâ¡× ([2013-11-29-1]) ¤ò»²¾È¤µ¤ì¤¿¤¤¡¥
¡¡h-dropping ¤Ø¤ÎÈóÆñ (stigmatisation) ¤¬¹â¤Þ¤Ã¤¿¤Î¤Ï17À¤µª°Ê¹ß¡¤ÆÃ¤Ëµ¬ÈϼçµÁ»þÂå¤Ç¤¢¤ë18À¤µª¤Î¤³¤È¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡¥ÄÖ»ú¤Îɸ½à²½¤Ë¤è¤Ã¤Æ¸ì¸»Åª¤Ê <h> ¤¬¸ÇÄê²½¤·¡¤È¯²»¤Ë¤ª¤¤¤Æ¤âÂбþ¤¹¤ë /h/ ¤¬¼Â¸½¤µ¤ì¤ë¤Ù¤­¤Ç¤¢¤ë¤È¤¤¤¦µ¬ÈϤ¬¹­¤á¤é¤ì¤¿¡¥h ¤Ï¡¤É¸½àŪ¤ÊÄÖ»ú¤ä¸ì¸»¤ÎÃμ±¡Ê¡á¶µÍܡˤÎ̵ͭ¤ò¬¤ë¡¤¼Ò²ñ¸À¸ì³ØÅª¤Ê¥ê¥È¥Þ¥¹»î¸³»æ¤È¤·¤Æ¤Îµ¡Ç½¤ò³ÍÆÀ¤·¤¿¤Î¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡¥
¡¡Minkova ¤Ë¤è¤ì¤Ð¡¤¤³¤Î»þÂå¤ËÀèΩ¤Ä¥ë¥Í¥µ¥ó¥¹´ü¤Ë¡¤ÌÀ³Î¤Ëȯ²»¤µ¤ì¤ë h ¤ò´Þ¤à¥®¥ê¥·¥¢¸ì¤«¤é¤Î¼ÚÍѸ줬ÂçÎ̤ËήÆþ¤·¤Æ¤­¤¿¤³¤È¤â¡¤h-dropping ¤È̵¶µÍܤÎÏ¢·ë¤ò¶¯¤á¤ë¤³¤È¤Ë¹×¸¥¤·¤¿¤À¤í¤¦¤È¤¤¤¦¡¥¡Ö#114. ½é´ü¶áÂå±Ñ¸ì¤Î¼ÚÍѸì¤Îµ¯¸»¤È³ä¹ç¡× ([2009-08-19-1])¡¤¡Ö#516. ľÀܤΥ®¥ê¥·¥¢¸ì¼ÚÍѤÏ15À¤µª¤«¤é¡× ([2010-09-25-1]) ¤Ç¤ß¤¿¤è¤¦¤Ë¡¤³Î¤«¤Ë15--17À¤µª¤Ë¤Ï¥®¥ê¥·¥¢¸ì¤Î³Ø½ÑÍѸ줬¿¤¯±Ñ¸ì¤ËήÆþ¤·¤¿¡¥¤³¤ì¤é¤Î¸ì×äϹ⤤¶µÍܤȶ¯¤¯·ë¤Ó¤Ä¤¤¤Æ¤ª¤ê¡¤¤½¤ÎÄÖ»ú¤äȯ²»¤Ë h ¤¬´Þ¤Þ¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤ë¤«¤É¤¦¤«¤òÃΤäƤ¤¤ë¤³¤È¤Ï¡¤¤½¤Î¿Í¤Î¶µÍܤò¼¨¤¹¥Ð¥í¥á¡¼¥¿¡¼¤È¤â¤Ê¤êÆÀ¤¿¤À¤í¤¦¡¥¥®¥ê¥·¥¢¼ÚÍѸì¤Î¸ºß¤Ï¡¤17À¤µª°Ê¹ß¤Î h-dropping ÈãȽ¤Î¤ªÁ·Î©¤Æ¤ò¤·¤¿¤È¤¤¤¦¤ï¤±¤À¡¥¹­¤¤±Ñ¸ì»ËŪ»ëÌî¤Ë΢ÉÕ¤±¤é¤ì¤¿¡¤Æ¶»¡¤ËÉÙ¤à»ØÅ¦¤À¤È»×¤¦¡¥Minkova (107) ¤ò°úÍѤ¹¤ë¡¥

Orthographic standardisation, especially through printing after the end of the 1470s, was an important factor shaping the later fate of ME /h-/. Until the beginning of the sixteenth century there was no evidence of association between h-dropping and social and educational status, but the attitudes began to shift in the seventeenth century, and by the eighteenth century [h-]-lessness was stigmatised in both native and borrowed words. . . . In spelling, most of the borrowed words kept initial <h->; the expanding community of literate speakers must have considered spelling authoritative enough for the reinstatement of an initial [h-] in words with an etymological and orthographic <h->. New Greek loanwords in <h->, unassimilated when passing through Renaissance Latin, flooded the language; learned words in hept(a)-, hemato-, hemi-, hex(a)-, hagio-, hypo-, hydro-, hyper-, hetero-, hysto- and words like helix, harmony, halo kept the initial aspirate in pronunciation, increasing the pool of lexical items for which h-dropping would be associated with lack of education. The combined and mutually reinforcing pressure from orthography and negative social attitudes towards h-dropping worked against the codification of h-less forms. By the end of the eighteenth century, only a set of frequently used Romance loans in which the <h-> spelling was preserved were considered legitimate without initial [h-].


¡¡¡¦ Minkova, Donka. A Historical Phonology of English. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2014.

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¡¡¤È¤ê¤ï¤±³Æ¼ï¤ÎÃϰèÊý¸À¤Ê¤ÉÈóɸ½à±Ñ¸ì¤òÊì¸ì¡ÊÊìÊý¸À¡Ë¤È¤¹¤ë¥Í¥¤¥Æ¥£¥Ö¤Ë¤È¤Ã¤Æ¡¤É¸½à±Ñ¸ì¤Ë´ð¤Å¤¤¤¿±Ñ¸ì¤Îɽ²»Åª¤ÊÀµ½ñË¡¡Ê¤È¤Ï¤¤¤¨¡¤ÃæÅÓȾü¤Êɽ²»¼çµÁ¤Î¤½¤ì¤Ç¤Ï¤¢¤ë¤¬¡Ë¤ÏÌñ²ð¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡¥¥³¥Ã¥¯¥Ë¡¼ (cockney) ¤Ê¤É¤òÊìÊý¸À¤È¤¹¤ë¡¤²»ÁÇ /h/ ¤ò¤â¤¿¤Ê¤¤±Ñ¸ìÏüԤˤȤäơ¤hit ¤È it ¤Îȯ²»¤ÏƱ°ì¤È¤Ê¤ë¤¬¡¤½ñ¤¯ºÝ¤Ë¤ÏÁ°¼Ô¤ò <h> ¤¢¤ê¤Ç¡¤¸å¼Ô <h> ¤Ê¤·¤ÇÄÖ¤ë¤È¤¤¤¦¤³¤È¤òÌÀ¼¨Åª¤Ë³Ø½¬¤·¤Ê¤±¤ì¤Ð¤Ê¤é¤Ê¤¤¡¥¤Ä¤Þ¤ë¤È¤³¤í°Åµ­¤È¤¤¤¦¤³¤È¤Ë¤Ê¤ê¡¤´ª°ã¤¤¤¹¤ì¤Ð hit ¤ò <it>¡¤it ¤ò <hit> ¤ÈÆþ¤ì°ã¤¤¤ÇÄ֤ꡤÀÖ¤ÃÃѤòÁߤ¯¤È¤¤¤¦¤³¤È¤â¤¢¤êÆÀ¤ë¡¥¤à¤·¤í¡¤¤³¤Î·ï¤Ë´Ø¤·¤Æ¤Ï¡¤<h> ¤Î²»ÁǤò¤â¤ÄÆüËܸì¤òÊì¸ì¤È¤¹¤ë±Ñ¸ì³Ø½¬¼Ô¤Î¤Û¤¦¤¬´Ö°ã¤¨¤Ë¤¯¤¤¤À¤í¤¦¡¥
¡¡Æ±¤¸¤è¤¦¤Ê¤³¤È¤¬¡¤th-fronting ¤È¤·¤ÆÃΤé¤ì¤ë¸½¾Ý¤Ë´Ø¤·¤Æ¤â¤¤¤¨¤ë¡¥¤³¤ì¤Ï¤¢¤ë±Ñ¸ìÊѼï¤ä¸Ä¿Í¤Îȯ²»¤Ë¤ª¤¤¤Æ¡¤th ¤¬ /θ/ ¤Ç¤Ï¤Ê¤¯¡¤Á°´ó¤ê¤Î /f/ ¤Çȯ²»¤µ¤ì¤ë¤â¤Î¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡¥È¯²»½¬ÆÀÃæ¤Î¥Í¥¤¥Æ¥£¥Ö¤Î»Ò¶¡¤Ë¤â¤è¤¯¤ß¤é¤ì¤ë¸½¾Ý¤À¡¥Cook (129) ¤Ï¡¤Ê̤覵æ¼Ô¤Ë¤è¤ë East Tilbury (Essex) ¤Î4--7ºÐ¤Îȯ²»¤Ë´Ø¤¹¤ëÄ´ºº·ë²Ì¤ò¼¡¤Î¤è¤¦¤Ë¾Ò²ð¤·¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡¥

Children preferred 'fing' over 'thing' by 56% to 32%, 'nuffing' over 'nothing' by 37% to 34%. Overall they opted for the dialect spelling 30% of the time. Learning to spell English is a problem for any child who speaks English with an accent that is non-standard in a particular country, whether England or Australia. To make the spelling system work, children with non-standard accents have either to invent correspondence rules for their own dialect that are different from those they are taught, that is, <th> corresponding to /f/ or /v/ in East Tilbury, or have to imagine what a standard speaker would say rather than themselves and their parents. In other words to some extent they are in the position of second language learners, basing spelling correspondence on a phonology that is not their own.


¡¡ÆüËܸìÊì¸ìÏüԤϡ¤±Ñ¸ìÀµ½ñË¡¤¬¡ÊÈóɸ½à±Ñ¸ì¡Ë¥Í¥¤¥Æ¥£¥Ö¤ËÂФ·¤Æ¤â¤Ä¤³¤Î¦Ì̤ˤϡ¤¤Ê¤«¤Ê¤«µ¤¤Å¤«¤Ê¤¤¤À¤í¤¦¡¥À¤³¦Ãæ¤Î±Ñ¸ì¤ÎÄÖ¤ê¼ê¤Ï¡¤¤¤¤º¤ì¤Ë¤»¤è²¿¤«¤·¤é¤Îº¤Æñ¤ËľÌ̤¹¤ë¤³¤È¤Ë¤Ê¤ë¤Î¤À¡¥

¡¡¡¦ Cook, Vivian. The English Writing System. London: Hodder Education, 2004.

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¡¡¤È¤ê¤ï¤±³Æ¼ï¤ÎÃϰèÊý¸À¤Ê¤ÉÈóɸ½à±Ñ¸ì¤òÊì¸ì¡ÊÊìÊý¸À¡Ë¤È¤¹¤ë¥Í¥¤¥Æ¥£¥Ö¤Ë¤È¤Ã¤Æ¡¤É¸½à±Ñ¸ì¤Ë´ð¤Å¤¤¤¿±Ñ¸ì¤Îɽ²»Åª¤ÊÀµ½ñË¡¡Ê¤È¤Ï¤¤¤¨¡¤ÃæÅÓȾü¤Êɽ²»¼çµÁ¤Î¤½¤ì¤Ç¤Ï¤¢¤ë¤¬¡Ë¤ÏÌñ²ð¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡¥¥³¥Ã¥¯¥Ë¡¼ (cockney) ¤Ê¤É¤òÊìÊý¸À¤È¤¹¤ë¡¤²»ÁÇ /h/ ¤ò¤â¤¿¤Ê¤¤±Ñ¸ìÏüԤˤȤäơ¤hit ¤È it ¤Îȯ²»¤ÏƱ°ì¤È¤Ê¤ë¤¬¡¤½ñ¤¯ºÝ¤Ë¤ÏÁ°¼Ô¤ò <h> ¤¢¤ê¤Ç¡¤¸å¼Ô <h> ¤Ê¤·¤ÇÄÖ¤ë¤È¤¤¤¦¤³¤È¤òÌÀ¼¨Åª¤Ë³Ø½¬¤·¤Ê¤±¤ì¤Ð¤Ê¤é¤Ê¤¤¡¥¤Ä¤Þ¤ë¤È¤³¤í°Åµ­¤È¤¤¤¦¤³¤È¤Ë¤Ê¤ê¡¤´ª°ã¤¤¤¹¤ì¤Ð hit ¤ò <it>¡¤it ¤ò <hit> ¤ÈÆþ¤ì°ã¤¤¤ÇÄ֤ꡤÀÖ¤ÃÃѤòÁߤ¯¤È¤¤¤¦¤³¤È¤â¤¢¤êÆÀ¤ë¡¥¤à¤·¤í¡¤¤³¤Î·ï¤Ë´Ø¤·¤Æ¤Ï¡¤<h> ¤Î²»ÁǤò¤â¤ÄÆüËܸì¤òÊì¸ì¤È¤¹¤ë±Ñ¸ì³Ø½¬¼Ô¤Î¤Û¤¦¤¬´Ö°ã¤¨¤Ë¤¯¤¤¤À¤í¤¦¡¥
¡¡Æ±¤¸¤è¤¦¤Ê¤³¤È¤¬¡¤th-fronting ¤È¤·¤ÆÃΤé¤ì¤ë¸½¾Ý¤Ë´Ø¤·¤Æ¤â¤¤¤¨¤ë¡¥¤³¤ì¤Ï¤¢¤ë±Ñ¸ìÊѼï¤ä¸Ä¿Í¤Îȯ²»¤Ë¤ª¤¤¤Æ¡¤th ¤¬ /θ/ ¤Ç¤Ï¤Ê¤¯¡¤Á°´ó¤ê¤Î /f/ ¤Çȯ²»¤µ¤ì¤ë¤â¤Î¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡¥È¯²»½¬ÆÀÃæ¤Î¥Í¥¤¥Æ¥£¥Ö¤Î»Ò¶¡¤Ë¤â¤è¤¯¤ß¤é¤ì¤ë¸½¾Ý¤À¡¥Cook (129) ¤Ï¡¤Ê̤覵æ¼Ô¤Ë¤è¤ë East Tilbury (Essex) ¤Î4--7ºÐ¤Îȯ²»¤Ë´Ø¤¹¤ëÄ´ºº·ë²Ì¤ò¼¡¤Î¤è¤¦¤Ë¾Ò²ð¤·¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡¥

Children preferred 'fing' over 'thing' by 56% to 32%, 'nuffing' over 'nothing' by 37% to 34%. Overall they opted for the dialect spelling 30% of the time. Learning to spell English is a problem for any child who speaks English with an accent that is non-standard in a particular country, whether England or Australia. To make the spelling system work, children with non-standard accents have either to invent correspondence rules for their own dialect that are different from those they are taught, that is, <th> corresponding to /f/ or /v/ in East Tilbury, or have to imagine what a standard speaker would say rather than themselves and their parents. In other words to some extent they are in the position of second language learners, basing spelling correspondence on a phonology that is not their own.


¡¡ÆüËܸìÊì¸ìÏüԤϡ¤±Ñ¸ìÀµ½ñË¡¤¬¡ÊÈóɸ½à±Ñ¸ì¡Ë¥Í¥¤¥Æ¥£¥Ö¤ËÂФ·¤Æ¤â¤Ä¤³¤Î¦Ì̤ˤϡ¤¤Ê¤«¤Ê¤«µ¤¤Å¤«¤Ê¤¤¤À¤í¤¦¡¥À¤³¦Ãæ¤Î±Ñ¸ì¤ÎÄÖ¤ê¼ê¤Ï¡¤¤¤¤º¤ì¤Ë¤»¤è²¿¤«¤·¤é¤Îº¤Æñ¤ËľÌ̤¹¤ë¤³¤È¤Ë¤Ê¤ë¤Î¤À¡¥

¡¡¡¦ Cook, Vivian. The English Writing System. London: Hodder Education, 2004.

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¢£ #1459. Cockney rhyming slang [cockney][slang][rhyme][word_play]

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¢£ #1458. cockney [cockney][variety][sociolinguistics][estuary_english][walker][popular_passage]

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¡¡cockney ¤Ï¼Ò²ñŪ¤Ë¤ÏÄ㤯¸«¤é¤ì¤Æ¤­¤¿ÊѼï¤Ç¤¢¤ê¡¤¡Ö#1456. John Walker ¤Î A Critical Pronouncing Dictionary (1791)¡× ([2013-04-22-1]) ¤Ç¿¨¤ì¤¿¤è¤¦¤Ë¡¤µ¬ÈϼçµÁ¤Î»þÂå¤ÎÀµ²»³Ø¼Ô John Walker (1732--1807) ¤Ê¤É¤Ï cockney ë¤ê¤ò²¿¤Ë¤â¤Þ¤·¤ÆÈóÆñ¤·¤¿¤Û¤É¤À¡¥George Bernard Shaw (1856--1950) ¤Ë¤è¤ë Pygmalion (1913) ¤Î¥ß¥å¡¼¥¸¥«¥ëÈÇ My Fair Lady ¤Ç¡¤Higgins ¶µ¼ø¤¬ cockney ë¤ê¤Î¤­¤Ä¤¤ Eliza ¤Ëȯ²»¶ºÀµ¤¹¤ë¥·¡¼¥ó¤ò»×¤¤½Ð¤¹¿Í¤â¤¤¤ë¤À¤í¤¦¡Ê[2010-11-19-1]¤Îµ­»ö¡Ö¡Ö#571. orthoepy¡×¤ò»²¾È¡Ë¡¥
¡¡¤µ¤Æ¡¤cockney ¤È¤¤¤¦¸ì¤Ï¡¤14À¤µª¸åȾ¤Î Piers Plowman A ¤Ë Cokeneyes ¤È¤·¤Æ½é½Ð¤¹¤ë¤¬¡¤Åö»þ¤Î¸ìµÁ¤Ï¡Ö·Ü¤ÎÍñ¡×¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡¥cock ¡Ê¤ª¤ó¤É¤ê¡Ë¤ÎÊ£¿ô°³Ê·Á coken ¤Ë ei ¡ÊÍñ¡Ë¤ò²Ã¤¨¤¿Ê£¹ç¸ì¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡Ê¤ª¤ó¤É¤ê¤ÏÍñ¤ò»º¤Þ¤Ê¤¤¤«¤é¡¤¾éÃ̸ì¤È¤·¤ÆÀ¸¤¸¤¿¤Î¤À¤í¤¦¡¨ ei ¤Î¸ì·Á¤Ë¤Ä¤¤¤Æ¤Ï¡¤[2010-03-30-1]¤Îµ­»ö¡Ö#337. egges or eyren¡×¤ò»²¾È¡Ë¡¥¤³¤³¤«¤é¡¤¡Ö¤Ç¤­¤½¤³¤Ê¤¤¤ÎÍñ¡×¡¤¡Ö´Å¤Ã¤¿¤ì¤ÎÆð¼å¤Ê»Ò¡×¡¤¡ÖÅÔ²ñ¿Í¡×¤Ø¤È°ÕÌ£¤¬È¯Å¸¤·¤¿¡¥¡Ö¥í¥ó¥É¥ó»Ò¡×¤Î¸ìµÁ¤Ï1600ǯ¤Ë½é½Ð¤·¡¤1617ǯ¤Ë¤Ï J. Minsheu ¤¬ Ductor in linguas: The guide into tongues ¤ÇÀè¤Ë¤â¿¨¤ì¤¿Í­Ì¾¤Ê¡ÖÄêµÁ¡×¤òÍ¿¤¨¤ë¡¥°Ê²¼¡¤OED ¤ÎÍÑÎã¤è¤ê¡¥

A Cockney or Cockny, applied only to one borne within the sound of Bow-bell, that is, within the City of London, which tearme came first out of this tale: That a Cittizens sonne riding with his father..into the Country..asked, when he heard a horse neigh, what the horse did his father answered, the horse doth neigh; riding farther he heard a cocke crow, and said doth the cocke neigh too? and therfore Cockney or Cocknie, by inuersion thus: incock, q. incoctus i. raw or vnripe in Country-mens affaires.


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2010-08-05 Thu

¢£ #465. Estuary English ¤Ç¿Ê¹ÔÃæ¤ÎÊì²»¿ä°Ü [estuary_english][bre][gvs][phonetics][cockney]

¡¡ºòÆü¤Îµ­»ö[2010-08-04-1]¤Ç¼è¤ê¾å¤²¤¿ Estuary English ¤Ç¿Ê¹ÔÃæ¤È¤¤¤ï¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤ëÊì²»¿ä°Ü ( vowel shift ) ¤¬¤¢¤ë¡¥1400--1700ǯº¢¤Ëµ¯¤³¤Ã¤¿¤È¤µ¤ì¤ëÂçÊì²»¿ä°Ü ( Great Vowel Shift; see [2009-11-18-1]) ¤ÈƱÍͤˡ¤Ä¹Êì²»¡¦Æó½ÅÊì²»·ÏÎó¤Ëµ¯¤³¤Ã¤Æ¤¤¤ë¤¬¡¤¿ä°Ü¤ÎÊý¸þ¤Ï²¼¤«¤é¾å¤Ç¤Ï¤Ê¤¯¡¤¤à¤·¤í¾å¤«¤é²¼¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡¥·ë²Ì¤È¤·¤Æ Cockney ¤È·ë¤Ó¤Ä¤±¤é¤ì¤ë¤³¤È¤Î¿¤¤Ä¹Êì²»¡¦Æó½ÅÊì²»¤Î²»²Á¤È½Å¤Ê¤Ã¤Æ¤ª¤ê¡¤¤³¤ÎÅÀ¤Ç¤Ï Estuary English ¤È Cockney ¤È¤Î¶­ÌܤÏÛ£Ëæ¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡¥°Ê²¼¤Ï Aitchison, p. 193 ¤Î¿Þ¤ò¤â¤È¤ËºîÀ®¤·¤¿¡¥

Vowel Shift in Estuary English

¡¡·ë²Ì¤È¤·¤Æ¡¤ÅÁÅýŪ¤Êȯ²»¤Ë´·¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤ë¸Å¤¤À¤Âå¤ä EFL ³Ø½¬¼Ô¤Îݤ­¼ê¤Ë¤È¤Ã¤Æ¤Ï¡¤°Ê²¼¤Î¤è¤¦¤Ê¸í²ò¤ä°ÕÌ£ÉÔÌÀ¤Êɽ¸½¤¬À¸¤¸¤Æ¤·¤Þ¤¦¤Î¤ÇÃí°Õ¤¬É¬ÍפǤ¢¤ë¡¥

Don't be mean¢ªDon't be main [mein]
The main road¢ªThe mine [main] road
It's mine¢ªIt's moyne [moin]
See the moon¢ªSee the moun [maun]
Don't moan¢ªDon't moun [maun]
A little mound¢ªA little meund [meund]


¡¡¡¦ Aitchison, Jean. Language Change: Progress or Decay. 3rd ed. Cambridge: CUP, 2001.

Referrer (Inside): [2013-04-24-1]

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2010-08-04 Wed

¢£ #464. Estuary English [estuary_english][bre][rp][cockney][variety]

¡¡¶áǯ¥¤¥®¥ê¥¹¤Ë½Ð¸½¤·¤Æ±Æ¶ÁÎϤò¹­¤²¤Ä¤Ä¤¢¤ë±Ñ¸ì¤ÎÊѼ郎¤¢¤ë¡¥1983ǯ¤Ë Rosewarne ¤Ë¤è¤Ã¤Æ Estuary English ¡Ö²Ï¸ý±Ñ¸ì¡×¤È̾ÉÕ¤±¤é¤ì¤¿¿·¤·¤¤ÊѼï¤Ç¡¤ÅÁÅýŪ¤Ê RP (Received Pronunciation) ¤Ç¤â¤Ê¤¯ Cockney ¤Ç¤â¤Ê¤¤ÆÈÆÃ¤ÊÃæ´ÖŪ¤Êȯ²»¤ò¤â¤Á¡¤¥Æ¥à¥º²Ï¸ý¤«¤é¥í¥ó¥É¥ó¤Ø¤ÈÀªÎϤò¹­¤²¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡¥1994ǯ¤Ë¥¤¥®¥ê¥¹¤Î¶µ°éĹ´±¤¬³ØÆ¸¤Ë Estuary English ¤Îȯ²»¤ò¤ä¤á¤µ¤»¤ë¥­¥ã¥ó¥Ú¡¼¥ó¤òÄ¥¤Ã¤¿¤¯¤é¤¤¤À¤«¤é¡¤¤½¤Î³ÈÂçÎϤζ¯¤µ¤¬ÃΤì¤ë¡¥Ì¾ÉÕ¤±¿Æ¤Î Rosewarne ¤Ë¤è¤ì¤Ð¡¤Estuary English ¤Ï¼¡¤Î¤è¤¦¤ËÀâÌÀ¤µ¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡¥

Estuary English, a new accent variety I first described in 1984, is neither Cockney nor RP, but in the middle between these two. 'Estuary English . . . is to be found in its purest form along the seaward banks of the Thames, whither it has drifted from the eastern end of the capital' (leader article in the Independent on Sunday of 18 June 1995). The heartland still lies by the banks of the Thames and its estuary, but it has spread to other areas, as the Sunday Times announced on 14 March 1993 in a front-page headline 'Estuary English sweeps Britain'. Experts on British English agree that it is currently the strongest influence on the standard spoken form and that it could replace RP as the most influential accent in the British Isles. (Rosewarne 1996: 15 quoted in Jenkins 130--31)



¡¡±Ñ¸ì¤Î¤ªÉ¨¸µ¤Î¥¤¥®¥ê¥¹¤ÇÀ¸¤¸¤Æ¤¤¤ëÊѼï¤Ê¤À¤±¤Ë¡¤µÄÏÀ¤â³èȯ¤À¡¥Rosewarne ¤Ï¤¤¤º¤ì RP ¤¬ Estuary English ¤ò°û¤ß¹þ¤à¤«¤¢¤ë¤¤¤ÏµÕ¤Î¤³¤È¤¬µ¯¤³¤ë¤Î¤Ç¤Ï¤Ê¤¤¤«¤ÈͽÁÛ¤·¤Æ¤¤¤ë¤¬¡¤ÏÀ¼Ô¤Î¤Ê¤«¤Ë¤Ï Estuary English ¤ÏÏÃ¼Ô¸Ä¿ÍÆâ¤ÎʸÂΤˤ¹¤®¤º¡¤¼Ò²ñŪ¤ÊÊѼï¤È¤·¤Æ¤Ï¸ºß¤·¤Ê¤¤¤È¤¤¤¦¼Ô¤â¾¯¤Ê¤¯¤Ê¤¤¡¥University College London ¤Î Estuary English ¤Ç¤Ï¿¤¯¤Î¾ðÊó¤äµÄÏÀ¤¬ÆÀ¤é¤ì¤ë¡¥Varieties of English ¤Î "British English" ¤Î¥Ú¡¼¥¸¤Ë¤â Estuary English ¤Î¸À¸ìŪ¤ÊÆÃħ¤Ê¤É¤ÎÍ­ÍѤʾðÊ󤬤¢¤ë¡¥

¡¡¡¦ Jenkins, Jennifer. World Englishes: A Resource Book for Students. 2nd ed. London: Routledge, 2009.
¡¡¡¦ Rosewarne, D. "Changes in English Pronunciation and Some Implications for Teachers and Non-Native Learners." Speak Out! Newsletter of the IATEFL Pronunciation Special Interest Group. No. 18 (1996): 15--21.

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