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ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2023-12-29 Fri

#5359. ӤᤰȤ --- Dz World Englishes [voicy][heldio][notice][world_englishes][we_nyumon][indian_english][elt][efl]

Voicy heldio ˤӤᤰءˤȤ̲ۿƤޤ#936. Dz World Englishes 褤 --- ӤᤰȤ̡ꤷơDzѤ World Englishes αѸ춵顦춵ȤơޤǤäƤޤԤ10ʬۤɤǤҤİ



򺣤 NetFlix YouTube ʤɤۿDzɥޤ̤ơ͡ʱѸѼ郎ȶʹ褦ˤʤäƤޤΤ褦ʻ񸻤ϡѸؽä˥ꥹ˥󥰡ˤζȤƤΩޤϤθѸ򤹤Ǥ⵮ŤǤϤܤؤαѸʼҲ˸ؤμȤǡѶŪ˱Dz World Englishes ƳƤȤΤȤǤơԤκǸǤϡο䤷֡ѸʱDzˡפǤ뤳Ȥ餫ˤޤο䤷αѸѼϲǤ礦
ξȤ̤2ƤǤơ1Ƥ1212#925. ԤȸWorld Englishes ١ʾƲ2023ǯ --- ӤᤰȤδڹαѸᤰ̡ȤۿƤޤ⺣ƤȴϢΤǡҤİСޤϢ hellog #5345. ִڹαѸ --- ԡˡWorld Englishes ١ʾƲ2023ǯˤ10ϡ ([2023-12-15-1]) 碌Ƥɤ


 ԡˡWorld Englishes ١Ʋ2023ǯ



ԡˡWorld Englishes ١Ʋ2023ǯ

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2021-12-06 Mon

#4606. ץǤ2ȤƱѸ줬ѤƤ [cyprus][esl][efl]

2021ǯ125俷ʹī8̤ε֥ץ̳ʺ֡ʡ̱ήʬǡפɤ
衼åѤͣʬǹȡץ (Republic of Cyprus) 泤ǡ͹ȾʬۤɤѤϤ120ͤ餷Ƥ롥ץϡ16ꥪޥΤȤʤäƤ1878ǯ˥ꥹ˳졤θ1960ǯ˥ꥹΩ1974ǯ˥ꥷϽ̱¦ˤΥǥ򵡤ˡȥ륳Ͻ̱¦ˤȥ륳ݸΤȤΩεᡤ1973ǯˡ̥ץȥ륳¹פȤΩʹߡʬDzäϤ³ƤܲʲҤˤήθˤäΤƤȤºݡɻߤΤ˸ĺƤ褦¦γˤϥ⥹Ω¦γˤϥꥹޥΥߥ͡󤬵ƤȤ

Map of the Mediterranean
Map of Cyprus

ޤΤƤʤץϥ衼åѤǤϿʤ ESL (English as a Second Language) ϰ1ĤǤꡤϢˮˤ°Ƥcf. #4474. ESL ϰγѡ ([2021-07-27-1])#1676. The Commonwealth of Nations ([2013-11-28-1])ˡ#177. ENL, ESL, EFL ϰΥꥹȡ ([2009-10-21-1]) Ǥ EFL (English as a Foreign Language) ϰʬवƤꡤʬ̯꤬ؤäƤ褦ˤ衤McArthur (277) "English widely used" Ȥ̤ꡤҲŪ˹Ѹ줬ѤƤˤѤʤ
ʤߤˡ泤ϰǤϡۤ˥ޥ륿 (Malta) ȥ֥륿 (Gibraltar) ESLϰǤcf. #2228. ޥ륿αѸ (1) ([2015-06-03-1])#2229. ޥ륿αѸ (2) ([2015-06-04-1])#2920. Gibraltar English ([2017-04-25-1]
ץθ𡤤Ȥ櫓ѸѤμ¾ˤĤƤϾܤĴ٤ƤʤŪطʡ̱²ȤʣʼҲΤ褦Ǥ롥塤ؿ󤻤Ƥ

McArthur, Tom, ed. The Oxford Companion to the English Language. Oxford: OUP, 1992.

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2021-08-15 Sun

#4493. αѸѼˡ --- Mesthrie and Bhatt 12 [model_of_englishes][world_englishes][new_englishes][variety][pidgin][creole][esl][efl][enl]

ε#4492. αѸѼˡ --- Gupta 5ס ([2021-08-14-1]) ˰³αѸѼˡˤĤơ World Englishes ȤХܤ路 Mesthrie and Bhatt (3--10) ˤ12פؤʬҲ𤷤Ʊ͡Schneider (44) ͳƼ

(a) Metropolitan standards (i.e. the "respected mother state's" norm as opposed to colonial offspring, i.e. in our case British English and American English as national reference forms).
(b) Colonial standards (the standard forms of the former "dominions," i.e. Australian, New Zealand, Canadian, South African English, etc.).
(c) Regional dialects (of Britain and North America, less so elsewhere in settler colonies).
(d) Social dialects (by class, ethnicity, etc.; including, e.g. Broad, General and Cultivated varieties in Australia, African American Vernacular English, and others).
(e) Pidgin Englishes (originally rudimentary intermediate forms in contact, and nobody's native tongue; possibly elaborated in complexity, e.g. West African Pidgin Englishes).
(f) Creole Englishes (fully developed but highly structured, hence of questionable relatedness to the lexifier English; e.g. Jamaican Creole).
(g) English as a Second Language (ESL) (postcolonial countries where English plays a key role in government and education; e.g. Kenya, Sri Lanka).
(h) English as a Foreign Language (EFL) (English used for external and international purposes; e.g. China, Europe, Brazil).
(i) Immigrant Englishes (developed by migrants to an English-dominant country; e.g. Chicano English in the United States)).
(j) Language-shift Englishes (resulting from the replacement of an ancestral language by English; possibly, like Hiberno English, becoming a social dialect in the end).
(k) Jargon Englishes (unstable pre-pidgins without norms and with great individual variation, e.g. South Seas Jargon in the nineteenth century)
(l) Hybrid Englishes (mixed codes, prestigious among urban youths; e.g. "Hinglish" mixing Hindi and English).


Ѹʻѡˤˡϰ̡ǽ4ĤΥѥ᡼Ȥ߹碌ʬȤ롥ºݤ¸ߤʤˤȤѸѼ夷Ƥ봶롥ϳ餵ʬȤ櫓ǤϤʤʬǤϡʣΥƥ꡼ˤޤäƽ°Ƥޤ褦ʱѸѼ⤢ΤǤϤʤ

Schneider, Edgar W. "Models of English in the World." Chapter 3 of The Oxford Handbook of World Englishes. Ed. by Markku Filppula, Juhani Klemola, and Devyani Sharma. New York: OUP, 2017. 35--57.
Mesthrie, Rajend and Rakesh M. Bhatt. World Englishes: The Study of New Linguistic Varieties. Cambridge: CUP, 2008.

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2020-01-24 Fri

#3924. ɸѸΥͥƥ֤ڥ󥰤ؤ־Ѥʤ [spelling][orthography][cockney][efl][cockney][h]

ޤܸȤ͡¿ϡѸ򳰹ȤƤαѸ (EFL) ȤǤߤƤ롥Ω줫顤ѸˡʤγؤӤ䤹ˤˤɾꡤ줳Τ̤Ǥ롥ˡ˴ؤ¤ꡤѸȤ (ENL) üԤλҶ⼫˽櫓ǤϤʤ٤βǰռŪ˳ؤФʤФʤʤENL λҶϤǤ˱Ѹβ򤢤餫dzؽפȤǡEFLؽԤȤ󤬰ۤʤäƤΤǡ#3889. ͥƥ֤褯ְ㤨륹ڥ󥰡 ([2019-12-20-1]) Ǥߤ̤ꡤEFLؽԤߤäʥڥ󥰤δְ㤨򤹤뤳Ȥ롥䤿ˤȤäƤߤСEFL֤ϿɤפȸȤͥƥ֤̤δENL֤ϿɤפȤܤ䤭ϤǤ롥
Ȥ櫓ƼϰʤɸѸˤȤͥƥ֤ˤȤäơɸѸ˴ŤѸɽŪˡʤȤϤȾüɽΤǤϤ뤬ˤǤ롥åˡ (cockney) ʤɤȤ롤 /h/ ⤿ʤѸüԤˤȤäơhit it ȯƱȤʤ뤬񤯺ݤˤԤ <h> ǡ <h> ʤ֤ȤȤŪ˳ؽʤФʤʤĤޤȤŵȤȤˤʤꡤ㤤 hit <it>it <hit> 㤤֤ꡤ֤ѤߤȤȤ⤢롥षη˴ؤƤϡ<h> βǤܸȤѸؽԤΤְۤ㤨ˤ
Ʊ褦ʤȤth-fronting ȤΤ븽ݤ˴ؤƤ⤤롥ϤѸѼĿͤȯˤơth /θ/ ǤϤʤ /f/ ȯΤǤ롥ȯΥͥƥ֤λҶˤ褯ߤ븽ݤCook (129) ϡ̤θԤˤ East Tilbury (Essex) 4--7Фȯ˴ؤĴ̤򼡤Τ褦˾Ҳ𤷤Ƥ롥

Children preferred 'fing' over 'thing' by 56% to 32%, 'nuffing' over 'nothing' by 37% to 34%. Overall they opted for the dialect spelling 30% of the time. Learning to spell English is a problem for any child who speaks English with an accent that is non-standard in a particular country, whether England or Australia. To make the spelling system work, children with non-standard accents have either to invent correspondence rules for their own dialect that are different from those they are taught, that is, <th> corresponding to /f/ or /v/ in East Tilbury, or have to imagine what a standard speaker would say rather than themselves and their parents. In other words to some extent they are in the position of second language learners, basing spelling correspondence on a phonology that is not their own.


ܸüԤϡѸˡɸѸ˥ͥƥ֤ФƤĤ¦̤ˤϡʤʤŤʤαѸ֤ϡˤ貿κľ̤뤳ȤˤʤΤ

Cook, Vivian. The English Writing System. London: Hodder Education, 2004.

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2016-01-30 Sat

#2469. αѸ [demography][world_englishes][new_englishes][esl][map][timeline][efl]

αѸˤĤƤϡʲε¾Ǽ夲Ƥ

#177. ENL, ESL, EFL ϰΥꥹȡ ([2009-10-21-1])
#215. ENL, ESL ϰαѸ첽ǯ ([2009-11-28-1])
#273. αѸ ([2010-01-25-1])
#375. ENLESL ο͸Ψ ([2010-05-07-1])
#759. 21͸ιϢͽ¬ ([2011-05-26-1])
#1589. եԥαѸ ([2013-09-02-1])
#1590. ѸνѼ ([2013-09-03-1])
#1593. եԥαѸ (2) ([2013-09-06-1])

Ѹ̤ꤦǡѸüԤ˴ؤ͸פϽפʰ̣ġ͡ʸ󤲤뤳ȤǤ뤬Ǥ Gramley (313, 314) "Anglophone South Asian countries" "Anglophone Southeast Asian countries" ɽɥå󥰤Τ򼨤  *

countrysignificant UK contactbeginning of colonial statusindependencetotal populationEnglish speakers
percentagetotal number
Bangladesh169018581947162,000,000--2%3,500,000
India160018581947--1.2 billion> 20%> 230,000,000
Nepal none 25,000,000> 25%7,000,000
Pakistan185718581947164,000,000--11%18,000,000
Sri Lanka17961802194820,000,000--10%2,000,000
 
Singapore1819186719655,000,000--80%--4,000,000
Hong Kong1841184219976,900,000--36%2,500,000
PhilippinesUSA: 18981898194697,000,000> 50%50,000,000
Malaysia178617951957, 196327,000,000--27%7,400,000


ѸüԤο͸פȤϡɡѥ󡤥Х󥰥ǥϤȴƤ롥եԥ21ˤޤޤӤƤ椯ޤɽ˷ǤƤΰϤESLϰǤ뤬ޤǤʤƶ쥢ˤӹEFLϰ褬äƤꡤǤϱѸ춵餬㳰ʤˤʤäƤ롥ºݾ太ŪʱѸüԤ³뤳Ȥϴְ㤤ʤΤʤǥϺαѸȤι˱ƶͿ票ꥢȤʤܤϡΤ褦ʶ٤αѸĶѲˡ褯դʧȤɬפǤ롥

Gramley, Stephan. The History of English: An Introduction. Abingdon: Routledge, 2012.

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2014-07-29 Tue

#1919. ѸγȻ˴ؤ4Ĥ crossings [history][irish][ireland][standardisation][linguistic_imperialism][ame][new_englishes][bilingualism][historiography][model_of_englishes][esl][efl][elf]

Mesthrie and Rakesh (12--17) ˡ"INTEGRATING NEW ENGLISHES INTO THE HISTORY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE COMPLEX" ꤹϤꡤWorld Englishes 뤤 New Englishes ȤŪʻαѸˤΤȤ館Ƥꡤ
ѸγȻϡͭ˰鸽ߤޤǡ4Ĥ crossings ˤʹԤƤȤ1 crossing ϡ5ȾФޥ̱²֥ƥϤäƤΰܽάؤʳ顤ݥȥ˥뤢뤤ϥݥȥ۵褦ʣαѸѼ¿֡ܿǤ¸ߤƤʣαѸѼȤƤϡ󥰥²²塼²ʤɤδ֤̱²Ѽζ̤ܽ餫餢äܽϰѼҲѼȯãߤ줿¿֤ӸܿȤƤϡظȤƤΥȸαƶظȤƤΥƥȤܿ˵ظȤƤθťΥɸȤκʤɤŦ롥ȥˤäƤϡ1000ǯ˱Ѹ˾ƽ񤭸դɸबȯŸ³ΥޥˤषοϡѸɸѼ "the first decline" ȸƤ٤ (13)
2 crossing ϡѸ1164ǯ Henry II ɤݤΡѸγȻؤΤȤѸ줬ɤذܿ줫̤ȤƤ夹뤳ȤϤʤäष󥰥ɤο̱ԤϥɤƱƤ椭Ѹ⼺줿ܤϡ#1715. Ireland ˤѸˡ ([2014-01-06-1]) 򻲾Ȥ줿
Ѹ줫ѸˤơѸ˾2ܤν񤭸դɸಽư󥰥ɤˤ󥰥ȯɸѼϡʹߡߤ˻ޤǡѸˤøŪϰ̤Ƥ20äƤΥꥫѼȯŸˤꡤޤ20Ⱦߤ褦ˤʤäɸѼ狼æ뷹򼨤ѼĹˤꡤøŪϰ̤Ū˲äƤƤ롥ϰ̤㲼ϡ󥰥ɤδߤСѸɸѼ "a second decline" (16) ȸƤ٤"a second decline" ˤƤϡ"the first decline" ΤȤΤ褦ɸѼ綠ΤΤ䤨櫓ǤϤʤȤդϤޤ¸ߤ³ƤꡤꥫѼ䤽¾ѼȤδ֤Ūϰ̤㲼ƤȤˤʤ
ǡѸʹߤϡ󶯤ˤϤο̱ϻۤŸƤѸγȻˤĤƤϡ#1700. ꥹȯαѸγȻǯɽ ([2013-12-22-1]) ϤȤơܥ֥Ǥ¿夲ƤѸϤΥꥹʤȥꥫˤηǤ뿢̱ϼΤȤǡΥ뤳ȤˤʤäΥˤϡȤƤαѸѼ郎üԤȤȤ˰ܿ줿 ("colonies of settlement") ⤢СкŪŪȤ뿢̱ϻۤˤƱѸ줬2Ȥƽ줿 ("colonies of exploitation") ⤢äԤ the United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, St. Helena, the Falklands ʤɤΤ ENL ϰ衤Ԥϥեꥫ䥢Τ ESL ϰбʡ#177. ENL, ESL, EFL ϰΥꥹȡ ([2009-10-21-1]) ӡ#409. ̱ϲͼǤߤ World Englishes ʬ ([2010-06-10-1]) 򻲾ȡˡƤο̱ϻۤäƤʤݸΤȤƤϰ̤и Botswana, Lesotho, Swaziland, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Iraq ʤɤǤϡESL EFL ŪʱѸѼ郎ߤ롥ޤ20ʹߤϱƤο̱ϻۤˤľŪˤϷиƤʤȤ⡤ܡ񡤥ϤϤǡEFL 뤤 ELF ȤƤαѸѼ郎ؤФƤ롥ǤϡѸüԤο͸ưɬȼʤѸ4 crossing äƤȤߤ뤳ȤǤ롥ĤޤꡤѸ˾ơѸȤ줬üԤ̤ΰưȼ鷺˳ȻƤΤ
Ѹ˾4Ĥ crossings ˤϤ줾˰㤤ߤ뤬Ȥ櫓ݥȥ4 crossing ռǡ crossings 򿶤֤ȡѸ˵ҤΤοƶΤǤϤʤλ¤ϡꥹˤ˴ѤȤ̤Ȥ롥

Mesthrie, Rajend and Rakesh M. Bhatt. World Englishes: The Study of New Linguistic Varieties. Cambridge: CUP, 2008.

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2013-09-04 Wed

#1591. Crystal ˤѸüԤο͸ [statistics][demography][enl][esl][efl][elf][new_englishes][pidgin][creole]

εǰä#1590. ѸνѼ ([2013-09-03-1]) αѸѼܤ򹭤ȡ줳Ӥ English varieties ߡȯŸƤ뤳Ȥ狼롥ѸѼοФǤʤѸѼüԤο⤪Ӥ#397. üԿˤȥå25 ([2010-05-29-1]) ενǿ줿褦ˡüԿüԤ­碌ȡѸ1Ȥʤ롥ѸüԿ͸βߡ̤ˤĤƤϡʲεǰäƤ

#319. ѸüԿ͸ζɤեǥ ([2010-03-12-1])
#427. ѸüԤˢ֤ǥ ([2010-06-28-1])
#933. ѸαѸüԿ͸á ([2011-11-16-1])
#173. ENL, ESL, EFL üԿ͸ ([2009-10-17-1])
#375. ENLESL ο͸Ψ ([2010-05-07-1])
#759. 21͸ιϢͽ¬ ([2011-05-26-1])
#414. language shift θ줿Ѹüԥǥ ([2010-06-15-1])

ߤˤѸüԿ͸Τİ뤳Ȥ񤷤Crystal (61, 65--67) ǽҤ٤Ƥ褦ˡμο͸פˤ͡ʸŪŪ󤬲ݤ뤫Crystal (62--65) ϡΤʤ2001ǯߤαѸ͸פǯǤ褯礤˽ФѸüԤο͸פǤ롥

TerritoryL1L2Population (2001)
American Samoa2,00065,00067,000
Antigua & Barbuda*66,0002,00068,000
Aruba9,00035,00070,000
Australia14,987,0003,500,00018,972,000
Bahamas*260,00028,000298,000
Bangladesh 3,500,000131,270,000
Barbados*262,00013,000275,000
Belize*190,00056,000256,000
Bermuda63,000 63,000
Botswana 630,0001,586,000
British Virgin Islands*20,000 20,800
Brunei10,000134,000344,000
Cameroon* 7,700,00015,900,000
Canada20,000,0007,000,00031,600,000
Cayman Islands*36,000 36,000
Cook Islands1,0003,00021,000
Dominica*3,00060,00070,000
Fiji6,000170,000850,000
Gambia* 40,0001,411,000
Ghana* 1,400,00019,894,000
Gibraltar28,0002,00031,000
Grenada*100,000 100,000
Guam58,000100,000160,000
Guyana*650,00030,000700,000
Hong Kong150,0002,200,0007,210,000
India350,000200,000,0001,029,991,000
Ireland3,750,000100,0003,850,000
Jamaica*2,600,00050,0002,665,000
Kenya 2,700,00030,766,000
Kiribati 23,00094,000
Lesotho 500,0002,177,000
Liberia*600,0002,500,0003,226,000
Malawi 540,00010,548,000
Malaysia380,0007,000,00022,230,000
Malta13,00095,000395,000
Marshall Islands 60,00070,000
Mauritius2,000200,0001,190,000
Micronesia4,00060,000135,000
Montserrat*4,000 4,000
Namibia14,000300,0001,800,000
Nauru90010,70012,000
Nepal 7,000,00025,300,000
New Zealand3,700,000150,0003,864,000
Nigeria* 60,000,000126,636,000
Northern Marianas*5,00065,00075,000
Pakistan 17,000,000145,000,000
Palau50018,00019,000
Papua New Guinea*150,0003,000,0005,000,000
Philippine$20,00040,000,00083,000,000
Puerto Rico100,0001,840,0003,937,000
Rwanda 20,0007,313,000
St Kitts & Nevis*43,000 43,000
St Lucia*31,00040,000158,000
St Vincent & Grenadines*114,000 116,000
Samoa1,00093,000180,000
Seychelles3,00030,00080,000
Sierra Leone*500,0004,400,0005,427,000
Singapore350,0002,000,0004,300,000
Solomon Islands*10,000165,000480,000
South Africa3,700,00011,000,00043,586,000
Sri Lanka10,0001,900,00019,400,000
Suriname*260,000150,000434,000
Swaziland 50,0001,104,000
Tanzania 4,000,00036,232,000
Tonga 30,000104,000
Trinidad & Tobago*1,145,000 1,170,000
Tuvalu 80011,000
Uganda 2,500,00023,986,000
United Kingdom58,190,0001,500,00059,648,000
UK Islands (Channel, Man)227,000 228,000
United States215,424,00025,600,000278,059,000
US Virgin Islands*98,00015,000122,000
Vanuatu*60,000120,000193,000
Zambia110,0001,800,0009,770,000
Zimbabwe250,0005,300,00011,365,000
Other dependencies20,00015,00035,000
Total329,140,800430,614,5002,236,730,800


* դƤϰϡɸѸǤϤʤ pidgin/creole Ѹ줬ȤäƤϰǤ롥pidgin/creole ѼѸΰȤߤʤݤŪȤʤäƤΤǡΩ˱ƿͤ­줿ʶŪˤϡL1 ǼȤɽ700ͤL2 ǼȤեꥫ8,000ͤͿˡޤL1 L2 ο͸ϸ§ȤƾʤοפȤߤƤ褤ˤɽˤϡ#217. ѸüԤƱߥǥ ([2009-11-30-1]) οޤǤȤ Expanding Circle ιϰϴޤޤƤʤȤˤդ줿
ǵ󤲤ϰˤĤƤϡ#177. ENL, ESL, EFL ϰΥꥹȡ ([2009-10-21-1]) ӡ#215. ENS, ESL ϰαѸ첽ǯ ([2009-11-28-1]) ⻲ȡ

Crystal, David. English As a Global Language. 2nd ed. Cambridge: CUP, 2003.

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2013-09-03 Tue

#1590. ѸνѼ [esl][efl][elf][new_englishes]

ε#1589. եԥαѸ ([2013-09-02-1]) ȴϢơˤѸѼˤĤưŪ夲롥νϰϡפ俢̱ϻޤ4ˤ錄ѸȤܿˤ̤ơȼαѸѼȯãƤ Asian English(es) ȸƤФ ESL 뤤 EFL ȤƤαѸѼϡϰ褪ӻѡٲƤ뤫ݤˤδʬव (Jenkins 45)

South Asian varieties    South-East Asian and Pacific varieties    East Asian varieties    
BangladeshBruneiChina
BhutanCambodiaHong Kong
IndiaFijiJapan
MaldivesIndonesiaKorea
NepalLaosTaiwan
PakistanMalaysia 
Sri LankaMyanmar 
 Philippines 
 Singapore 
 Thailand 
 Vietnam 


Institutionalised varieties (Outer Circle)    Non-institutionalised varieties (Expanding Circle)    
BangladeshCambodia
BhutanChina
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αѸѼ郎ǧȤ뤬ɱѸ䥷󥬥ݡѸΤ褦ˤǤ˹ǧΤѼ⤢СեѸ졤֥ͥѸ졤ѸʤɤΤ褦ȼ褦䤯椵Ϥ᤿Ѽ⤢롥ޤ֡Ѹ졤ǥѸ졤ͥѡѸʤɤϡˤƤ⤤ޤۤȤɸڤʤˡܱѸܿͱѸ졩ˤȼħ뤳Ȥϻ䤿ΤäƤ뤬ѸѼȤ˹ǧΤΤȤϤʤäƤʤ
Τ褦˳ѼȯŸʳǧ٤ϤޤޤǤ롥¿쾯ʤ (1) ȼεϤȯãƤ뤳ȡ(2) 2¿˾֤ΤʤȯãƤ뤳ȡ(3) heteronomous (norm-dependent) variety ȼǧ뤳Ȥ¿ȡȤƵ󤲤롥ºݡ3ħϡ衼åѤȯãĤĤ Euro-English ޤᡤȤƤαѸѼ˶ͭƤħAsian Englishes Euro-English ȯŸʳˤԤäƤȤ㤤ˤʤʤ(1) (3) ȿưϡ#1255. "New Englishes" Υ饤ե ([2012-10-03-1]) Ǹ褦ˡѸѼФüԤ٤ӥХȤǤ뤳Ȥ˸Ʊ롥
#375. ENLESL ο͸Ψ ([2010-05-07-1]) ӡ#759. 21͸ιϢͽ¬ ([2011-05-26-1]) Ǽ褦ˡˤϥɡեԥ󡤥ѥʤɿ͸¿ϰ褬¿ᡤȤѸ͸ΤοѡȤˤʤȤƤ⡤п礭ʤ롥͸Ψ⤯β⸫ޤ뤿ᡤ塤αѸѤˤ˹׸ϰȤʤ뤳Ȥϴְ㤤ʤ¸ߴϡѸѤˤƤĤĤ롥
ϢơѸѼˤĤƤϡ#177. ENL, ESL, EFL ϰΥꥹȡ ([2009-10-21-1]) ӡ#177. ENL, ESL, EFL ϰΥꥹȡ ([2009-10-21-1]) 򻲾ȡ

Jenkins, Jennifer. World Englishes: A Resource Book for Students. 2nd ed. London: Routledge, 2009.

Referrer (Inside): [2016-01-30-1] [2013-09-04-1]

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2013-08-11 Sun

#1567. ѸܸΥ饤󥳡ѥ򤤤ĤҲ [web_service][corpus][efl][link][japanese]

־Ѥ뤳ȤΤǤ륳ѥ򤤤ĤҲ𤷤
ޤ#1441. JACET 8000 Υ١ˤå٥ʬϥġ ([2013-04-07-1]) Ǽ夲ëϡBusiness Letter Corpus Υ饤󡦥󥳡󥵡ǸƤ롥27ΥѥθǽȤʤäƤ뤬ᥤ100Ķʤ Business Letter Corpus (BLC2000) Ȥ˥դ POS-tagged BLC 2Ĥ1970ǯʹߤαƤ¾νʪǡǤ롥
Instructions for the First-Time User ǤޤȤƤ褦ˡΥѥΤʤˤϡ167Ķ State of the Union Address (1790--2006) ʤɥǡɤǤΤ⤢ꡤͭѤǤ롥Ѻʸγؽ䡤ȼǡ١Υ󥳡󥵡Τ˻ͤˤʤ롥
ʤƱȤǤϡҤγƼ拾ѥ N-Gram Search Ԥʤ Bigram Plus εǽ󶡤Ƥ롥N-Gram θˤϡܥ֥#956. COCA N-Gram Search ([2011-12-09-1]) ⻲ȡ
ϡѹΥ꡼ (University of Leeds) 絬Ϥ Leeds collection of Internet corporaѸϤᡤե󥹸졤ܸʤɤ͡ʸΥѥ򥪥饤ǸǤ롥
ܸΥѥξˤĤƤϾܤʤKOTONOHA ָܸ񤭸նѹեѥϽ¤Ƥ褦ܸۤ쥳ѥξ󸻤ȤƤϡѥܸؤΤξ --- ѥҲͭѡ

Referrer (Inside): [2013-10-09-1]

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2009-06-23 Tue

#56. Ѹΰ֤ŤѤĤĤ [esl][efl][denmark][language_shift][future_of_english]

ʲι̾ꥹȤ鲿Ϣۤ

Argentina
Belgium
Costa Rica
Denmark
Ethiopia
Honduras
Lebanon
Myanmar
Nepal
Netherlands
Nicaragua
Norway
Panama
Somalia
Sudan
Suriname
Sweden
Switzerland
United Arab Emirates

ϹǤαѸΰ֤Ť EFL ( English as a Foreign Language ) ESL ( English as a Second Language ) ϰ̤ؤѲĤĤΥꥹȤǤ ( Graddol 11 )Ǥϡ翦Ȥäΰ濴ˡ⥳ߥ˥Τ˱Ѹ줬Ѥ뵡ƤȤ
̲ͤαѸ줬ʤȤϤ褯ΤƤ뤬䤬ǥޡˬ줿ȤˡŪʽäShakespeare Hamlet Ȥʤä Kronborg Castle δѸĥ˻äȤΤȡ10̾ʾ夤üԤΤ䤬ͣγͤǤꡤĤϳǥޡͤäǥĥϻ˥ĥɤ鼫ȯ줿֤줫δѸϱѸǤޤסüԤΰͤ餤ȤܤԤ㡼ǡֱѸ϶פȾ̤ᤫƤθĥϤ˱ѸǿʹԤѸ줬Ǥ⹭Ƥڵ
Ѹ줬 ESL ϰ̤ĤĤǥޡΤ褦ʹƤƤ뤳ȤϡѸ̤ͤǽפʰ̣Ĥ

Graddol, David. The Future of English? The British Council, 1997. Digital version available at http://www.britishcouncil.org/learning-research-futureofenglish.htm

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