Voicy heldio ˤӤᤰءˤȤ̲ۿƤޤ#936. Dz World Englishes 褤 --- ӤᤰȤ̡ꤷơDzѤ World Englishes αѸ춵顦춵ȤơޤǤäƤޤԤ10ʬۤɤǤҤİ
NetFlix YouTube ʤɤۿDzɥޤ̤ơ͡ʱѸѼ郎ȶʹ褦ˤʤäƤޤΤ褦ʻϡѸؽä˥ꥹ˥ˤζȤƤΩޤϤθѸǤŤǤϤܤؤαѸʼҲ˸ؤμȤǡѶŪ˱Dz World Englishes ƳƤȤΤȤǤơԤκǸǤϡο䤷֡ѸʱDzˡפǤ뤳Ȥ餫ˤޤο䤷αѸѼϲǤ礦
ξȤ̤2ƤǤơ1Ƥ1212#925. ԤȸWorld Englishes ١ʾƲ2023ǯ --- ӤᤰȤδڹαѸᤰ̡ȤۿƤޤ⺣ƤȴϢΤǡҤİСޤϢ hellog #5345. ִڹαѸ --- ԡˡWorld Englishes ١ʾƲ2023ǯˤ10ϡ ([2023-12-15-1]) 碌Ƥɤ

ԡˡWorld Englishes ١Ʋ2023ǯ
2021ǯ125俷ʹī8̤ε֥ץ̳ʺ֡ʡ̱ήʬǡפɤ
衼åѤͣʬǹȡץ (Republic of Cyprus) 泤ǡȾʬۤɤѤϤ120ͤ餷Ƥ롥ץϡ16ꥪޥΤȤʤäƤ1878ǯ˥ꥹ˳졤θ1960ǯ˥ꥹΩ1974ǯ˥ꥷϽ̱¦ˤΥǥˡȥ륳Ͻ̱¦ˤȥ륳ݸΤȤΩεᡤ1973ǯˡ̥ץȥ륳¹פȤΩʹߡʬDzäϤ³ƤܲʲҤˤήθˤäΤƤȤºݡɻߤΤ˸ĺƤ褦¦γˤϥ⥹Ω¦γˤϥꥹޥΥߥ͡ƤȤ


ޤΤƤʤץϥ衼åѤǤϿʤ ESL (English as a Second Language) ϰ1ĤǤꡤϢˮˤ°Ƥcf. #4474. ESL ϰγѡ ([2021-07-27-1])#1676. The Commonwealth of Nations ([2013-11-28-1])ˡ#177. ENL, ESL, EFL ϰΥꥹȡ ([2009-10-21-1]) Ǥ EFL (English as a Foreign Language) ϰʬवƤꡤʬ̯꤬ؤäƤ褦ˤ衤McArthur (277) "English widely used" Ȥ̤ꡤҲŪ˹Ѹ줬ѤƤˤѤʤ
ʤߤˡ泤ϰǤϡۤ˥ޥ륿 (Malta) ȥ֥륿 (Gibraltar) ESLϰǤcf. #2228. ޥ륿αѸ (1) ([2015-06-03-1])#2229. ޥ륿αѸ (2) ([2015-06-04-1])#2920. Gibraltar English ([2017-04-25-1])ˡ
ץθ𡤤Ȥ櫓ѸѤμ¾ˤĤƤϾܤĴ٤ƤʤŪطʡ̱²ȤʣʼҲΤ褦Ǥ롥塤ؿƤ
McArthur, Tom, ed. The Oxford Companion to the English Language. Oxford: OUP, 1992.
ε#4492. αѸѼˡ --- Gupta 5ס ([2021-08-14-1]) ˰³αѸѼˡˤĤơ World Englishes ȤХܤ路 Mesthrie and Bhatt (3--10) ˤ12פؤʬҲ𤷤Ʊ͡Schneider (44) ͳƼ
(a) Metropolitan standards (i.e. the "respected mother state's" norm as opposed to colonial offspring, i.e. in our case British English and American English as national reference forms).
(b) Colonial standards (the standard forms of the former "dominions," i.e. Australian, New Zealand, Canadian, South African English, etc.).
(c) Regional dialects (of Britain and North America, less so elsewhere in settler colonies).
(d) Social dialects (by class, ethnicity, etc.; including, e.g. Broad, General and Cultivated varieties in Australia, African American Vernacular English, and others).
(e) Pidgin Englishes (originally rudimentary intermediate forms in contact, and nobody's native tongue; possibly elaborated in complexity, e.g. West African Pidgin Englishes).
(f) Creole Englishes (fully developed but highly structured, hence of questionable relatedness to the lexifier English; e.g. Jamaican Creole).
(g) English as a Second Language (ESL) (postcolonial countries where English plays a key role in government and education; e.g. Kenya, Sri Lanka).
(h) English as a Foreign Language (EFL) (English used for external and international purposes; e.g. China, Europe, Brazil).
(i) Immigrant Englishes (developed by migrants to an English-dominant country; e.g. Chicano English in the United States)).
(j) Language-shift Englishes (resulting from the replacement of an ancestral language by English; possibly, like Hiberno English, becoming a social dialect in the end).
(k) Jargon Englishes (unstable pre-pidgins without norms and with great individual variation, e.g. South Seas Jargon in the nineteenth century)
(l) Hybrid Englishes (mixed codes, prestigious among urban youths; e.g. "Hinglish" mixing Hindi and English).
Ѹʻѡˤˡϰ̡ǽ4ĤΥѥȤ߹碌ʬȤ롥ºݤ¸ߤʤˤȤѸѼ夷Ƥ봶롥ϳ餵ʬȤ櫓ǤϤʤʬǤϡʣΥƥˤޤäƽ°Ƥޤ褦ʱѸѼ⤢ΤǤϤʤ
Schneider, Edgar W. "Models of English in the World." Chapter 3 of The Oxford Handbook of World Englishes. Ed. by Markku Filppula, Juhani Klemola, and Devyani Sharma. New York: OUP, 2017. 35--57.
Mesthrie, Rajend and Rakesh M. Bhatt. World Englishes: The Study of New Linguistic Varieties. Cambridge: CUP, 2008.
ޤܸȤ͡¿ϡѸȤƤαѸ (EFL) ȤǤߤƤ롥Ω줫顤ѸˡʤγؤӤ䤹ˤˤɾꡤ줳Τ̤Ǥ롥ˡ˴ؤ¤ꡤѸȤ (ENL) üԤλҶ⼫˽櫓ǤϤʤ٤βǰռŪ˳ؤФʤФʤʤENL λҶϤǤ˱Ѹβ餫dzؽפȤǡEFLؽԤȤۤʤäƤΤǡ#3889. ͥƥ֤褯ְ㤨륹ڥ ([2019-12-20-1]) Ǥߤ̤ꡤEFLؽԤߤäʥڥδְ㤨뤳Ȥ롥䤿ˤȤäƤߤСEFL֤ϿɤפȸȤͥƥ֤̤δENL֤ϿɤפȤܤ䤭ϤǤ롥
Ȥ櫓ƼϰʤɸѸˤȤͥƥ֤ˤȤäơɸѸ˴ŤѸɽŪˡʤȤϤȾüɽΤǤϤ뤬ˤǤ롥åˡ (cockney) ʤɤȤ롤 /h/ ⤿ʤѸüԤˤȤäơhit it ȯƱȤʤ뤬ݤˤԤ <h> ǡ <h> ʤ֤ȤȤŪ˳ؽʤФʤʤĤޤȤŵȤȤˤʤꡤ㤤 hit <it>it <hit> 㤤֤ꡤ֤ѤߤȤȤ⤢롥षη˴ؤƤϡ<h> βǤܸȤѸؽԤΤְۤ㤨ˤ
Ʊ褦ʤȤth-fronting ȤΤ븽ݤ˴ؤƤ⤤롥ϤѸѼĿͤȯˤơth /θ/ ǤϤʤ /f/ ȯΤǤ롥ȯΥͥƥ֤λҶˤ褯ߤ븽ݤCook (129) ϡ̤θԤˤ East Tilbury (Essex) 4--7Фȯ˴ؤĴ̤Τ褦˾Ҳ𤷤Ƥ롥
Children preferred 'fing' over 'thing' by 56% to 32%, 'nuffing' over 'nothing' by 37% to 34%. Overall they opted for the dialect spelling 30% of the time. Learning to spell English is a problem for any child who speaks English with an accent that is non-standard in a particular country, whether England or Australia. To make the spelling system work, children with non-standard accents have either to invent correspondence rules for their own dialect that are different from those they are taught, that is, <th> corresponding to /f/ or /v/ in East Tilbury, or have to imagine what a standard speaker would say rather than themselves and their parents. In other words to some extent they are in the position of second language learners, basing spelling correspondence on a phonology that is not their own.
ܸüԤϡѸˡɸѸ˥ͥƥ֤ФƤĤ¦̤ˤϡʤʤŤʤαѸ֤ϡˤ貿κľ̤뤳ȤˤʤΤ
Cook, Vivian. The English Writing System. London: Hodder Education, 2004.
αѸˤĤƤϡʲε¾Ǽ夲Ƥ
#177. ENL, ESL, EFL ϰΥꥹȡ ([2009-10-21-1])
#215. ENL, ESL ϰαѸ첽ǯ ([2009-11-28-1])
#273. αѸ ([2010-01-25-1])
#375. ENLESL οΨ ([2010-05-07-1])
#759. 21ιϢͽ¬ ([2011-05-26-1])
#1589. եԥαѸ ([2013-09-02-1])
#1590. ѸνѼ ([2013-09-03-1])
#1593. եԥαѸ (2) ([2013-09-06-1])
Ѹ̤ꤦǡѸüԤ˴ؤפϽפʰ̣ġ͡ʸ뤳ȤǤ뤬Ǥ Gramley (313, 314) "Anglophone South Asian countries" "Anglophone Southeast Asian countries" ɽɥåΤ *
| country | significant UK contact | beginning of colonial status | independence | total population | English speakers | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| percentage | total number | |||||
| Bangladesh | 1690 | 1858 | 1947 | 162,000,000 | --2% | 3,500,000 |
| India | 1600 | 1858 | 1947 | --1.2 billion | > 20% | > 230,000,000 |
| Nepal | none | 25,000,000 | > 25% | 7,000,000 | ||
| Pakistan | 1857 | 1858 | 1947 | 164,000,000 | --11% | 18,000,000 |
| Sri Lanka | 1796 | 1802 | 1948 | 20,000,000 | --10% | 2,000,000 |
| Singapore | 1819 | 1867 | 1965 | 5,000,000 | --80% | --4,000,000 |
| Hong Kong | 1841 | 1842 | 1997 | 6,900,000 | --36% | 2,500,000 |
| Philippines | USA: 1898 | 1898 | 1946 | 97,000,000 | > 50% | 50,000,000 |
| Malaysia | 1786 | 1795 | 1957, 1963 | 27,000,000 | --27% | 7,400,000 |
Mesthrie and Rakesh (12--17) ˡ"INTEGRATING NEW ENGLISHES INTO THE HISTORY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE COMPLEX" ꤹϤꡤWorld Englishes 뤤 New Englishes ȤŪʻαѸˤΤȤ館Ƥꡤ
ѸγȻϡͭ˰鸽ߤޤǡ4Ĥ crossings ˤʹԤƤȤ1 crossing ϡ5ȾФޥ̱²֥ƥϤäƤΰܽάؤʳ顤ݥȥ˥뤢뤤ϥݥȥ۵褦ʣαѸѼ¿֡ܿǤ¸ߤƤʣαѸѼȤƤϡ²²塼²ʤɤδ֤̱²Ѽζ̤ܽ餫餢äܽϰѼҲѼȯãߤ줿¿֤ӸܿȤƤϡظȤƤΥȸαƶظȤƤΥƥȤܿ˵ظȤƤθťΥɸȤκʤɤŦ롥ȥˤäƤϡ1000ǯ˱Ѹ˾ƽդɸबȯŸ³ΥޥˤषοϡѸɸѼ "the first decline" ȸƤ٤ (13)
2 crossing ϡѸ1164ǯ Henry II ɤݤΡѸγȻؤΤȤѸ줬ɤذܿ줫̤ȤƤ夹뤳ȤϤʤäषɤο̱ԤϥɤƱƤ椭Ѹ⼺줿ܤϡ#1715. Ireland ˤѸˡ ([2014-01-06-1]) Ȥ줿
Ѹ줫ѸˤơѸ˾2ܤνդɸಽưɤˤȯɸѼϡʹߡߤ˻ޤǡѸˤøŪϰ̤Ƥ20äƤΥꥫѼȯŸˤꡤޤ20Ⱦߤ褦ˤʤäɸѼ狼æ뷹ѼĹˤꡤøŪϰ̤Ū˲äƤƤ롥ϰ̤㲼ϡɤδߤСѸɸѼ "a second decline" (16) ȸƤ٤"a second decline" ˤƤϡ"the first decline" ΤȤΤ褦ɸѼ綠ΤΤ䤨櫓ǤϤʤȤդϤޤ¸ߤ³ƤꡤꥫѼ䤽¾ѼȤδ֤Ūϰ̤㲼ƤȤˤʤ
ǡѸʹߤϡˤϤο̱ϻۤŸƤѸγȻˤĤƤϡ#1700. ꥹȯαѸγȻǯɽ ([2013-12-22-1]) ϤȤơܥ֥Ǥ¿夲ƤѸϤΥꥹʤȥꥫˤηǤ뿢̱ϼΤȤǡΥ뤳ȤˤʤäΥˤϡȤƤαѸѼ郎üԤȤȤ˰ܿ줿 ("colonies of settlement") ⤢СкŪŪȤ뿢̱ϻۤˤƱѸ줬2Ȥƽ줿 ("colonies of exploitation") ⤢äԤ the United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, St. Helena, the Falklands ʤɤΤ ENL ϰ衤Ԥϥեꥫ䥢Τ ESL ϰбʡ#177. ENL, ESL, EFL ϰΥꥹȡ ([2009-10-21-1]) ӡ#409. ̱ϲͼǤߤ World Englishes ʬ ([2010-06-10-1]) ȡˡƤο̱ϻۤäƤʤݸΤȤƤϰ̤и Botswana, Lesotho, Swaziland, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Iraq ʤɤǤϡESL EFL ŪʱѸѼ郎ߤ롥ޤ20ʹߤϱƤο̱ϻۤˤľŪˤϷиƤʤȤ⡤ܡϤϤǡEFL 뤤 ELF ȤƤαѸѼ郎ؤФƤ롥ǤϡѸüԤοưɬȼʤѸ4 crossing äƤȤߤ뤳ȤǤ롥ĤޤꡤѸ˾ơѸȤ줬üԤ̤ΰưȼ鷺˳ȻƤΤ
Ѹ˾4Ĥ crossings ˤϤ줾˰㤤ߤ뤬Ȥ櫓ݥȥ4 crossing ռǡ crossings ֤ȡѸ˵ҤΤοƶΤǤϤʤλ¤ϡꥹˤ˴ѤȤ̤Ȥ롥
Mesthrie, Rajend and Rakesh M. Bhatt. World Englishes: The Study of New Linguistic Varieties. Cambridge: CUP, 2008.
εǰä#1590. ѸνѼ ([2013-09-03-1]) αѸѼܤȡ줳Ӥ English varieties ߡȯŸƤ뤳Ȥ狼롥ѸѼοФǤʤѸѼüԤο⤪Ӥ#397. üԿˤȥå25 ([2010-05-29-1]) ενǿ줿褦ˡüԿüԤ碌ȡѸ1Ȥʤ롥ѸüԿβߡ̤ˤĤƤϡʲεǰäƤ
#319. ѸüԿζɤեǥ ([2010-03-12-1])
#427. ѸüԤˢ֤ǥ ([2010-06-28-1])
#933. ѸαѸüԿá ([2011-11-16-1])
#173. ENL, ESL, EFL üԿ ([2009-10-17-1])
#375. ENLESL οΨ ([2010-05-07-1])
#759. 21ιϢͽ¬ ([2011-05-26-1])
#414. language shift θ줿Ѹüԥǥ ([2010-06-15-1])
ߤˤѸüԿΤİ뤳ȤCrystal (61, 65--67) ǽҤ٤Ƥ褦ˡμοפˤ͡ʸŪŪݤ뤫Crystal (62--65) ϡΤʤ2001ǯߤαѸפǯǤ褯礤˽ФѸüԤοפǤ롥
| Territory | L1 | L2 | Population (2001) |
|---|---|---|---|
| American Samoa | 2,000 | 65,000 | 67,000 |
| Antigua & Barbuda* | 66,000 | 2,000 | 68,000 |
| Aruba | 9,000 | 35,000 | 70,000 |
| Australia | 14,987,000 | 3,500,000 | 18,972,000 |
| Bahamas* | 260,000 | 28,000 | 298,000 |
| Bangladesh | 3,500,000 | 131,270,000 | |
| Barbados* | 262,000 | 13,000 | 275,000 |
| Belize* | 190,000 | 56,000 | 256,000 |
| Bermuda | 63,000 | 63,000 | |
| Botswana | 630,000 | 1,586,000 | |
| British Virgin Islands* | 20,000 | 20,800 | |
| Brunei | 10,000 | 134,000 | 344,000 |
| Cameroon* | 7,700,000 | 15,900,000 | |
| Canada | 20,000,000 | 7,000,000 | 31,600,000 |
| Cayman Islands* | 36,000 | 36,000 | |
| Cook Islands | 1,000 | 3,000 | 21,000 |
| Dominica* | 3,000 | 60,000 | 70,000 |
| Fiji | 6,000 | 170,000 | 850,000 |
| Gambia* | 40,000 | 1,411,000 | |
| Ghana* | 1,400,000 | 19,894,000 | |
| Gibraltar | 28,000 | 2,000 | 31,000 |
| Grenada* | 100,000 | 100,000 | |
| Guam | 58,000 | 100,000 | 160,000 |
| Guyana* | 650,000 | 30,000 | 700,000 |
| Hong Kong | 150,000 | 2,200,000 | 7,210,000 |
| India | 350,000 | 200,000,000 | 1,029,991,000 |
| Ireland | 3,750,000 | 100,000 | 3,850,000 |
| Jamaica* | 2,600,000 | 50,000 | 2,665,000 |
| Kenya | 2,700,000 | 30,766,000 | |
| Kiribati | 23,000 | 94,000 | |
| Lesotho | 500,000 | 2,177,000 | |
| Liberia* | 600,000 | 2,500,000 | 3,226,000 |
| Malawi | 540,000 | 10,548,000 | |
| Malaysia | 380,000 | 7,000,000 | 22,230,000 |
| Malta | 13,000 | 95,000 | 395,000 |
| Marshall Islands | 60,000 | 70,000 | |
| Mauritius | 2,000 | 200,000 | 1,190,000 |
| Micronesia | 4,000 | 60,000 | 135,000 |
| Montserrat* | 4,000 | 4,000 | |
| Namibia | 14,000 | 300,000 | 1,800,000 |
| Nauru | 900 | 10,700 | 12,000 |
| Nepal | 7,000,000 | 25,300,000 | |
| New Zealand | 3,700,000 | 150,000 | 3,864,000 |
| Nigeria* | 60,000,000 | 126,636,000 | |
| Northern Marianas* | 5,000 | 65,000 | 75,000 |
| Pakistan | 17,000,000 | 145,000,000 | |
| Palau | 500 | 18,000 | 19,000 |
| Papua New Guinea* | 150,000 | 3,000,000 | 5,000,000 |
| Philippine$ | 20,000 | 40,000,000 | 83,000,000 |
| Puerto Rico | 100,000 | 1,840,000 | 3,937,000 |
| Rwanda | 20,000 | 7,313,000 | |
| St Kitts & Nevis* | 43,000 | 43,000 | |
| St Lucia* | 31,000 | 40,000 | 158,000 |
| St Vincent & Grenadines* | 114,000 | 116,000 | |
| Samoa | 1,000 | 93,000 | 180,000 |
| Seychelles | 3,000 | 30,000 | 80,000 |
| Sierra Leone* | 500,000 | 4,400,000 | 5,427,000 |
| Singapore | 350,000 | 2,000,000 | 4,300,000 |
| Solomon Islands* | 10,000 | 165,000 | 480,000 |
| South Africa | 3,700,000 | 11,000,000 | 43,586,000 |
| Sri Lanka | 10,000 | 1,900,000 | 19,400,000 |
| Suriname* | 260,000 | 150,000 | 434,000 |
| Swaziland | 50,000 | 1,104,000 | |
| Tanzania | 4,000,000 | 36,232,000 | |
| Tonga | 30,000 | 104,000 | |
| Trinidad & Tobago* | 1,145,000 | 1,170,000 | |
| Tuvalu | 800 | 11,000 | |
| Uganda | 2,500,000 | 23,986,000 | |
| United Kingdom | 58,190,000 | 1,500,000 | 59,648,000 |
| UK Islands (Channel, Man) | 227,000 | 228,000 | |
| United States | 215,424,000 | 25,600,000 | 278,059,000 |
| US Virgin Islands* | 98,000 | 15,000 | 122,000 |
| Vanuatu* | 60,000 | 120,000 | 193,000 |
| Zambia | 110,000 | 1,800,000 | 9,770,000 |
| Zimbabwe | 250,000 | 5,300,000 | 11,365,000 |
| Other dependencies | 20,000 | 15,000 | 35,000 |
| Total | 329,140,800 | 430,614,500 | 2,236,730,800 |
ε#1589. եԥαѸ ([2013-09-02-1]) ȴϢơˤѸѼˤĤưŪ夲롥νϰϡפ俢̱ϻޤ4ˤ錄ѸȤܿˤ̤ơȼαѸѼȯãƤ Asian English(es) ȸƤФ ESL 뤤 EFL ȤƤαѸѼϡϰ褪ӻѡٲƤ뤫ݤˤδʬव (Jenkins 45)
| South Asian varieties | South-East Asian and Pacific varieties | East Asian varieties |
|---|---|---|
| Bangladesh | Brunei | China |
| Bhutan | Cambodia | Hong Kong |
| India | Fiji | Japan |
| Maldives | Indonesia | Korea |
| Nepal | Laos | Taiwan |
| Pakistan | Malaysia | |
| Sri Lanka | Myanmar | |
| Philippines | ||
| Singapore | ||
| Thailand | ||
| Vietnam |
| Institutionalised varieties (Outer Circle) | Non-institutionalised varieties (Expanding Circle) |
|---|---|
| Bangladesh | Cambodia |
| Bhutan | China |
| Brunei | Indonesia |
| Fiji | Japan |
| Hong Kong | Korea |
| India | Laos |
| Malaysia | Maldives |
| Nepal | Myanmar |
| Pakistan | Taiwan |
| Philippines | Thailand |
| Singapore | Vietnam |
| Sri Lanka |
־Ѥ뤳ȤΤǤ륳ѥĤҲ𤷤
ޤ#1441. JACET 8000 Υ١ˤå٥ʬϥġ ([2013-04-07-1]) Ǽ夲ëϡBusiness Letter Corpus Υ饤ǸƤ롥27ΥѥθǽȤʤäƤ뤬ᥤ100Ķʤ Business Letter Corpus (BLC2000) Ȥ˥դ POS-tagged BLC 2Ĥ1970ǯʹߤαƤ¾νʪǡǤ롥
Instructions for the First-Time User ǤޤȤƤ褦ˡΥѥΤʤˤϡ167Ķ State of the Union Address (1790--2006) ʤɥǡɤǤΤ⤢ꡤͭѤǤ롥Ѻʸγؽ䡤ȼǡ١ΥΤ˻ͤˤʤ롥
ʤƱȤǤϡҤγƼ拾ѥ N-Gram Search Ԥʤ Bigram Plus εǽƤ롥N-Gram θˤϡܥ֥#956. COCA N-Gram Search ([2011-12-09-1]) ⻲ȡ
ϡѹΥ (University of Leeds) 絬Ϥ Leeds collection of Internet corporaѸϤᡤե졤ܸʤɤ͡ʸΥѥ饤ǸǤ롥
ܸΥѥξˤĤƤϾܤʤKOTONOHA ָܸնѹեѥϽ¤Ƥ褦ܸۤ쥳ѥξȤƤϡѥܸؤΤξ --- ѥҲͭѡ
ʲι̾ꥹȤ鲿Ϣۤ
Argentina
Belgium
Costa Rica
Denmark
Ethiopia
Honduras
Lebanon
Myanmar
Nepal
Netherlands
Nicaragua
Norway
Panama
Somalia
Sudan
Suriname
Sweden
Switzerland
United Arab Emirates
ϹǤαѸΰ֤Ť EFL ( English as a Foreign Language ) ESL ( English as a Second Language ) ϰ̤ؤѲĤĤΥꥹȤǤ ( Graddol 11 )Ǥϡ翦Ȥäΰ濴ˡ⥳ߥ˥Τ˱Ѹ줬Ѥ뵡ƤȤ
̲ͤαѸ줬ʤȤϤ褯ΤƤ뤬䤬ǥޡˬ줿ȤˡŪʽäShakespeare Hamlet Ȥʤä Kronborg Castle δѸĥ˻äȤΤȡ10̾ʾ夤üԤΤ䤬ͣγͤǤꡤĤϳǥޡͤäǥĥϻ˥ĥɤ鼫ȯ줿֤줫δѸϱѸǤޤסüԤΰͤ餤ȤܤԤ㡼ǡֱѸ϶פȾ̤ᤫƤθĥϤ˱ѸǿʹԤѸ줬ǤƤڵ
Ѹ줬 ESL ϰ̤ĤĤǥޡΤ褦ʹƤƤ뤳ȤϡѸ̤ͤǽפʰ̣Ĥ
Graddol, David. The Future of English? The British Council, 1997. Digital version available at http://www.britishcouncil.org/learning-research-futureofenglish.htm
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