ѸΥɤϥޥʼҲäݥꥰʼҲȤäƤ褤̤ơɤ̱äդϾ˱Ѹäդϡ쥸ˤꡤƥ졤ե졤ѸΤ⤢դȤƤαѸϡѸˤƤäȤǤϤ뤬¤¸ߴ褦ˤʤäƤ
Fisher et al. (xiii) ϡɤˤ뤳3Ⱦθ1ʸϤΤ褯ޤȤƤ롥ʲ˰Ѥ롥
Until the 14th century there was little association between Chancery and Westminster. Like the rest of his household, Chancery followed the King in his peregrinations about the country, and correspondence up to the time may be dated from York, Winchester, Hereford, or wherever the court happened to pause (as the King's personal correspondence---the Signet correspondence---continued to be throughout the 15th century). It is important to observe that in its movement about the country, the court as a whole must have reinforced the impression of an official class dialect , in contrast to the regional dialects with which it came in contact. For two centuries this court dialect was spoken French and written Latin; after 1300 it gradually became spoken English and written French. The English spoken in court then and for a long time afterward was quite varied in pronunciation and structure. But written Latin had been standardized in classical times, and by the 13th century written French had begun to be standardized in form and to achieve the lucid idiom that English prose was not to achieve until the 16th century. Increasingly as the 14th century progressed, this Latin and French was written by clerks whose first language was English. Latin was the essential subject in school, but the acquisition of French was more informal, and by the end of the century we have Chaucer's satire on the French of the Prioress, Gower's apologies for his own (quite acceptable) French, and the errors in legal briefs which betoken Englishmen trying to compose in a foreign language. By 1400 the use of English in speaking Latin and French in administrative writing had established a clear dichotomy between colloquial speech and the official written language, which must have made it easier to create an artificial written standard independent of the spoken dialects when the royal clerks began to use English for their official writing after 1417.
ʤǸ˵Ƥ1417ǯȤϡ#3214. 1410ǯ夫30ǯˤƤ Chancery English ˨ ([2018-02-13-1]) ǿƤ̤ꡤHenry V νʤ̼ (Signet Office) ˤѸȯԤϤǯΤȤǤ롥
Fisher, John H., Malcolm Richardson, and Jane L. Fisher, comps. An Anthology of Chancery English. Knoxville: U of Tennessee P, 1984. 392.
Ѹäͤ륷diglossia ѼȤʬˤ5ƤȤʤ롥ޤǤΡ#5306. Ѹ켭ŵǤߤ diglossia (1) ([2023-11-06-1])#5311. Ѹ켭ŵǤߤ diglossia (2) ([2023-11-11-1])#5315. Ѹ켭ŵǤߤ diglossia (3) ([2023-11-15-1])#5326. Ѹ켭ŵǤߤ diglossia (4) ([2023-11-26-1]) ٤ʤ顤 Pearce αѸѸ켭ŵȤ (143--44) "diglossia" "polyglossia" ιܤȤꡤ̣ŪǤ롥
Polyglossia A situation in which two or more languages exist side by side in a multilingual society, but are used for different purposes. Typically, one of the languages (usually labelled the 'H' or 'high' variety) has greater prestige than the others, and is used in formal, public contexts such as education and administration. The other languages in a polyglossic situation (usually labelled the 'L' or 'low' varieties) tend to be used in informal, private contexts (and also in popular culture). England was a triglossic society, with English as the 'L' variety, and French and Latin as 'H' varieties. As French died out, England became diglossic in English and Latin (which was maintained as the language of education and the Church).
Ǹ˱Ѹˤˤ triglossia diglossia ʤ polyglossiaˤڤƤΤϡֱѸءѸ켭ŵǤ롥Ѹˤˤ polyglossia ݤˤϡΤ褦Ѹθ𤬻Ф뤳Ȥ¿ξ1դɬפǤ롥
Τ褦ʵǤϡѸΥɤ triglossia μҲȤƤȤ館뤳Ȥ¿Ѹ졤ե졤ƥ3Τ٤ƤΤϡԥߥåɤκǾؤνŪŪȤΤߤǤ롥Ѹȥե2λȤȤʤС⤦ԥߥåɤβޤDz뤬ȤƤԥߥåɤΤˤϵڤФʤĤޤꡤѸɼҲ3ع¤Υԥߥåɤؤơ뤯 triglossia diglossia ȤȤǤȤƤ⡤ɼҲιʤ뤤¿ˤʣ櫓ǤϤʤȤȤषѸΤߤΥ뤬Ū¿ȤȤõƤƤ褤
ǻפФΤϡŵŪ diglossia ҲξǤ롥ˤȡȤ櫓 H Ѽν٤ˤĤƤ٤κϤȤϤҲʤ뤤¿ˤ L H ΤθѼäȤäɥĸɸɥĸ졤쥢ӥȸŵӥ졤ϥ쥪ȥե㤬Ƥ
ŵŪ diglossia Ҳ˾Ȥ餹ȡѸɤ diglossia/triglossia ȸƤǤ褤ΤȤ䤬ͯˤѸȤϡdiglossia ȤǰγѤαפȤʤΤȤʤΤդ꤬ռǤ롥
Pearce, Michael. The Routledge Dictionary of English Language Studies. Abingdon: Routledge, 2007.
#5306. Ѹ켭ŵǤߤ diglossia (1) ([2023-11-06-1])#5311. Ѹ켭ŵǤߤ diglossia (2) ([2023-11-11-1])#5315. Ѹ켭ŵǤߤ diglossia (3) ([2023-11-15-1]) ³diglossia ѼȤʬˤ͡ʲɤ٤륷˸ؤѸ켭ŵܤѤ (45--46)
diglossia The situation in which a speech community has two or more varieties of the same language used by speakers under different conditions, characterized by certain traits (attributes) usually with one variety considered 'higher' and another variety 'lower'. Well-known examples are the high and low variants in Arabic, Modern Greek, Swiss German and Haitian Creole. Arabic diglossia is very old, stemming from the difference in the classical literary of the language of the Qur'an, on one side, and the modern colloquial varieties, on the other side. These languages just names have a superposed, high variety and a vernacular, lower variety, and each languages (sic) has names for their high and low varieties, which are specialized in their functions and most occur in mutually exclusive situations. To learn the languages properly, one must know when it is appropriate to use the high and when the low variety forms. Typically, the attitude is that the high variety is the proper, true form of the language, and the low variety is wrong or does not even exist. Often the feeling that the high variety is superior derives from its use within a religion, since often the high language is represented in a body of sacred texts or esteemed literature. Diglossia is associated with the American linguist Charles A. Ferguson. Sometimes, following Joshua Fishman, diglossia is extended to situations not of high and low variants of the same language, but to multilingual situations in which different languages are used in different domains, for example, English is regarded as 'high' in areas of India and of Africa and local languages as 'low' or vernacular. This usage for diglossia in multilingual situations is resisted by some scholars.
嵭2ŦH L 2Ѽ郎ˡθ춦ƱǤϡH θǤꡤL ϥ֥ԴѼȤߤʤ䤹ȤΤϡδΤǤ롥ƱΤˤȤäơH ˤϸҤδФտ路ƤΤ
⤦1ĤϡǸ˸ڤƤ褦ˡŵŪ˱Ƥε쿢̱ϤθҲˤơѸ줬ѼȤơϸ (vernacular) ѼȤѤƤ硤 diglossia Ƥ٤ǤϤ뤬ѸλȤ˰븦ԤȤ¤Ǥ롥diglossia ϡäʤΤ
Campbell, Lyle and Mauricio J. Mixco, eds. A Glossary of Historical Linguistics. Salt Lake City: U of Utah P, 2007.
#5306. Ѹ켭ŵǤߤ diglossia (1) ([2023-11-06-1])#5311. Ѹ켭ŵǤߤ diglossia (2) ([2023-11-11-1]) ˰³diglossia ѼȤʬˤͤ롥 Crystal Ѹ켭ŵܤβ
diglossia (n.) A term used in SOCIOLINGUISTICS to refer to a situation where two very different VARIETIES of a LANGUAGE CO-OCCUR throughout a SPEECH community, each with a distinct range of social function. Both varieties are STANDARDIZED to some degree, are felt to be alternatives by NATIVE-SPEAKERS and usually have special names. Sociolinguists usually talk in terms of a high (H) variety and a low (L) variety, corresponding broadly to a difference in FORMALITY: the high variety is learnt in school and tends to be used in church, on radio programmes, in serious literature, etc., and as a consequence has greater social prestige; the low variety tends to be used in family conversations, and other relatively informal settings. Diglossic situations may be found, for example, in Greek (High: Katharevousa; Low: Dhimotiki), Arabic (High: Classical; Low: Colloquial), and some varieties of German (H: Hochdeutsch; L: Schweizerdeutsch, in Switzerland). A situation where three varieties or languages are used with distinct functions within a community is called triglossia. An example of a triglossic situation is the use of French, Classical Arabic and Colloquial Tunisian Arabic in Tunisia, the first two being rated H and the Last L.
ŵŪʻȤƥӥʥ˥ɥĸ˲äơꥷ Katharevusa ʸ奮ꥷϤäʸΡˤ Dhimotiki ʼȯã¯ΡˤƤΤϵŤǤcf. #1454. ꥷɡʰ²ˡ ([2013-04-20-1])ˡ
ʣѸ켭ŵεҤ٤ȡѸ졦ǰˤĤƲͭƤŪʾʤΤǧǤ뤷դμŵˤƤʤƤȤˤäơμʤȤǤ롥ŵ⼭ʣȤ§Ȥ
Crystal, David, ed. A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics. 6th ed. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2008. 295--96.
#5306. Ѹ켭ŵǤߤ diglossia (1) ([2023-11-06-1]) ˰³diglossia ѼȤʬˤ뤿̤Ѹ켭ŵäƤߤ褦 McArthur Ѹ켭ŵ (312--13) ɤࡥ
DIGLOSSIA [1958: a Latinization of French diglossie, from Greek díglōssos with two tongues: first used in English by Charles Ferguson]. A term in sociolinguistics for the use of two or more varieties of language for different purposes in the same community. The varieties are called H and L, the first being generally a standard variety used for 'high' purposes and the second often a 'low' spoken vernacular. In Egypt, classical Arabic is H and local colloquial Arabic is L. The most important hallmark of diglossia is specialization, H being appropriate in one set of situations, L in another: reading a newspaper aloud in H, but discussing its contents in L. Functions generally reserved for H include sermons, political speeches, university lectures, and news broadcasts, while those reserved for L include everyday conversations, instructions to servants, and folk literature.
The varieties differ not only in grammar, phonology, and vocabulary, but also with respect to function, prestige, literary heritage, acquisition, standardization, and stability. L is typically acquired at home as a mother tongue and continues to be so used throughout life. Its main uses are familial and familiar. H, on the other hand, is learned through schooling and never at home. The separate domains in which H and L are acquired provide them with separate systems of support. Diglossic societies are marked not only by this compartmentalization of varieties, but also by restriction of access, especially to H. Entry to formal institutions such as school and government requires knowledge of H. In England, from medieval times until the 18c, Latin played an H role while English was L; in Scotland, 17--20c, the H role has usually been played by local standard English, the L role by varieties of Scots. In some English-speaking Caribbean and West African countries, the H role is played by local standard English, the L role by English-based creoles in the Caribbean and vernacular languages and English-based creoles in West Africa.
The extent to which these functions are compartmentalized can be illustrated by the importance attached by community members to using the right variety in the appropriate context. An outsider who learns to speak L and then uses it in a formal speech risks being ridiculed. Members of a community generally regard H as superior to L in a number of respects; in some cases, H is regarded as the only 'real' version of a particular language, to the extent that people claim they do not speak L at all. Sometimes, the alleged superiority is avowed for religious and/or literary reasons: the fact that classical Arabic is the language of the Qur'ān endows it with special significance, as the language of the King James Bible, created in England, recommended itself to Scots as high religious style. In other cases, a long literary and scriptural tradition backs the H variety, as with Sanskrit in India. There is also a strong tradition of formal grammatical study and standardization associated with H varieties: for example, Latin and 'school' English.
Since the term's first use in English, it has been extended to cases where the varieties in question do not belong to the same language (such as Spanish and Guaraní in Paraguay), as well as cases where more than two varieties or languages participate in such a relationship (French, classical Arabic, and colloquial Arabic in triglossic distribution in Tunisia, with French and classical Arabic sharing H functions). The term polyglossia (a state of many tongues) has been used to refer to cases such as Singapore, where Cantonese, English, Malay, and Tamil coexist in a functional relationship.
ܤͤùˤʤäƤȻפޤdiglossia ˤĤơƱΰۤʤ2ѼδطȤǤϤʤۤʤ2δطȤΤۤȤƤܤ롥Ĥޤꡤǽ餫 Fishman β diglossia ªƤ롥
ޤMcArthur ϱѸؤλŵȤȤ⤢ꡤѸˤѸ줫 diglossia λ褯Ҳ𤷤Ƥ롥
ˡݡѸ (singapore_english) ˤ polyglossia ؤڤƤꡤdiglossia ȤεȤʤäƤ롥
McArthur, Tom, ed. The Oxford Companion to the English Language. Oxford: OUP, 1992.
ܥ֥ǤϡѼȤʬפ (diglossia) ˤĤơ͡˼夲ƤνѸϡԤǤ Ferguson ꥸʥΡʶ˰̣ѤȡFishman ȯỴ̈Ѥ礬롥 triglossia polyglossia ȤѸƤ줾ԤˤäŬϰϤۤʤꡤäСդꤲפѤ⤢ꤽŪˤʪǤ롥
Τ褦ʾˤϡ͡Ѹ켭ŵ٤ƤߤΤ褤1ƤȤơŪ Trudgill (38--39) μҲѸ켭ŵ
diglossia (1) A term associated with the American linguist Charles A. Furguson which describes sociolinguistic situations such as those that obtain in Arabic-speaking countries and in German-speaking Switzerland. In such a diglossic community, the prestigious standard or 'High' (or H) variety, which is linguistically related to but significantly different from the vernacular or 'Low' (or L) varieties, has no native speakers. All members of the speech community are native speakers of one of the L varieties, such as Colloquial Arabic and Swiss German, and learn the H variety, such as Classical Arabic and Standard German, at school. H varieties are typically used in writing and in high-status spoken domains where preparation of what is to be said or read is possible. L varieties are used in all other contexts. (2) Ferguson's original term was later extended by the American sociolinguist Joshua Fishman to include sociolinguistic situations other than those where the H and L varieties are varieties of the same language, such as Arabic or German. In Fishman's usage, even multilingual countries such as Nigeria, where English functions as a nationwide prestige language which is learnt in school and local languages such as Hausa and Yoruba are spoken natively, are described as being diglossic. In these cases, languages such as English are described as H varieties, and languages such as Yoruba as L.
ź diglossia ŵ㤬Ƥ롤Ferguson Υꥸʥβ Fish γŪƳƤʤɡؤˤޤȤޤäҤȤʤäƤ롥ޤϤդ꤫ǧƤΤ褤
Trudgill, Peter. A Glossary of Sociolinguistics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003.
ε#4626. μø̡ ([2021-12-26-1]) ˰³Woll ˤøؤˤȤʤ롥äΥХꥺ (bilingualism) ˴ؤƶȤΰյˤĤƤ1ɤߡ˻ɷŪʼ٤Τ褦ʻȡ츦ⲻäƤ櫓ˤϤø (sign_language) Ϥ㡼 (gesture) 䤽¾ΥѥŪ (paralinguistics) ޤŪ˹ͻɬפ뤳Ȥ褯Τ߹褦ˤʤ롥
2Ĥβ줬ؤХꥺˤĤƤϡDz⤹ޤǤʤ褯ΤƤ롥code-switching code-mixing ʤɤθݤФȤʤ롥2Ĥμø줬ؤХꥺˤĤƤϡΤ褦ʥХθĿͤȤǤʤ¤ꡤۤȤɼ֤Τ뵡Ϥʤˡ1Ĥβ1Ĥμø줬ؤХȤʤȡDzƤΤĶ롥ȼøʸ̤Ʊ˼¸뤿ᡤcode-switching ʤ "code-blending" ɬפΤ "cross-modal", "multimodal", "multichannel" Ȥäɤפ⤫Ǥ롥Хꥺγǰ쵤˳ĥ줿ꡤݤƤޤä
Ȥ Woll (102--03) 1ΤޤǺܤƤ
Until recently, all studies of bilingualism were studies of individuals and communities in which two spoken languages are used. With the development of research on sign languages, it has become clear that bilingualism can exist in two forms: cross-modal (or bimodal) bilingualism and unimodal bilingualism.
Unimodal bilingualism occurs when either two spoken or two sign languages are used (e.g. Irish and British Sign Language); cross-modal or bimodal bilingualism occurs when the two languages are perceived by different sensory systems and there are two different output channels; they thus exist in different modalities: one signed and one spoken. Recognition of bimodal bilingualism leads to a necessary re-evaluation of models of bilingualism. Cross-modal bilingualism differs from unimodal bilingualism with respect to the temporal sequencing of languages. Bimodal bilinguals often produce code blends, rather than code switches, producing sign and speech simultaneously when in a bilingual mode of communication . . . . Since in unimodal spoken-language bilingualism, just one production system (the vocal tract) is utilized, there is a bottleneck in processing, which has been identified both in behavioural and in neuroimaging studies. For production, this is evident in constraints on serial output: only one utterance can be produced at any one time: selection between two competing languages with respect to the common output path may impose a greater cognitive burden than selection of items within one language. For perception, similar constraints may apply---the speaker's utterances are usually processed through the ear and require serial analysis to be understood. For cross-modal bilinguals, vocal-tract (speech) and manual actions (signing) can---in principle---be processed simultaneously, as they use separate sets of articulators which are seen to be spatially separated. The processing of speech and sign, within a single proficient user of both languages, can therefore offer a unique insight into core language processes . . . .
ʬߤʬ˾ؿӤƤߤ뤳ȤϡȤƤפȻפä补
Woll, Bencie. "The History of Sign Language Linguistics." Chapter 4 of The Oxford Handbook of the History of Linguistics. Ed. Keith Allan. Oxford: OUP, 2013. 91--104.
2üԤɤ2Ĥθδ֤Ԥ褷ʤä code-switching code-mixing ȤΤƤ롥Ϥޤξδ֤Ԥ褷Ƥ륳ߥ˥βȤƤߤ٤ΤǡξȤ벿餫οѼ郎ޤ줿ȤȤˤϤʤʤ
ʤˤϤΤ褦ʥߥ˥ΥѥȤƲвȤ٤Τˤʤ礬롥θѼ "bilingual mixed languages" ȸƤФ롥#1781. ܿ ([2014-03-13-1]) ˾Ȥ餻С"extreme language mixture" ̾βǡԥ (pidgin) 䥯쥪 (creole) Ʊ˰ѼǤ롥ԥ䥯쥪Ȥ¿ۤʤäƤ롥Winford (170) βѤ褦
There is general consensus that bilingual mixed languages are composites of materials drawn from just two languages. In what are perhaps the prototypical cases, the grammar is derived primarily from one of the languages, and the lexicon primarily from the other. Examples include Anglo-Romani and Media Lengua (a blend of Spanish lexicon and Quechua grammar). However, the neat separation of grammar and vocabulary by respective source language is not found in all cases. There are cases where structural materials are derived from both sources, as in Michif, which combines French NP structure with Cree VP structure. Whatever the nature of the mixture might be, there is agreement that the resulting outcome is a new creation, distinct from either of its source languages.
"bilingual mixed languages" ϡ̾Ȥꡤ2ѤԤʤƤĶˤ롥ħŪʤΤϡǤγơθͳ褹ΤΤ˶̤뤳ȤޤŵŪ˥ԥ˴ѻ褦ñ㲽 (simplification) ۤȤʤȤħ⼨
ȤƤϡץä륢ӥȥꥷ줬 Kormakiti Arabicꥷȥȥ륳줬 Asia Minor Greekȥ٥åȸ줬 Wutunޥˡȥڥ줬 CalóȥХȥ줬 Ma'aڥȥ奢줬 Media Lengua, եȥ줬 Michifȥ塼ȸ줬 Mednyj (Copper Island) Aleut ʤɤ롥Ǹ2ĤˤĤƤϡ#1717. dual-source κ ([2014-01-08-1]) Ǥ夲
Winford, Donald. An Introduction to Contact Linguistics. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2003.
Ϣ World Englishes Υϥɥ֥åɤ߿ʤƤ롥夲Τ "World Englishes, Code-Switching, and Convergence" ꤹϤѸ2 (bilingualism) 뤤¿ (multilingualism) δĶѤ뤳Ȥ¿̤θŪѡȥ2¿˸ѼԤɤ̤αѸѼѤƲä뵡¿ҲˤơʣλѤδоŪ2ĤΤȤ롥
1Ĥϡ̤2ĤθȤɤڤؤʤäʤ code-switching Ǥ롥ȤƸ³뤳Ȥˤäơʿ̤ȤƳ˻Ǥ2ĤθμΩݤ롥
̤2ĤθǤ롤뤤ϸߤ˶뤳ȤˤäƳȤȤƳ˻ȤȤ⤢줬 convergence ȸƤФΤǤ롥ǤϳƸμΩϾʤ롥
Τ褦 code-switching convergence ϡȤƱ褦ʼҲŪﲼΤΡȿФƤ롥ξԤΤ褦ʴطˤäȤϡޤǵŤʤäBullock et al. (218) ꡤˤĤƤսѤ褦
Bilingual speech comprises diverse types of language mixing phenomena, of which CS [= code-switching] is but one example. Another process that may arise in bilingual speech is convergence. CS is characterized by divergence; it is the alternation between linguistic systems that are kept distinct. In convergence, on the other hand, the perceived distance between the language systems is narrowed such that they become structurally more similar, sometimes to the extreme point that the boundaries between languages collapse. In such cases, it is quite possible that the structural constraints that once functioned to preserve the autonomy of the languages while a speaker code-stitches between them are gradually abandoned. As bilingual speakers perceive more overlap between languages, they may mix more liberally between them.
code-switching convergence ϤޤǿŪŪʤΤǤꡤºݾξԤζ̤ۣǤꡤϢ³ΤξüΤƤΤǤϡ#1661. Ѥ code-switching ζ֡ ([2013-11-13-1])#1985. Ѥܿˤ봳Ĥζ֡ ([2014-10-03-1])#2009. ؤˤܿġ2ѡѡ ([2014-10-27-1]) ʤɤǤߤcode-switching ʤΤѤʤΤ̤ƤȤˤؤäƤ롥
Bullock, Barbara E., Lars Hinrichs, and Almeida Jacqueline Toribio. "World Englishes, Code-Switching, and Convergence." Chapter 11 of The Oxford Handbook of World Englishes. Ed. by Markku Filppula, Juhani Klemola, and Devyani Sharma. New York: OUP, 2017. 211--31.
Ѹ (World Englishes) ǥ벽ߤϡ͡ˤʤƤܥ֥ model_of_englishes γƵǾҲ𤷤Ƥ̤Ǥ롥Ūʿޤɽǥ뤬¿ʤǡҲ𤹤 Gupta ˤǥñʥꥹȤǤ롥αѸѼ5פʬषƤ롥Schneider (44) Gupta ǥξҲʬѤ롥
Gupta (1996) proposed five types of variety settings, based on whether English is embedded in multilingual nations and on how it originated in a given country (with "ancestral" indicating settler transmission, "scholastic" denoting contexts in which formal education was important, and "contact" characterizing more mixed and creolized varieties):
"Monolingual ancestral English" (e.g. United States, Australia, New Zealand).
"Monolingual contact variety" (e.g. Jamaica)
"Multilingual scholastic English" (e.g. India, Pakistan)
"Multilingual contact variety" countries (e.g. Singapore, Nigeria, Papua New Guinea).
"Multilingual ancestral English" (e.g. South Africa, Canada)
Ϳѥ2Ĥ1ܤ¿ѤΤʤǤαѸѤݤ2ܤϡαѸʻѡˤεüԤΰܽˤΤˤΤ캮ˤΤȤ߹碌ˤŪˤ6פѼ郎̤뤬ºݤˤ "Monolingual scholastic English" ΤϤʤ㤨СܤαѸ춵餬ȯŸܸüԤߤʱѸظؤʤС "Monolingual scholastic English" ʬव뤳ȤˤʤʤꤽˤʤäǤϤ뤬ˡ
绨ĤǤϤ뤬˼ҲŪʴˤ븫̤Τ褤ˡȤ롥
Schneider, Edgar W. "Models of English in the World." Chapter 3 of The Oxford Handbook of World Englishes. Ed. by Markku Filppula, Juhani Klemola, and Devyani Sharma. New York: OUP, 2017. 35--57.
Gupta, A. F. "Colonisation, Migration, and Functions of English." Englishes around the World. Vol. 1: General Studies, British Isles, North America. Studies in Honour of Manfred Görlach. Ed. by E. W. Schneider. Amsterdam: Benjamins, 1997. 47--58.
ѸäƤեѸˤĤơƥѸȸʬĤʤȤ츻ؾƬˤ꤬롥ˤĤƤϰʲεǼ夲Ƥ
#653. ѸˤեѸȥƥѸζ̡ ([2011-02-09-1])
#848. ѸˤեѸȥƥѸζ (2) ([2011-08-23-1])
#3581. ѸΥեѸ졤ƥѸ졤"mots savants" (1) ([2019-02-15-1])
#3582. ѸΥեѸ졤ƥѸ졤"mots savants" (2) ([2019-02-16-1])
Ǥϡե줫Ѹ줫θʬĤʤȤΤϤեȱѸ°ƤɤۤʤꡤΤ˶̤ϤʤΤǡΤ褦ϹͤʤȻפ뤫⤷ʤ
ΥեѸȥƥѸξȤϰۤʤ̣礤ǤϤ뤬ȽǤǤʤȤʤʤƤ뱾ȤǤϤʤ餹餫˥եñʤΤθ줬ƤƥȤѸƥȤʤΤեƥȤʤΤʬĤʤˡۤʤ꤬Ƥ롥⤷ʤѸƥȤǤФθϥե줫äƤѸǧꤵʤեƥȤǤФθϽեñǤꡤѸȤ̵طȽǤȤǤϤʤ
Ȥ¤ˤϱʩǤ礤θ줬١ȤʤäƤΤȽȤʤ "macaronic" 2ƥȤʤΤ롥С줿 code-switching Τʤ˽ФƤ롤ȤƤ餫˥ե°ñϡǤ˱Ѹ˼ѤƱѸäΰƤΤʤΤ뤤ϽեñȤѤƤˤʤΤΤʴबʤ¤ꡤȽǤŪˤʤʩΤۤƥؤäƤơ𤬤ˤ䤳ʤ⤢롥ˤĤơTrotter (1790) βʹ
Quantities of medieval documents survive in (often heavily abbreviated) medieval British Latin, into which have been inserted substantial numbers of Anglo-French or Middle English terms, usually of course substantives; analysis of this material is complicated by the abbreviation system, which may even have been designed to ensure that the language of the documents was flexible, and that words could have been read in more than one language . . ., but also by the fact that in the later period (that is, after around 1350) the distinction between Middle English and Anglo-French is increasingly hard to draw. As is apparent from even a cursory perusal of the Middle English Dictionary (MED, Kurath et al. 1952--2001) it is by no means always clear whether a given word, listed as Middle English but first attested in an Anglo-French context, actually is Middle English, or is perceived as an Anglo-French borrowing.
2ƥȤ˸ñ줬θ°Τꤹ뤳ȤϡɬñǤϤʤθäȤϲʤΤƹͤ롥Ϣưʲ⻲Ȥ줿
#2426. York Memorandum Book ˤߤʩ¿¿ͤʺ ([2015-12-18-1])
#1470. macaronic lyric ([2013-05-06-1])
#1625. Ѹνդˤ code-switching ([2013-10-08-1])
#1941. macaronic code-switching ȤƤθ츻Ūֻ ([2014-08-20-1])
#2271. Ѹ macaronic ʲʸ ([2015-07-16-1])
#2348. Ѹˤˤ code-switching ([2015-10-01-1])
Trotter, David. "English in Contact: Middle English Creolization." Chapter 114 of English Historical Linguistics: An International Handbook. 2 vols. Ed. Alexander Bergs and Laurel J. Brinton. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2012. 1781--93.
ŪʱѸ˵ҤǤϡѸϱѸ줬ʥ˥եΤӤβˤäȤ롥1066ǯΥΥޥη̡ѸϥɼҲˤƼΧäƥե줬ָѸפȤʤä12ʹߡѸϤäǤϤ뤬¤˿ʤߡ14ȾˤϼΧ˻äΤ褦ˡѸ˴ؤƤϡ⤫ǤѸ줬äߡƤ⤫Ӿ夬ʪȤƽҤΤǤ롥
Trotter (1782) ϡΤ褦ѸϿä˶ᤤΤȹͤƤ롥αѸȡʥ˥եδطϡ⤭ߤδط뤤ϻּ˱äƸؤطǤϤʤष¸ܿδطȤߤ٤ȼĥ롥λ˥ե줬ѸͿŪƶͻǤ⡤¸ܿطȤ뤳Ȥפ⤯
In much which is still being written on the history of medieval English, the specialist scholarship from the Anglo-French perspective has not been taken into account. Even in quite recent publications, Middle English scholarship continues to recycle a history of Anglo-French to which Anglo-French specialists would no longer subscribe. A particular example in the persistence of the traditional "serial monolingualism" model . . ., according to which Anglo-Saxon gives way to Anglo-French, pending the revival of Middle English, with each language succeeding the other. Born out of the 19th-century nationalist ideology which accompanied and prompted the emergence of philology in England and elsewhere . . ., this model ignores the reality of the long-term coexistence of languages, and of language contact . . . . Prominent amongst the areas in which language contact, going far beyond the limited "cultural borrowing" model, is evident, are (a) wholesale lexical transfer, (b) language mixing, (c) morphosyntactic hybridization, and (d) syntactic/idiomatic influences.
ΤѸ˥ե줬ѸͿŪƶƳ硤ޤäʸμѤäϤΤ֤ŵŪˤϡ#1210. ѸΥեѸΰ ([2012-08-19-1]) #331. ưʪȤɽñ ([2010-03-24-1]) ʤɤȤȤǻߤޤäƤޤȡξܿ˴ؤɽŪ줺˽뤳Ȥˤʤ롥ʤǡѤ (a), (b), (c), (d) Τ褦ʡ꿼ŪƶäȤޤƧ߹ߤ˰ʤξδطĹˤ錄붦¸ܿδطäȤ˸ڤ
Trotter, David. "English in Contact: Middle English Creolization." Chapter 114 of English Historical Linguistics: An International Handbook. 2 vols. Ed. Alexander Bergs and Laurel J. Brinton. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2012. 1781--93.
code-switching θʹƤޤפ⤫֤Τϡ㤨ܸȱѸή礦˻ȤʤüԤɤäΤʤǤɤΤ褦˻ѸڤؤƤ뤫ѻͻ롤Ȥतθ code-switching ȤݤȤ館ȡ (borrowing) ȤζܤϤܤ䤱Ƥ뤷ܿˤ봳ĤˤܶᤷƤ롥ʲεǤⰷäƤ褦ˡcode-switching ϸܿ (contact) ̤˵ڤ礭ʥơޤǤ롥
#1661. Ѥ code-switching ζ֡ ([2013-11-13-1])
#1985. Ѥܿˤ봳Ĥζ֡ ([2014-10-03-1])
#2009. ؤˤܿġ2ѡѡ ([2014-10-27-1])
Ƭ˽Ҥ٤褦ή礦2üԤɤβä˸¤餺1üԤɤβäΤʤǤ code-switching 뤳ȤϤ롥㤨дŪܸΤߤä2ͤñФƲäƤСˤϤ code-switching ƤȤ⤤Τ
Winford (102) ϡLüdi Ȥơ(1) ͿüԤƱѡȥäƤ뤫ݤ(2) 2Ѿ1ѾȤ2Ĥμˤäơcode-switching ꤦ4ʬष
| Bilingual | Unilingual | |
| Exolingual | Interaction among speakers with different languages | Interaction between native and non-native speakers of the same language |
| Endolingual | Interaction among bilinguals | Interaction among monolinguals |
ۤʤ̱²֤Ѥե (lingua_franca) ΤȤĶ̱² (langue véhiculaire) ȾΤ뤳Ȥ롥̱²˸ͭθǤĴַ (langue grégaire) ФơŪܤƤϤƤƱäƤʤ춦Ʊδ֤ãΤѤƤפǤĴѸǤʥp. 33ˡ¾θƾΤȤƤϡ#1072. ѸϸȤäˤƤ櫓ǤϤʤ ([2012-04-03-1]) Ѥ褦ˡ²ݸפȤѸ⤢롥
Ķ̱²˴ؤϡlingua_franca γƵ䡤Ȥ櫓#1788. Ķ̱²νиȳ˴Ϳװ ([2014-03-20-1])#1789. ɥͥθѸĶ̱² ([2014-03-21-1]) Ǽ夲ƤĶ̱²줬¿ʬۤ塤ҲŪ䤬ƤȸޤΤϡեꥫǤ롥줾Ѥϰ͡ӥ졤ո졤ХХ졤졤ϥ졤졤졤и졤եեǸ졤졤ޥи졤졤ȥи졤и졤֥ɥ졤졤ϥ졤졤ޥ졤Ǹ졤졤ҥ졤˥졤ʸ졤ĥʸ졤եʥʤ¿뤳ȤǤʵܡġp. 700) *
ܡ (706--07) ϡեꥫθ̤ϡĶ̱²ˤäƤȼĥƤ롥եꥫʣʸ˼ȯŪн褷Ƥˤϡ콡ǤϤʤ̱ϻȼȯŸƤĶ̱²ΩӤΤȡϥեꥫΤߤʤ餺¿ͲФ1ĤƤȤʤäƤ褦ˤפ롥
Х벽ƸιˤäƤ⡤Ķ̱²פޤơեꥫ̱²ϡؤȾ˾ڤƤǤƱˡ֥ʥꥢԥסʥʥꥢѸΤȡǤˡ쥪벽ƤˤŵȤơѸե⡤ääդΥ٥ǡեꥫھ˺դƤȤθ줬ֿ졦⳰ʸϡեꥫͤ¿Τʤδطӡ䤬ͻ¤Ƥ˰㤤ʤ
ۼʸ̵ͻ¤뤳ȤǽŪǤϤʤषξԤδ֤ܤʬĴƤȤڤǤΥեꥫϡޤޤʸϤʼ¸ȤʤäƤ롥ʸŪλȤΤʤء٤Ƥ̱²̱²ʸۼ褦ΩƤ٤ǤλȤǺǤڤʤȤϡ줬Υ˥֤뤫ȤǤ롥եꥫͤλȤΥ˥֤ΤǤСμʸŪϡ褷ƥեꥫº»ʤΤȤϤʤʤǤΰ̣Ǥ⡤̱²졤櫓ƤĶ̱²פ礭
եꥫνϡͭ˰衤Φ˽Ǥʤ̱²εŤʸ仺ǤꡤƤ͡ˤȤäƤϡ衤¸ΤΤʤΤΤǤϤʤʸ챧ȤϡեꥫʸŪɬȸ٤Ǥ
륤 Ķ̱²١ҡʸ˥ӡ1996ǯ
ԡˡؿեꥫˡǡ١̼ҡҹ̼Ҹ忷ӡ2018ǯ
#3706. ̱²ȿͼ ([2019-06-20-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡ̱²ȸδطϳΤ˿ñʤΤǤϤʤ̱²ꤹΤ˸줬פ̤Ȥ¿Τϻ¤ŪǤϤʤȤкε ([2019-09-29-1]) ˤեꥫˤƤϡָηϡפŪ˼夤ΤǤϤʤȤ⤤롥ܡĤεʹƤߤ褦 (695--96)
եꥫǤ̱²ꤹװȤơϤۤɽפǤʤä褦Ǥ롥ϡ̱²ꤹĤװǤϤ뤬¾ˤ⽡Ϲʸɽݡʹѡ롤Ͻͭ֡ˡ²١֤ʤɸʳμҲŪкŪʸŪŪװ礭ƤȻפ롥С̱²ŪǥƥƥФǡŪװʱƶϤΤ϶ʹߤħǤꡤϱط֤ζ붦̤طĤޤкѡҲʸŪװߤ˺ѤơषʾϱطȯŸθưϤȤʤä
顤եꥫͤ¿ѤμҲŪפޤ줿ϡο¿ʬۤħ줴ȤüԤŪʤ֤ܿζʤɤ˵롥⡤ƸμҲŪǽ̡ǡ餬ʬŪŪʬŪ˶礷Ƥ뤫Ǥ롥ƸȵǽȶߺѤեꥫθҲΥʥߥ߽Ф֤¿Ѥ¥ʤƤΤ
ָήˤꡤĤ礭ޤȤޤȤϡषڤʬƤȤΤեꥫθħȤȤطʤˡָηϡפŪʼ夵ȤŦϡߤ٤ࡥʹּҲˤȤä̱²ȸϢ٤ϡ䤿QŪ˴ƤʾˡˤäƤˤäƤ⡤ޤޤʤΤ⤷ʤ
ΰѤǤϡʹߤϡָηϡפʤäƤȤƤ롥̱²ʤ̹ȤȸϢ٤ȤβˤꡤեꥫˤϤʡָηϡפ⤿餵줿ȤȤʤΤ
ԡˡؿեꥫˡǡ١̼ҡҹ̼Ҹ忷ӡ2018ǯ
Claudius ˤ֥ƥä43ǯ顤ޤűह410ǯޤǤΥޥ֥ƥˤϡϤʤΤäΤȷϸȥƥϤɤΤ餤¸Ƥꡤɤ٤ΥХҲäΤˤĤƤΤʤȤ餫ˤƤ餺褽¬ΰФʤ1ĤθȤ Durkin (57--58) ˼Ƥߤ褦
Unfortunately for our purposes, the linguistic situation is one of the things about which we know the least. During the period of Roman imperial domination, Latin was certainly the language of administration and of much of the elite; what is much less certain, and rather hotly disputed, is whether it was also the language of the 'man in the street', and if it was, whether it remained so in more troubled times before the arrival of the Anglo-Saxons. The assumption made by most scholars is that Latin had relatively little currency outside the urban areas; that (some form of) Celtic was the crucial lingua franca; while auxiliaries recruited from many locations both inside and outside the Roman Empire probably spoke their own native languages. There were certainly Germani among such auxiliaries. There were probably also slaves of Germanic origin in Britain and in the later stages of Roman Britain there were also certainly at least some mercenaries and other irregular forces of Germanic origin, and some settlements associated with such people. They may have been quite numerous, but it is unlikely that they had any significant impact on the subsequent linguistic history of Britain.
ƥϥ֥ƥߤԻǤѤƤʳǤϽΥȸäƤϤȤΤθǤ롥ŪΰˤƤϥХҲ¸ߤȻפ뤬ۤΤǤϤʤäޥ֥ƥθˤϡޥͤ⤢٤οǥ֥ƥ˽ޤäƤȤϳΤʤ褦ǤꡤθϤʣäȻפ롥
ޥ֥ƥˤΤܤ̾ˤĤƤϡ#3440. λĤ -chester, -caster, -cester ̾Ȥʬۡ ([2018-09-27-1])#3454. ʤɤ˥ƥ̾ޤĤʤäΤ ([2018-10-11-1]) ȡ
Durkin, Philip. Borrowed Words: A History of Loanwords in English. Oxford: OUP, 2014.
ܥ֥Ǥϡ (language_shift) ٤夲ƤϸäͤƤߤ褦Trudgill Crystal Ѹ콸ˤС줾켡Τ褦ˤ롥
language shift The opposite of language maintenance. The process whereby a community (often a linguistic minority) gradually abandons its original language and, via a (sometimes lengthy) stage of bilingualism, shifts to another language. For example, between the seventeenth and twentieth centuries, Ireland shifted from being almost entirely Irish-speaking to being almost entirely English-speaking. Shift most often takes place gradually, and domain by domain, with the original language being retained longest in informal family-type contexts. The ultimate end-point of language shift is language death. The process of language shift may be accompanied by certain interesting linguistic developments such as reduction and simplification. (Trudgill)
language shift A term used in sociolinguistics to refer to the gradual or sudden move from the use of one language to another, either by an individual or by a group. It is particularly found among second- and third-generation immigrants, who often lose their attachment to their ancestral language, faced with the pressure to communicate in the language of the host country. Language shift may also be actively encouraged by the government policy of the host country. (Crystal)
ؤϸĿͤ佸Ĥ뤳Ȥ⤢뤬奢ɤǼƤȤꡤơ٤äȿʤळȤ¿ϢơؤϤФ bilingualism ʳͳȤ⤢뤬Ȥˤ줬ٲ diglossia ξ֤߽Ф⤢뤳Ȥ˿Ƥ
ޤؤϰ̱δ֤䤹ȤƤ뤬ާƸС͡ưȤ˸ؤϵ䤹ȤȤʡ#3065. ԻԲ¡ء ([2017-09-17-1])ˡ
ɤŪ˵äʤ뤤Ϻ³Ƥ˸ؤˤĤƤϡ#2798. ̦رѸȤɤκ١ȽŹ2016ǯ ([2016-12-24-1])#1715. Ireland ˤѸˡ ([2014-01-06-1])#2803. ɸüԿȻϰ ([2016-12-29-1])#2804. ɤˤߤΤͤ츽ݡ ([2016-12-30-1]) ȡ
Trudgill, Peter. A Glossary of Sociolinguistics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003.
Crystal, David, ed. A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics. 6th ed. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2008. 295--96.
ꥫͤǥ̤붵դ㤤2ǯ֤ۤɶ彣ȲںߤƤȤѤƤȤ붵ոפ "Senkyoshigo" ˴ؤʸɤൡäSenkyoshigo 붵֤ΤǾѤդǤꡤܸͳƸ¿Ѥħ롥Senkyoshigo ȤäʸɮԤ Smout ϡ餽δ̯ʸդ˶ä䤬Ƥä괷ƤޤɸѸäΤʤäƤޤäȤ㤨СΤ褦1Ƥߤ褦ʸ fud ϡ֤Ϥסdish-chan Ȥϡ֤פȤȤǡֻפؤ褦
Hey dode, okinasai! It's time I got a start on asagohan so we can have some oishii muffins before benkyokai. You're dish-chan this week, so you go take the first fud. Come on in and I'll show you how to tsukeru the mono.
(1) ܸ lexifier ȤԥΤ褦Ǥ⤢ꡤ(2) ξΥХˤ code-switching Τ褦Ǥ⤢ꡤ(3) ͷӿǺ夲ͷΤ褦Ǥ⤢롥ºݡ붵ոפ3Τ줫ŪΤ˶ʬ뤳ȤϤǤˤʤʼҲ˸ŪˤϤ֤˰֤Ȥۤʤ̯ʸѼ뤤ϸѤǤ롥
ʸǤϤŪʰ֤ŤƤΤǽŪˤϼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤롥
Senkyoshigo is clearly a phenomenon that cannot be adequately categorized within current linguistic terms. In terms of its origin and its similarity to varieties that have been previously classified as pidgins, it is a pidgin. In terms of the rule that govern its interface with Japanese and English, it is bilingual code-switching. In terms of its rather ordinary English grammar, its lack of speakers who rely on it as a sole means of communication, and the playful exuberance with which it is used, it is is (sic) a recreational language. In the final analysis, the most important factors that determine the label one affixs (sic) to this variety will probably be social and political. Those who think the phenomenon is significant and interesting will tend not to equate it with a child's language game but will see in it examples of other linguistic processes at work. They may classify it as a near-pidgin which has not stabilized because it remains in the presence of its lexifier language and because its most proficient speakers use it for only two years of their lives. Alternately, they may classify it as early bilingualism that would stabilize and regularize in a society that allowed continuing roles to emerge for each variety. For those who do not particularly value the language or find it interesting, it will probably seem to be a recreational language which in some minds ought to be suppressed but in most deserves only to be ignored.
No matter how we label it, this missionary English of Japan is an unusual language phenomenon.
ѸܸȤ2Ĥθζ֤ˤäơ붵ȤŪΤ2ǯۤɤؤ³ȤतޤʼҲŪĶĸ춦ƱΡޤ˼Ҳؤ¸Ǥ롥Τ̾Ѽ4λȤơܸθѤѸѼȸ뤳ȤǤ
ϢƼѤ code-switching κۤäƤϡ#1661. Ѥ code-switching ζ֡ ([2013-11-13-1])#1985. Ѥܿˤ봳Ĥζ֡ ([2014-10-03-1])#2009. ؤˤܿ2 ([2014-10-27-1]) ȡܤˤԥˤĤƤϡ#2596. ־ȤСפ ([2016-06-05-1]) ɤ
ʤߤˡʸؤĹˡֵʬžˡפȤҲ𤤤ΤǤĹ꤬Ȥޤޤ˵ʬžˡ
Smout, Kary D. "Senkyoshigo: A Missionary English of Japan." American Speech 63.2 (1988): 137--49.
#2612. 14˥եǤϤʤѸǽȤ櫓 ([2016-06-21-1]) Ǽ夲褦ˡѸˤϥɿͤΥեѤϸäƤä1415ȤηϤޤޤޤꡤեŪѤȶʸȤϡʸήԤħ볰Ȥǧ褦ˤʤäƤäեϡ礦ɸܤˤѸΤ褦ʰ֤ŤˤäΤ
15Ƭ John Barton եؽ˴ؤ Donet François ȤƤꡤɿͤեؤͳ3ĤȻŦƤ롥1ܤϡեͤȰջ̤Ǥ褦ˤʤ뤫顤ȤͳǤ롥ʤɿͤδ֤ǤŪʥߥ˥Τ˥եؤ֤٤ȤڤϡɤˤʤԤӤǤΥեѤϤǤ˼ƤȹͤƤ褤
2ܤϡޤˡΧ褽եǽƤǤ롥3ܤϡ»νʽϥեǼ礦Τˤ֤ǤϤʤäǤ롥
2ܤ3ܤͳϸˤϼѤʤää3ܤͳ˿ǻ֥եʸήԤθפΥΤΤ¸³եΤ̤Ǥΰҿϡ18˺ǹĬã;ϸߤ©ŤƤȸäƤ褤եѸä˽ɤäƤ륪ʴްդޤäơѸüԡˤˤȤäƤΥեΥϡ礭ѲƤʤΤǤ롥ʾ塤Baugh and Cable (147) Ȥ
Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.
#2559. αѸ ([2016-04-29-1]) ǡĤƾäƤѸѼҲ𤷤ϰθˤϡ180ǯۤɤĹϤʤΤΡʣǤ롥 (134--35) ˤСǻѤƤ͡ʸѼΤ־ȤСפȸƤ֤Ȥˤȡ־ȤСפŪϰʲΤ褦ꤹ뤳ȤǤ롥
19ˤϤ餯־ԥѸפäƤꡤ줬ȤƤΡ־९쥪ѸפؤȯŸ19ˤϡܸä͡餬¤ưΡ֥ܸ͡פ줿ơ20ȾαѸܸ줬äԤθ (matrix language) Ȥ־פ줿Ȥ
Τ褦ɬʸŪդƤΤǤϤʤŪʾڵ˴Ť˼ҲŪʴ¬ΥʥꥪǤ롥㤨С1ʳȤƤΡ־ԥѸפԤʤƤȤĥˤĤƤϡ (134--35) ϼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥
ޤϡѸظȤ־ԥѸפȤΤǤ롥19ˤ餯äƤǤȻפ뤳ȤФǤ뤬ºߤȤڵϤʤȤΤϡξ餹Сԥ̤Υߥ˥ʤȤƻȤƤȽǤΤϺǤǤϤ뤬ʸˡηϤξܺ٤Ǥ뤫Ǥ롥줬ߤ̤ʤ͡Ʊ˽ߡߥ˥ƥƤȤʬäƤΤǡ̤Υߥ˥ʤȤƥȯȹͤΤԼǤϤʤ̸ά͡
Ʊͤˡ־९쥪ѸפȯˤĤƤܺ٤ʬäƤʤξƤԥѸǥߥ˥äƤ¿äȤڵ뤿ᡤλҶ९쥪 (creoloid) ȹͤ뤳ȤϡʤĤȤľܤξڵ櫓ǤϤʤ
嵭ŪǺǸʳ־פˤĤƤ⡤٤꤬¿ĤƤ롥㤨СʤܸѼȱѸѼ郎2ʻ (bilingualism) 䥳ɥå (code-switching) ˤȤɤޤ餺¤ƺȤʤ˻äΤơʤκݤܸѼΤۤθȤʤäΤȤ˼ҲŪˤĤơ (148--55) ٤ͻԤʤäƤ뤬ˤϤʤ븦椬ɬפΤ褦Ǥ롥
(155) ϡʣʸ뤲ƤξָΰפȰŪˤʤ館Ƥ롥
˼ҲؼԤˤȤäƤϸˤǤ롥Ǥ椨ˡ줾λˤƼҲŪװͤߤ뤳ȤŪñǤ롥μҲŪװȤϡ㤨Сäͤͤ餤ǡïȲۤƤ褷ƤïȴؤäƤʤɤװǤ롥
Τ褦Ϥ褯ȸƤФ롥Τ˳ŪΩƤ뤷Τ餽Ǥäꡤοʹ֤ߤ˵ڤܤƶθܿٹ礤ǻ
ϡڡˤΤ褦ʰŪʸҲǿɴǯ褦ѲϾΤ褦ʸǤϿǯ٤ǵ롥ϸѲΡְפǤ롥
˥롡¾ܿ˼Ҳءξס˼Ҳ١ʹ ԡë ̦ ջҡˡˡ罤ۡ2015ǯ134--55ǡ
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