ΤνǤʸؤδؿޤäƱͤμݤȤƥ㡼 (gesture) ؤؿ褦ˤʤäKendon (73) ˤСطʤϰʲ̤ꡥ
The expansion of contacts between Europeans and peoples of other lands, especially in the New World, led to an enhanced awareness of the diversity of spoken languages, and because explorers and missionaries had reported successful communication by gesture, the idea rose that gesture could form the basis of a universal language. The idea of a universal language that could overcome the divisions between peoples brought about by differences in spoken languages was longstanding. However, interest in it became widespread, especially in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, in part because, as Latin began to be replaced with vernaculars, the need for a new lingua franca was felt. There were philosophical and political reasons as well, and there developed the idea that a language should be created whose meanings were fixed, which could be written or expressed in forms that would be comprehensible, regardless of a person's spoken language. The idea that humans share a 'universal language of the hands,' mentioned by Quintilian, was taken up afresh by Bonifaccio. In his L'arte dei cenni ('The art of signs') of 1616 (perhaps the first book ever published to be devoted entirely to bodily expression) . . . , he hoped that his promotion of the 'mute eloquence' of bodily signs would contribute to the restoration of the natural language of the body, given to all mankind by God, and so overcome the divisions created by the artificialities of spoken languages.
Τνˤ른㡼ؤδؿϡǤθΤ̽ȤܿեȤƤΥƥοࡤůŪŪʴؤδؿּθפκɾʤɤդƤȤϢơ#5128. 17ʸؤδؿϥƥΰҿοब ([2023-05-12-1]) εפФ롥
Kendon, Adam. "History of the Study of Gesture." Chapter 3 of The Oxford Handbook of the History of Linguistics. Ed. Keith Allan. Oxford: OUP, 2013. 71--89.
ε#5371. ػˤΥϥɥ֥åܼ ([2024-01-10-1]) ǾҲ𤷤 The Oxford Handbook of the History of Linguistics 15 "Vernaculars and the Idea of a Standard Language" Ƥߤθơޤ1Ĥˡʼ˶ˤ˱Ѹɸಽ (standardisation) ꡤܥ֥Ǥ͡ƤɸಽɸˤĤơΥϥɥ֥åǤϤɤΤ褦ʰʤƤ뤫Τä
Ƭ1ǤǤˤ⤷ɸפȤǰ϶衼åѤȯʤǤꡤ衼åѤǤϾܤ³ƤǤȤ
The greatest and most important phenomenon of the evolution of language in historic times has been the springing up of the great national common languages---Greek, French, English, German, etc.---the 'standard' languages.
So wrote Otto Jespersen . . . , and the idea of a standard language has undoubtedly been one of the most seductive in the history of European linguistic thought. It has resulted in some of the most heated of debates on language matters, drawing in both academic and non-academic actors, and ranging from the learned Questione della Lingua in Italy around the turn of the sixteenth century . . . to nineteenth-century debates on how best to standardise a newly independent Norwegian . . . , to the ongoing and often passionate discussions in homes and in bars throughout the modern world about 'right' and 'wrong' usage. The notion of a standard language has underpinned language teaching and learning since the Middle Ages, based as language teaching is on the acceptance that there is a right form of a language and a wrong form. The belief in a standard has motivated much of the grammar and dictionary writing, and has also been a central ideology in the emergence and reinforcement of the modern European nations. In the period following the Renaissance, national pride was expressed through the notion that the European vernaculars were as rich and as ordered as the Classical languages. Under the influence of Romanticism this idea of the richness of the 'national common languages' was increasingly linked to a sense of there being some sort of natural relationship between a people and their language, and indeed the perceived link between language and nation, for better or for worse, remains a strong one . . . . (359--60)
ѸˤˤɸಽˤĤƤϡ#4093. ɸѸλϤޤϥͥ ([2020-07-11-1]) ȡɸಽˤĤƤϡԤȤƴͿظɸಽͤ --- ʩоȸˡפλߡ罤ۡ2022ǯˤ˼äƤ (ܽˤĤƤδϢ gengo_no_hyojunka )

Linn, Andrew. "Vernaculars and the Idea of a Standard Language." Chapter 15 of The Oxford Handbook of the History of Linguistics. Ed. Keith Allan. Oxford: OUP, 2013. 359--74.
ԡ Ϻ δˡظɸಽͤ롡ʩоȸˡפλߡ١罤ۡ2022ǯ
#5306. Ѹ켭ŵǤߤ diglossia (1) ([2023-11-06-1])#5311. Ѹ켭ŵǤߤ diglossia (2) ([2023-11-11-1])#5315. Ѹ켭ŵǤߤ diglossia (3) ([2023-11-15-1]) ³diglossia ѼȤʬˤ͡ʲɤ٤륷˸ؤѸ켭ŵܤѤ (45--46)
diglossia The situation in which a speech community has two or more varieties of the same language used by speakers under different conditions, characterized by certain traits (attributes) usually with one variety considered 'higher' and another variety 'lower'. Well-known examples are the high and low variants in Arabic, Modern Greek, Swiss German and Haitian Creole. Arabic diglossia is very old, stemming from the difference in the classical literary of the language of the Qur'an, on one side, and the modern colloquial varieties, on the other side. These languages just names have a superposed, high variety and a vernacular, lower variety, and each languages (sic) has names for their high and low varieties, which are specialized in their functions and most occur in mutually exclusive situations. To learn the languages properly, one must know when it is appropriate to use the high and when the low variety forms. Typically, the attitude is that the high variety is the proper, true form of the language, and the low variety is wrong or does not even exist. Often the feeling that the high variety is superior derives from its use within a religion, since often the high language is represented in a body of sacred texts or esteemed literature. Diglossia is associated with the American linguist Charles A. Ferguson. Sometimes, following Joshua Fishman, diglossia is extended to situations not of high and low variants of the same language, but to multilingual situations in which different languages are used in different domains, for example, English is regarded as 'high' in areas of India and of Africa and local languages as 'low' or vernacular. This usage for diglossia in multilingual situations is resisted by some scholars.
嵭2ŦH L 2Ѽ郎ˡθ춦ƱǤϡH θǤꡤL ϥ֥ԴѼȤߤʤ䤹ȤΤϡδΤǤ롥ƱΤˤȤäơH ˤϸҤδФտ路ƤΤ
⤦1ĤϡǸ˸ڤƤ褦ˡŵŪ˱Ƥε쿢̱ϤθҲˤơѸ줬ѼȤơϸ (vernacular) ѼȤѤƤ硤 diglossia Ƥ٤ǤϤ뤬ѸλȤ˰븦ԤȤ¤Ǥ롥diglossia ϡäʤΤ
Campbell, Lyle and Mauricio J. Mixco, eds. A Glossary of Historical Linguistics. Salt Lake City: U of Utah P, 2007.
dialect ȤѸˤĤơī Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)פǼ夲#740. dialect פθ츻İ
ѸᤰäƤ hellog Ǥ#2752. dialect ȤѸˤĤơ ([2016-11-08-1]) #2753. dialect Ф language ȤѸˤĤơ ([2016-11-09-1]) ǹͤƤ
Ѹˤδ餪⤷Τϡ1Ĥθ͡ʸǤפγǰΤΤΤ褦ΤƤΤΡб dialect ȤѸϡ16ȾФˤʤäƤ褦䤯졤⤽줬ʵŪˤϥꥷ̤뤬˥ե졦ƥ줫μѸǤȤ¸ΤΤȻפŪʳǰФơŪijäѸݤ dialect Ƥ줿ȤΤ̣
16ȾФȤСѹͥΤޤäʤǤ롥դˤĤƤ⡤ƥ䥮ꥷʤɤθŵϤȤƶĤƤǤ롥ƱȾˤơռޤꡤʥ顼ǤѸŵιߤؾǤŤȤפƤѸɸಽ (standardisation) ϺǤ롥
ҿ (prestige) ΤѸɸ߽ФȤˤƤϡŪ˿ΰҿΤʤɸŪʱѸФƽ (stigma) Υåƥ뤬դ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥Ƥ䤬ơְΤɸפȡܤפȤΩŪʹޤƤ롥
¤ϤιΤϡ߿äְΤƥ졦ꥷСܤʥ顼פǤ롥ȤѸեʤɤγƥʥ顼Ȥƻ夲졤ɸ줬Ƥ˵ڤӡΩޤϡְΤɸСܤפؤȥ饤ɤΤǤ롥ǡΩޤθϤΤޤޤǤ뤳ȤդơΩθԡܤפƤ줿Ѹ줬 dialect(s) äȤȤǤϤʤΩ˿ѸƤäΤ⤷ʤ
פ餢ä dialect Ȥ̾Ϳ褦ȤưŤΤϡޤǥʥ顼ιռιޤäˤʤäƤ顤ȤȤǤϤʤȹͤƤ롥
Ϣơ#2580. Ѹιռʳ ([2016-05-20-1]) vernacular γƵȡ
ɸ̤ꡤ920ʲС14:50--15:50 ˡܹΩ̿ءˤδˤ Voicy ֱѸʥ顼̵פͽꤵƤޤԹ礬礤ޤ顤ʳäİΤۤɤꤤޤ
ؤΥǤ
̤ؤΤ夲ߤȥԥåʤɤޤΥե鼫ͳˤ
ꤲˤʤ٤бǤФȻפäƤޤ
μϿϸȤư̸⤹ͽǤ
ܥ֥βǡǤǤ Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio) ǤϡޤǤ̤͡ԤʤäƤޤ khelfʷѸ˥ե˼Ť khelf-conference-2022 ȤʢͭΤˤвƤΡ֥߹ɡפǤˤΰĤȤơΩ̿ؤܹƤΥ饤̤Ȥʤޤ
ȤϤǤ heldio 2٤̤ۤƤޤ٤ΡֱѸʥ顼̵פϡ2̡ʤȤ櫓2ܤ̡ˤαĹˤǤΤǡҲƤİФȻפޤ
#173. Ω̿ءܹȤ̡ݱѸȤϲ (2021/11/20)
#386. ܹȤλ̡ۥӥαѸܤˤĤƸ (2022/06/21)
⤽֥ʥ顼פȤϲȤȤϤᡤ줬Ѹ˾ɤΤ褦ʰյĤΤʤͤɬפΤʤɽIJ̵Ԥ˻̤깭ȻפäƤޤϢơʲ hellog ⤴Ȥ
#4804. vernacular Ȥϲ ([2022-06-22-1])
#4809. OED vernacular θΤ ([2022-06-27-1])
#4812. vernacular Ф1601ǯλطʡ ([2022-06-30-1])
#4814. vernacular ɤȤƱѸˤįʤȤ⤷ ([2022-07-02-1])
ܹϡ1125DzإʥȡλƽôƤޤإФεΡ (Sir Gawain and the Green Knight) ݰƺʤǤκʤΥʥ顼ƽäʤɤޤƤҤäǤȻפޤ̤ڤߤˤƤޤܺʤ۵ Transformer ӡߥĥå⤴ˬ䤯
khelf-conference-2022 Ǥϡ嵭̤921ʿˤˤ̤ Voicy 褬ͽꤵƤޤξˤĤƾܤߥڡޤξϰʲǤ⤴⤷ƤޤΤİ
khelf-conference-2022 ˴طƼ糧åˤĤƤϡkhelf ĥå @khelf_keio ǤƤޤΤǡ⤴

Ω̿ؤܹ Voicy ǻ̤ޤ621#386. ܹȤλ̡ۥӥαѸܤˤĤƸꤷƸޤäΤʤ夷Ƥ vernacular Ȥɤ˾ꡤ¼Ūˤ vernacular ȡȤʤޤ
ʸ塤vernacular ȤѸΤĥ˥奢äȿõäƤߤȻפĴٻϤƤޤ hellog Ǥ#4804. vernacular Ȥϲ ([2022-06-22-1])#4809. OED vernacular θΤ ([2022-06-27-1])#4812. vernacular Ф1601ǯλطʡ ([2022-06-30-1]) εƤޤvernacular ϡѸˤδ⡤νΥƥȤѸ (world_englishes) εؤȤĤʤ롤ιǰʤȻפ褦ˤʤޤ
vernacular ˤĤƱѸ˾δؿͭѤʸϡܻᤴȤˤʸǤαѸʸؤȥʥ顼ȤƤߡ硼졤Ƥɤޤʲܤ꤬ȤޤˡѸ꤫⤭ѸˤʸػˤѤǡ硼αѸѤؤȵʤǤޤ
66--67Ǥʲ1ɤߡ֥ʥ顼פδѸʻˡˤªƤߤȿȯꤽȻפޤ
֥ʥ顼פ̣γĥžѤϡʹѤߤǶ̣륺ûҤϥʥ顼ʸˤĤơ֤ȤʸäƤƤ⡤ʬϤɬߤʸΤ뤿θˤʤ롥ʥ顼ʸϸҤȢ˼ޤ뤳ȤʤϢ³Ѳʤ³ƤΡסviˤȽҤ٤롥ʥ顼ʸˤŪͻѲФʻ˾ޤ褦ޤĹëϥʥ顼ͭˤĤơ֡ҥʥ顼Ӥθ촶ˤȤʤ̣¿äϤȤϢۤŪʤΡ¿ʤΡ̤ΤΤȤäŪʥ˥奢αԤۡμή˷ڻ롦̵뤵ƤʸҲˤʸ̮˸Ƥ꤬ȤʤäƤס2018, 221ˤȻŦ롥
ѸϡָҤȢפ˼ޤ뤳ȤʤѲ³Ūʥ˥奢αԤפɵᤷƤǤ롥1500 ǯ˵ڤֱѸߤϡҼӤ濴ӡӤӤؤȻʥ顼ʤεפȤ褦Ѹθ餹аճ˱Ǥ뤬ϸ衼åäƤ˲ʤä
ѸȾϳΤˡָҤȢפ˼ޤäƤޤɸѸ (Standard English) ϤȢ˼ޤäƤޤȸ (prestige) ɸಽ (standardisation) 뤢äƤ⡤vernacular ȤΩǤ
Ϣơ Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)#397. դΥɤȤϲ --- ظɸಽͤ٤ؤΥȤ⤪İ
αѸʸؤȥʥ顼ȤƤߡ硼졤סΩ̿۸ʸ33.32022ǯ65--83.
#4809. OED vernacular θΤ ([2022-06-27-1]) εǡñȤƤ vernacular νФ OED ˤ1601ǯäȤҤ٤֡ʥƥǤϤʤ˱Ѹǽʿ͡ˡפۤɤ̣ƻȤƻȤƤ롥
θˤĤƤϡOED μˡ˴ؤ𤬤Τ⤷ʤ17椫ϰճȾʤ18ʹߡȤ櫓19ʹߤˤϡ͡ʸ̾ȤƤˡ졤ʸƤ롥ܤʬۤˤĤƤϡѸΥѥʤɤĴ٤ɬפꤽ
ʤOED ˤȡ1607ǯˤ vernaculous ȤηƻФƤꡤ17ˤѸȤʤäƤޤä褦ƤǤ㤬ǧ롥
ơvernacular ФΤ17κǽǯäȤ¤˶̣Ѥܤ뤳λϡɤαѸ줬衼åѤΰҿθǤƥɤĤȤ⤬ʤ顤¤˼ĤĤääѸ줬ɤθŪʽդˤơƥȤ¸ߴ̱ĥϤǤ롥ܤϡʲεȡ
#1407. Ѹ3Ĥ ([2013-03-04-1])
#2580. Ѹιռʳ ([2016-05-20-1])
#2611. 17˽դDZѸ줬ʤƥ줬षƤäͳ ([2016-06-20-1])
Ѹ줬դˤƻ̱褦Ȥ⤬ƤλĬήؤơϡֱѸˤˤظʸױư١פȸƤǤcf. #3314. Ѹˤˤָʸױưס ([2018-05-24-1])ˡܤΡָʸױưפϤƤ̾ǤϤ뤬ɤΤߤʤ餺衼åѤ¾ǤƱ褦Ĭήߤ줿ȤȤͤ碌ȡޤˡоȸˡ (contrastive_language_history) ȤƤդ路ȤʤλˤĤƤϡᴩظɸಽͤ --- ʩоȸˡפλߡ٤Τ˻䤬ɮ6ϡѸˤˤɸಽ١פΤʤǤƤ롥ˤĤƤϡ#4776. оȸˤܤǤޤظɸಽͤ --- ʩоȸˡפλߡ١ ([2022-05-25-1])#4784. ظɸಽͤ٤ϼɮԴ֤¿ĥåߤǤ ([2022-06-02-1]) Ȥ줿
Τ褦17ȾϡѸ줬ƥйƼƤȤư֤Ť졤ȿä vernacular ȤñѤϤΤǤϤʤȿ¬Ƥߤ뤳ȤǤ롥ñ켫Τƥ줫μѸǤȤ⸫ƨƤϤʤʤѸϡޤǥƥΰҸˤʤäȼĤƤΤǤ롥#2611. 17˽դDZѸ줬ʤƥ줬षƤäͳ ([2016-06-20-1]) εκǸǽҤ٤Ȥ
ҿȤƤΥƥοϰīͼˤϤʤλ֤פƱ褦ˡ줿Ѹΰҿˤ⡤٤δ֤ɬפäΤǤ롥
#4804. vernacular Ȥϲ ([2022-06-22-1]) vernacular ΰ̣ˤĤƹͤѸ˽ƥƥ줫Ƴ줿ñϡ21Ѹ (world_englishes) ݤͤǥɤȤʤꤦ롥ϤäʱѸˤδŵŪ˥ƥˤФθʥɤŪѤ줿ѸˤȤƤαѸؤդѸ줳ĤƤΥƥΤ褦ʼҲŪ˰ҿĸȤʤäƤޤäƤΤǡˤäƤϱѸ vernacular ȸƤ֤Ȥʶȼ
δ餹ȡñȤƱѸؤ vernacular ϼ깤ΤĤѸȤʤʤǤǤ folk indigenous 褦ʤΤּ깤פн褹ˤϡñŪˡҤȤƤߤɬפ롥OED vernacular, adj. and n. ιäɤǤߤ *
θθ츻Ǥƥ vernāculus ϡѸˤ1601ǯˡֱѸǽʺȡˡפۤɤ̣ƻȤƼʸˤʸڤ롥
1601 Bp. W. Barlow Def. Protestants Relig. 2 A vernaculer pen-man..hauing translated them into English.
䤿ˤȤäƺǤפʸϡƤˡ OED 2aȤƼΤ褦˽Ф롥
2.
a. Of a language or dialect: That is naturally spoken by the people of a particular country or district; native, indigenous.
Usually applied to the native speech of a populace, in contrast to another or others acquired for commercial, social, or educative purposes; now frequently employed with reference to that of the working classes or the peasantry.
1647 J. Howell New Vol. of Lett. 149 This [sc. Welsh] is one of the fourteen vernacular and independent tongues of Europe.
θ塤٤17Ⱦ18ʹߤˤʤäơʸؤݽѤʤɤˤŬѤƤȤΥƥ vernāculus ηƤ˸¤餺Ūɽ魯ΤѤ줿ΤФơѸǤϼѤνˤϤȤ櫓ʼաˤ˸ꤷѤƤȤΤħŪǤ롥ߤǤ⡤εܤȤƤϸʳоݤƤΤѤΤΡŪˤϸȤδϢƻȤäƤ褤
ʤߤˡθפ̣̾ˡȤƤϡ18μ㤬ФǤ롥
a1706 J. Evelyn Hist. Relig. (1850) I. vii. 427 It is written in the Chaldæo-Syriac, which was..the vernacular of our Lord.
Τ褦˱ñȤƤ vernacular ˡϡؤμ夬ϡϤҿƥФҿʤѸȤޤˤä줬ޤҿɸ˱ѸȰҿʤɸˡιޤ۵ʸ̮Ѥ뤳ȤƤȤΤϡ̣ĹǤ롥
Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)פǡΩ̿ؤܹ̤ʤ̻̤ޤ#386. ܹȤλ̡ۥӥαѸܤˤĤƸǤ
ˤ#173. Ω̿ءܹȤ̡ݱѸȤϲꤷ̤ƤޤΤǡФ⤪İ
ơλ̤ϡSimon Horobin The English Language: A Very Short Introduction äƤä褦ȤĤǻϤΤǤ̤ǤΤήή vernacular äˤɤ夭ޤȤϤ¤ϰ٤ȵƤߤäǤΤǡ٤꤬ߤޤʤʤäƤޤޤ
ˤˤɤ夤櫓Ǥ⤢ޤΩ̿عݸʸΥץȡ֥ʥ顼ʸפ˽°ƤΤǤTwitter ˤȯ⤷ƤȤȤǡɤ
vernacular ϱѸˤѸʸؤݤˤϽפʥɤǤ21ѸäƤͭʳǰѸȤʤ뤫⤷ޤhellog Ǥ̤夲ȤϤʤäΤǡβȤλ̤ˡ줫龯ĹͤƤȻפޤ
Ѹˤʸ̮ǽФƤ vernacular ϡˤƸǰҿι⤤ݸȤƤΥƥФơɤο͡ȤŪѤƤȤƤαѸؤΤѤޤפ vernacular ȤϡֱѸפΤȤؤ櫓Ǥ˥ƥȤ椬ռƤΤȤƤΡֱѸפؤȤΤݥȤǤdiglossia ѸǤСH(igh variety) ΥƥФ L(ow variety) αѸȤޤǰƬ֤ L ΤȤ vernacular ȸƤǤ櫓Ǥ
ĤƤߤޤ礦
noun
1 (usually the vernacular) [singular] the language spoken in a particular area or by a particular group, especially one that is not the official or written language
2 [uncountable] (technical) a style of architecture concerned with ordinary houses rather than large public buildings (OALD8)
noun [C usually singular]
1. the form of a language that a regional or other group of speakers use naturally, especially in informal situations
- The French I learned at school is very different from the local vernacular of the village where I'm now living.
- Many Roman Catholics regret the replacing of the Latin mass by the vernacular.
2. specialized in architecture, a local style in which ordinary houses are built
3. specialized dance, music, art, etc. that is in a style liked or performed by ordinary people (CALD3)
noun [countable] [usually singular]
the language spoken by a particular group or in a particular area, when it is different from the formal written language (MED2)
n ϤȤСϸ졤ԳФơռ졨졨Ԥ뿦ȎĤͭΡοȡϸ졤֤ȤСưʪʪФϤθƤ̡̾¯̾ʡ~ nameˡϡλ塤ġϤͭʷͼԷێݤʤɤΡ̱̣̱ʡإ¼ŵ3ǡ١
¾ؿ缭ŵ6ǡ٤ vernacular θФΤȤ˵ƤʸѸˤʸ̮ǤŵŪʻȤȤʤޤ"Latin gave place to the vernacular." "In Europe, the rise of the vernaculars meant the decline of Latin." Τ褦ˡޤؿԱ³缭ŵ٤ "English has given place to the vernacular in that part of Asia." Ȥ̣ĹʸĤޤ
嵭֥ʥ顼ʸפ Twitter θФѤƤޤ礦
ԥʥ顼դȤϸҤݸƤʤΡȶư¯ʤΡή塥ܸϡƤ³ʸγϤ롥
vernacular Ȥϲͤ³ƤȻפޤ
Horobin, Simon. The English Language: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford: OUP, 2018.
Horobin, Simon. How English Became English: A Short History of a Global Language. Oxford: OUP, 2016.
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