ε#5371. ػˤΥϥɥ֥åܼ ([2024-01-10-1]) ǾҲ𤷤 The Oxford Handbook of the History of Linguistics 15 "Vernaculars and the Idea of a Standard Language" Ƥߤθơޤ1Ĥˡʼ˶ˤ˱Ѹɸಽ (standardisation) ꡤܥ֥Ǥ͡ƤɸಽɸˤĤơΥϥɥ֥åǤϤɤΤ褦ʰʤƤ뤫Τä
Ƭ1ǤǤˤ⤷ɸפȤǰ϶衼åѤȯʤǤꡤ衼åѤǤϾܤ³ƤǤȤ
The greatest and most important phenomenon of the evolution of language in historic times has been the springing up of the great national common languages---Greek, French, English, German, etc.---the 'standard' languages.
So wrote Otto Jespersen . . . , and the idea of a standard language has undoubtedly been one of the most seductive in the history of European linguistic thought. It has resulted in some of the most heated of debates on language matters, drawing in both academic and non-academic actors, and ranging from the learned Questione della Lingua in Italy around the turn of the sixteenth century . . . to nineteenth-century debates on how best to standardise a newly independent Norwegian . . . , to the ongoing and often passionate discussions in homes and in bars throughout the modern world about 'right' and 'wrong' usage. The notion of a standard language has underpinned language teaching and learning since the Middle Ages, based as language teaching is on the acceptance that there is a right form of a language and a wrong form. The belief in a standard has motivated much of the grammar and dictionary writing, and has also been a central ideology in the emergence and reinforcement of the modern European nations. In the period following the Renaissance, national pride was expressed through the notion that the European vernaculars were as rich and as ordered as the Classical languages. Under the influence of Romanticism this idea of the richness of the 'national common languages' was increasingly linked to a sense of there being some sort of natural relationship between a people and their language, and indeed the perceived link between language and nation, for better or for worse, remains a strong one . . . . (359--60)
ѸˤˤɸಽˤĤƤϡ#4093. ɸѸλϤޤϥͥ ([2020-07-11-1]) ȡɸಽˤĤƤϡԤȤƴͿظɸಽͤ --- ʩоȸˡפλߡ罤ۡ2022ǯˤ˼äƤ (ܽˤĤƤδϢ gengo_no_hyojunka )

Linn, Andrew. "Vernaculars and the Idea of a Standard Language." Chapter 15 of The Oxford Handbook of the History of Linguistics. Ed. Keith Allan. Oxford: OUP, 2013. 359--74.
ԡ Ϻ δˡظɸಽͤ롡ʩоȸˡפλߡ١罤ۡ2022ǯ
#3231. ɸ˼ Blake αѸ˻ʬ ([2018-03-02-1]) εǼꤢBlake ˤѸ˶ʬ61798ǯ?1914ǯˤˤĤƹͤ롥ޥε1˶ޤ줿λϡɸѸǰƬˤѸˤδϡѼŪ¿ռ줿Ȥ롥19Ťȡ18ħä줷ϼ꤫餢ٲ褦ˤʤꡤˤƼȯŪʸոºŤ졤ɸѼ郎ľѸ켫ͳѸвλۤȯȤäƤ褤𤲤ϵ줬ħŪˡWordsworth and Coleridge ˤ Lyrical Ballads (1798) νǤäBlake (13) ۩
This collection of poetry [= the Lyrical Ballads] attacked the idea of a prescriptive language for poetry and raised the concept that it should deal with 'the real language of men'. It was inspired in part by the French Revolution of 1789, which had called into question the very bases of the old order and its assumptions of regulation and conformity. This attitude gradually spilled over into language as well, for there seemed to be a profound attack on the nature of authority and the assumption that those at the top could dictate what was right and acceptable to the rest of society. While such attitudes did not change overnight, we can accept that there was a new spirit abroad which provides us with a convenient boundary in 1798.
1798ǯ˻Ϥޤꡤ1ȯ1914ǯޤǤλϡĹ19ɽƤ褤Blake ˤСλϡŪˤߤ (1) ¿ɸѼºš(2) ŪζδȤ2ħŤȤ줾ʬѤ褦
Firstly, the previous age had been concerned with regulating language and discovering the principles which underlined a language on the assumption that all languages followed the same structure. The nineteenth century was interested in the diversity of languages and varieties of language. The growth of the empire promoted interest in a whole range of languages other than the classical languages which had hitherto been the model for all linguistic structure. And scholars in England began to record the various regional dialects found in the United Kingdom. Whereas before these dialects may have been considered provincial and little more than barbarous, their use in poetry and the novel and the collections and studies based on these forms gradually meant that they were seen as real means of communication, even if they were not as socially acceptable as the standard. The respect for non-standard varieties increased, though this was a gradual process which even today has not made these dialects socially acceptable. One problem that such varieties faced, and still face, is that they do not usually exist in a regulated written form and thus may be regarded as inferior.
Secondly, the nineteenth century saw an enormous growth in the historical study of language. Many of the changes in English and its ancestors which will be outlined in the book were discovered in the nineteenth century. The development of the concept of a family tree for languages and the recognition that English was a Germanic language which belonged to the Proto-Indo-European family of languages (also known simply as Indo-European) were among the advances made at this time. Not unnaturally this put English and the classical languages into a different perspective. Their nature was not different from that of other languages, and English dialects could be regarded as closely related to standard English in origin and development; they had simply not been chosen to form the standard.
ǤСɸѸƱѸ줽ΤΤвª߽Ф줿ȤˤäŪʻ줿櫓ǤϤʤޤŪʻ¤ΩĤ褦ˤʤäȤȤǤ롥Ūʻϡ21κǤ⽽ʬƤΤ
Blake, N. F. A History of the English Language. Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1996.
Blake αѸ˽ϡѸɸಽ (standardisation) ɸѸηȤ˾碌ͥ줿Ѹ˳Ǥ롥Ȥ櫓ܤ٤ϡΤΤȤ礭ۤʤѸˤλʬˡ (periodisation) Ǥ롥ѸˤθˤˤơޤǤ͡ʻʬƤƤBlake ΤϰӤɸ˼ҲŪʴƤǤꡤܤФ褦ʿ (Blake, Chapter 1) 7ʬƤ롥ʲˡȤȤ˵
(1) եå粦λ (?9Ⱦ)ɸŪѼ郎¸ߤ͡Ѽ郎ΩƤ
(2) 9Ⱦ?1250ǯȥνɸबƶϤä
(3) 1250ǯ?1400ǯɸȤǰʤ塨ɸΤ˶ޤ줿 "the Interregnum"
(4) 1400ǯ?1660ǯɸνաʤȤ櫓ֻȸäΥ٥ˤơˤΩƤ
(5) 1660ǯ?1798ǯɸλ
(6) 1798ǯ?1914ǯѼŪ¿ռ줿
(7) 1914ǯ?ѸʬԳΤħŤ
(1) եå粦λ (?9Ⱦ) ϡѸ줬ѸȤ1Ĥñ̤ȤƸƤȤ⡤ѸνѼ郎¤٤뽸ΤȸƤǤ롥äơ1ĤɸȤȯۤ¸ߤʤ
(2) եå粦λʹߡȤ櫓10--11ˤƥȥűѸνդɸȤƤϰ̤1066ǯΥΥޥϳΤ˱ѸμҲŪϰ̤ȤȥɸϱѸҶǺ١³1250ǯޤDZƶϤĤʤȤ⡤ϤƱѸȤꤿ¸ߤƤѸ˾塤ɸ줬ΩȤƽפǤ롥
(3) Ƥɸ줬ƶϤʤɸ줬ޤǤζ̴ (the Interregnum) Ѽ郎Ω1Ĥɸ줬ʤ塥
(4) Ѹ˾2ܤνդɸ줬졤夷Ƥ塥15Ⱦ Chancery Standard ΡʤΰˤǤȹͤ롥ޤȤȯۤϵǤ롥
(5) 뵬ϼλ塥ʸˡ¿蘆졤ɸܻؤ줿塥ڤǯϡ (Restoration) 1660ǯȡޥȤʤ Wordsworth and Coleridge ˤ Lyrical Ballads Ǥ줿1798ǯħŪǯǤϤ뤬Τ˴֤˶ޤ줿ϡסס«פȤäɤ礦Ǥ롥
(6) Lyrical Ballads 1 (1914) ޤǤλ塥Ĥ餢ټͳˤʤꡤѼؤδؿޤꡤɸвƸ褦ˤʤä塥夫εϼޤƤΤ¡
(7) 1狼鸽ߤޤǤλ塥Ѹ줬ʤʬԤƩʾ"fragmentation and uncertainty" (Blake 15) ħŤ塥
ŪʡָűѸסѸסֶѸפζʬȾۤƤϤ褤
Blake, N. F. A History of the English Language. Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1996.
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