423ˡҤñθ츻˴ؤҤƱ2ȯ䤵ޤҤϡǯ6ˡޤ⤴ɾƤرѸ츻ϥɥ֥åФƤޤΤǡ1ǯδ֤3ֱѸ츻ܡפ尴줿ȤˤʤޤѸ츻趷褷ƤȤäƤ褤Ǥ礦
Ԥ줿Τϼ2ǤڡֻɤߡפǤޤ
ظ캬dzФ ѥñҿǡӡʻɤߤ
ظ츻dzؤ رñϥɥ֥åʻɤߤ
ʲơˤĤƴñˤҲ𤷤ޤ

ޤˤظ캬dzФ륳ѥñҿǡӡ٤Ǥܽ2019ǯ˴Ԥ칥ɾǤˤΤǡָ̤̾캬פ˥եñ콸Ǥ١ȤʤäƤΤƱҤΡإѥ¼ŵ٤θ츻ǤܽǤϤ200ʾιܤ˲ɮƤꡤ300Ρ֡ʺǡ˽캬פ夵Ƥޤ
ɮ٤ϡóؽˤ츻μͤǼƤǤ1001٥ʾñ7ʾϸ츻μΩĤȤƤꡤȤ櫓ԤˤȤäƤΥܥӥˤϸ캬ؽˤͭǤ뤳ȤĴƤޤɥӥ䡤ߤΡ֥ȡפⴰƤꡤк̤γؤľޤб롤ޤ˸츻ؽδǤȤǤ

³ơڲȻʴƽˡᡦľǷˤˤظ츻dzؤ رñϥɥ֥å٤Ǥ츫Ūʰ̸ν˸ޤѸˤδⶽ̣Ǥرñϡͥʹߤ̤ήƤƥ졦ꥷǤˤǤꡤСϢ (combining_form) θܻԤΤ褦Ǥ
ܽιϸؤδؤδŪǤƬܸ캬פȤѡʬβ˻ϤޤꡤȾǤϡBody System ̡סǾСƵ۴ʤɡˡפ˸äƤޤѸ줬¿ѤŪĹʸդƤꡤɤѤ뤳ȤǡʹΥȤΨŪ˽Ǥ褦פƤޤϿΡֽѸפʤɤϡؤ糰λˤȤäƤϡڤǤޤԤΩظäƳʣڤܤΤʤˤ֤ƤȤˤĤƹͤƤߤΤ⡤⤷θȤʤޤؤˤĤƤϲʬʤǤ̤¿̩٤ι⤤رñϥɥ֥åǤ뤳ȤϳǧǤޤ
ʾ塤2ñˤҲ𤷤ޤ424ˤϡheldio Ǥ#1790. Ҥ2αѸ츻ܤФޤ --- إѥñҿǡӡ٤ȡظ츻dzؤְرñϥɥ֥å١ꤹۿǤäƤޤΤǡ碌ƤİйǤޤȤ櫓ذرñϥɥ֥å٤ˤĤƤϡܽᤰ̤ heldio ۿͽꤷƤޤΤǡҤԤ
ơرѸ츻ϥɥ֥å⤪˺ʤ
סظ캬dzФ ѥñҿǡӡ١ҡ2026ǯ
ˡ Ƿˡڲ ȡʴƽˡظ츻dzؤ رñϥɥ֥å١ҡ2026ǯ
߷ ͧ ɹ δˡʡ 쵮 ءʹܶϡˡرѸ츻ϥɥ֥å١ҡ2025ǯ
ε#6118. salmon l ϤʤȯʤΤǤ --- mond μ ([2026-01-26-1]) Ǥϡsalmon ʺˤۻ l طʤˤ츻Ūֻ (etymological_respelling) 夲ޤϡδϢǡ褯аޤɤʤ⸽Ǥϰۤʤ̤ȤʤäƤ falcon ʥϥ֥ˤˤĤäޤ礦
falcon salmon Ʊ͡ƥ (falcōnem) ͳ褷ťե (faucon) ν֤ФѸäƤޤäơϱѸǤ l ʸȯ⤢ޤǤȤ16˥ƥֻȤ <l> ֻͰŪޤޤǤ salmon ȤޤäƱƻڤǤ
ѸɸŪȯˤơsalmon <l> ۻǤΤФfalcon l /ˈfælkən/ /ˈfɔːlkən/ Τ褦ˡֻ̤ /l/ ȯΤ̤ǤϡֻȯϤȤʤäȯΤΤѲȤʤޤ
Ȥ֤ϤñǤϤޤȯ֤ܤĴ٤Ƥߤȡ̣¤⤫Ӿ夬äƤޤLPD3 ˷ǺܤƤ롤ƤΰüԤоݤȤ Preference Poll η̤Ƥߤޤ礦

Ū¿ /l/ ȯƤޤƤȤ3%ۤɤüԤϡߤǤ /l/ ʤ /ˈfɔːkən/ ʤɤθŤפȯѤƤ뤳Ȥǧޤξ <l> ۻȤʤޤ˶̣ΤϡCEPD17 εҤǤμˤϡΥߥ˥ƥˤ봷ѤˤĤƤޤ
Note: /ˈfɔː-/ is the usual British pronunciation among people who practise the sport of falconry, with /ˈfɔː-/ and /ˈfɔːl-/ most usual among them in the US.
뾢δ֤ǤϡꥹǤ /l/ ȯʤ̤ǤꡤꥫǤ⤽ηȤΤǤȤδ֤ǤϡŪȯֶȳѸפΤ褦˲вƻĤäƤȤΤ϶̣ݤǤ
ǤϡŪ˸Ƥ <l> ֻϤĺ夷ΤǤ礦Hotta and Iyeiri ǤϡEEBO corpus (Early English Books Online) ѤơѸˤ falcon ֻѰۤܺ٤ĴޤĴˤСñʣޤơʲΤ褦37̤ΰ۷ǧޤ (147) <l> ̵ͭܤƤ
falcon, falcons, faulcon, faucon, fawcons, faucons, fawcon, faulcons, falkon, falcone, faukon, faulcone, faukons, falkons, faulcones, faulkon, faulkons, falcones, faulken, fawlcon, fawkon, faucoun, fauken, fawcoun, fawken, falken, fawkons, fawlkon, falcoun, faucone, faulcens, faulkens, faulkone, fawcones, fawkone, fawlcons, fawlkons
ޤɴǤʬϤΤʷƤޤʸǤϼΤ褦ˤޤȤƤޤ (152)
FALCON is one of the most helpful items for us in that it occurs frequently enough both in non-etymological spellings without <l> and etymological spellings with <l>. The critical point in time for the item was apparently the middle of the sixteenth century. Until the 1550s and 1560s, the non-etymological type (e.g., <faucon> and <fawcon>) was by far the more common form, whereas in the following decades the etymological type (e.g., <faulcon> and <falcon>) displaced its non-etymological counterpart so quickly that it would be the only spelling in effect at the end of the century.
Ĥޤꡤ16ȾС1550ǯ~1560ǯˤžǤޤǤ faucon Τ褦ŪֻͥǤθ塤® falcon ʤɤθ츻ŪֻäꡤˤϤܴ֤ۤäΤǤ
salmon falconƱƱ褦ư l ʤ顤ۻȤʤꡤ¾ϡȤСۤܡȯ褦ˤʤäѸˤϡͽ¬ԲǽʸġñΥɥޤƤޤ
falcon ˤĤƿƤ¾ε⤴Ȥ
#192. etymological respelling (2) ([2009-11-05-1])
#488. ȯɤΰ ([2010-08-28-1])
#2099. fault l ([2015-01-25-1])
#5981. ˡرѸͭ̾츻ŵ١ʸҡ2011ǯˡ ([2025-09-11-1])
Wells, J C. ed. Longman Pronunciation Dictionary. 3rd ed. Harlow: Pearson Education, 2008.
Roach, Peter, James Hartman, and Jane Setter, eds. Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary. 17th ed. Cambridge: CUP, 2006.
Hotta, Ryuichi and Iyeiri Yoko. "The Taking Off and Catching On of Etymological Spellings in Early Modern English: Evidence from the EEBO Corpus." Chapter 8 of English Historical Linguistics: Historical English in Contact. Ed. Bettelou Los, Chris Cummins, Lisa Gotthard, Alpo Honkapohja, and Benjamin Molineaux. Amsterdam: Benjamins, 2022. 143--63.
salmon ϤĤŤ l Τ l ȯʤȤ餷ơ16~17ΤĤŤȯκ𤬱ƶƤ뽭ޤsalmonȯɽˤˤĤƶƤ
μͭץåȥե mond ˤơ嵭μޤŪʱñֻȯЪΥ (spelling_pronunciation_gap) ˴ؤ뵿Ǥ
СԤο仡äƤޤsalmon l ϡ츻Ūֻ (etymological_respelling) ŵǤꡤѹͥγؼԤθŵؤƴ줬ΤǤ
hellog Ǥ⤿ӤӼ夲ƤޤѸθä¿ϥեͳäƤޤƥ salmō (acc. salmōnem) ϡťե l æ saumon ʤɤηˤʤޤѸˤñ줬Ѥ줿ȤʤѸǤ l ֤줺ȯ⤵ޤǤʸСsamon samoun ȤäֻŪäΤǤ
Ȥ16濴ȤѸȡƥ䥮ꥷܤμͤѸֻͳƥη᤹٤ȹͤϤޤϥե첽ơ¤äֻ츻ǤƥηȤơͰŪʸΤǤ
debt doubt breceipt p salmon l ʤɤϡ٤ƤλλʪǤθŪֻϡѸ¿ۻ (silent_letter) ĤȤˤʤޤ
DZѸˤΤ⤷ʤʡ꤬ޤֻѤäȤơȯϤɤʤΤȤǤֻ˰ȯѲñfault assault ʤɡˤ⤢СֻѤȯϸŤޤĤ줿ñdebt doubt ʤɡˤ⤢ޤsalmon ϸԤΥ롼פ°ޤֻȯΤͤ줿бط夷ΤϡĺΤȤäΤǤ礦
ǤϡEEBO corpus (Early English Books Online) ΥѥǡȤơsalmon ֻ l 夷ƤŪʻ10ǯߤοܡˤդǼޤĴη̡1530ǯ夫1590ǯˤƤѲ濴äȤʬޤ1590ǯʹߡбطΩȤäƤ褤Ǥ礦
Ǥϡ1635ǯʸ˸롤Ҳ𤷤ƤޤޤäΥȤơֺפΤΤǤϤޤñ˴Ϣ뤢ٶݡʿǤθȤͭ̾ʥǤˤ̾ˤĤƤƤޤ
ʤ salmon l ȯʤޤޤʤΤظˤ˥ɥޤȶŪʥǡˤĤƤϡҰʲΥβ

Hotta, Ryuichi and Iyeiri Yoko. "The Taking Off and Catching On of Etymological Spellings in Early Modern English: Evidence from the EEBO Corpus." Chapter 8 of English Historical Linguistics: Historical English in Contact. Ed. Bettelou Los, Chris Cummins, Lisa Gotthard, Alpo Honkapohja, and Benjamin Molineaux. Amsterdam: Benjamins, 2022. 143--63.
16--17νѸϡʬѹͥκꡤŵʥƥȥꥷˤºФ졤̤ñ줬Ѹä˼ޤ줿Ǥ롥ƱɽŪʸͤ Shakespeare ʤΤDurkin ˤФηȤΤߤܤȤƤ⡤û֤Υƥͳο ("latinate neologisms") ѸήȤǧȤ
The peak period of the Literary Renaissance was C.1590--1600. The Primary author was Shakespeare who, between 1591 and 1611, introduced no fewer than six hundred latinate neologisms, fifty-three of which occur in Hamlet alone. Many of these became everyday words, e.g. addiction, assassination, compulsive, domineering, obscene, sanctimonious, traditional. (226--27)
Shakespeare ƱŪ¤ϤθƤȤ뤬˽פʤΤϡθοŵ֡ͿȤӤʤΤǤϤʤShakespeare ɽͥ˲ФΤĤŵ줫θüѤδϡ³ˤˤޤɤषĥĤļѤƤäǤ롥Durkin Ϥ³Ƥ롥
After the Renaissance, a vast amount of technical and scientific vocabulary flooded into English from both Greek and Latin, hence words like carnivorous, clitoris, formula, hymen, nucleus. In the next century, Linnaeus [1707--78] introduced numerous biological terms, like chrysanthemums and rhododendron. The Scientific period, which peaked C.1830, featured many Neolatin terms like am(o)eba, bacterium, flagellum. Finally, the modern technical/technological period featured words like floccilation. (227)
Shakespeare Ѹû˾˲̤1ĤȤߤƤ褤
Durkin, Philip. Borrowed Words: A History of Loanwords in English. Oxford: OUP, 2014.

1221ڡ 17:30--19:00
ꡧī㡼ɶ
̡饤Υϥ֥åɷ1֤θƨۿ
ߡī㡼֥
ǯ٤ī륷ָֺ츻ŵǤɤѸˡ˰٤ΥڡǽĴ˿ʤǤޤرѸ츻ŵ١ʸҡȤʤ顤ѸûˤɤäƤǤ
1ָ˳֤9Ǥϼ˽Ѹˤƥ줪ӥꥷθŪƶɾޤ16--17νѸϱѹͥλꡤŵؤηݤǤμ礷ȯŸ˿ä̤ɬפȤʤꡤΥˡ˱٤ƥ䥮ꥷñǤФ줿ΤǤ̤Ȥơŵ˴ŤѸ俷줬ӤƳ졤Ѹä϶γĥ뤲뤳Ȥˤʤޤ
ιֺ¤Ǥϡŵ줫μѸ˼ܤλθóѻƤߤȻפޤҳ⤳λˤ⤿餵줿ƥꥷϤΥ⥷ñõƤߤƤ
ܥֺ¤γƲΩƤޤΤǡؤλáԻäˤ餺餴äȤǤޤ8ʬˤĤƤϡơפޥɥޥåפˤޤȤƤޤΤǡʲε
#5625. ī륷ֺ¤1ֱѸ츻ŵڤפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2024-09-20-1])
#5629. ī륷ֺ¤2ֱѸäˤѤפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2024-09-24-1])
#5631. ī륷ֺ¤3ֱñȡ֥ˡ§ספޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2024-09-26-1])
#5639. ī륷ֺ¤4ָαѸ˻ĤűѸκספޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2024-10-04-1])
#5646. ī륷ֺ¤5ֱѸ졤ƥȽвפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2024-10-11-1])
#5650. ī륷ֺ¤6ֱѸ졤θȸפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2024-10-15-1])
#5669. ī륷ֺ¤7ֱѸ졤ե˿פޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2024-11-03-1])
#5704. ī륷ֺ¤8ֱѸ졤ȸήפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2024-12-08-1])
ֺܹ¤ξܺ٤ȤߤɤرѸ츻ŵ١ʸҡϡ˵֤Ĥļ֤Ф¸ޤʴϢդޤΤǡŵʤȤ֤ˤꤢޤˡ

ʰʲ嵭2024/12/17(Tue)
߷ ˧ͺԽ紴ˡرѸ츻ŵٿǡҡ2024ǯ
1ǯȾۤΤȤˤʤޤ2022ǯ1210˸زˤƥݥʩоȸˡäζ岽ᤰäơפޤΥץȡˡؽؤǤΥϥ֥åɳŤǤƱǯ˽Ǥ줿 ԡ Ϻ δˡظɸಽͤ --- ʩоȸˡפλߡ١罤ۡ2022ǯ J-STAGE ǸޤPDFǼͳ˥ɤǤޤΤǡҤɤߤФȻפޤȤʬƤޤΤǡʲ˥ȥȤȤ˾ϿؤΥĥäƤޤ
ʩоȸ --- äζ岽ᤰäơסʹԡؽء
ֱ1ܸäζ岽ˤ볰ǤμƤĴסϺء
ֱ2θö岽ָŪͻ --- ηȡŬ¸פΥᥫ˥סŹء
ֱ3ֽѸˤü --- оȸŪסδ졤ء
ֱ4֥ɥĸθóȽ --- ¤ȤƤΥǥƥƥ ---סʹԡؽء
ֱ5֥ǥߡեμˤեɸಽȸäζ岽 ---եɸಽؤߡסԡء
ǥå֤ޤȤȵ
ֱ3ôξϿϼ̤Ǥ
Ѹ1500--1700ǯˤϱѹͥλޤߡƱͭ ŵؤηݤȼƥ䥮ꥷ줫μѸ줬̤˱ѸήƱζ٥ʥ顼Ǥե졤ꥢ졤ڥ졤ݥȥʤɤθäμѤäμѸϡ줫ľܱѸäƤΤ⤢С¾졤ŵŪˤϥեȤơŪ˱ѸäƤΤ¿ˤϡǤȤ߹碌¤줹뤳Ȥ⤷ФйԤʤ줿ĤޤꡤѸˤäζ岽Ƚϡ͡ʷϩˡ̤ʣŪ˼¸ƤΤǤ롥Τ褦ʽѸθûϡ¤ΤȤĤˤܸθûƤ롥ǤϡѸܸˤĤоȸŪʻĤġäζ岽ˡȵˤĤƵ롥
˿줿ظɸಽͤǽоȸ (contrastive_language_history) ȤץƳޤͤϤΥץˤ뿷ĩȤƤФȻפޤ

ԡ Ϻ δ졦 ԡʩоȸˡäζ岽ᤰäơס˸ء12˸زԡˡ2024ǯ89--182ǡ
ԡ Ϻ δˡظɸಽͤ --- ʩоȸˡפλߡ١罤ۡ2022ǯ
ε#5371. ػˤΥϥɥ֥åܼ ([2024-01-10-1]) ǾҲ𤷤 The Oxford Handbook of the History of Linguistics 15 "Vernaculars and the Idea of a Standard Language" Ƥߤθơޤ1Ĥˡʼ˶ˤ˱Ѹɸಽ (standardisation) ꡤܥ֥Ǥ͡ƤɸಽɸˤĤơΥϥɥ֥åǤϤɤΤ褦ʰʤƤ뤫Τä
Ƭ1ǤǤˤ⤷ɸפȤǰ϶衼åѤȯʤǤꡤ衼åѤǤϾܤ³ƤǤȤ
The greatest and most important phenomenon of the evolution of language in historic times has been the springing up of the great national common languages---Greek, French, English, German, etc.---the 'standard' languages.
So wrote Otto Jespersen . . . , and the idea of a standard language has undoubtedly been one of the most seductive in the history of European linguistic thought. It has resulted in some of the most heated of debates on language matters, drawing in both academic and non-academic actors, and ranging from the learned Questione della Lingua in Italy around the turn of the sixteenth century . . . to nineteenth-century debates on how best to standardise a newly independent Norwegian . . . , to the ongoing and often passionate discussions in homes and in bars throughout the modern world about 'right' and 'wrong' usage. The notion of a standard language has underpinned language teaching and learning since the Middle Ages, based as language teaching is on the acceptance that there is a right form of a language and a wrong form. The belief in a standard has motivated much of the grammar and dictionary writing, and has also been a central ideology in the emergence and reinforcement of the modern European nations. In the period following the Renaissance, national pride was expressed through the notion that the European vernaculars were as rich and as ordered as the Classical languages. Under the influence of Romanticism this idea of the richness of the 'national common languages' was increasingly linked to a sense of there being some sort of natural relationship between a people and their language, and indeed the perceived link between language and nation, for better or for worse, remains a strong one . . . . (359--60)
ѸˤˤɸಽˤĤƤϡ#4093. ɸѸλϤޤϥͥ ([2020-07-11-1]) ȡɸಽˤĤƤϡԤȤƴͿظɸಽͤ --- ʩоȸˡפλߡ罤ۡ2022ǯˤ˼äƤ (ܽˤĤƤδϢ gengo_no_hyojunka )

Linn, Andrew. "Vernaculars and the Idea of a Standard Language." Chapter 15 of The Oxford Handbook of the History of Linguistics. Ed. Keith Allan. Oxford: OUP, 2013. 359--74.
ԡ Ϻ δˡظɸಽͤ롡ʩоȸˡפλߡ١罤ۡ2022ǯ
#5316. Shakespeare κʰʼɮǯ --- пˡإԥ줬١罤ۡ2023ǯˤ ([2023-11-16-1]) ɽ [A] Pembroke's Men [B] Strange's Men [C] Derby's Men [D] Chamberlain's Men [E] King's Men ʤɤΥ٥뤬ߤ롥κʤȷӤĤƤĤ̾Ǥ롥 (66--67) Ρ֥ԥμʷġʡ ϳưˤꤹ륳बΤǡ˺ϿȤƤˤܤƤƤߤȷĤˤ꤬Τʤ

إԥ줬١罤ۡ2023ǯ
˾塤ҤȤ來Ӥ䤫˱Ǥҳ (age_of_discovery) ǤߤȡʤѸˤȤ̩ܤ˴ؤäƤcf. #4423. ֺ¡ֱѸˤȸ츻פ10ҳȳǰѡפޤ ([2021-06-06-1])ˡ
ʲؿҳ٤δ (pp. 109--10) άǯɽǺܤ롥ҳϰϤˤĤƤϤĤιͤ뤬1415ǯΥݥȥ뷳ˤ륻Τ˻Ϥޤꡤ1648ǯΥȥեꥢ˽ȤΤ1ĤθǤ롥άǯɽˤߤ褦ˡˤĹ
| 5 | 饯ϸ饹Ѥޤǹҳ |
| 4Ⱦ | ͥ륳ƥꥹϸޤõ |
| 111 | 롤ۤʻ |
| 1 | ܥ |
| 60--70 | إȥ鳤 |
| 1Ⱦ | ֥ҥåѥפˤ륢ӥҳˤʤ |
| 2 | ȥޡɤθפʤ |
| 166 | ءʥޥ륯ꥦˤλټ˻ |
| 207 | ۹ |
| 4--5 | Υɲʤ |
| 399--412 | 쿸ˡΥɡιԡʩ٤ |
| 7Ⱦ | Ĥʻ礵 |
| 618 | |
| 639 | ֿͤΥץȿ |
| 7Ⱦ | 䲦ޥåθפ |
| 671--95 | ʩεںߡˡ |
| 750 | ХȤ˥åСī롥ǰפ˿ʽ |
| 875 | ѡ˶ |
| 907 | ˴彽 |
| 960 | ǰפδ |
| 969 | եƥī˰ܤ롥ȳ̤ƤΥǰסʸ奨ץȤϹȳͳΥǰפƳ |
| 1096 | 1 (--99) ꥢԤƬ |
| 1127 | |
| 1147 | 2 (--48) |
| 1169 | ץȤ˥桼īΩ |
| 1245--47 | ץΡԡˡĤ̿ˤꥫ饳˻ιԵ魯 |
| 1254 | ֥奭Ĥ̿ˤꥫ饳ޤιԡιԵ |
| 1258 | 뷳ХΡåСī˴뷳ϥꥢץȤ˿Ǥ |
| 1271--95 | ޥ륳ݥΥιԤںߡιԵ |
| 1291 | ΥΥǥեꥫҳ |
| 1293 | ˥ޥѥҥȲΩ뷳˿ |
| 1312 | ΥΥơޥʥꥢ˹ҳ |
| 1349ʥޥޡ | ֥Хȥ24ǯˤ錄륢եꥫιԤ饿˵ |
| 1336 | ɤ˥ʥ벦 |
| 1345 | ޥѥҥȡϳ |
| 1351--54 | ֥ХȥեꥫιԡػΦͷ٤ |
| 1360 | ޥǥΡιԵ٤κΩ |
| 1368 | |
| 1372 | Ȥ |
| 1403 | ڥΥӡۡιԤƥࡼ˱ڤ顦ȥ٥롤ʥꥢ˹ҳ |
| 1405 | ޤҳ1433ǯޤ7ˤ錄 |
| 1415 | ݥȥ뷳Ρ֤ʤեꥫϩõϤޤ |
| 1434 | 롦ͥܥɡ̨ |
| 1453 | ޥˤ륳ƥΡץ빶ά |
| 1455 | ͥĥͥ⥹Ȥեꥫҳ |
| 1475 | ĥǥץȥޥΡءٴ |
| 1479 | ڥݥȥ֤˥륫 |
| 1482 | ݥȥեꥫεߥʷߡݥȥͥܿ |
| 1488 | ǥˤ˾ȯҳ |
| 1492 | ֥1ҳ (--93) |
| 1493 | ֥2ҳ |
| 1494 | ڥݥȥ֤˥ȥǥ㥹 |
| 1498 | ޤΥɹҳ֥3ҳڤã |
| 1500 | ֥롤ɤؤӼ֥饸ɺ |
| 1501 | ꥴץåꥫ52ޤǹҳ |
| 1502 | ֥4ҳƱ߹ҳ |
| 1505 | ȥġǹõķ |
| 1508 | ֥르ĤƱͤʼݤεķ |
| 1509 | ᥤǥǡץȡ顼Ϣ |
| 1510 | ݥȥ롤 |
| 1511 | ݥȥ롤ޥåά |
| 1512 | ݥȥ |
| 1513 | Хܥѥʥ϶Ǥʿδߤã |
| 1519--21 | ƥΥᥭʥƥ |
| 1520 | ޥ϶ȯʿΤǤƥեԥ˻ |
| 1522 | 륫ΰʲ18͡ǽҤȤƥӥ |
| 1527 | ƥۤΥ楫õ |
| 1528--33 | ԥΥ |
| 1529 | 饴åˤΥݥȥ뵢° |
| 1534 | ƥΥʥõ |
| 1535 | ޥΥõ |
| 1537 | Υ।ʥ֥ |
| 1538 | 롦ġΥϢץǥȥ륳ͤ |
| 1541 | ԥΥޥõΥ㡼ʡϸޤǹҳ (1542) |
| 1543 | ͤΥݥȥ͡ |
| 1545 | ܥӥΥݥȥ仳ȯǯᥭǤ仳ȯ |
| 1553 | ӡϩõ |
| 1565 | ͡ϩˤեԥᥭޤǹҳ |
| 1567 | ˥ʿιҳǯȯ |
| 1568 | ۡեǡ륢ǥڥδæ |
| 1570 | ɥ쥤ΥֳڥϤΫå |
| 1571 | 쥬ԡޥ˥Էߡꥹȶ̤γѥȤǥޥ˾ |
| 1575 | եӥå㡼ϩõļ |
| 1577--80 | ɥ쥤ΫåҤʤ |
| 1578 | 륫롼ǥݥȥ뷳å |
| 1584--85 | 륿Υ˥̱ײ |
| 1586--88 | ٥ǥ |
| 1595 | 1õ˥ʿõޥ륱ȯ |
| 1598 | եΡȡͤȤƺǽ |
| 1599 | ͥեͥå쥤ɹҳ |
| 1600 | ꥹ쥤ɲΩκ֥饸˺Ȥꡤեꥫ͢Ϥޤ |
| 1605 | ιҳ˥塼إ֥ǥޤ |
| 1606 | 塤Ȥ˻Ĥ줿ȥ쥹˥塼˥ȥꥢ֤γȯޥ˥˸ |
| 1610 | ϥɥ˥ƹˤʤ |
| 1614 | ǥԥȤιԵٴ |
| 1615 | ͥۡƥȥ롦ιҳ̨ۡȯ |
| 1617 | 2õ |
| 1620 | ᥤե˥塼ɤ |
| 1622 | δ⡤⥵ӥǥι |
| 1623 | ܥʻͤˤ륤ꥹܿͤ͡λʸ奤ꥹͤ쥤ɤιǰפűषɤ˽ |
| 1637 | եꥫΥߥå |
| 1639 | ޥǰסΤԲǽˤʤ롥ޥʿιҳ |
| 1641 | ͥޥåå |
| 1642--43 | ޥȥꥢسԤ餫ˤ |
| 1645 | ͥȡإ |
| 1647 | ܥ細ΡʡƤΥե˥õ |
| 1648 | ߥǥ˥աų̈ʥǥ˥̨ˤã١¸ߤˤϵĤʤäȥեꥢˤ뻰ǯνꡥΩǧ |
Ǥˡ#3157. ʤ splendid Ʊ ([2017-12-18-1]) Ǽ夲ǤҤͤäƤߤޤsplendid ʹڤʡʡΩɤʡ굱ˤȤƥư splendēre "to be bright or shining" ͳ褹ƻǤѸ˾塤Ʊ줬߽ФƤޤεǿʤäΤޤ OED Ĵ٤ñȡѸ13줢ޤ
resplendant, resplendent, resplending, splendacious, splendant, splendent, splendescent, splendid, splendidious, splendidous, splendiferous, splendious, splendorous
OED ˵ܤΤǯʤѸξϺǽǯˤ˴ŤƸΰ饤˥ץåȤƤߤΤʲοޤǤȤ櫓16--17˿о줬椷Ƥޤ

ۤ1796ǯ˽Ф resplendidly Ȥ1859ǯ˽Ф many-splendoured Ȥƻʤɡ碌ƹͤ⤢ޤˤѸˤΤʤѡʤ뤤¤ˤˤ϶äޤ͡
#4809. OED vernacular θΤ ([2022-06-27-1]) εǡñȤƤ vernacular νФ OED ˤ1601ǯäȤҤ٤֡ʥƥǤϤʤ˱Ѹǽʿ͡ˡפۤɤ̣ƻȤƻȤƤ롥
θˤĤƤϡOED μˡ˴ؤ𤬤Τ⤷ʤ17椫ϰճȾʤ18ʹߡȤ櫓19ʹߤˤϡ͡ʸ̾ȤƤˡ졤ʸƤ롥ܤʬۤˤĤƤϡѸΥѥʤɤĴ٤ɬפꤽ
ʤOED ˤȡ1607ǯˤ vernaculous ȤηƻФƤꡤ17ˤѸȤʤäƤޤä褦ƤǤ㤬ǧ롥
ơvernacular ФΤ17κǽǯäȤ¤˶̣Ѥܤ뤳λϡɤαѸ줬衼åѤΰҿθǤƥɤĤȤ⤬ʤ顤¤˼ĤĤääѸ줬ɤθŪʽդˤơƥȤ¸ߴ̱ĥϤǤ롥ܤϡʲεȡ
#1407. Ѹ3Ĥ ([2013-03-04-1])
#2580. Ѹιռʳ ([2016-05-20-1])
#2611. 17˽դDZѸ줬ʤƥ줬षƤäͳ ([2016-06-20-1])
Ѹ줬դˤƻ̱褦Ȥ⤬ƤλĬήؤơϡֱѸˤˤظʸױư١פȸƤǤcf. #3314. Ѹˤˤָʸױưס ([2018-05-24-1])ˡܤΡָʸױưפϤƤ̾ǤϤ뤬ɤΤߤʤ餺衼åѤ¾ǤƱ褦Ĭήߤ줿ȤȤͤ碌ȡޤˡоȸˡ (contrastive_language_history) ȤƤդ路ȤʤλˤĤƤϡᴩظɸಽͤ --- ʩоȸˡפλߡ٤Τ˻䤬ɮ6ϡѸˤˤɸಽ١פΤʤǤƤ롥ˤĤƤϡ#4776. оȸˤܤǤޤظɸಽͤ --- ʩоȸˡפλߡ١ ([2022-05-25-1])#4784. ظɸಽͤ٤ϼɮԴ֤¿ĥåߤǤ ([2022-06-02-1]) Ȥ줿
Τ褦17ȾϡѸ줬ƥйƼƤȤư֤Ť졤ȿä vernacular ȤñѤϤΤǤϤʤȿ¬Ƥߤ뤳ȤǤ롥ñ켫Τƥ줫μѸǤȤ⸫ƨƤϤʤʤѸϡޤǥƥΰҸˤʤäȼĤƤΤǤ롥#2611. 17˽դDZѸ줬ʤƥ줬षƤäͳ ([2016-06-20-1]) εκǸǽҤ٤Ȥ
ҿȤƤΥƥοϰīͼˤϤʤλ֤פƱ褦ˡ줿Ѹΰҿˤ⡤٤δ֤ɬפäΤǤ롥
3ΤȤǤ122ڡˤˡҤȡȤХեΥݥָˤȸŪץå оȸˡפλפΰĤȤơֽѸˤóȽλߡפä뵡ޤZoom ˤ륪饤ȯɽǤθΥǥåޤᡤؤٶˤʤ֤ǤżԤϤᡤݥ¾żԤʼԻüԤγͤ˴տ夲ޤ꤬Ȥޤ
ȯɽϡǤ͡ʵ˸ɽƤȤȤؤˤޤǤϥݥ˴ޤޤоȸˡ (contrastive_linguistics) ռơȤ櫓ܸˤˤóȽˤȤоȤռʤޤ
Ѥ饤ޤ饤ɤܥ֥ؤΥ¿ĥƤޤΤǡ碌ƤȤ
1. ҤȡȤХեˤȸŪץå оȸˡפλѸˤóȽλ
2. ѸˤóȽλ
3. ܼ
4. 1. Ϥ --- 16ɼҲѲ
5. 2. 缺ĴɤαѸ --- ƥؤΰ¸ȥƥ줫Ω
6. Ѹ줬Ƥ3ĤǺ
7. 3. Ωܻؤ
8. 4. ¸ɤοޤ (1) --- 츻Ūֻ
9. 5. ¸ɤοޤ (2) --- óȽ
10. ץѡäĤѡ
11. 6.֥פ̼
12. 7. ̼Ѥؤȿ
13. 8. 졤ץ졤ʸоȸ
14. 9. ޤȤ
15. óȽȡѤоȸ
16. ʸ
轵731ڡ15:30?18:45ˡī㡼ɶˤֱѸˤȸ츻11֥ͥȽססꤷƤäޤ¿˻äޤ䥳Ȥ¿ȯʵ魯ȤǤޤ꤬Ȥޤ
ϡ16αѸ줬Ƥ3ĤΡǺߡפܤޤߡѸΥեȤʤäƤꡤҿؤäƤޤ400ǯۤαѸ2ήȤϤ鷺Ȥ⤤ޤ1.5ήۤɤθˤޤǤǯʾδ֡衼å˷פƤƥʤɤ٤С֤Τ褦ʸˤޤǤΥƥ̿ɤʤǡΥҥȤĤ褦˻פޤ16ϡѸˤȤäơޤ˻ߤζ줷ߤλäΤǤ
ιֺ¤Ѥ饤ɤ˸ޤʲ˥饤ɤγƥڡؤΥĥäƤޤΤǡʤɤˤѤ
1. Ѹˤȸ츻11֥ͥȽס
2. 11ͥȽ
3. ܼ
4. 1.
5. 16ɤ5ĤμҲŪѲ
6. 2. פȤϡ
7. ɤνפȤð
8. ѤȽפͻ
9. 3. ͥȤϡ
10. ɤˤ뽡פȥͥζ¸
11. 4. ͥȽפαѸʸؤΥѥ
12. 16αѸ줬Ƥ3ĤǺ
13. 5. ѸǺ (1) - ƥ줫μΩܻؤ
14. űѸؤδؿιޤ
15. 6. ѸǺ (2) - ֻɸಽΤ⤬
16. 츻Ūֻ (etymological spelling)
17. debt ξ (#116)
18. ¾θ츻Ūֻ
19. 츻Ūֻ黿 Holofernes
20. 7. ѸǺ (3) - Τ
21. R. ɥ A Table Alphabeticall (#1609)
22. Ϣ
23. ޤȤ
24. ʸ
25. 1Loves Labours Lost
26. 211:1-9 ʡ֥Х٥סˤ Authorised Version ȿƱ
12ϥǽȤʤޤֻ̱̿ȿפꤷ2021ǯ1023ڡ15:30?18:45˳֤ͽǤ
12ȤȤ2ǯ˳ϤֱѸˤȸ츻ץǤäȿʤƤ뤦ˡŤƤߤСĤȤ2Ȥʤޤ11ΤΤ餻Ǥ
2ָ731ڡ15:30?18:45ˡī㡼ɶˤֱѸˤȸ츻11֥ͥȽססꤷƤäޤѸ줬Ūϰ̤ۤߤͽۤǤʤαѸ줬Ƥ͡ʡǺߡפܤޤؿꤪߤݤϰʲ̤Ǥ
16ɤǤϡͥȽפϴ̯ʷǶ¸Ƥޤͥȼμȯϥƥ䥮ꥷؤƴ߽ФѸϤ̤ñѤ뤳ȤǸäʤ˭ˤޤפȼռιޤ꤫顤Ѹ줽ΤΤɾޤޤΤ褦̷⤹ʸDZ뤳ȤˤʤޤѸ줬褤赱Ƥ˾Ƥޤ
4--5äǤꡤ֤ΤΤȤʹ뤫⤷ޤѸθľܤĤʤǤŪ˼微äѸ줬ˤƸˤưҿƸ뤳ȤˤʤäΤˤϡܤ16ѸˤȤäƤζ줷ߤλ֤äƤȤɬפˤʤޤˤѸƸεˤĤơȰ˹ͤƤȻפޤ
45˥ȤֱѸƳ2021⡤3ܤޤΥưƤΡ5ޤ³©ĹʤΤǤܥ֥ɼԤγˤĨꤺˤդ礤Τۤɤꤤ夲ޤƥĤΥåĤʤ顤伫Ȥ˥ԥ졼åȤƤޤǯٽȤơʤʤեåǥʥʥץ˥Ǥ
ơǤϡ餷ۤɤ˥ʸȤݤƤߤޤѸ줬ʿ͡ʸʿͤˤϡäǤƼΤƤʤ褦ʸϤȻפޤʤࡤʤʸϡˡܴ褿˱ꥢåפ줿ƥĤֱѸʿͤΤαѸˡꤹ롤Υʸ˴źäͻǤƬ2ĤνФȤڤ褯Ϥ褤Ǥ͡
ְѸȤʤƤ⤤Ķ餷ƤסġĤΤ褦ʺߤĤߤΤäϡѸοʹ֤ʤа٤ȯȤơǯۤäɮԼȤΤ褦ˤܤƤդǤ⤢ä
Ѹοʹ֤פΤϡޤäơƤ벣ʸ¿Ǥ쥬ߥåȡӥƥġĤʤDZѸʤ뤤ϱѸͳѸ˻ȤʤФʤʤΤȡ˥塼ʤɤʤͤùߤʤǤ롥
ɤߤʤ륳ƥĤǤϤʤǤ礦ƤȤƤϡܤDZѸȸäƤ̡ȡ17ɤǥƥȸäƤ̱Ȥ֤֡ĶӤѸˤιƥĤȤʤäƤޤ
ܸˤ륫ʸȥͥɤΥƥѸоȤϡоȸ (contrastive_language_history) δ鶽̣οԤʤơޤǤ̤2ĤΤΤӤ褦ȤݤˤϡǤʤαդ뤳ȤפǤ嵭ƥǤϡտŪξԤζФƶŤƸƤ櫓Ǥܤ뤳Ȥǡζΰյ⤫Ӿ夬餻뤳ȤǤޤʲ2ŦƤޤ礦
1ܡܤDZѸȸäƤ̡Ȥ櫓ֱѸʤƷפǤΤƤ륿פȡ17ɤǥƥȸäƤ̱ȤǤϡƸФפʤۤʤޤֱѸʤƷפطʤˤϡŪ˱ѸФƴפΤǤϤʤȤƥĤǤλŦäƤȻפޤ17ɤν̱ϥƥַפǤΤƤƤϤʤäǤ礦ƥϡäȽʡƴסϤʤȤˤ֥פ˶ᤤΤǤϤʤäǤ礦
ξԤΰ㤤ϡüŪˤСؤФƤ뤫ݤˤޤܤǤϡȤѸ줬ƴפäȤƤ⡤̳ǶŪ˳ؤФȤ̣Ǥϡ¤γؽΡֶϫפåȤˤʤäƤޤعdzؤ֤٤ֲܡפȤʤäƤƤϡʤΤǤϤʤʤϤǤ17ɤǤϡ̱ˤȤäƥƥؽϤεΤΤޤβ֤Ǥꡤ¤γؽΡֶϫפȤ̵ʤˡƴפϽƴȤΤǤ
2ܤϡ17ɤǤϥƥѸ줬 inkhorn_term ȤȽ줿ȤΤϻ¤ǤȽμϡ㤤̡Ǥʤн̱ǤʤХХμͤǤSir John Cheke (1514--57) Τ褦ʥ֥åؤθŵ춵ѸȽƤۤɤʤΤǤξϡɤˤߤƤ⡤ܤαѸ̡ʸ˰֤ĤƤΤȤӤǤʤ褦˻פޤ
2ĤΤΤоȤȤˡŻ뤷ơӡפεˤäƤŻ뤷ơоȡפεˤäƤϡԤ˼Ǥ⤢ꡤäƤޤХȥåǤ⤢ޤˤƤӤˤˡоȤˤ϶դƤȹͻޤ롤ȤȤҤ٤Ƥޤ礦
Ϣϡܥ֥ȤƤϡ#1999. Chuo Online ε֥ʸΩŪ˻ס ([2014-10-17-1])#2977. Ϣ6֤ʤѸä3ع¤Τ --- ͥΥƥ줫֤ȥס ([2017-06-21-1]) ¾εǰäƤޤȥĥäƤΤǡɤ
ѸˤϡʸȤƤϽΤȯʤۻ (silent_letter) 㤬¿ߤޤdoubt <b> receipt <p> ʤɡˤȤޤޤΤʤˤϽѸǸ˽פñäƤޤ㤨 island Ǥ<s> ʸޤȯȤƤϼ¸ޤ͡¿αѸؽԤˤȤäԻԻĤʤΤǤϤʤǤ礦
Ѹˤδߤȡ줤˲褷ޤä٤𤬤äΤǤɤ
פ̣űѸñϡȤʣ īegland ǤֿΡʾΡΦϡפۤɤΰ̣ǤѸǤϡʣ1Ǥ첻Ѳ iland ʤɤȤʤޤ
ƱѸ˸ťեǡפ̣ ile ѤƤޤcf. ե îleˡϡƥ insula 츻ȤǤťե ile Ѹ iland ϷϻƤޤޤä̸츻Ǥ뤳ȤդƤ
Τ˻ƤΤǺƱޤѸ iland ťե ile land ѤΤȤƲᤵƤޤäΤǤ
ơ16αѹͥˤʤȡμͤδ֤˥ƥֻؤƴ줬ޤե ile ߽Фƥ insula s ޤǤޤΤǡѸ iland ˤƥ̣̣뤿 s 褦ȤưäΤǤ
αѸؽԤˤȤäƤǤʤȤˡ s 褦ȤưϤơ island ȤֻȤ夷ƤޤäΤǤͥμͤ;פʤȤƤޤޤǿɴǯδ֡ѸǤ s ʤǼ¸ƤȯνΤϡѤޤǤ˻ޤǤȤȤǡȯϸűѸΥꥸʥǤ s ʤȯǡκޤǷ³ƤΤǤ͡
Τ褦ʥͥμͤˤ;פʸϡ¿αñ˳ǧޤ츻Ūֻ (etymological_respelling) ȸƤФ븽ݤǤˤĤƤ##580,579,116,192,1187εå⤪ɤߤ
color (AmE) vs colour (BrE) ɽ롤ꥫ -or Фƥꥹ -our ֻΩϹΤƤ롥ܥ֥Ǥ#240. ֻαƺ礭 ([2009-12-23-1])#244. ֻαƺΥꥹȡ ([2009-12-27-1])#3182. ARCHER colour color ̻ŪƺĴ ([2018-01-12-1])#3247. ֺ¡֥ڥǤɤѸˡפ5color colour --- ꥫΥڥס ([2018-03-18-1])#4152. ꥫѸ -our -or ؤΥե --- Webster αƶϸŪ ([2020-09-08-1]) ʤɤǼ夲Ƥ
Anson 褯Τ줿äƤΤꥫֻ Noah Webster (1758--1843) λˤդʧѸˤλįƤ餷Ȥƥƥͳ褷եͳƤ췲ФѸä⤭ƤΤΥॢȤƶϡ˿ (Anson 36--38)
ƥͳ褹ξ硤ƱֻȤƤϡʤˡ§ä -or- §äcolorem, ardorem, dolorem, favorem, flavorem, honorem, (h)umorem, laborem, rumorem, vigorem ΤȤǤ롥ťեǤϡΥƥ -or- ѤȤȤˡֻȤ -our- ⸽졤ξʻѾơʻѾѸˤ⤽Τޤޤ뤳ȤˤʤäºݡѸǤξֻǧ롥
ȤϤѸǤϡեѸˤĤƤϥեˤʤäθôʬ˥ȤΤ̤ǤꡤȤĹ첻Ǥ뤳ȤΤˡ-or Ū礭δ -our Τۤޤ뷹äʹߡʥꥹ˱ѸǤϡեŪ -our 礿ֻȤͥȤʤäƤ
ƥŪ -or ¸³ϤƤ16ˤʤȡͥθŵؤβĬ츻Ūֻ (etymological_respelling) δμͤδ֤ˤߤ褦ˤʤꡤ-or Ϥ֤ -or -our ζ礬Ƥ줫ŪֻȤƺѤ褦Ȥɸಽưߤ֤ä
17ȾβŴˤϡ2ˤƤ -our ĹˤƤ -or ޤ뷹ơǤ18ˤϡŪֻȤƺƤ -or ˾Ƥ褦ˤʤä1755ǯ˼˽Ф Johnson ϡľθ츻ֻŻ뤹顤եŪ -our ٻ뤳ȤˤʤꡤΥꥹֻŤθΥꥫѸǤ -or κ٤ˤĤƤϡ#4152. ꥫѸ -our -or ؤΥե --- Webster αƶϸŪ ([2020-09-08-1]) ǽҤ٤̤Ǥ롥
ĤޤꡤѸˤθ줬ѤƤꡤ-or vs -our ζϥΤ褦˾岼֤ƤΤꥫ -or ٻ븶ȤƤϡͥΥƥ⤢ä18ιŻλۤ⤢äWebster ΰ⤢äꥹ -our ٻ븶ȤƤϡѸΥե켰ؤζ⤢ä18ȾФ Johnson θ츻Ѥ⤢ä
ͥ Webster ӤĤʤɹͤȤʤäAnson ͥ줿ॢȤˤäơ줬ǽȤʤä
Anson, Chris M. "Errours and Endeavors: A Case Study in American Orthography." International Journal of Lexicography 3 (1990): 35--63.
#4133. OED ˤѸ˳ ([2020-08-20-1]) ǾҲ𤷤 OED ĤƤ֥ˡTwentieth century English --- an overview ꤹ뵭롥20αѸΤ줿ɾȤʤäƤꡤɤǤ
Τʤ1 "Lexis: dreadnought and PEP talk" ǡ20αѸθȯͻҤŪʿȤȤ˵ҤƤ롥
The Oxford English Dictionary records about 185,000 new words, and new meanings of old words, that came into the English language between 1900 and 1999. That leaves out of account the so-called lexical 'dark matter', words not common enough to catch the lexicographers' attention or, if they did, to compel inclusion, words perhaps that were never even committed to paper (or any other recording medium). Even so, those 185,000 on their own represent a 25 per cent growth in English vocabulary over the century --- making it the period of most vigorous expansion since that of the late-sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.
20ʸ̩ˤ1900--1999ǯˤˡOED ˺Ѥ줿Τ˸¤äƤ185οʵˤääȤΤϡ䤹ȯ֤Ǥ롥ѤθȾǿƤ̤ꡤλǤСθȯ1600ǯαѹͥˤߤ줿#114. ѸμѸεȳ ([2009-08-19-1])#1226. Ѹˤäǯʬۡ ([2012-09-04-1]) ǸȤꡤGörlach (136) "The EModE period (especially 1530--1660) exhibits the fastest growth of the vocabulary in the history of the English language, in absolute figures as well as in proportion to the total." ȽҤ٤Ƥ롥
2017ǤϼҲξѲ®٤礭ۤʤΤǡñ˿ǤӤǤʤ20ϡʤƤޤФȤäƤ褤21⤪餯˱ѸθȯεϿɤؤ뤤ɤؤĤĤȤäƤ褤
Görlach, Manfred. Introduction to Early Modern English. Cambridge: CUP, 1991.
ѸˤˤơɸѸ (Standard English) ľܤεϤɤˤ뤫֤ɤˤ뤫פȤ⡤षԤ֤ɤ֤ΤפȤǤ뤫顤ʸ롥դɸಽ Chaucer 14˲"Chancery Standard" 15Ⱦȯã˸ڤơդλɸಽȤ븫ŪˤϤ롥ɸѸľϢʤΤϡ֤ɤפǡ֤ġפʤΤȤϡɸಽ (standardisation) ȤϲʤΤȤܼŪȷӤĤʤʤ
Crowley (303--04) ϡɸѸη˴ؤͤνȤ "Renaissance Origins" ꤹƤ롥ɸಽΥߥ˴ؤ1ĤθȤơƶ٤ƤΤǡޤޤѤThomas Wilson, George Puttenham, Edmund Spenser Ȥ16̾ͤθդڤơϤΤɸѸ쵯ŸƤ롥
The emergence of the English vernacular as a culturally valorized and legitimate form took place in the Renaissance period. It is possible to trace in the comments of three major writers of the time the origins of a persistent set of problems which later became attached to the term "standard English." Following the introduction of Thomas Wilson's phrase "the king's English" in 1553, the principal statement of the idea of a centralized form of the language in the Renaissance was George Puttenham's determination in 1589 of the "natural, pure and most usual" type of English to be used by poets: "that usual speech of the court, and that of London and the shires lying about London, within lx miles and not much above" (Puttenham 1936: 144--5). In the following decade the poet and colonial servant Edmund Spenser composed A View of the State of Ireland (1596) during the height of the decisive Nine Years War between the English colonists in Ireland and the natives. In the course of his wide-ranging analysis of the difficulties facing English rule, Spenser offers a diagnosis of one of the most serious causes of English "degeneration" (a term often used in Tudor debates on Ireland to refer to the Gaelicization of the colonists): "first, I have to finde fault with the abuse of language, that is, for the speaking of Irish among the English, which, as it is unnaturall that any people should love anothers language more than their owne, so it is very inconvenient, and the cause of many other evils" (Spenser 1633: 47). Given Spenser's belief that language and identity were linked ("the speech being Irish, the heart must needes bee Irish), his answer was the Anglicization of Ireland. He therefore recommended the adoption of Roman imperial practice, since "it hath ever been the use of the Conquerour, to despise the language of the conquered, and to force him by all means to use his" (Spencer 1633: 47).
There are several notable features to be drawn from these Renaissance observations on English, a language which, it should be recalled, was being studied seriously and codified in its own right for the first time in this period. The first point is the social and geographic basis of Wilson and Puttenham's accounts. Wilson's phrase "the king's English" was formed by analogy with "the king's peace" and "the king's highway," both of which had an original sense of being restricted to the legal and geographic areas which were guaranteed by the crown; only with the successful centralization of power in the figure of the monarch did such phrases come to have general rather than specific reference. Puttenham's version of the "best English" is likewise demarcated in terms of space and class: his account reduces it to the speech of the court and the area in and around London up to a boundary of 60 miles. A second point to note is that Puttenham's definition conflates speech and writing: its model of the written language, to be used by poets, is the speech of courtiers. And the final detail is the implicit link between the English language and English ethnicity which is evoked by Spenser's comments on the degeneration of the colonist in Ireland. These characteristics of Renaissance thinking on English (its delimitation with regard to class and region, the failure to distinguish between speech and writing, and the connection between language and ethnicity) were characteristics which would be closely associated with the language throughout its modern history.
ѹͥ16ˡ(1) ŪŪ˸ꤵ줿ҿѼȤơ(2) äաաפȡ(3) ָ̱²פΤȤ߽Ф줿Ѹ졥줬ޤϢʤ "Standard English" ľܤεǤ뤳Ȥ¤ΤʤʸϤФƤ롥ȤɶȤƻȤۤɡɤ߱ΤʸϤƱΥȤȤץ쥼ơȵӤǡƤ⤹äȼƤޤ褦ʰᡥΤ褦ʸϤ褦ˤʤꤿΤ
嵭 Puttenham ͭ̾ʰˤĤƤϡ#2030. ꥹ̤ץåˡ ([2014-11-17-1]) ǸʸƤΤǡ⻲ȡ
Crowley, Tony. "Class, Ethnicity, and the Formation of 'Standard English'." Chapter 30 of A Companion to the History of the English Language. Ed. Haruko Momma and Michael Matto. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2008. 303--12.
Cockney ȯȤΤ h-dropping ˤϡŪطʤ롥ѲȯֻδطüѡҲŪɾʤ͡ʴͻɬפꡤѸ˸ˤƺǤä1ĤȤäƤ褤ܥ֥Ǥ h γƵǰäƤȤ櫓#1292. Ѹ줫ѸˤƤ h ΰ֤Ť ([2012-11-09-1])#1675. Ѹ줫ѸˤƤ h ΰ֤Ť (2) ([2013-11-27-1])#1899. Ѹ줫ѸˤƤ h ΰ֤Ť (3) ([2014-07-09-1])#1677. Ƭ <h> ˤˤĤƤν ([2013-11-29-1]) Ȥ줿
h-dropping ؤ (stigmatisation) ޤäΤ17ʹߡä˵ϼǤ18ΤȤǤ롥ֻɸಽˤäƸ츻Ū <h> 경ȯˤƤб /h/ ¸٤ǤȤϤ줿h ϡɸŪֻ츻μʡᶵܡˤ̵ͭ¬롤ҲŪʥȥޥȤƤεǽΤǤ롥
Minkova ˤСλΩĥͥˡΤȯ h ޤ८ꥷ줫μѸ줬̤ήƤȤ⡤h-dropping ̵ܤϢ뤳Ȥ˹Ȥ#114. ѸμѸεȳ ([2009-08-19-1])#516. ľܤΥꥷѤ15 ([2010-09-25-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡΤ15--17ˤϥꥷγؽѸ줬¿ѸήθäϹ⤤ܤȶӤĤƤꡤֻȯ h ޤޤƤ뤫ɤΤäƤ뤳ȤϡοͤζܤХȤʤꥷѸ¸ߤϡ17ʹߤ h-dropping ȽΤΩƤȤ櫓ѸŪդ줿ƶ٤ŦȻפMinkova (107) Ѥ롥
Orthographic standardisation, especially through printing after the end of the 1470s, was an important factor shaping the later fate of ME /h-/. Until the beginning of the sixteenth century there was no evidence of association between h-dropping and social and educational status, but the attitudes began to shift in the seventeenth century, and by the eighteenth century [h-]-lessness was stigmatised in both native and borrowed words. . . . In spelling, most of the borrowed words kept initial <h->; the expanding community of literate speakers must have considered spelling authoritative enough for the reinstatement of an initial [h-] in words with an etymological and orthographic <h->. New Greek loanwords in <h->, unassimilated when passing through Renaissance Latin, flooded the language; learned words in hept(a)-, hemato-, hemi-, hex(a)-, hagio-, hypo-, hydro-, hyper-, hetero-, hysto- and words like helix, harmony, halo kept the initial aspirate in pronunciation, increasing the pool of lexical items for which h-dropping would be associated with lack of education. The combined and mutually reinforcing pressure from orthography and negative social attitudes towards h-dropping worked against the codification of h-less forms. By the end of the eighteenth century, only a set of frequently used Romance loans in which the <h-> spelling was preserved were considered legitimate without initial [h-].
Minkova, Donka. A Historical Phonology of English. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2014.
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