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renaissance - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2020-01-13 Mon

#3913. ʵΡ˸츻ŪֻŪɾ (2) [etymological_respelling][renaissance]

ε ([2020-01-12-1]) ˰³ʵΡ˸츻ŪֻŪɾˤĤơε#3911. ηϤϡƱŪʣλΤֽвä̤Ǥ ([2020-01-11-1]) ǰѤƤëϡ⤽ͤǤϡήԤ20ǯ٤ǿषͼη̤ۡˡֵפȾΤۡʡϥۥƥפˤˤĤơ֥顼ѤʤɾƤΤäλ򡤱Ѹ˾ΡʵΡ˸츻ŪֻФƱѤƤߤ餪⤷ȻפεǻƤߤǤ롥
Dzë (91) ȡֵפܷۻˤΤʤ˹Ū˰֤Ť褦⤷Ƥս꤬ꡤϤäȤ줿ΤޤޡʵΡ˸츻ŪֻɾˤĤʤǤϤʤ

षȤդˤϡ̥Ūڤ롥ͼ¤ŵ魯Τߤʤ餺ޤޤʰվͼŪ򤷤ޤǤˤʤä褦ʷϵФȤǽǤ롥ʤȤͥ줿ۤڽФ衼åѤˤƤϡΤ褦ʿǰ¸ߤƤषΡֵפȤϡĤϤͼߤǽ򤳤ŪΤɽƤȤ롥
εۤ򤫤Ťä繩ãƤΤϡ夬ֳפȤۤȤƼȤ봶ФǤ롥Τϡޤ˹ԤȤΤʤήưΤʤǡѤǤʤޤޤͼŪҤĤʤ碌õȤߤƤϤ᤿ʾΤ褦ʰ̣ǵۤͼŪʲǽͳΰ衤֥顼Τ줿󥹤³ƤΤǤ롥


ʵΡ˸츻Ūֻɽ路ƤΤϡƥ줫֤¯ʪʤɤǤϤʤǽɵǤ꼫ͳΤʤΤȯۤϡ줳ͥ󥹤餷ǡȴ뤤

ë ΡְۤG֥顼ηǯˤĤơסʸؤؤξԡ ԡˡҦ˼2012ǯ85--117ǡ

Referrer (Inside): [2021-01-12-1]

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2020-01-12 Sun

#3912. ʵΡ˸츻ŪֻŪɾ (1) [etymological_respelling][silent_letter][hypercorrection][renaissance]

doubt <b> Τ褦ʸ츻Ūֻ (etymological_respelling) ϡŪˤϸѸƤȯֻЪΥθȤŪˤߤ뤳Ȥ¿ŵŻ뤹16αѹͥ󥹤ĬήΤʤǡƥθ츻¸ߤ <b> λҲ줿ѸֻΤʤᤷƤ뤳Ȥˤäơѡñ˸˥ƥ̣ȰҿղäȤ¯ʪŪʻλʪȤ뤳Ȥ¿Τ褦¯ʪ椨ˡαѸؽԤԿԤۻ (silent_letter) դ蘆뤳ȤˤʤäޤäΤȡ
ˡisland ˤ <s> Τ褦ˡƥθ츻Ȥ줺¯ʪȯƤޤäθ츻Ūֻ (pseudo-etymological spelling) 뤤ϡ츻Ūֻ (unetymological spelling) ⾯ʤʤ (cf. #580. island --- ʤֻȯ ([2010-11-28-1])ˡʤɡߡϡݽФѤ꽤 (hypercorrection) λȤߤ¿
ε#3911. ηϤϡƱŪʣλΤֽвä̤Ǥ ([2020-01-11-1]) Ǽ夲֥顼λۤˤСʵΡ˸츻ŪֻȤݤϡΡʸνפʥ⡼ȡפȤƹŪɾ뤳ȤǤ롥̤ȤȯֻЪΥȤǤʤʾˤθݤȤưξڤȤơֳ줿饹ʤ󥹡פ䤷ʤĤߤȤƤߤ뤳ȤǤ롥αѸ줬ƤҿηǡȤפФơƥˤ䤫ȤֲפФ뤳Ȥˤäơʥ󥹤߽Ф줿Τȡ
Υ󥹤Ϥ᤿ץ饤ࡦ֥Ȥ1ĤȤ doubt <b> Τ褦̾äǽ롥դ꤫鳫Ϥ줿Ϣήϡ䤬Ƶθ츻Ūֻ߽ФޤǤ˻ä⸽ݤȤߤɬפϤʤΧŪѰۤȤơʥ󥹤ΰȤƲ᤹뤳ȤǤ롥ë (89) ѤС֥ץ饤ࡦ֥ȤϤޤϡʥԡǤϤʤषĤˤĤơȤ⡤Τ褦ԲŪѷή켫ΤΧŪѰ (mutant) ߽ФΤס
island <s> ʤɤؤơֵθ츻ŪֻפȤȤΥͥƥ֤ʽֵΡפϡ֥顼θˤСषߤ볫줿ǽ䡤ͳǼŪ¤Ȥƥݥƥ֤ɾΤʤΤȯۤž¥줿Ȼפ

ë ΡְۤG֥顼ηǯˤĤơסʸؤؤξԡ ԡˡҦ˼2012ǯ85--117ǡ

Referrer (Inside): [2021-01-12-1] [2020-01-13-1]

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2019-02-23 Sat

#3589. ֥פФ Ben Jonson [inkhorn_term][lexicology][hapax_legomenon][renaissance][emode][borrowing][latin][loan_word]

ͥ󥹴Υƥ󡦥ꥷǮ⤫줿Τ褦ʡ֥ (inkhorn_term) ˤĤơܥ֥Ǥ͡˼夲ƤʤȤ櫓#478. ѸΤ褦˼ڤƤϼΤƤ줿ƥ ([2010-08-18-1])#1408. ([2013-03-05-1])#1409. Ĥä졤ä ([2013-03-06-1])#1410. Ƚ󵢡 ([2013-03-07-1])#2479. ѸθüѤФȿưȤƤθϤɤޤܵä ([2016-02-09-1])#3438. ʤѸΥƥѸΤ ([2018-09-25-1]) 򻲾ȡˡ
Ʊ夫餷ФȽɤоݤȤƤ Ben Jonson ⡤1601ǯ˽餵줿 The Poetaster ΤʤǥͤƤ롥Crispinus ȤоʪǺޤͿ졤񤷤ñǤפȤǤ롥Ǥ줿˥ꥹȤƤȡΤ褦ˤʤ (Johnson 192; ϸѸѸ)

retrograde, reciprocall, incubus, glibbery, lubricall, defunct, magnificate, spurious, snotteries, chilblaind, clumsie, barmy, froth, puffy, inflate, turgidous, ventosity, oblatrant, obcaecate, furibund, fatuate, strenuous, conscious, prorumped, clutch, tropological, anagogical, loquacious, pinnosity, obstupefact


OED Ǥϡpinnosity ٤Ƥñ줬ФȤΩƤƤ롥Τʤˤ Jonson ηǤȤƤʤ1󤭤ñޤޤƤ롥Ǥ̤ѤΤ⤢ˤϤ뤬ΤΩ³ǤƤϤʤʤñФǤ롥ŵŪʥΥꥹȤȤƻȤ

Johnson, Keith. The History of Early English: An Activity-Based Approach. Abingdon: Routledge, 2016.

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2018-09-25 Tue

#3438. ʤѸΥƥѸΤ [emode][renaissance][loan_word][borrowing][latin][inkhorn_term][lexicography]

16Ⱦ˥ԡãͥ󥹴ΥƥѸήˤĤơܥ֥͡˼夲ƤѸ˾äȤ̩٤ǻüѤλäȤ뤬ʤۤɤޤǤ˼Ѹ줬ΤϼäѸθä䤦ȤɬԲķʬŪˤäƤ뤬ƥΰҤڤȤŪͳä礭äȻפ롥ʤˤ#478. ѸΤ褦˼ڤƤϼΤƤ줿ƥ ([2010-08-18-1]) Ǹ褦ˡߤ䤿˼Τ
Görlach (162--62) դλ򤦤ޤƤ롥λˤϥƥ줽ΤΤޥ뤳Ȥơä¯줿Ѹϰ̤˾徺٤ΥƥѸ줬ѤƤ16Ⱦϡƥ줽ΤΤȤ⡤Ѹ˼ޤ줿ƥѸȤʤȤҲŪ˽פʥȤʤäȤϤƥؽƤ櫓ǤϤʤ¿ο͡ˤȤäơƥѸ׷Ọ̇̄ǻȤʤȤϴñǤϤʤδ㤤ˤ˵ạ̈ˤĤƤ⡤ˤб¸ȤΥ˥奢󥹤κΤ˽뤳ȤϤ䤹ʤäΤ褦ʾǤ⡤͡Ϥ̣Ǥϴ㤤򶲤줺ѶŪ˥ƥѸȤȤʤʤСλ߼ΤüԤΥơȿƤǤ롥
㤨СHart ϰʲΤ褦ʷδְ㤤󤲤ʤ顤Ĭ񤷤ƤʥåηȤƤϡפΡˡtemporall (temperate), sullender (surrender), statute (stature), obiect (abiect), heier (heare), certisfied (certified or satisfied), dispence (suspence), defende (offende), surgiant (surgian). Ƥ˴ؤƤϡancient antique old ƱˡĤޤ old ñʤ븫ɤΤ褤ȤѤƤ㤬Ȥ
17ᤫ³Ф켭ϡΤ褦ʸѤŬڤʥƥѸ򶵰餹뤿˽Ǥ줿Ȥ⤤뤬¤ΤȤषŪʼѸλѤ¥̤Τ⤷ʤ̤ȤơƥѸϡο͡θոĬˤܤǡƤäȹͤηаޤGörlach (162) ޤɽƤ롥

To judge by the success of Cockeram and his imitators . . ., there was a large market in the seventeenth century for dictionaries translating common expressions into elevated diction. This indicates how difficult it must have been to limit loanwords to a moderate number. The issue was obviously not the objective need to fill lexical gaps for the sake of unambiguous reference, but the pairing of common words with their Latinate equivalents, the implication being that use of the elevated term was more prestigious --- even if it was unintelligible and therefore useless for communication.


Görlach, Manfred. Introduction to Early Modern English. Cambridge: CUP, 1991.

Referrer (Inside): [2019-09-09-1] [2019-02-23-1]

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2018-07-20 Fri

#3371. ѸμҲѲϱѸθäʸˡˤɤΤ褦ʱƶڤܤ [emode][renaissance][printing][speed_of_change][lexicology][grammar][reading][historiography]

ѸλϤޤ16ˤϡθαѸˤ˱ƶͿμҲѲ#1407. Ѹ3Ĥ ([2013-03-04-1]) ǾҲ𤷤ȤꡤBaugh and Cable ʡ156ˤϰʲ5󤲤Ƥ롥

1. the printing press
2. the rapid spread of popular education
3. the increased communication and means of communication
4. the growth of specialized knowledge
5. the emergence of various forms of self-consciousness about language

װϡФŤʤäơѸʸˡȸä˴ŪʤʱƶڤܤȤˤʤäBaugh and Cable ʡ157, pp. 200--01) ˤСαƶϤϵ޿ŪǤ⤢ꡤƱݼŪǤ⤢äȤɤȤȤСäˤĤƤϵ޿ŪǤꡤʸˡˤĤƤݼŪǤäȤȤ

A radical force is defined as anything that promotes change in language; conservative forces tend to preserve the existing status. Now it is obvious that the printing press, the reading habit, the advances of learning and science, and all forms of communication are favorable to the spread of ideas and stimulating to the growth of the vocabulary, while these same agencies, together with social consciousness . . . work actively toward the promotion and maintenance of a standard, especially in grammar and usage. . . . We shall accordingly be prepared to find that in modern times, changes in grammar have been relatively slight and changes in vocabulary extensive. This is just the reverse of what was true in the Middle English period. Then the changes in grammar were revolutionary, but, apart from the special effects of the Norman Conquest, those in vocabulary were not so great.


ʤۤɡŪʼҲϡ줿ǤäФƤϡषä¥ΤĤǤʸˡФƤϵŪʰϤä˺ѤʡֶŪʡפָŪʡפɤؤƤ⤽ΤޤƤϤޤꤽʤΤǡ䤿ˤʬ䤹ˡ
ΰѤǤ⤷ΤϡǸ˶ѸѸ椷ƤȤѸǤϡ嵭Τ褦ʽ郎ʤäˡषä˴ؤݼŪǤꡤʸˡ˴ؤƵ޿ŪäȽҤ٤Ƥ롥֥Υޥˤե󥹸̤ʱƶƤϡפȤȤԤѸθûȤƤϡ˥ե󥹸줫̤μѸ줬פ⤫ӡ褷ơݼŪפȤϤʤϤϤޤüʻǤȤƤ֤ƤСΤ˾嵭δѻϤ褽äƤ褦˻פ롥Baugh and Cable ϡŪŪ˵ҡʬϤɾ뤬Ȥɤ˺Τ褦ΰ̲ߤ륱⤢ꡤɤǤȯ롥

Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.

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2018-06-27 Wed

#3348. Ѹ˼ѷϤܼΤ˿ĥ [word_formation][prefix][suffix][neologism][french][latin][loan_word][lexicology][renaissance][emode]

Wersmer (64, 67) Nevalainen (352, 378, 391) 򻲾Ȥ Cowie (610--11) ˤСܼѤˤơϤܼѤΤȼѷϤΤΤΨѸ礭ѲȤ

The relative frequency of nonnative affixes to native affixes in coined words rises from 20% at the beginning of the Early Modern English period to 70% at the end of it . . . . The proportion of Germanic to French and Latin bases in new coinages falls from about 32% at the beginning of the Early Modern period to some 13% at the end . . . . Together these measures confirm the emergence of non-native affixes as independent English morphemes over the Early modern period. They also seem to contradict claims that the native affixes in Early Modern English are just as, if not more productive, than ever . . . , although it is always less likely that words coined with native affixes would be recorded in a dictionary . . . .


λνˤϼѷϤ20%äˤ70%ˤޤäƤ롥ΤܤȡѷϤФϤΨϡ32%ۤɡ13%ۤɤǤ롥ΤȤơѸˡѷϤܼӴΤΩĤ褦ˤʤäƤȤϵʤѤκǸâ񤭤ϽפǤϤ롥
Ϣơ#1226. Ѹˤäǯʬۡ ([2012-09-04-1])#3165. ȤƤ conspicuous external ([2017-12-26-1])#3166. ȤƤβʳѸ ([2017-12-27-1])#3258. 17˺줿ư̾췲褹 (1) ([2018-03-29-1])#3259. 17˺줿ư̾췲褹 (2) ([2018-03-30-1]) 򻲾ȡ

Wersmer, Richard. Statistische Studien zur Entwicklung des englischen Wortschatzes. Bern: Francke, 1976.
Nevalainen, Terttu. "Early Modern English Lexis and Semantics." 1476--1776. Vol. 3 of The Cambridge History of the English Language. Ed. Roger Lass. Cambridge: CUP, 1999. 332--458.
Cowie, Claire. "Early Modern English: Morphology." Chapter 38 of English Historical Linguistics: An International Handbook. 2 vols. Ed. Alexander Bergs and Laurel J. Brinton. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2012. 604--20.

Referrer (Inside): [2019-11-24-1]

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2018-06-12 Tue

#3333. ʤ doubt ֻˤȯʤ b Τ [indo-european][etymological_respelling][latin][french][renaissance][spelling_pronunciation_gap][silent_letter][sobokunagimon]

츻Ūֻ (etymological_respelling) ˤĤƤϡܥ֥Ǥ⹭ƤκǤɽȤäƤ褤 b ޤ doubt ʤˤ夲褦
doubt θ츻ҤȤȡƥ dubitāre ̤롥Υƥñϡĸǡ2פɽ魯 *dwo- θ캬ʱѸ two ƱˤޤǤ롥2Ĥδ֤ФʤФʤʤ׾֤֤餦ס֤ס֤פʤɤθ
θ塤Υƥñϡťե󥹸 douter ֤ס֤פȤƷѾ줿첻˶ޤ줿ȤȤ b ťե󥹸ʳޤǤ˲פüƤ뤳Ȥդ줿äơťե󥹸ǤȯˤƤֻˤƤ b ϸʤʤäƤ
θťե󥹸1200ǯˤۤܤΤޤѸؼѤ졤ñȤƤ doute(n) ޤ줿ʥե󥹸 -er бѸθ -en ؤƼˡΤˤС132Ⱦ˽񤫤줿 Ancrene Wisse ľܥƥֻ򻲾ȤȤܤ doubt 㤬ߤĤΤϵ㳰ȹͤƤ褤
θ塤15ˤʤȡѸǤľܥƥֻ򻲾Ȥ b 䤦츻Ūֻ (etymological_respelling) λ㤬롥16˻Ϥޤѹͥ󥹤ϡƥ濴Ȥŵؤηݤޤꡤ̤˸츻ŪֻºݤˤϤ15桤ˤäƤ14ƥؤηФϸ졤츻Ūֻ⻶ȯŪ˸ƤƤb 򿷤 doubt ֻܳŪŸƤΤϡΤ16ʹߤΤȤȤäƤ褤
Τ褦ˤƽdoubt ֻ̲ɸಽ˻äȯˤĤƤϽ b ʤȯߤˤޤǷ³Ƥ롥b ȯʤ̵ͭˤ˴ؤƱμŪʥȤϡ#1943. Holofernes --- 츻Ūֻ黿ԡ ([2014-08-22-1]) ǾҲ𤷤̤Ǥ롥
⤦1ĿƤ٤ϡ¤ϥե󥹸¦Ǥ⡤13ȤᤤʳǡǤ˸츻Ūֻ줿 doubter ڤƤ뤳ȤѸ˱ʩʸˤδط̩äȤͤСѸˤĤƤϡľܥƥֻ򻲾Ȥ롼ȤΤۤˡƥֻ򻲾Ȥե󥹸ֻäȤ롼ȤǤ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥ˤĤƤϡ#2058. 츻Ūֻɽʸɽ (1) ([2014-12-15-1]) Hotta (51ff) 򻲾Ȥ줿

Hotta, Ryuichi. "Etymological Respellings on the Eve of Spelling Standardisation." Studies in Medieval English Language and Literature 30 (2015): 41--58.

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2018-03-30 Fri

#3259. 17˺줿ư̾췲褹 (2) [synonym][loan_word][borrowing][renaissance][inkhorn_term][emode][lexicology][word_formation][suffix][affixation][neologism][derivation][statistics]

ε ([2018-03-29-1]) ³ԡ Bauer ư̾ΥꥹȤǤϡ-ment -ure ¸ߤΩäƤ17̾ˤɤΤ褦ʼΤΤꡤ줾줬Ĥ̾äƤΤˤĤƤ⡤Bauer (185) OED ˴ŤפȤäƤ롥̤ϰʲ̤ꡥ

SuffixNumber
-y2
-ery8
-ancy10
-ency10
-ence18
-ion20
-ance49
-al56
-ure96
-ation190
-ment258


ȥå׿Ⱦ򥫥СƤ뤳Ȥ顤٤ι⤤ŵŪʡ뤳ȤϳΤˤ狼롥ŵŪȤȤǡ꤬褹뤳ȤˤϤʤʤŵŪޤ᤿ʣƱδΤ³ȤȡƼºݤˤΤ褦¤줵ʻѤ줿ȤäǤ롥
εǿ줿褦ˡBauer Ϥ򿷸Υˡ˴ؤʣ˵Ƥ뤬ȴϢơŪФŪؤμפ¸ߤΤȤĥŸƤ롥

. . . there is a constant application of unproductive morphology in order to solve problems provided by productive morphology, so that the language is continually having new words added to it which are not the forms which would be the predicted ones, as well as a number of predicted forms. That is, the processes of history add irregularities (which are available to turn into regularities if enough of them are coined). History, rather than simplifying matters (or rather than merely simplifying matters), reflects a process of building in extra complications.


ѼԤοؤ׵ϡɬŪͿƤʤȤη̤Ǥʤۤɤʣ̯ʤΤǡŪμʤѤơԵ§ФȤ⤢Τ⤷ʤ˸ؼԤϡѼԤΡΤ褦ʣ̯¤쿴ˤɤޤΤǤϤ뤬ƥ󥰤ʥơޤǤ롥

Bauer, Laurie. "Competition in English Word Formation." Chapter 8 of The Handbook of the History of English. Ed. Ans van Kemenade and Bettelou Los. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2006. 177--98.

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2018-03-29 Thu

#3258. 17˺줿ư̾췲褹 (1) [synonym][lexical_blocking][loan_word][borrowing][renaissance][inkhorn_term][emode][lexicology][word_formation][suffix][affixation][neologism][derivation][cognate]

ѹͥ󥹴17ˤϡƥ䥮ꥷ濴Ȥ줫̤θäѤ줿ηаޤˤĤƤϡޤǡ#478. ѸΤ褦˼ڤƤϼΤƤ줿ƥ ([2010-08-18-1])#114. ѸμѸεȳ ([2009-08-19-1])#1226. Ѹˤäǯʬۡ ([2012-09-04-1]) ʤɤε͡ʳ٤夲ƤλˤϡФСƱפۤʤäȼäȤݤ줿㤨СǤ1586ǯ discovery Ѹä˲äƤȤˡ17ˤʤäƱ discoverance discoverment ⸽졤û֤ȤϤ硦¸ΤǤʴϢơ#3157. ʤ splendid Ʊ ([2017-12-18-1]) ⻲ȡˡ
ʲϡBauer (186) OED 17˽Фư̾ȤǤ롥

abutmentabuttal 
bequeathalbequeathment 
bewitcherybewitchment 
commitmentcommittalcommittance
composalcompositure 
comprisalcomprisementcomprisure
concumbenceconcumbency 
condolementcondolence 
conducenceconducency 
contrivalcontrivance 
depositationdepositure 
deprivaldeprivement 
desistancedesistency 
discoverancediscoverment 
disfigurationdisfigurement 
disprovaldisprovement 
disquietaldisquietment 
dissentationdissentment 
disseverationdisseverment 
encompassmentencompassure 
engraftmentengrafture 
exhaustmentexhausture 
exposalexposementexposure
expugnanceexpugnancy 
expulsationexpulsure 
extendmentextendure 
impartmentimparture 
imposalimposementimposure
insistenceinsisture 
interposalinterposure 
pretendencepretendment 
promotementpromoval 
proposalproposure 
redamancyredamation 
renewalrenewance 
reposancereposure 
reservalreservancy 
resistalresistment 
retrievalretrievement 
returnalreturnment 
securancesecurement 
subdualsubduement 
supportmentsupporture 
surchargementsurchargure 


θΤʤˤϡߤǤɸŪʤΤ⤢СǤѸȤʤäƤΤ⤢롥û֤ѤʤäΤ⤢С줿Τ⤢롥17˺줿Ʊ̾ȶ礷Τ⤢СǤʤΤ⤢롥λθ塤˻ޤǤˡ2Ÿ3Ÿ¸Ƥä⤢СǤʤ⤢롥Τ lexical_blocking θˤǤΤ⤢СǤʤΤ⤢롥ĤޤꡤȤˤĤư̲Ƹ뤳ȤϤޤʤΤǤ롥
17˸¤ʤȤϤȤ櫓ˡߤ˰̣㤨ʤ̾줬ʣ졤硦¸Ȥ¤ϲʪΤƥ䥮ꥷ줫Τ褦˸Ѥ̤Ȥ⤤뤷餫Ф̾Ѥ̵ˤ̾͡¤줷Ƥä̤Ȥ⤤롥Bauer (197) ϼҲŪʴ顤Τ褦˼Ƥ롥

Individual ad hoc decisions on relevant forms may or may not be picked up widely in the community. . . . [I]t is clear from the history which the OED presents that the need of the individual for a particular word is not always matched by the need of the community for the same word, with the result that multiple coinages are possible.


ˤ衤Ū𤬡Ѹư̾η֤˾ʤȺ⤿餷³Ƥ뤳Ȥϻ¤Ǥ롥塤Ƥ椯ȤƤ⡤餯ˤϿȤĹ֤뤳Ȥ

Bauer, Laurie. "Competition in English Word Formation." Chapter 8 of The Handbook of the History of English. Ed. Ans van Kemenade and Bettelou Los. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2006. 177--98.

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2018-02-26 Mon

#3227. ֺ¡֥ڥ󥰤ǤɤѸˡפ4doubt <b>--- ѸΥڥ󥰡 [slide][spelling][spelling_pronunciation_gap][etymological_respelling][emode][renaissance][standardisation][orthography][lexicography][hel_education][link][asacul]

ī㡼󥿡ɶιֺ֥ڥ󥰤ǤɤѸˡ5ˤ4󤬡224ڡˤ˳ޤϡdoubt <b>--- ѸΥڥ󥰡פꤷơѸ1500--1900ǯˤΥڥ󥰻⤷ޤֺ¤Ѥ饤ɻ˥åפƤޤ
ϰʲ3ĤǤ

ͥ󥹴˥ƥ줫֤줷ڥ󥰤¿и
ڥɸಽ1418ȾФˤƤ©ĹĤߤä
ѸμˤƤ⡤ڥɸಽϴˤãƤʤ

Ȥ櫓츻Ūڥ󥰤ˤĤƤϡܥ֥Ǥ¿εǼ夲ƤΤǡetymological_respelling ʲ饤ɤΥڡȤ˥󥯤ĥäƤޤƥ饤ɤϡ֥ؤΥ󥯽ȤƤȤޤ

1. ֺ¡إڥ󥰤ǤɤѸˡ4doubt <b>--- ѸΥڥ
2.
3. (1) 츻Ūڥ (etymological spelling)
4. debt ξ
5. 츻Ūڥ󥰤
6. island ϡ츻Ūץڥ󥰡
7. 츻Ūڥ󥰤黿 Holofernes
8. θȯΡɿסfault ξ
9. ե󥹸Ǥ츻Ūڥ󥰤
10. ڥ󥰤εǽɽ
11. (2) ʥڥɸಽ
12. ϥڥ󥰤ɸಽ¥
13. (3) Ѹμˤߤ륹ڥ
14. Robert Cawdrey's A Table Alphabeticall (1603)
15. Samuel Johnson's Dictionary of the English Language (1755)
16. ޤȤ
17. ʸ

Referrer (Inside): [2021-07-28-1] [2018-07-18-1]

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2018-02-23 Fri

#3224. Thomas Harman, A Caveat or Warening for Common Cursetors (1567) [dictionary][slang][lexicology][lexicography][renaissance][register]

ε#3223. George Andrews, A Dictionary of the Slang and Cant language (1809) ([2018-02-22-1]) ǡѸ˾¯졦Ѹ콸Thomas Harman A Caveat or Warening for Common Cursetors (1567) ˸ڤѸ˾αѱѼRobert Cawdrey A Table Alphabeticall 30ǯʾƽǤ줿ȤΤ϶ä٤Ȥ˻פ뤫⤷ʤ̤αѱѼ⡤΢Ѹ콸ΤۤᤤȤΤϡ⤷
ͥ󥹴Υ󥰥ɤˤ뼭Իηаޤ򿶤֤äƤߤȡषήϼǤ롥ޤˤĤƺǽ˺뼭Ѹ콸ϡְܴۤ㤤ʤ켭񡤤Ĥޤ bilingual dictionaries/glossaries Ǥ롥ºݡѼʩѼ񡤰˱ѼʤɤѸ˾塤˸Ƥ롥ΤȤϡͤƤߤǤ롥ȤäƤ⡤ǤʤññǶƤΤ1Ǥ롥Ǥˤ褯ΤäƤñǸꤹ monolingual dictionaries/glossaries ϡǤͤΤλ򤵤Ƥ뤬ˤäƤϡޤΰյϿ͡˥ԥȤʤä
ơ켭˽ऺΤȤơ΢¯졦 (canting language) Ѹ콸Ԥޤ뤳Ȥˤʤäɤʰ̻̱ˤȤäơcanting language ϳƱǤ롥äơA Caviat ⤢ bilingual glossary äȸäƤ褤ΤǤ롥
³ơ1604ǯ˱Ѹ˾Ρ̤αѱѼפۤɸڤ A Table Alphabeticall Ǥ줿ºݤˤϡ̡פαñ򽸤᤿ΤǤϤʤȤƥƥѸʤɤʤפ򽸤᤿Τä⸫ˤäƤ bilingual dictionary ȤΤǤ롥θ塤17̤ƱѸ˴ؤ뼭񤬤Ǥ줿켭Ǥꡤbilingual dictionaries ΰФƤϤʤäȤͤcf. #609. 켭17 ([2010-12-27-1]
嵭ηаޤ򴪰Ƥȡݤ򤷤ơѸ˾αѱѼѸ콸 A Caviat Ǥ뤳ȤǤ뤫⤷ʤΤˤĤơBlank (231) Ѥ

In fact the original English-English dictionaries, long preceding those produced in the seventeenth century, were glossaries of the canting language. As Thomas Harman and his followers often noted, cant was otherwise known in the period as 'pedlar's French', a term which again reinforced notions of its 'foreign' nature. Harman's popular pamphlet A Caveat or Warening for Common Cursetors (1567) describes the underworld language as a 'leud, lousey language of these lewtering Luskes and lasy Lorrels . . . a vnknowen toung onely, but to these bold, beastly, bawdy Beggers, and vaine Vacabondes'. As a measure of social precaution, he included a glossary intended to expose the 'vnknowen toung', thereby translating the 'leud, lousey' language into 'common' English:

Nab,a pratling chete,quaromes,
a head.a tounge.a body.
  
Nabchet,Crashing chetes,prat,
a hat or cap.teeth.a buttocke.


and so on through a list that includes 120 terms.


Blank, Paula. "The Babel of Renaissance English." Chapter 8 of The Oxford History of English. Ed. Lynda Mugglestone. Oxford: OUP, 2006. 212--39.

Referrer (Inside): [2020-06-26-1]

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2018-01-27 Sat

#3197. Ѹμפʽǯɽ [timeline][history][emode][chronology][monarch][caxton][reformation][book_of_common_prayer][bible][renaissance][shakespeare][johnson]

Algeo and Pyles αѸǯɽ꡼3ƤϽѸ (153--55) ԤϽѸ1500--1800ǯȤƶڤäƤ뤳Ȥա#3193. űѸμפʽǯɽ ([2018-01-23-1]) ȡ#3196. Ѹμפʽǯɽ ([2018-01-26-1]) ⻲ȡ

1476William Caxton brought printing to England, thus both serving and promoting a growing body of literate persons. Before that time, literacy was confined to the clergy and a handful of others. Within the next two centuries, most of the gentry and merchants became literate, as well as half the yeomen and some of the husbandmen.
1485Henry Tudor ascended the throne, ending the civil strife called the War of the Roses and introducing 118 years of the Tudor dynasty, which oversaw vast changes in England.
1497John Cabot went on a voyage of exploration for a Northwest Passage to China, in which he discovered Nova Scotia and so foreshadowed English territorial expansion overseas.
1534The Act of Supremacy established Henry VIII as "Supreme Head of the Church of England," and thus officially put civil authority above Church authority in England.
1549The first Book of Common Prayer was adopted and became an influence on English literary style.
1558At the age of 25, Elizabeth I became queen of England and, as a woman with a Renaissance education and a skill for leadership, began a forty-five-year reign that promoted statecraft, literature, science, exploration, and commerce.
1577--80Sir Francis Drake circumnavigated the globe, the first Englishman to do so, and participated in the defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588, removing an obstacle to English expansion overseas.
1590--1611William Shakespeare wrote the bulk of his plays, from Henry VI to The Tempest.
1600The East India Company was chartered to promote trade with Asia, leading eventually to the establishment of the British Raj in India.
1604Robert Cawdrey published the first English dictionary, A Table Alphabeticall.
1607Jamestown, Virginia, was established as the first permanent English settlement in America.
1611The Authorized or King James Version of the Bible was produced by a committee of scholars and became, with the Prayer Book and the works of Shakespeare, one of the major examples of and influences on English literary style.
1619The first African slaves in North America arrived in Virginia.
1642--48The English Civil War or Puritan Revolution overthrew the monarchy and resulted in the beheading of King Charles I in 1649 and the establishment of a military dictatorship called the Commonwealth and (under Oliver Cromwell) the Protectorate, which lasted until the Restoration of King Charles II in 1660.
1660The Royal Society was founded as the first English organization devoted to the promotion of scientific knowledge and research.
1670The Hudson's Bay Company was chartered for promoting trade and settlement in Canada.
ca. 1680The political parties---Whigs (named perhaps from a Scots term for 'horse drivers' but used for supporters of reform and parliamentary power) and Tories (named from an Irish term for 'outlaws' but used for supporters of conservatism and royal authority), both terms being originally contemptuous---became political forces, thus introducing party politics as a central factor in government.
1688The Glorious Revolution was a bloodless coup in which members of Parliament invited the Dutch prince William of Orange and his wife, Mary (daughter of the reigning English king, James II), to assume the English throne, resulting in the establishment of Parliament's power over that of the monarchy.
1702The first daily newspaper was published in London, followed by an extension of such publications throughout England and the expansion of the influence of the press in disseminating information and forming public opinion.
1719Daniel Defoe published Robinson Crusoe, sometimes identified as the first modern novel in English, although the evolution of the genre was gradual and other works have a claim to that title.
1755Samuels Johnson published his Dictionary of the English Language, a model of comprehensive dictionaries of English
1775--83The American Revolution resulted in the foundation of the first independent nation of English speakers outside the British Isles. Large numbers of British loyalists left the former American colonies for Canada and Nova Scotia, introducing a large number of new English speakers there.
1788The English first settled Australia near modern Sydney.


Ѹϡ̻ŪˤϱѸŸμ郎줿ǤꡤҲŪˤϼεǽŪɸಽʤäȤޤȤ

Algeo, John, and Thomas Pyles. The Origins and Development of the English Language. 5th ed. Thomson Wadsworth, 2005.

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2017-12-18 Mon

#3157. ʤ splendid Ʊ [cognate][synonym][lexicology][inkhorn_term][emode][borrowing][loan_word][renaissance][thesaurus][htoed]

#576. inkhorn term ȱѸ켭 ([2010-11-24-1]) εǡͥ󥹴Υƥ줫֤βɽñ1ĤȤ splendidious 󤲤θϸߤǤѤȤʤäƤ뤬ΰ̣ϸǤ̤Ѥ splendid ƱֲʡڤʡפǤ롥Ԥϥͥ󥹲ڤ䤫ʤꤷ15ѤƤꡤԤñȤƤ17ȾˤϽФƤʤˤäƽǯ夬ۤʤˡ15--17ˤϡ캬̣Ʊ splendid Ϥñ줬Ĥ⸽ƤϾäƤäΤǤ롥HTOED splendid ιƤߤȡΤ褦ˤ롥

02.04.05.03 (adj.) Splendid
   þurhbeorht OE geatolic OE torht OE torhtlic OE wrætlic OE orgulous/orgillous a1400 splendidious 1432/50--1653 splendiferous c1460--1546 splendent 1509-- splendant 1590-- splendorous 1591-- splendidous 1605--1640 transplendent 1622; 1854 florid 1642--1725 splendious 1654 splendid 1815-- splendescent 1848-- nifty 1868-- ducky 1897-- (colloq.) many-splendoured a1907--


Ū splendidious, splendiferous, splendent, splendant, splendorous, splendidous, splendious, splendid, splendescent, splendoured 10줬ߤŪܤ˸졤糵ϸ˾äƤʤα¼Ǥϡsplendiferous, splendent, splendorous ϸФΩƤƤˡ
Ρʥƥ줢뤤ϥե󥹸ͳˤ̣Ʊ (synonym) Τ褦ʣäȤǡϤʤ¿θ줬礷ǤƤäΤ
Kay and Allan (15) ⡤θ췲˸ڤĤļΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥

Sometimes there was a degree of experimentation over the form of a new word. In the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, the OED records the following forms meaning 'splendid': splendant, splendicant, splendidious, splendidous, splendiferous, splendious and splendorous. Splendid itself is first recorded in 1624. Unsurprisingly, most of these forms were short-lived; no language needs quite so many similar words for the same concept.


б̾ˤĤƤ HTOED ȴФȡ"splendency a1591--1607 splendancy 1591 splendence 1604 splendour 1774-- splendiferousness 1934--" ȤϤ˭٤Ǥ롥

Kay, Christian and Kathryn Allan. English Historical Semantics. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2015.

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2017-09-20 Wed

#3068. ֽפȱѸˡפΤޤȤ᥹饤 [reformation][renaissance][bible][emode][lexicology][slide][history][link][map][hel_education][asacul]

Ѹˤˤ뽡פΰյˤĤơreformation γƵǹͤƤǤȤơֽפȱѸˡפΤޤȤ᥹饤 (HTML) ɤ  *  *
15礫ʤ륹饤ɤǡܼϰʲ̤ꡥ

1. פȱѸ
2.
3. פȤϡ
4. Ūط
5. 󥰥ɤνפȤð
6. ͥ󥹤Ȥϡ
7. 󥰥ɤˤ뽡פȥͥ󥹤ζ¸
8. ѸʸؤΥѥ
9. ץƥƥγ
10. űѸ츦γ
11. äᤰ
12. Ϣ
13. ޤȤ
14. ʸ
15. 䡧11:1--9 ʡ֥Х٥סˤζḽ8ܿƱ

̤Ρ֤ޤȤ᥹饤ɡפȤơ#3058. ֱѸˤˤ¤ΰյפΤޤȤ᥹饤ɡ ([2017-09-10-1]) ⤴

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2017-06-05 Mon

#2961. ͥ󥹤ǤϤʤƥ줫֤λ塩 [renaissance][emode][loan_word][latin][inkhorn_term][periodisation]

ѸˤǤϡѸĤޤʸǤȤΥͥ󥹴ϡ̤ΥƥäѤ줿ȤħŤƤ롥Υ (inkhorn_term) ܥ֥Ǥ¿夲ޤˡ֥ƥ줫֤פλäȤ˲٤ڤƤ
ε#2960. ˸ˤʬΰյ ([2017-06-04-1]) ǻȤ˲ȤΥ롦դϡषΤۤƥ줫֤줷ƤȤݤεŸƤ롥ʲϢս (104--05) Ѥ롥

ϤޤαĹǡϸ˴ؤ뤢礭ʿȤ롥Ԥ¯꡼ȤθǤäƥ줬ꥹȶ줿ϰ˹줿ΤǤ롥ŵƥ줫ߤѲƤΤΡΥƥϥ衼åѤθŪäŤϽ󡦽ꤢȤǤĤäΤǤ롥κҲκDzؤǡˤʤΥƥꡤȤХե󥹸Τ褦¯줬Ѥ褦ˤʤ롥ϡͥ󥹤Ϥ뤫ˡ֥ƥ׻ʤΤ


ƥ줫֤λǤȤĥϡ츫̷⤹ʪˤʹ뤬Ǥϡ֥ƥס֤֤פΰ̣ۤʤäƤ롥ˤơ֥ƥפȤϸŵƥȤϡȤƥ졤뤤¯ƥǤ롥ޤǤϡμ餬ռŪ˥ƥˡ֤֤פƤȤϡषꥹȶϰ褬ʤΰȤƥƥǤȤ̣ˤơ֤֤äȤȤ
̤γ٤餳ͤС֥ƥס֤֤פβΰ㤤򤢤פդСߤ̷ϲä졤ͥ󥹤Ȥˡ֥ƥ줫֤פλȸ롤ȤȤˤʤ롥ϡξδ֤ǤϤʤϢ³ߤˡ1Ĥ
Ҥ뤬äƱѸˤä᤽ƥñμѤϡΤ˽Ѹ˸ͭħʤɤǤϤʤѸˤ⡤űѸˤ⡤űѸλˤ⸫줿˸СѸǤ⸽ѸǤ⸫ΤǤʡ#2162. OED ˤե󥹸졦ƥ줫μѸοܡ ([2015-03-29-1]) 򻲾ȡˡˤäơƥüѤμ̡ʸ̮Ϥ줾ۤʤ뤳ȤϳΤ碌ƱѸˤ줹ӤήȤߤʤϢ³򸫽ФȤϡޤäǽǤ뤷յ롥
ƻΥƥüѤˤĤƤϡʲε򻲾ȡ

#1437. űѸ˼Ѥ줿ƥ ([2013-04-03-1])
#1945. űѸΥƥѤλʬ ([2014-08-24-1])
#32. űѸ˼Ѥ줿ƥ ([2009-05-30-1])
#120. ճ¿äѸΥƥѸ ([2009-08-25-1])
#1211. ѸΥƥѸΰ ([2012-08-20-1])
#478. ѸΤ褦˼ڤƤϼΤƤ줿ƥ ([2010-08-18-1])
#2162. OED ˤե󥹸졦ƥ줫μѸοܡ ([2015-03-29-1])
#2385. OED ˤ롤ŵ줪ӥޥ󥹽줫μѸä (2) ([2015-11-07-1])

åᥴաˡ ˡػʬɬפ١ƣŹ2016ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2019-02-16-1]

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2017-06-04 Sun

#2960. ˸ˤʬΰյ [periodisation][renaissance][historiography]

Ѹˡ뤤ϰ̤˸̸ˤλʬˤĤơperiodisation εǹͻƤˤϡ˰Ūʰ̣ˤˤλʬˤĤƹͤʤФʤʤλͤȤ٤ᥴաˡػʬɬפ٤ɤ
Ԥϡλˤˤƥͥ󥹤Ȥϡμ뿷򤹤٤ǤϤʤ18ȾФޤ³ĹκǽˤʤȤλʬθľäƤ롥ˤȡΤζ18ȾФϤޤ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥ޤ򺣤ΥХ벽Ŭڤ˼ˤλʬɬפȤĥƤ롥ԤϡʬȤϡ϶ڤʤϢ³ΤȤƤλ֤򲿤ȤڤäƤȤ館뤿ѶŪѤ٤ƻǤꡤƻϽǤʤФʤʤȤΩäƤ롥ʲ롦դΰѽ

θաֻ̡ʬסͤΤϿʹ֤֤ФƯ԰٤Ǥꡤζڤ꤬ΩǤϤʤȤ¤ĴƤ롥ܽǤϡʹ֤֤˶ڤäݤΤޤޤͳ餫ˤƤͳɤ٤餵ޤǡϤä꼫ǧ줿ΤϾˤ뤬ФФˤϡ餬Ϳ̣Ȳͤ⤭Ħˤ褦źƤ롥
֤˶ڤ뤳ȤˤˤȤäɬפǤΤϡˤ򡤼Ҳοʲθ桤ޤüʥפΤ䡤뤤Ϥޤñʤ֤οܤȤỤ̄ǤȤ館Ǥ롥ζڤϡñ˻Ū򤢤魯ΤǤϤʤˤƱˡܹԤžȤͤɤλμҲʹѤꤵ⤬ɽƤΤäƻˤ̤ʰ̣롥οܤΤΡ뤤ϤοܤŪϢ³䤽εդǤ⤿餹ˤơ˲Ȥνפ䤤ʤоݤȤʤäƤΤǤ롥 (12--13)


ʬϡ֤郎ΤȤ뤿Ρष֤Ѥ뤿νˤʤ뤬ȤˤϤɾˤޤĤ뤵ޤޤ꤬⤫Ӥ롥ˤ˶ʬȤȤϡʣʹ԰٤Ǥ롥ˤϼȡʤ٤¿οͤ˼̤߽ФȤϤȤƱ˹Ƥ롥ϤؤˤθоݤǤȻϻפ (15)


ʬϿͰ٤Ǥꡤ椨ǤʤСʵѤǤʤˤΤΤΰܤѤȤȤˡʬѤ롥̣ǡʬͭˤĤ¦̤롥ʬϲλ֤褯ۤΤΩĤޤʹ֤ΤˤȤƻΤ⤭Ħˤ⤷ƤΤǤ롥 (36)


ʸХ벽濴Ūϰ̤򼺤äޡˤλʬθ§Ϻ뤵褦ˤʤäƤ뤬ʬ˲ȤˤȤäɬפƻȤȤ򡤻ϼȻפäƤ롥ʬϤѤʤФʤʤͤˤλʬפϤư礱ƤΤϡν𤵤ʤΤ (100--01)


ˤλʬݤĤȤϲǽǤꡤݤʤФʤΤȻפߤ˻ۤӤƤĤ礭ĬήĹ³ˤȥХ벽ʸԤϤ˥ꥫΥɥҥȥ꡼ޤƤˤϡɤʬλѤ򤵤ޤΤǤϤʤ꤫Ƹפʤ³ȷפ֤϶¸Ƥ롥ʬϡ¤줿ʸΰˤŬѤ뤳ȤǤʤХ벽ȤϡΤȤˤΤޤȤޤΤδط򸫤Ĥ뤳ȤʤΤ
ä˲Ȥϡ褯뤳ȤХ벽Ȳ첽ƱƤϤʤʤΤХ벽ˤĤʳ롥ޤϸߤΤʤϰʸΤ˥ߥ˥طΩ롥ĤŤơۼϲ򤷤Ƥݤ롥ޤǿबθΤϡΤʳΤߤǤ롥
Τ褦˻ʬϡ˲ȤθȹͻҤʰʬˤʤäƤ롥ʬΤǡबɤʤդȿʲƤΤ餫ˤʤΤǤ롥³ΤʤǡΤʤǡ (187--88)


ѸˤλʬǰƬ֤ĤġʬȤϤޤƻǤꡤȾˤäƽѹ٤ΤȹͤƤ롥ȤäơʬβͤǧƤʤ櫓ǤϤޤäʤषˤİȵҤΤ˿ŤѤ٤֤󥬡ե󥫤ȤƥХ벽ѸȤˤ򸦵椹ˤäơλʬΰյϡ˹ͤƤɬפȻפ
ѸˤλʬŪˤĤƤϡȤ櫓#2640. Ѹˤλʬ ([2016-07-19-1])#2774. ʬˤĤƵƤߤ ([2016-11-30-1]) 򻲾Ȥ줿

åᥴաˡ ˡػʬɬפ١ƣŹ2016ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2017-07-08-1] [2017-06-05-1]

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2016-07-08 Fri

#2629. Curzan ˤѸν񤭸դäդδط [writing][medium][historiography][language_change][renaissance][standardisation][colloquialisation]

ε#2628. Hockett ˤѸν񤭸դäդδطɽ魯ľ ([2016-07-07-1]) Ǽ褦ˡѸν񤭸դøդδ֤εΥϡޤˡ־梪碪ʡˡפɽǤѥǿܤƤ餿󤹤ȡ̤Ǥ롥
񤭸դäդεΥϡűѸ줫ѸˤƤŪޤޤˤȤɤޤäƤͥ󥹤ζѸȽ񤭸դɸಽ (standardisation) ʤȤ⤢äơξΤЪΥϳƤѸˤʤꡤŪǤ񤭸դˤή褦ˤʤ (= colloquialisation) ξԤεΥϺƤʬŪ˶ޤäƤƤȹͤ뤳ȤǤ롥
ξΤάˤĤƤϡCurzan (54--55) εҤŪΤǤ롥

The fluctuating distance between written and spoken registers provides one fascinating lens through which to tell the history of English. For the Old English and Middle English periods, scholars assume a much closer correspondence between the written and spoken, with the recognition that the record does not preserve very informal registers of the written. While there were some local written standards, these periods predate widespread language standardization, and spelling and morphosyntactic differences by region suggest that scribes saw the written language as in some way capturing their individual or local pronunciation and grammar. The prevalence of coordinated or paratactic clause structures in these periods is more reflective of the spoken language than the highly subordinated clause structures that come to characterize high written prose in the Renaissance. . . . The Renaissance witnesses a growing chasm between the spoken and written, with the rise of language standardization and the spread of English to more scientific, legal, and other genres that had been formerly written in Latin. To this day, written academic, legal, and medical registers are marked by stark differences from spoken language, from the prevalence of nominalization (e.g., when the verb enhance becomes the noun enhancement) to the relative paucity of first-person pronouns to highly subordinated sentence structures.
   At the turn of the millennium something interestingly cyclical appears to be happening online, in journalistic prose, and in other registers, where the written language is creeping back toward patterns more characteristic of the spoken language --- a process referred to as colloquialization . . . . In other words, the distance between the structure and style of spoken and written language that has characterized much of the modern period is narrowing, a least in some registers. Current colloquialization of written prose includes the rise of features such as semi-modals (e.g., have to), contractions, and the progressive.


ϡ񤭸դäդδطȤߤ⤦1ĤθʱѸ˵ҤȻפ

Curzan, Anne. Fixing English: Prescriptivism and Language History. Cambridge: CUP, 2014.

Referrer (Inside): [2016-07-19-1]

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2016-06-20 Mon

#2611. 17˽񤭸դDZѸ줬ʤƥ줬षƤäͳ [latin][emode][renaissance]

#1407. Ѹ3Ĥ ([2013-03-04-1]) #2580. Ѹιռʳ ([2016-05-20-1]) εǻŦ褦ˡ16ȾޤǤϡԤܤ񤯤Τ˱ѸѤ뤳Ȥ˴ؤ¿쾯ʤ apologetic ä줬˶ŤȱѸФ뼫褦ˤʤꡤ17ˤϼۤܲ褦ˤߤ롥
ȤϤĹˤȰҿΤƥ줬񤭸դ餹˶व뤳ȤϤʤäƥϡ䶵طθҤȤƳΤϰ̤ݻƤؽѤθȤƥ衼åѤιݸǤ⤢ä͸αʸˡǤƥǽ񤫤ƤۤɤǤ롥ԤϡΤ褦ʬˤƤ̾˻ĤȻפСޤƥǽ񤯤Τդ路ȴƤΤǤ롥ѸȤ16--17Ԥƥǽ񤤤򤤤Ĥ󤲤Ƥߤ褦 (Görlach 39)

Literature: T. More, Utopia 1515ff.; Milton, early Latin poems
History: Boetius, Chronicles; W. Camden, Britannia
Sciences: W. Gilbert, De magnete . . . (1600); W. Harvey, Exercitatio Anatomica de Motu Cordis et Sanguinis in Animalibus (Frankfurt, 1628); I. Newton, Principia (1689)
Philosophy: F. Bacon, De augmentis scientiarum (1623); T. Hobbes, De cive (1642)
Grammars, etc.: T. Smith, De recta et emendata linguae anglicae scriptione (1542, printed 1568); A. Gil, Logonomia Anglica (1619/21); J. Wallis, Grammatica Linguae Anglicanae (1685, English version 1687)


Τ褦ˡ줿ƥ줿ѸζϿˤ錄ä³ѸѤ17δ֤¤ƤꡤNewton Locke θOpticks (1704), An Essay Concerning Human Understanding (1690) ʤɡˤ˸褦ˡѤܤޤǤˤϤۤܥƥषȤäƤ褤¾Υ衼åѽǤϤä٤äȤ⤢ˡ17ΥƥͳˤĤơGörlach (39) 4󤲤Ƥ롥

1 The grammar schools increasingly adopted English-medium education; the use of Latin declined sharply as soon as it began to be learnt only for reading texts (Latin classics, etc.).
2 Bacon and the 'New Science' looked more critically at classical and humanist concepts and their rhetorical forms; their demand for plain language strengthened the vernacular.
3 The influence of Puritanism increased, and Puritans tended to equate Latin with Roman Catholicism.
4 The upheavals of the Civil War disrupted the old traditions of the schools.


ҿȤƤΥƥοϰīͼˤϤʤλ֤פƱ褦ˡ줿Ѹΰҿˤ⡤٤δ֤ɬפäΤǤ롥

Görlach, Manfred. Introduction to Early Modern English. Cambridge: CUP, 1991.

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2016-05-20 Fri

#2580. Ѹιռʳ [history_of_linguistics][prescriptive_grammar][latin][emode][renaissance]

ε#2579. ǽαʸˡ William Bullokar, Pamphlet for Grammar (1586) ([2016-05-19-1]) ȴϢơ (68--69) ֶƬˤФǧʳפ4ĤƤ롥Ƥ󤷤褦

1ʳϹФλǤꡤ1561ǯޤ³ѸθäϼڤǤꡤѸǤΤ񤯤ȤϤޤѤȤǤȤߤʤƤGouernour (1531) 路 Sir Thomas Elyot Toxophilus (1545) ԤǤ Roger Ascham ⤳Υ롼פ°롥
2ʳ1561--86ǯλȾ֤ǤꡤƳޤ͡ʼʤǤθ̤ơѸ줬ܤ쿷Ǥ롥ˤƱѸФ뼫褦ˤʤäŵ Sir Philip Sidney An Apology for Poetrie (c. 1583) ˸졤ǤϱѸ줬¾θӤƤҤʤȽҤ٤Ƥ롥
3ʳ1585ǯ1650ǯޤǤǡѸ줬äǤϡ˭١פơ˼ˡʸˡˤƤϤޤäƤȹͤƤMulcaster Bullokar Υ롼פ°Ϲ챿ưʤǤꥢե󥹤ռƤܻؤƤʸˡϥƥʸˡ˱褦ΤǤꡤƥθҤڤ뤳ȤˤäƱѸ⤯褦ȴޤƤ
4ʳ1650ǯʹߤǡʸˡƥʸˡΩ褦ȤɽФWallis ʹߡषƥΥռΩʸˡܻؤ褦ˤʤ롥

夲 Bullokar ˤѸ˾αʸˡϡ3ʳɽΤäȤ
ѸϡѸ줬ȤƤμƥ줫鼫ͳˤʤäƤǤ뤬϶볫˷깭줿ȤȸͻӤζȸΤäΤǤ롥Ϣơ#1407. Ѹ3Ĥ ([2013-03-04-1]) 򻲾ȡ

졡رѸػˡ١Ѹ13罤۽Ź1975ǯ

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2016-02-09 Tue

#2479. ѸθüѤФȿưȤƤθϤɤޤܵä [purism][lexicology][borrowing][emode][renaissance][inkhorn_term][cheke][aureate_diction]

#1408. ([2013-03-05-1]) #1410. Ƚ󵢡 ([2013-03-07-1]) ʤɤεǡѸ̸üѤȿưȤƤθ (purism) ˿줿Τ˽ԤȤ Sir John Cheke (1514--57), Roger Ascham (1515?--68), Sir Thomas Chaloner, Thomas Wilson (1528?--81) ʤɤθ̾󤬤뤬Görlach (163--64) ϡѹͥ󥹤ˤȿưŪˤĤƤϲɾƤȤ򼨤Ƥ롥ȤɬפʸäϼѤºݤ˼ѤΤǤꡤޤǥƥ䥮ꥷθä̵̤ʼѤѤ᤿ΤǤ롤ȡĹ⤷ʤΤǡΤޤްѤ褦

Purism, understood as resistance to foreign words and as awareness of the possibilities of the vernacular, presupposes a certain level of standardization of, and confidence in, the native tongue. It is no surprise that puristic tendencies are unrecorded before the end of the Middle Ages --- wherever native expressions were coined to replace foreign terms, they served a different purpose to help the uneducated understand better, especially sermons and biblical paraphrase. Tyndale's striving for the proper English expression was still motivated by the desire to enable the ploughboy to understand more of the Bible than the learned bishops.
   A puristic reaction was, then, provoked by fashionable eloquence, as is evident from aspects of fifteenth-century aureate diction and sixteenth-century inkhornism . . . . The humanists had rediscovered a classical form of Latin instituted by Roman writers who fought against Greek technical terms as well as fashionable Hellenization, but who could not do without terminologies for the disciplines dominated by Greek traditions. Ascham, Wilson and Cheke (all counted among the 'purists' in a loose application of the term) behaved exactly as Cicero had done: they wrote in the vernacular (no obvious choice around 1530--50), avoided fashionable loanwords and fanciful, rare expressions, but did not object to the borrowing of necessary terms.
   Cheke was as inconsistent a 'purist' as he was a reformer of EModE spelling . . . . On the one hand, he went further than most of his contemporaries in his efforts to preserve the English language "vnmixt and vnmangeled" . . ., but on the other hand he also borrowed beyond what was necessary and what his own tenets seemed to allow. (The problem of untranslatable terms, as in his renderings of biblical antiquities, was solved by marginal explanations.) The practice (and historical ineffectiveness) of other 'purists', too, who attempted translations of Latin terminologies --- Golding for medicine, Lever for philosophy and Puttenham for rhetoric . . . --- demonstrates that there was no such rigorous puristic movement in sixteenth-century England as there was in many other countries during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. The purists' position and their influence on EModE has often been exaggerated; it is more to the point to speak of "different degrees of Latinity" . . . .


Görlach θϡȤϰۤʤȼλŦǤꡤ¿ѸΥե󥹼ѸȽ䡤ܸˤΥץڤΥʸήȤδطǻŦ⡤λ鸫ľƤߤΤ⤪⤷ (see #2147. ѸΥե󥹼ѸȽ ([2015-03-14-1])#1630. 졤ʸ졤ץ ([2013-10-13-1])#1999. Chuo Online ε֥ʸΩŪ˻ס ([2014-10-17-1]

Görlach, Manfred. Introduction to Early Modern English. Cambridge: CUP, 1991.

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