ε ([2020-01-29-1]) ˰³ʤꥷȥޤ泤̤˹ԤʤƤʬ (distinctiones) Τơ³ (scriptura continua) ѤȤˤĤơ
Saenger ˤСˤϡɤȤ٤Ф븽ŪȯۤƤ֤ɽȤμҲŪʸ̮ɬפȤüŪˤСͤϤߤɤ®ɤ˴Ƥꡤɤߤ䤹פŻ뤹뤬奮ꥷޤθ¤줿ɤˤȤäơɤ٤ȤϸƬβɤΤȤǤꡤŪʡɤߤ䤹פɵ᤹ϤʤäΤȤʲSaenger βʹƤߤ褦 (11--12)
. . . the ancient world did not possess the desire, characteristic of the modern age, to make reading easier and swifter because the advantages that modern readers perceive as accruing from ease of reading were seldom viewed as advantages by the ancients. These include the effective retrieval of information in reference consultation, the ability to read with minimum difficulty a great many technical logical, and scientific texts, and the greater diffusion of literacy throughout all social strata of the population. We know that the reading habits of the ancient world, which were profoundly oral and rhetorical by physiological necessity as well as by taste, were focused on a limited and intensely scrutinized canon of literature. Because those who read relished the mellifluous metrical and accentual patterns of pronounced text and were not interested in the swift intrusive consultation of books, the absence of interword space in Greek and Latin was not perceived to be an impediment to effective reading, as it would be to the modern reader, who strives to read swiftly. Moreover, oralization, which the ancients savored aesthetically, provided mnemonic compensation (through enhanced short-term aural recall) for the difficulty in gaining access to the meaning of unseparated text. Long-term memory of texts frequently read aloud also compensated for the inherent graphic and grammatical ambiguities of the languages of late antiquity.
Finally, the notion that the greater portion of the population should be autonomous and self-motivated readers was entirely foreign to the elitist literate mentality of the ancient world. For the literate, the reaction to the difficulties of lexical access arising from scriptura continua did not spark the desire to make script easier to decipher, but resulted instead in the delegation of much of the labor of reading and writing to skilled slaves, who acted as professional readers and scribes. It is in the context of a society with an abundant supply of cheap, intellectually skilled labor that ancient attitudes toward reading must be comprehended and the ready and pervasive acceptance of the suppression of word separation throughout the Roman Empire understood.
ѤκǸ˼Ƥ褦ˡͤ³˥եȤ뤳Ȥǡɤߤˤƹ褦ȤȤǤΤ⤷ʤδϡ˺ƤʬؤȲƤǤ⼨ŪǤ롥Ϣơ#1903. ʬˡ ([2014-07-13-1]) ⻲ȡ
Saenger, P. Space Between Words: The Origins of Silent Reading. Stanford, CA: Stanford UP, 1997.
ե٥åȤʬ (distinctiones) ³ (scriptura continua) ˤĤƤϡǶǤϡ#3926. ʬɽɽ ([2020-01-26-1]) ǡˤ distinctiones γƵǼ夲Ƥ
Saenger (9) ˤȡե٥åȤ첻ɽδޤ泤Ǥϡڡˤ뤫ˤ뤫ΰ㤤졤ʬ̤˹ԤʤƤȤꥷˤ첻ɽǽȤʤ˵ڤӡ³ޤ줿ȤȼΤ褦ˤʤ롥
ޤե٥åȻѤνʬ̤ˤäȤꥷˤ줬ѤȤʤꡤä³̲8ˤʤʬƳ졤θ˰̲Ƹ˻롥
ʬϸߤǤ뤵Ƥ뤬첻ɽϤŵδ֤ˡδѤ줿аޤȤȤǤϡʤ첻ɽƳˤꡤ䤿ˤȤä餫˻פʬѤȤʤꡤषɤߤˤȻפ³ȯãΤSaenger (9--10) ˤС첻ɽ³δ֤ˤ̩ܤʴطȤ
The uninterrupted writing of ancient scriptura continua was possible only in the context of a writing system that had a complete set of signs for the unambiguous transcription of pronounced speech. This occurred for the first time in Indo-European languages when the Greeks adapted the Phoenician alphabet by adding symbols for vowels. The Greco-Latin alphabetical scripts, which employed vowels with varying degrees of modification, were used for the transcription of the old forms of the Romance, Germanic, Slavic, and Hindu tongues, all members of the Indo-European language group, in which words were polysyllabic and inflected. For an oral reading of these Indo-European languages, the reader's immediate identification of words was not essential, but a reasonably swift identification and parsing of syllables was fundamental. Vowels as necessary and sufficient codes for sounds permitted the reader to identify syllables swiftly within rows of uninterrupted letters. Before the introduction of vowels to the Phoenician alphabet, all the ancient languages of the Mediterranean world---syllabic or alphabetical, Semitic or Indo-European---were written with word separation by either space, points, or both in conjunction. After the introduction of vowels, word separation was no longer necessary to eliminate an unacceptable level of ambiguity.
Throughout the antique Mediterranean world, the adoption of vowels and of scriptura continua went hand in hand. The ancient writings of Mesopotamia, Phoenicia, and Israel did not employ vowels, so separation between words was retained. Had the space between words been deleted and the signs been written in scriptura continua, the resulting visual presentation of the text would have been analogous to a modern lexogrammatic puzzle. Such written languages might have been decipherable, given their clearly defined conventions for word order and contextual clues, but only after protracted cognitive activity that would have made fluent reading as we know it impractical. While the very earliest Greek inscriptions were written with separation by interpuncts, points placed at midlevel between words, Greece soon thereafter became the first ancient civilization to employ scriptura continua. The Romans, who borrowed their letter forms and vowels from the Greeks, maintained the earlier Mediterranean tradition of separating words by points far longer than the Greeks, but they, too, after a scantily documented period of six centuries, discarded word separation as superfluous and substituted scriptura continua for interpunct-separated script in the second century A.D.
ŸƤˤĤơϤ褯ǤƤʤ첻ɽƳη̡Ʊꤷ䤹ʤäȤ褯狼ʤޤˤ줬äȤơʸɤ꤬ʬǤϤʤ³˥եȤȤƤⲿȤɤǤ롤ȤޤǤǤ뤬ʤ³ѶŪ˥եȤΤǤ롥εϡöŪŤˤʤ褦˻פ롥
첻ʸȯƥե٥åȤˤꥷͤɤߤˤ³˥եȤȤΤϡ̷⤷Ƥ褦˴롥ºݡ¿ԤǺޤ³Ƥ褦 (Saenger 10)
ꥷͤˤ첻ʸƳȤʸ˾βŪʽˤĤƤϡ#423. ե٥åȤˡ ([2010-06-24-1]) #2092. ե٥åȤ첻ľɽ魯Τ ([2015-01-18-1]) ȡ
Saenger, P. Space Between Words: The Origins of Silent Reading. Stanford, CA: Stanford UP, 1997.
ɤ߽˴ؤɸ3ĤΥɤϡߤ˴ϢƤ롥ȸδ֤˶ʬ (distinctiones) ȯãˤꡤɼԤϥե٥åȤΤĤʤɽŪ (phonographic) ɤ߲ΤǤϤʤɽŪ (logographic) ɤ߲ळȤǤ褦ˤʤä̤Ȥơ˽Ф벻ɤǤϤʤƬΤʤǸΰ̣ɤ®ɤʸŪ˻ͤꡤ̤ξ뤳ȤǽˤʤäΤǤ롥#3881. ʸɲΡ2ϩǥס ([2019-12-12-1])#3884. ʸɤΡ2ϩפ ([2019-12-15-1]) ǵѸ˽СɲѤвϩŤֲ롼ȡפָ롼ȡפؤȥեȤƤȤäƤ褤
ΤˤɽȯãλˤĤƤϡҤƥФ (vernacular) ؤεդäȤʤäߥȤơ8Ŧ븫롥θ˴ŤơCook (152--53) ҤβΤ褦ˤޤޤȤƤ롥
Punctuation marks started as an aid for reading Latin aloud, in the form of various dots and other marks. These were necessary because Latin was written without word spaces, making texts difficult to read aloud on sight. Around the eighth century AD, it became usual to put a space between words. According to Saenger (1997), this transformed reading from reading aloud to reading in silence. Without spaces, the reader had to test out loud what the text meant; with spaces, the reader could interpret the text without saying it aloud and they could read and write with greater privacy since their activity was not audible to other people; indeed Galileo saw the advantages of 'communicating one's most secret thoughts to any other person' (cited in Chomsky 2002: 45). Hence, once the lexical route became possible for reading European languages, authors became more daring individuals; and the speed of reading could be increased beyond the speed of articulation. As Harris (1986) put it, 'One is tempted to compare the introduction of the space as a word boundary to the invention of the zero in mathematics . . .'.
ˤƤʬȯϿؤˤ를ȯӤǤפȤΤ°̤ǤϤʤɾ
ܵȴϢơҰʲεˤܤ̤Ƥ
#2058. 츻Ūֻɽʸɽ (1) ([2014-12-15-1])
#2059. 츻Ūֻɽʸɽ (2) ([2014-12-16-1])
#2696. ʬɽꥹȶΥƥȲؤΤ ([2016-09-13-1])
#1903. ʬˡ ([2014-07-13-1])
Cook, Vivian. The English Writing System. London: Hodder Education, 2004.
Saenger, P. Space Between Words: The Origins of Silent Reading. Stanford, CA: Stanford UP.
Chomsky, N. On Nature and Language. Cambridge: CUP, 2002.
Harris, R. The Origin of Writing. London: Duckworth, 1986.
#3881. ʸɲΡ2ϩǥס ([2019-12-12-1]) εǤߤ褦ˡʸɤˤϡֲ롼ȡ (phonological route) ȡָ롼ȡ (lexical route) 2ϩꤵƤ롥ŵŪˤϳơե٥åȤȴʷɤߡˤ˷ӤĤΤʬ䤹ե٥åȤ֤줿ñ줬롼Ȥɲ뤳Ȥ⤢Сʸδ롼Ȥɲ뤳Ȥ⤢ΤǡñǤϤʤCook (25) ϡ2ĤΥ롼ȤʲΤ褦椷Ƥ롥
| Phonological route | Lexical route | |
|---|---|---|
| Converts written units | To phonemes | To meanings |
| Also known as | Assembled phonology | Addressed phonology |
| Needs | Mental rules | Mental lexicon of items |
| Works by | Correspondence rules | Matching |
| Can handle | Any novel combination | Only familiar symbols |
| Used with | Any words | High frequency words |
ܸä˴ˤɤǤΤȱѸɤǤΤȤǤϡ⡼ɤۤʤ褦ʴФäȤäƤۤʤۤʤ⡼ɤɤǤΤȤФʤΤȤ̤β褦ʵ롥餵ƤΤɽʸɽʸȤ㤤ͿƤ˰㤤ʤΰ´ŪƤȻפΤʸɲΡ2ϩǥ ('dual-route' model) Ǥ롥켫ΤؾβʤȤˡɸǥפȤˤȤϤä꤯Ȥ롥
ɽʸǤޥե٥åȤɽѸɤǤȤܤӹǤʸ11˰ռȤϳΤ¿ɬ⤽ǤϤʤȤ¿ɤ鲻ռֲ롼ȡ (phonological route) ȸռָ롼ȡ (lexical route) ̡¸ߤƤꡤɼԤϾˤäƤ줫Υ롼ȤΤߡˤäξΥ롼ȤѤɲԤʤäƤȤȤ餷ʲˡ2ϩǥפοޤCook 17 ˡ
Phonological route
Converting 'letters' to
Phonemes with a small
Reading Working set of rules
written out 'letters' Saying words aloud
words and 'words'
Lexical route
???Looking up 'words' in a ???
large mental lexicon
ѸλϤޤ16ˤϡθαѸˤ˱ƶͿμҲѲ#1407. Ѹ3Ĥ ([2013-03-04-1]) ǾҲ𤷤ȤꡤBaugh and Cable ʡ156ˤϰʲ5Ƥ롥
1. the printing press
2. the rapid spread of popular education
3. the increased communication and means of communication
4. the growth of specialized knowledge
5. the emergence of various forms of self-consciousness about language
װϡФŤʤäơѸʸˡȸä˴ŪʤʱƶڤܤȤˤʤäBaugh and Cable ʡ157, pp. 200--01) ˤСαƶϤϵŪǤ⤢ꡤƱݼŪǤ⤢äȤɤȤȤСäˤĤƤϵŪǤꡤʸˡˤĤƤݼŪǤäȤȤ
A radical force is defined as anything that promotes change in language; conservative forces tend to preserve the existing status. Now it is obvious that the printing press, the reading habit, the advances of learning and science, and all forms of communication are favorable to the spread of ideas and stimulating to the growth of the vocabulary, while these same agencies, together with social consciousness . . . work actively toward the promotion and maintenance of a standard, especially in grammar and usage. . . . We shall accordingly be prepared to find that in modern times, changes in grammar have been relatively slight and changes in vocabulary extensive. This is just the reverse of what was true in the Middle English period. Then the changes in grammar were revolutionary, but, apart from the special effects of the Norman Conquest, those in vocabulary were not so great.
ʤۤɡŪʼҲϡ줿ǤäФƤϡषä¥ΤĤǤʸˡФƤϵŪʰϤä˺ѤʡֶŪʡפָŪʡפɤؤƤ⤽ΤޤƤϤޤꤽʤΤǡ䤿ˤʬ䤹ˡ
ΰѤǤ⤷ΤϡǸ˶ѸѸ椷ƤȤѸǤϡ嵭Τ褦ʽ郎ʤäˡषä˴ؤݼŪǤꡤʸˡ˴ؤƵŪäȽҤ٤Ƥ롥֥Υޥˤե̤ʱƶƤϡפȤȤԤѸθûȤƤϡ˥ե줫̤μѸ줬פ⤫ӡ褷ơݼŪפȤϤʤϤϤޤüʻǤȤƤ֤ƤСΤ˾嵭δѻϤ褽äƤ褦˻פ롥Baugh and Cable ϡŪŪ˵ҡʬϤɾ뤬Ȥɤ˺Τ褦ΰ̲ߤ륱⤢ꡤɤǤȯ롥
Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.
ͤդɤȤǤϲäƤΤ1ĤȤơȯƸФơΩ (phonic mediation) ȤɤǤȤּɤ (reading by ear; bottom-up theory; Phoenician theory) 롥ΩϤʤʸľܤ˰̣Ϣ뤷ƤȤܤɤ (reading by eye; top-down theory, Chinese theory) 롥ԤˤȡɼԤϸμȷиˡ⳰˴ؤ䤤ʤʸɤ߲ΤȤμ¸ʤƤ뤬ɤ⤬ͭŤ̤ϽФƤʤˤȤäͭʷ̤ʷ̤⤢ꡤ꤬ʤ褦Ǥ롥Crystal (124--26) ȤĤġʲˤ줾ޤȤ褦
[ reading by ear ٻ ]
(1) ɼԤ1ʬ֤25010--20ߥä1ʸǧ롥®٤ϼȯäȤ褽פΩ롥
(2) դˤϡɼԤˤȤä̤ΤΡ٤θ줬䤹ɼԤϤθγơˤĤƲŪʲɤ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥Ĺñ˶ڤäȯƤߤиϡïäƤ
(3) ʸϤɤȤɼԤϤФпưȤȯ˻ʤȤƤ⡤ϲδͿ뤳ȤΤǤϤʤ
(4) λΤΤˤѰۤ뤬ɼԤϤб뤳ȤǤ롥ΤˡܤǤ٤ƤѰ̤ۤƤꤹΤ롥षɼԤʸѰۤ٥줵뤳ȤˤäƤбƤΤǤϤʤ
(5) ܤɤǤϡƸ줬ˡŪɽȷӤĤ줿֤Ǿ˳ǼƤȹͤʤФʤʤǾˤȤäôȤʤΤǤϤʤ
[ reading by eye ٻ ]
(5) ɼԤ two too Τ褦ƱָǤ蘆ʤtear /tɪə/ tear /tɛə/ Τ褦Ʊְ۲ˤǤ蘆ʤ𤹤ǤϡΤȤʤ
(6) ŪɴԤΤʤˤϡʸؤѴǤʤɤǤԤ롥ϡܤ̣ľܤˤĤʤϩ¸ߤƤ뤳Ȥ̣롥
(7) 嵭 (1) ȿơ1ʬ֤500ʾɤ®ɲȤ롥ܤɤǤϡܤ500ʾȤ館ƤȲ᤹л롥
(8) ɼԤʸñ̤ǤϤʤñ̤ǤΤۤ®ǧǤºݤˤΤ褦ɤǤ롥ϡthe word superiority effect ȸƤФƤ롥
(9) ֻȯЪΥʤˡȲϢƤʤ㤬¿롥ǧˤƤ⡤ξԤϴطƤʤΤǤϤʤ
(10) Ǥạ̵̈ºݤ¸ߤΤۤǧưפǤ뤳Ȥ鼨褦ˡ⼡βȹͤ롥
ξȤ߹碌˿¤ꤽǤ롥ɼԤϡդɤݤˡȤäƤ뤷ܤȤäƤ롥γϡɲȤμˤäƤ⡤ɼԤɤǽϤˤäƤۤʤʸηϤμˤä礭ۤʤΤǤϤʤ嵭ϡȤƥե٥åȤǽ줿ʸϤɤळȤ˴ؤʤɤɽʸξˤϾϤʤۤʤ
ɽʸ (logographic) ǤŪɤܸɤȤƤϡɤǤʤ̣ʬϸ뤳Ȥӻܡפ /ˤۤ/ /ˤäݤ/ פ // // ʤɡȯϤɤǤɤФȤϤФФǤ롥ľŪˤäƤ⡤Τ褦ʾˤϲ𤷤ƤȤϻפʤ (195) դδ¿θ줬֥饸ǤΤФܸϡ֥ƥӷǤȽҤ٤դΡַפˤäơɼԤμܤάŪХѤΤǤϤʤ
Ϣơ#422. ʸμ ([2010-06-23-1]) ȡѸŪˤϡ#1332. ѸȶѸֻηϤܼŪʺ ([2012-12-19-1]) ؤäƤ
Crystal, David. How Language Works. London: Penguin, 2005.
סܸȳ١ȽŹ1990ǯ
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