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reading - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2020-01-30 Thu

#3930. ʤꥷȥޤ³񤭤Ѥ (2) [alphabet][distinctiones][punctuation][reading][writing][latin][greek][literacy][word]

ε ([2020-01-29-1]) ˰³ʤꥷȥޤ泤̤˹ԤʤƤʬ (distinctiones) Τơ³ (scriptura continua) ѤȤˤĤơ
Saenger ˤСˤϡɤȤ԰٤Ф븽ŪȯۤƤ֤ɽ񽬴ȤμҲŪʸ̮򤹤ɬפȤüŪˤСͤϤߤɤ®ɤ˴Ƥꡤɤߤ䤹פŻ뤹뤬奮ꥷޤθ¤줿͸ɤ߼ˤȤäơɤ԰٤ȤϸƬβɤΤȤǤꡤŪʡɤߤ䤹פɵ᤹ϤʤäΤȤʲSaenger βʹƤߤ褦 (11--12)

. . . the ancient world did not possess the desire, characteristic of the modern age, to make reading easier and swifter because the advantages that modern readers perceive as accruing from ease of reading were seldom viewed as advantages by the ancients. These include the effective retrieval of information in reference consultation, the ability to read with minimum difficulty a great many technical logical, and scientific texts, and the greater diffusion of literacy throughout all social strata of the population. We know that the reading habits of the ancient world, which were profoundly oral and rhetorical by physiological necessity as well as by taste, were focused on a limited and intensely scrutinized canon of literature. Because those who read relished the mellifluous metrical and accentual patterns of pronounced text and were not interested in the swift intrusive consultation of books, the absence of interword space in Greek and Latin was not perceived to be an impediment to effective reading, as it would be to the modern reader, who strives to read swiftly. Moreover, oralization, which the ancients savored aesthetically, provided mnemonic compensation (through enhanced short-term aural recall) for the difficulty in gaining access to the meaning of unseparated text. Long-term memory of texts frequently read aloud also compensated for the inherent graphic and grammatical ambiguities of the languages of late antiquity.
   Finally, the notion that the greater portion of the population should be autonomous and self-motivated readers was entirely foreign to the elitist literate mentality of the ancient world. For the literate, the reaction to the difficulties of lexical access arising from scriptura continua did not spark the desire to make script easier to decipher, but resulted instead in the delegation of much of the labor of reading and writing to skilled slaves, who acted as professional readers and scribes. It is in the context of a society with an abundant supply of cheap, intellectually skilled labor that ancient attitudes toward reading must be comprehended and the ready and pervasive acceptance of the suppression of word separation throughout the Roman Empire understood.


ѤκǸ˼Ƥ褦ˡͤ³񤭤˥եȤ뤳Ȥǡɤߤˤ򤢤ƹ褦ȤȤǤΤ⤷ʤδϡ˺Ƥʬ񤭤ؤȲ󵢤Ƥ򤹤Ǥ⼨ŪǤ롥Ϣơ#1903. ʬ񤭤ˡ ([2014-07-13-1]) ⻲ȡ

Saenger, P. Space Between Words: The Origins of Silent Reading. Stanford, CA: Stanford UP, 1997.

Referrer (Inside): [2020-02-01-1]

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2020-01-29 Wed

#3929. ʤꥷȥޤ³񤭤Ѥ (1) [alphabet][distinctiones][punctuation][reading][writing][latin][greek][indo-european][word]

ե٥åȤʬ (distinctiones) ³ (scriptura continua) ˤĤƤϡǶǤϡ#3926. ʬ񤭡ɽɽ ([2020-01-26-1]) ǡˤ distinctiones γƵǼ夲Ƥ
Saenger (9) ˤȡե٥åȤ첻ɽδޤ泤Ǥϡڡˤ뤫ˤ뤫ΰ㤤졤ʬ񤭤̤˹ԤʤƤȤꥷˤ첻ɽǽȤʤ˵ڤӡ³񤭤ޤ줿ȤȼΤ褦ˤʤ롥
ޤե٥åȻѤνʬ񤭤̤ˤäȤꥷ޻ˤ줬ѤȤʤꡤä³񤭤̲8ˤʤʬ񤭤Ƴ졤θ˰̲Ƹ˻롥
ʬ񤭤ϸߤǤ뤵Ƥ뤬첻ɽϤ᤿ŵδ֤ˡδѤ줿аޤȤȤǤϡʤ첻ɽƳˤꡤ䤿ˤȤä餫˻פʬ񤭤ѤȤʤꡤषɤߤˤȻפ³񤭤ȯãΤSaenger (9--10) ˤС첻ɽ³񤭤δ֤ˤ̩ܤʴطȤ

The uninterrupted writing of ancient scriptura continua was possible only in the context of a writing system that had a complete set of signs for the unambiguous transcription of pronounced speech. This occurred for the first time in Indo-European languages when the Greeks adapted the Phoenician alphabet by adding symbols for vowels. The Greco-Latin alphabetical scripts, which employed vowels with varying degrees of modification, were used for the transcription of the old forms of the Romance, Germanic, Slavic, and Hindu tongues, all members of the Indo-European language group, in which words were polysyllabic and inflected. For an oral reading of these Indo-European languages, the reader's immediate identification of words was not essential, but a reasonably swift identification and parsing of syllables was fundamental. Vowels as necessary and sufficient codes for sounds permitted the reader to identify syllables swiftly within rows of uninterrupted letters. Before the introduction of vowels to the Phoenician alphabet, all the ancient languages of the Mediterranean world---syllabic or alphabetical, Semitic or Indo-European---were written with word separation by either space, points, or both in conjunction. After the introduction of vowels, word separation was no longer necessary to eliminate an unacceptable level of ambiguity.
     Throughout the antique Mediterranean world, the adoption of vowels and of scriptura continua went hand in hand. The ancient writings of Mesopotamia, Phoenicia, and Israel did not employ vowels, so separation between words was retained. Had the space between words been deleted and the signs been written in scriptura continua, the resulting visual presentation of the text would have been analogous to a modern lexogrammatic puzzle. Such written languages might have been decipherable, given their clearly defined conventions for word order and contextual clues, but only after protracted cognitive activity that would have made fluent reading as we know it impractical. While the very earliest Greek inscriptions were written with separation by interpuncts, points placed at midlevel between words, Greece soon thereafter became the first ancient civilization to employ scriptura continua. The Romans, who borrowed their letter forms and vowels from the Greeks, maintained the earlier Mediterranean tradition of separating words by points far longer than the Greeks, but they, too, after a scantily documented period of six centuries, discarded word separation as superfluous and substituted scriptura continua for interpunct-separated script in the second century A.D.


ŸƤˤĤơϤ褯ǤƤʤ첻ɽƳη̡᤬Ʊꤷ䤹ʤäȤ褯狼ʤޤˤ줬äȤơʸɤ߼꤬ʬ񤭤ǤϤʤ³񤭤˥եȤȤƤⲿȤɤǤ롤ȤޤǤǤ뤬ʤ³񤭤ѶŪ˥եȤΤǤ롥εϡöŪŤˤʤ褦˻פ롥
첻ʸȯƥե٥åȤˤꥷͤɤߤˤ³񤭤˥եȤȤΤϡ̷⤷Ƥ褦˴롥ºݡ¿ԤǺޤ³Ƥ褦 (Saenger 10)
ꥷͤˤ첻ʸƳȤʸ˾βŪʽˤĤƤϡ#423. ե٥åȤˡ ([2010-06-24-1]) #2092. ե٥åȤ첻ľɽ魯Τ ([2015-01-18-1]) 򻲾ȡ

Saenger, P. Space Between Words: The Origins of Silent Reading. Stanford, CA: Stanford UP, 1997.

Referrer (Inside): [2020-02-01-1] [2020-01-30-1]

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2020-01-26 Sun

#3926. ʬ񤭡ɽɽ [silent_reading][distinctiones][punctuation][grammatology][reading][writing]

ɤ߽񤭤˴ؤɸ3ĤΥɤϡߤ˴ϢƤ롥ȸδ֤˶ʬ (distinctiones) ȯãˤꡤɼԤϥե٥åȤΤĤʤɽŪ (phonographic) ɤ߲򤯤ΤǤϤʤɽŪ (logographic) ɤ߲򤯽ळȤǤ褦ˤʤä̤Ȥơ˽Ф򤹤벻ɤǤϤʤƬΤʤǸΰ̣ɤ®ɤʸŪ˻׹ͤꡤ̤ξ뤳ȤǽˤʤäΤǤ롥#3881. ʸɲΡ2ϩǥס ([2019-12-12-1])#3884. ʸɤΡ2ϩפ ([2019-12-15-1]) ǵ󤲤Ѹ˽СɲѤвϩŤֲ롼ȡפָ롼ȡפؤȥեȤƤȤäƤ褤
ΤˤɽȯãλˤĤƤϡҤƥФ (vernacular) ؤεդäȤʤäߥ󥰤Ȥơ8Ŧ븫򤬤롥θ˴ŤơCook (152--53) Ҥβ򼡤Τ褦ˤޤޤȤƤ롥

Punctuation marks started as an aid for reading Latin aloud, in the form of various dots and other marks. These were necessary because Latin was written without word spaces, making texts difficult to read aloud on sight. Around the eighth century AD, it became usual to put a space between words. According to Saenger (1997), this transformed reading from reading aloud to reading in silence. Without spaces, the reader had to test out loud what the text meant; with spaces, the reader could interpret the text without saying it aloud and they could read and write with greater privacy since their activity was not audible to other people; indeed Galileo saw the advantages of 'communicating one's most secret thoughts to any other person' (cited in Chomsky 2002: 45). Hence, once the lexical route became possible for reading European languages, authors became more daring individuals; and the speed of reading could be increased beyond the speed of articulation. As Harris (1986) put it, 'One is tempted to compare the introduction of the space as a word boundary to the invention of the zero in mathematics . . .'.


ˤƤʬ񤭤ȯϿؤˤ를ȯӤǤפȤΤ°̤ǤϤʤɾ
ܵȴϢơҰʲεˤܤ̤Ƥ

#2058. 츻Ūֻɽʸɽ (1) ([2014-12-15-1])
#2059. 츻Ūֻɽʸɽ (2) ([2014-12-16-1])
#2696. ʬ񤭡ɽꥹȶΥƥȲؤΤ ([2016-09-13-1])
#1903. ʬ񤭤ˡ ([2014-07-13-1])

Cook, Vivian. The English Writing System. London: Hodder Education, 2004.
Saenger, P. Space Between Words: The Origins of Silent Reading. Stanford, CA: Stanford UP.
Chomsky, N. On Nature and Language. Cambridge: CUP, 2002.
Harris, R. The Origin of Writing. London: Duckworth, 1986.

Referrer (Inside): [2020-01-29-1]

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2019-12-15 Sun

#3884. ʸɤΡ2ϩפ [spelling][grammatology][alphabet][reading][writing][psycholinguistics][kanji][frequency]

#3881. ʸɲΡ2ϩǥס ([2019-12-12-1]) εǤߤ褦ˡʸɤˤϡֲ롼ȡ (phonological route) ȡָ롼ȡ (lexical route) 2ϩꤵƤ롥ŵŪˤϳơե٥åȤȴʷɤߡˤ˷ӤĤΤʬ䤹ե٥åȤ֤줿ñ줬롼Ȥɲ򤵤뤳Ȥ⤢Сʸδ롼Ȥɲ򤵤뤳Ȥ⤢ΤǡñǤϤʤCook (25) ϡ2ĤΥ롼ȤʲΤ褦椷Ƥ롥

 Phonological routeLexical route
Converts written unitsTo phonemesTo meanings
Also known asAssembled phonologyAddressed phonology
NeedsMental rulesMental lexicon of items
Works byCorrespondence rulesMatching
Can handleAny novel combinationOnly familiar symbols
Used withAny wordsHigh frequency words


Ǹ2ԤλŦ̣롼ȤϡǤΤäƤ졤Ȥ櫓٤ι⤤褤ȤդˤС̤Τθ٤θȤȤȤΤ˴˳ؤǤʤ¤ɤळȤϤǤʤ٤δϤʤʤ夷ʤΤɤ߽񤭤˺줬Ǥ롥ե٥åȤǽ񤫤줿ϡȤ̤Τǰ̣ǤäƤ⡤褽ɤळȤϤǤ롥ޤե٥åȤǽ񤫤ƤȤϤthe very ʤɤιٸϡ餯롼Ȥɲ򤵤Ƥ
ѤȤС롼Ȥɮ뤳Ȥˡ롼ȤϰŵƤ뤫ľܲ˥뤳ȤȤä褤

Cook, Vivian. The English Writing System. London: Hodder Education, 2004.

Referrer (Inside): [2020-01-26-1] [2019-12-18-1]

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2019-12-12 Thu

#3881. ʸɲΡ2ϩǥ [orthography][spelling][grammatology][alphabet][reading][writing][psycholinguistics][kanji]

ܸä˴ˤɤǤΤȱѸɤǤΤȤǤϡ⡼ɤۤʤ褦ʴФ򤺤äȤäƤۤʤۤʤ⡼ɤɤǤΤȤФʤΤȤ̤β褦ʵ롥餵ƤΤɽʸɽʸȤ㤤ͿƤ˰㤤ʤΰ´ŪƤȻפΤʸɲΡ2ϩǥ ('dual-route' model) Ǥ롥켫ΤؾβʤȤˡɸǥפȤˤȤϤä꤯Ȥ롥
ɽʸǤޥ󡦥ե٥åȤɽѸɤǤȤܤӹǤʸ11˰ռȤϳΤ¿ɬ⤽ǤϤʤȤ¿ɤ鲻ռֲ롼ȡ (phonological route) ȸռָ롼ȡ (lexical route) ̡¸ߤƤꡤɼԤϾˤäƤ줫Υ롼ȤΤߡˤäξΥ롼ȤѤɲԤʤäƤȤȤ餷ʲˡ2ϩǥפοޤ򼨤Cook 17 ˡ

                                                     
                                                        Phonological route   
                                                                             
                                             Converting 'letters' to 
                                 Phonemes with a small         
    Reading             Working                set of rules            
    written  out 'letters'                                 Saying words aloud
     words            and 'words'              
                                      Lexical route            
                                                                     
                                                     ???Looking up 'words' in a ???
                                                      large mental lexicon   
                                                     

tip ȤñɤȤ˷ͳֲ롼ȡפͤƤߤ褦ɼԤ <t>, <i>, <p> ʸǧȡơ /t/, /ɪ/, /p/ ȤǤѴν֤¤ /tɪp/ ȤϤ롥ξб§Ϥñ<th> Ǥ /θ/ ˡ<dge> Ǥ /ʤ/ ѴɬפʤɡФйäб§ŬѤ׵ᤵ롥
% ȤɤȤ˷ͳָ롼ȡפͤƤߤ褦% ľܤ˲ɽ魯ǤϴޤޤƤʤΤǡɼԤϤε椬 percent /pəsent/ ȤбƤ뤳Ȥ򤢤餫ΤäƤʤФʤʤɼԤǾʵ (mental lexicon) äƤꡤˤϸäξọ̇ѲʤɡˤäͤޤäƤȤ롥Τ褦ɼԤ % εܤˤȡ򵭲˳ǼƤ percent Ȥȥ꡼ľܷӤĤɲ򤷤Ƥꤵ롥% ʤɤεΤ褦ʸϡ§Ȥơֲ롼ȡפϷͳָ롼ȡ׷ͳΤߤ򤵤ƤΤȻפ롥
tip ξϤɤΤˡֲ롼ȡפͳƤȻפ뤬üפȤ̣䤽¾ȯʳξФˤϡϤɤʳǵإƤʤФʤʤĤޤָ롼ȡפͳƤ˰㤤ʤΤǤ롥
顤ɤȤˤϼȤơָ롼ȡפΤߤ̤ꡤѸɤȤˤϡֲ롼ȡפȡָ롼ȡפξ̤äƤ뤳Ȥꤵ롥ơɤȤ˥⡼ɤۤʤ褦˴Τϡͳ롼Ȥμȿΰ㤤˵ǽ⤤ȤȤ

Cook, Vivian. The English Writing System. London: Hodder Education, 2004.

Referrer (Inside): [2020-01-26-1] [2019-12-15-1]

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2018-07-20 Fri

#3371. ѸμҲѲϱѸθäʸˡˤɤΤ褦ʱƶڤܤ [emode][renaissance][printing][speed_of_change][lexicology][grammar][reading][historiography]

ѸλϤޤ16ˤϡθαѸˤ˱ƶͿμҲѲ#1407. Ѹ3Ĥ ([2013-03-04-1]) ǾҲ𤷤ȤꡤBaugh and Cable ʡ156ˤϰʲ5󤲤Ƥ롥

1. the printing press
2. the rapid spread of popular education
3. the increased communication and means of communication
4. the growth of specialized knowledge
5. the emergence of various forms of self-consciousness about language

װϡФŤʤäơѸʸˡȸä˴ŪʤʱƶڤܤȤˤʤäBaugh and Cable ʡ157, pp. 200--01) ˤСαƶϤϵ޿ŪǤ⤢ꡤƱݼŪǤ⤢äȤɤȤȤСäˤĤƤϵ޿ŪǤꡤʸˡˤĤƤݼŪǤäȤȤ

A radical force is defined as anything that promotes change in language; conservative forces tend to preserve the existing status. Now it is obvious that the printing press, the reading habit, the advances of learning and science, and all forms of communication are favorable to the spread of ideas and stimulating to the growth of the vocabulary, while these same agencies, together with social consciousness . . . work actively toward the promotion and maintenance of a standard, especially in grammar and usage. . . . We shall accordingly be prepared to find that in modern times, changes in grammar have been relatively slight and changes in vocabulary extensive. This is just the reverse of what was true in the Middle English period. Then the changes in grammar were revolutionary, but, apart from the special effects of the Norman Conquest, those in vocabulary were not so great.


ʤۤɡŪʼҲϡ줿ǤäФƤϡषä¥ΤĤǤʸˡФƤϵŪʰϤä˺ѤʡֶŪʡפָŪʡפɤؤƤ⤽ΤޤƤϤޤꤽʤΤǡ䤿ˤʬ䤹ˡ
ΰѤǤ⤷ΤϡǸ˶ѸѸ椷ƤȤѸǤϡ嵭Τ褦ʽ郎ʤäˡषä˴ؤݼŪǤꡤʸˡ˴ؤƵ޿ŪäȽҤ٤Ƥ롥֥Υޥˤե󥹸̤ʱƶƤϡפȤȤԤѸθûȤƤϡ˥ե󥹸줫̤μѸ줬פ⤫ӡ褷ơݼŪפȤϤʤϤϤޤüʻǤȤƤ֤ƤСΤ˾嵭δѻϤ褽äƤ褦˻פ롥Baugh and Cable ϡŪŪ˵ҡʬϤɾ뤬Ȥɤ˺Τ褦ΰ̲ߤ륱⤢ꡤɤǤȯ롥

Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.

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2013-11-07 Thu

#1655. ɤΤܤɤΤ [reading][writing][grammatology]

ͤ񤭸դɤ򤹤ȤǤϲäƤΤ1ĤȤơȯƸФơΩ (phonic mediation) ȤɤǤȤּɤ (reading by ear; bottom-up theory; Phoenician theory) 롥ΩϤʤʸľܤ˰̣Ϣ뤷ƤȤܤɤ (reading by eye; top-down theory, Chinese theory) 롥ԤˤȡɼԤϸμȷиˡ⳰˴ؤ䤤ʤʸɤ߲򤯤ΤȤμ¸ʤƤ뤬ɤ⤬ͭŤ̤ϽФƤʤˤȤäͭʷ̤ʷ̤⤢ꡤ꤬ʤ褦Ǥ롥Crystal (124--26) 򻲾ȤĤġʲˤ줾ޤȤ褦

[ reading by ear ٻ ]

(1) ɼԤ1ʬ֤25010--20ߥä1ʸǧ롥®٤ϼȯäȤ褽פΩ򼨺롥
(2) 񤭸դˤϡɼԤˤȤä̤ΤΡ٤θ줬䤹ɼԤϤθγơˤĤƲŪʲɤ򶯤뤳Ȥˤʤ롥Ĺ񤷤ñ˶ڤäȯƤߤиϡïäƤ
(3) 񤷤ʸϤɤȤɼԤϤФпưȤȯ˻ʤȤƤ⡤ϲδͿ뤳Ȥ򼨺ΤǤϤʤ
(4) 񤭤λΤΤˤѰۤ뤬ɼԤϤб뤳ȤǤ롥ΤˡܤǤ٤ƤѰ̤ۤƤꤹΤ񤬤롥षɼԤʸѰۤ򲻱٥줵뤳ȤˤäƤбƤΤǤϤʤ
(5) ܤɤǤϡƸ줬ˡŪɽȷӤĤ줿֤Ǿ˳ǼƤȹͤʤФʤʤǾˤȤäôȤʤΤǤϤʤ

[ reading by eye ٻ ]

(5) ɼԤ two too Τ褦ƱָǤ蘆ʤtear /tɪə/ tear /tɛə/ Τ褦Ʊְ۲ˤǤ蘆ʤ𤹤ǤϡΤȤʤ
(6) ŪɴԤΤʤˤϡʸ򲻱ؤѴǤʤɤǤԤ롥ϡܤ̣ľܤˤĤʤϩ¸ߤƤ뤳Ȥ̣롥
(7) 嵭 (1) ȿơ1ʬ֤500ʾɤ®ɲȤ롥ܤɤǤϡܤ500ʾȤ館ƤȲ᤹л­롥
(8) ɼԤʸñ̤ǤϤʤñ̤ǤΤۤ®ǧǤºݤˤΤ褦ɤǤ롥ϡthe word superiority effect ȸƤФƤ롥
(9) ֻȯЪΥʤˡȲϢƤʤ㤬¿롥ǧˤƤ⡤ξԤϴطƤʤΤǤϤʤ
(10) Ǥạ̵̈ºݤ¸ߤΤۤǧưפǤ뤳Ȥ鼨褦ˡ⼡βȹͤ롥

ξȤ߹碌˿¤ꤽǤ롥ɼԤϡ񤭸դɤݤˡȤäƤ뤷ܤȤäƤ롥γϡɲȤμˤäƤ⡤ɼԤɤǽϤˤäƤۤʤʸηϤμˤä礭ۤʤΤǤϤʤ嵭ϡȤƥե٥åȤǽ񤫤줿ʸϤɤळȤ˴ؤʤɤɽʸξˤϾϤʤۤʤ
ɽʸ (logographic) ǤŪɤܸɤ߼ȤƤϡɤǤʤ̣ʬϸ뤳Ȥӻܡפ /ˤۤ/ /ˤäݤ/ פ // // ʤɡȯϤɤǤɤФȤϤФФǤ롥ľŪˤäƤ⡤Τ褦ʾˤϲ𤷤ƤȤϻפʤ (195) 񤭸դδ¿θ줬֥饸׸ǤΤФܸϡ֥ƥӷ׸ǤȽҤ٤񤭸դΡַפˤäơɼԤμܤάŪХ󥹤ѤΤǤϤʤ
Ϣơ#422. ʸμ ([2010-06-23-1]) 򻲾ȡѸŪˤϡ#1332. ѸȶѸֻηϤܼŪʺ ([2012-12-19-1]) ؤäƤ

Crystal, David. How Language Works. London: Penguin, 2005.
סܸȳ١ȽŹ1990ǯ

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