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ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2022-08-16 Tue

#4859. 1ʣ̾2Ǥΰ̣ط [compound][compounding][semantics][morphology][word_formation][word]

ʣΤưŪǤޤޤ̾̾졤뤤̾ȷƻǤʤΤ1ʣ̾ȸƤ֡ (56--57) ꡤѸܸ줫󤲤Ƥߤ褦Ȥ櫓2Ǵ֤ΰ̣طܤ줿

a. 2ܤ̾줬ǽ̾˻Ƥ
catfish ʥʥޥˡeggplant ʥʥˡ껱ۤ

b. 2ܤ̾줬ǽ̾Ӥɽ
ashtray ʳˡbirdcage Ļˡ֥饷

c. 2ܤ̾줬ǽ̾ΰǤ
doorknob ʥɥμüˡpianokey ʥԥΤθסˡƬ𤸤

d. 2ܤ̾줬ǽ̾Ф
honeybee ʥߥĥХˡsilkworm ʥˡȥ

e. ǽñ줬ƻ2ܤ̾Ǥ
darkroom ʰżˡblackboard ʹġˡĿ桤ֿ


1Ǥ2Ǥ򢤤ȤȡΤ褦ˤޤȤ

a. Τ褦ʢ
b. Τ΢
c. ΢
d. 뢤
e. ʢ

ŵŪ2Ǵ֤ΰ̣ط㼨ΤˤʤʣˤϤ¾͡ʰ̣ط롥㤨С#4856. Ĺʣ --- farm produce delivery truck repair shop ([2022-08-13-1]) student film society committee scandal ְͿȹפʤɤϤɤǴ֤ΰ̣طϤ줤Ǥʤ餤¿ͤǤ롥

򹯡2ϡסоȡѸؤδá١ʻ 졦⸫ ˡ ס 򹯡 ס ʡ¼ ҡˡˡǡ2013ǯ

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2022-08-13 Sat

#4856. Ĺʣ --- farm produce delivery truck repair shop [word][compounding][compound][word_formation][morphology]

ε#4855. ʣǧ --- blackboard ʣ black board ϶ ([2022-08-12-1]) ³ʣ (compound) ꡥѸ¸ߴƤ1ĤĹ̾Ϣʣ礬롥¿ξ򶹤ڡ˵ͤߤȤ󲽼ҲΥˡȿǤƤΤWorld Heath Organization, Trades union congress centenary, New York City Ballet School instructor, railway station waiting room murder inquiry verdict ʤˤȤޤʤʹʤɤСǤ򽸤뤳ȤǤcf. #399. Ѹ˵äƤѲ ([2010-05-31-1])#629. Ѹο쥵 Word Spy ([2011-01-16-1])#860. ѸѲѰۤΰ ([2011-09-04-1]
(52--53) ϡѸܸĹʣ󤲤ʤ顤Ρַ֤ǽ (recursive) ܤƤ롥

farm produce delivery truck repair shop ǺΤ줿ʪãѥȥåνŹ
student film society committee scandal inquiry ʳDz趨ѰΥĴ
bathroom towel rack designer training ἼѥݤΥǥʡ
bathroom towel rack designer training program committee ἼѥݤΥǥʡײѰ
Ϳȹ
̳Ĵ
ǯϫƯưٱ
϶̺ұкư

ξȤ⡤Τ褦ǤĤʤˤƤǤĹʣФƤȤǤ롥줬 "recursive" ΰ̣Ǥ롥§ȤƺǸ˸ǡʲˤ̣ŪʼȤʤꡤʣ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥
ˡ嵭κǸǡˤɤޤĹĤʤ뤫ĩ路Ƥߤ϶̺ұкưμɮĹôʽԻȻٱ²ưפȤΤϤǤ礦recursive ʤΤǥ꤬ʤ50ʸǻߤޤˡ

򹯡2ϡסоȡѸؤδá١ʻ 졦⸫ ˡ ס 򹯡 סܹʡ¼ ҡˡˡǡ2013ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2022-08-16-1]

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2022-08-12 Fri

#4855. ʣǧ --- blackboard ʣ black board ϶ [word][compounding][compound][word_formation][phrase][morphology][syntax][terminology]

ΩʣȤ߹碌ơ1ĤθФʣ (compounding) ȤΤ褦ˤƷ줿Τʣ (compound) ȤʣʸˤʬˤĤƤϡ#924. ʣʬ ([2011-11-07-1])#2652. ʣ̾ΰ̣Ūʬ ([2016-07-31-1]) 򻲾Ȥ줿
ϡʣȶ (phrase) ɤΤ褦˶̤ΤȤ夲롥ξԤȤΩʣȤ߹碌ƺȤǤƱ̤ʣϷŪñ̤ǤꡤŪñ̤Ǥȶ̤ƤȤ館롥㤨Сblack board ʹġˤ϶ blackboard ʹġˤʣȽǤ뤬ɤΤ褦˶̤Τʤֻ2Ǵ֤˥ڡ֤Ƥ뤫ɤϴŪˡˤܼŪʷȤϤʤʤȤ˽Ҥ٤Ƥ
ʣǧˤĤơ (39) 3򼨤

a. ̣˴ؤŪʤΡ
2ġʤޤϤʾˤñ줬ޤȤޤʤȤΤΰ̣ʬΰ̣Ūʤ硤ΤޤȤޤʣǤ롥ʰ̣

b. ֤˴ؤŪʤΡ
2Ĥñ줬ޤȤޤʤȤξԤδ֤¾Ǥʤ䡤ǽñΤߤ򽤾ñ줬դʤ硤ΤޤȤޤʣǤ롥ʷŪʶ̩

c. Ūʴʸ̸ͭǡǤϱѸξ
2Ĥñ줬ޤȤޤʤȤ1ǽñ֤硤ΤޤȤޤʣǤ롥


black board blackboard ζŪʥڥǾ嵭δǧƤߤ褦black ʹˤ board ġˤȤ2ĤΩñȤΰ̣ΤäƤС̣­ˤ black board ΰֹ̣ġפưפ˳ФȤǤ롥blackboard ϰŪʹĤǤϤʤعǤμȤʤӤΤ˻ȤΤˤĤ줿̾Ǥ롥顤ºݤˤп˶ᤫäȤƤ blackboard ȤȤǤ롥blackboard ñʰ̣­ˤäͽۤ뤳ȤǤʤüʰ̣ĤΤǤʰ̣ˡ
ˡǤ black board ˤĤƤ very black board blacker board Τ褦 black ΰ̣ĴӤ뤳ȤǤ뤬ʣǤ blackboard ˤĤƤ *very blackboard *blackerboard Τ褦ˤ뤳Ȥϵʤʣ2Ǥδطޤ˶̩ǤʷŪʶ̩ˡ
Ǹˡ blàck bóard ʣ bláckbòard ȤǤϡ֤ʬۤʤ롥ԤϰŪʶζѥ˽ԤϰŪʸζѥ˽äƤ롥
嵭ʣǧϡʤ (word) ΤΤǧȽŤʤȤ¿δϢˤĤƤϡ#910. ʤ񤷤 (1) ([2011-10-24-1])#911. ʤ񤷤 (2) ([2011-10-25-1])#912. ʤ񤷤 (3) ([2011-10-26-1])#921. ʤ񤷤 (4) ([2011-11-04-1])#922. ʤ񤷤 (5) ([2011-11-05-1]) ׻ȡ

򹯡2ϡסоȡѸؤδá١ʻ 졦⸫ ˡ ס 򹯡 ס ʡ¼ ҡˡˡǡ2013ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2025-02-26-1] [2022-08-13-1]

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2021-12-22 Wed

#4622. 񤭸դˤ춭ɽ路 [writing][distinctiones][word][syntax][grammatology][alphabet][kanji][hiragana][katakana][punctuation]

ñʬ (distinctiones) 뤫³ (scriptura continua) 뤫ϡʸʸȤ˰ۤʤäƤ뤷ƱʸʸǤӤˤäѤ뤳ȤäѸǤʬ񤭤ΤȻפƤ뤬űѸѸǤñ֤˥ڡۤȤɸʤʸϤˤäcf #3798. űѸδˤʬ񤭡 ([2019-09-20-1])ˡդܸǤ³񤭤ΤȻפƤ뤬ĻؽѤ˽񤫤줿ʿ̾ΤߤʸϤǤϡɤߤ䤹뤿˰տŪʬ񤭤뤳Ȥ⤢cf. #1112. ʬ (1) ([2012-05-13-1]
ŪˤСΤ褦ɽʸ䲾̾Τ褦ʲʥ⡼ʸ³񤭤뤳Ȥ¿ΤФñʸʥե٥åȡˤʬ񤭤뤳Ȥ¿Ϥޤ෿ηˤʤ񤭸դˤʤȤϡ餫ˡǸȸζ뤳ȤǤ롥ñ֤˥ڡ򤪤Ȥϡ¸ˡ1Ĥˤʤ
춭뤿ǤС⥹ڡˤɬפϤʤʸʸϤȡ㤨̥ʸˤƤʤɤǸڤȤˡƤץȾݷʸǿ̾ȤǰϤ५ȥ (cartouche) Τ褦ˡ⤢äˤĤƤϡ#3044. űѸˤʬ񤭡 ([2017-08-27-1]) ⻲ȡˡ
ޤˡʤ뤤ϤФСʸǽȤ§Сʸ춭򼨤Ȥˤʤꡤʬ񤭤ʤɤ¾ˡäɬפȤʤʤºݡꥷǤϸ˾ʸʤᡤʬ񤭤ɬܤǤϤʤäإ֥饤䥢ӥʤɤǤϡƱʸǤǤäƤѤ뤫ʳѤ뤫ˤۤʤʸηϤ⤢롥
ܸδʸ򤸤ʸǤϡǽ񤫤뤳Ȥ¿Ωʿ̾ǽ񤫤뤳Ȥ¿°줬ߤ˷֤ȤħġΤŵŪˤʿ̾ڤؤȤ춭Ȱפ롥ʬŪˤǤϤ졤춭θʬΤˤȤȤ
Ǹˡ#1114. ̾ϢʤϷѤ ([2012-05-15-1]) Ǹ褦ˡ񤭼꤬θñ̡㤨иˤ񤭽ȤǤäɮ夲ʤɤδȯã뤳Ȥ롥ȡڤפΤޤ޸춭򼨤Ȥˤʤ롥
Τ褦˸źʸʸįƤߤȡ춭ɽ魯ˡ¿¿ͤǤ롥ѸǸƤʬ񤭤ͣФˡǤϤʤȤõƤ⤽Ѹθν񵭤ˤʬ񤭤νΤŪˤϸȯŸʤΤcf . #1903. ʬ񤭤ˡ ([2014-07-13-1]

Daniels, Peter T. "The History of Writing as a History of Linguistics." Chapter 2 of The Oxford Handbook of the History of Linguistics. Ed. Keith Allan. Oxford: OUP, 2013. 53--69.

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2020-02-01 Sat

#3932. ʬ񤭤ʤä鸡ؤθФȤȯۤФƤʤ [distinctiones][lexicography][word][dictionary][alphabet]

䤿ϡɽʸޤܸν񵭤ˤ³ (scriptura continua) ʤΤ˴Ƥꡤä򴶤ƤʤǤɽʸǤ륢ե٥åȤѤǡ⤷³񤭤ʤƤȡƬˤʤ롥ºݤˤϡϢεǼ夲Ƥ褦ˡ줬ŵꥷŵƥǤϾ֤äΤǤϤ뤬 (cf. #3929. ʤꥷȥޤ³񤭤Ѥ (1) ([2020-01-29-1])#3930. ʤꥷȥޤ³񤭤Ѥ (2) ([2020-01-30-1])#3931. θ경ʬ񤭡 ([2020-01-31-1]))
ͤδФ餹ȡե٥åȤʬ (distinctiones) ȤȯơäȤʤʬ񤭤ʤäɤʤΤ뤳Ȥ餷ʤ褯褯ͤƤߤȡʬ񤭤ˤζڤ꤬ΤʬȤΤϼ¤ˤ꤬ȤǤ롥³񤭤Ǥϡɤ߼꤬ζڤȽǤʤФʤʤ̤Ϣʤ³ڡΤʤǡ򸡺褦ȤȤʬ񤭤³񤭤ǤϡԡɤŷϤۤɰۤʤʬ񤭤ϡθȤȤ˳̿ŪǽΨ⤿餹Τ
ˡθ礿륵ӥȤ󶡤뼭 (dictionary) ý (glossary) ƼκͤƤߤ褦μǤϡùܤե٥åȽʤɤη줿ǡƬ˸ФȤΩƤƤ뤫餳䤹ΤǤäơ⤷䡹Ϣʤ³񤭤줿ʸΤʤŪθùܤθФõʤФʤʤȤ顤⤽⸡ӥѤ­ƤʤȤߤʤʬ񤭤ȤƤΤǤ롥ΤȤƵŤ餷ʤäȤ
Τ褦դƤ줿ΤϡSaenger (90) λŦǤ롥Ū³񤭤ä졤Ūʬ񤭤ȯãƤƽơѤ­뼭ŪʤΤ줿ΤȤƱͤˡե٥åȽ¤٤Ȥ⡤ܼŪˤʹߤ˽иȯۤȤäƤ

It is difficult to imagine an alphabetical dictionary functioning as a reference tool when written in scriptura continua, even after the codex had supplanted the scroll. For the Greeks and Romans, alphabetical order was chiefly an aid to grammarians in assembling collections of grammatical definitions, such as that of Pompeius Festus, and as a mnemonic tool for relatively short lists of names. The alphabetical principle was never used to facilitate rapid consultation, as in modern indexes.


ʬ񤭡ե٥åȽ硤ԻȤΤϡ٤ƴؤ꤬ȤȤϢơ#603. ǽαѱѼ A Table Alphabeticall (1) ([2010-12-21-1])#604. ǽαѱѼ A Table Alphabeticall (2) ([2010-12-22-1])#1451. Ѹ˾Υ󥳡󥹤ȴե٥åȼ ([2013-04-17-1])#2930. ϤȰθġؿջྶ١ ([2017-05-05-1])#3365. ϤȰθġؿջྶ (2) ([2018-07-14-1]) ⻲ȡ

Saenger, P. Space Between Words: The Origins of Silent Reading. Stanford, CA: Stanford UP, 1997.

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2020-01-31 Fri

#3931. θ경ʬ [word_order][syntax][distinctiones][silent_reading][inflection][word]

ϢѤƤ Space Between Words: The Origins of Silent Reading Saenger ϡʬ (distinctiones) δȯãƤطʤˤϡƥ줫ޥ󥹷Ͻθθ경ǤΤǤϤʤƤ롥
Ūˤ䤫äƥθ礬ե󥹸ʤɤȯŸSVOδܸظ경ƤäȤˤꡤɼԤθʶ˶ФռʤäƤΤǤϤʤȤޤθ경¹ԤƶޤοȤѲʹԤƤꡤԤɼԤθʶˤǧλ˱ƶͿƤȹͤ롥ơ⤦ʬ񤭤ȯã⡤ʤʶ˶ǧ̩ܤ˴ؤ롥θݤϤʶ˶ƱŻ뤹ȤͭƤꡤߤ䴰礦طˤäΤǤϤʤˤϡΤ褦ʣŪװؤäɤ®ɤνȯãƤˤʤȤΤ Saenger ήεŸ
̣1ĤϡʸϤɲ򤹤ˤäƤû˴ؤΤǤ롥礬Ūͳǡ³񤭤򤹤ŵƥˤƤϡɼԤ1ʸĹʸ򤸤äɤƤФʤʤʸǸޤɤǡΤΰ̣ǧɬפ롥ɤǤɼԤûˤŤô뤳Ȥˤʤǡϯɤ߾夲뤳ȤˤäƤô򤤤餫ڸ褦ȤƤȹͤ뤳ȤǤ롥
ƥޥ󥹽ʤɤΤ褦ˡٸ礬ޤäƤꡤʬ񤭤ʤƤСʸǼˤɤΤ褦Ǥ뤫ͽۤ䤹ʤƱˡñ켫Ϥڤʬݤ뤿ˡûˤô˸롥虜虜ϯɤ߾夲ʤȤ⡤®䤫ɲǤΤμͳ³񤭤ʿŪǤꡤθ경ʬ񤭤⡤180ٰۤʤΤΡϤʿŪȤȤǤ롥
⤦1ĤΤ⤷ϡ礦ɶޤοʤȸθ경ˤʸˡȹͤƤΤƱͤˡ³񤭤ʬ񤭤ؤΥեȤȹͤƤ᤬ȤȤȽˡϡΤ褦˥ڥǤȤ館Ƥ褦
Saenger (17) ΤޤȤʸϼ̤ꡥ

The evolution of rigorous conventions, both of word order and of word separation, had the similar and complementary physiological effect of enhancing the medieval reader's ability to comprehend written text rapidly and silently by facilitating lexical access.


Saenger, P. Space Between Words: The Origins of Silent Reading. Stanford, CA: Stanford UP, 1997.

Referrer (Inside): [2020-02-01-1]

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2020-01-30 Thu

#3930. ʤꥷȥޤ³񤭤Ѥ (2) [alphabet][distinctiones][punctuation][reading][writing][latin][greek][literacy][word]

ε ([2020-01-29-1]) ˰³ʤꥷȥޤ泤̤˹ԤʤƤʬ (distinctiones) Τơ³ (scriptura continua) ѤȤˤĤơ
Saenger ˤСˤϡɤȤ԰٤Ф븽ŪȯۤƤ֤ɽ񽬴ȤμҲŪʸ̮򤹤ɬפȤüŪˤСͤϤߤɤ®ɤ˴Ƥꡤɤߤ䤹פŻ뤹뤬奮ꥷޤθ¤줿͸ɤ߼ˤȤäơɤ԰٤ȤϸƬβɤΤȤǤꡤŪʡɤߤ䤹פɵ᤹ϤʤäΤȤʲSaenger βʹƤߤ褦 (11--12)

. . . the ancient world did not possess the desire, characteristic of the modern age, to make reading easier and swifter because the advantages that modern readers perceive as accruing from ease of reading were seldom viewed as advantages by the ancients. These include the effective retrieval of information in reference consultation, the ability to read with minimum difficulty a great many technical logical, and scientific texts, and the greater diffusion of literacy throughout all social strata of the population. We know that the reading habits of the ancient world, which were profoundly oral and rhetorical by physiological necessity as well as by taste, were focused on a limited and intensely scrutinized canon of literature. Because those who read relished the mellifluous metrical and accentual patterns of pronounced text and were not interested in the swift intrusive consultation of books, the absence of interword space in Greek and Latin was not perceived to be an impediment to effective reading, as it would be to the modern reader, who strives to read swiftly. Moreover, oralization, which the ancients savored aesthetically, provided mnemonic compensation (through enhanced short-term aural recall) for the difficulty in gaining access to the meaning of unseparated text. Long-term memory of texts frequently read aloud also compensated for the inherent graphic and grammatical ambiguities of the languages of late antiquity.
   Finally, the notion that the greater portion of the population should be autonomous and self-motivated readers was entirely foreign to the elitist literate mentality of the ancient world. For the literate, the reaction to the difficulties of lexical access arising from scriptura continua did not spark the desire to make script easier to decipher, but resulted instead in the delegation of much of the labor of reading and writing to skilled slaves, who acted as professional readers and scribes. It is in the context of a society with an abundant supply of cheap, intellectually skilled labor that ancient attitudes toward reading must be comprehended and the ready and pervasive acceptance of the suppression of word separation throughout the Roman Empire understood.


ѤκǸ˼Ƥ褦ˡͤ³񤭤˥եȤ뤳Ȥǡɤߤˤ򤢤ƹ褦ȤȤǤΤ⤷ʤδϡ˺Ƥʬ񤭤ؤȲ󵢤Ƥ򤹤Ǥ⼨ŪǤ롥Ϣơ#1903. ʬ񤭤ˡ ([2014-07-13-1]) ⻲ȡ

Saenger, P. Space Between Words: The Origins of Silent Reading. Stanford, CA: Stanford UP, 1997.

Referrer (Inside): [2020-02-01-1]

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2020-01-29 Wed

#3929. ʤꥷȥޤ³񤭤Ѥ (1) [alphabet][distinctiones][punctuation][reading][writing][latin][greek][indo-european][word]

ե٥åȤʬ (distinctiones) ³ (scriptura continua) ˤĤƤϡǶǤϡ#3926. ʬ񤭡ɽɽ ([2020-01-26-1]) ǡˤ distinctiones γƵǼ夲Ƥ
Saenger (9) ˤȡե٥åȤ첻ɽδޤ泤Ǥϡڡˤ뤫ˤ뤫ΰ㤤졤ʬ񤭤̤˹ԤʤƤȤꥷˤ첻ɽǽȤʤ˵ڤӡ³񤭤ޤ줿ȤȼΤ褦ˤʤ롥
ޤե٥åȻѤνʬ񤭤̤ˤäȤꥷ޻ˤ줬ѤȤʤꡤä³񤭤̲8ˤʤʬ񤭤Ƴ졤θ˰̲Ƹ˻롥
ʬ񤭤ϸߤǤ뤵Ƥ뤬첻ɽϤ᤿ŵδ֤ˡδѤ줿аޤȤȤǤϡʤ첻ɽƳˤꡤ䤿ˤȤä餫˻פʬ񤭤ѤȤʤꡤषɤߤˤȻפ³񤭤ȯãΤSaenger (9--10) ˤС첻ɽ³񤭤δ֤ˤ̩ܤʴطȤ

The uninterrupted writing of ancient scriptura continua was possible only in the context of a writing system that had a complete set of signs for the unambiguous transcription of pronounced speech. This occurred for the first time in Indo-European languages when the Greeks adapted the Phoenician alphabet by adding symbols for vowels. The Greco-Latin alphabetical scripts, which employed vowels with varying degrees of modification, were used for the transcription of the old forms of the Romance, Germanic, Slavic, and Hindu tongues, all members of the Indo-European language group, in which words were polysyllabic and inflected. For an oral reading of these Indo-European languages, the reader's immediate identification of words was not essential, but a reasonably swift identification and parsing of syllables was fundamental. Vowels as necessary and sufficient codes for sounds permitted the reader to identify syllables swiftly within rows of uninterrupted letters. Before the introduction of vowels to the Phoenician alphabet, all the ancient languages of the Mediterranean world---syllabic or alphabetical, Semitic or Indo-European---were written with word separation by either space, points, or both in conjunction. After the introduction of vowels, word separation was no longer necessary to eliminate an unacceptable level of ambiguity.
     Throughout the antique Mediterranean world, the adoption of vowels and of scriptura continua went hand in hand. The ancient writings of Mesopotamia, Phoenicia, and Israel did not employ vowels, so separation between words was retained. Had the space between words been deleted and the signs been written in scriptura continua, the resulting visual presentation of the text would have been analogous to a modern lexogrammatic puzzle. Such written languages might have been decipherable, given their clearly defined conventions for word order and contextual clues, but only after protracted cognitive activity that would have made fluent reading as we know it impractical. While the very earliest Greek inscriptions were written with separation by interpuncts, points placed at midlevel between words, Greece soon thereafter became the first ancient civilization to employ scriptura continua. The Romans, who borrowed their letter forms and vowels from the Greeks, maintained the earlier Mediterranean tradition of separating words by points far longer than the Greeks, but they, too, after a scantily documented period of six centuries, discarded word separation as superfluous and substituted scriptura continua for interpunct-separated script in the second century A.D.


ŸƤˤĤơϤ褯ǤƤʤ첻ɽƳη̡᤬Ʊꤷ䤹ʤäȤ褯狼ʤޤˤ줬äȤơʸɤ߼꤬ʬ񤭤ǤϤʤ³񤭤˥եȤȤƤⲿȤɤǤ롤ȤޤǤǤ뤬ʤ³񤭤ѶŪ˥եȤΤǤ롥εϡöŪŤˤʤ褦˻פ롥
첻ʸȯƥե٥åȤˤꥷͤɤߤˤ³񤭤˥եȤȤΤϡ̷⤷Ƥ褦˴롥ºݡ¿ԤǺޤ³Ƥ褦 (Saenger 10)
ꥷͤˤ첻ʸƳȤʸ˾βŪʽˤĤƤϡ#423. ե٥åȤˡ ([2010-06-24-1]) #2092. ե٥åȤ첻ľɽ魯Τ ([2015-01-18-1]) 򻲾ȡ

Saenger, P. Space Between Words: The Origins of Silent Reading. Stanford, CA: Stanford UP, 1997.

Referrer (Inside): [2020-02-01-1] [2020-01-30-1]

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2017-04-18 Tue

#2913. Chinese character ǤϤʤ Chinese spelling ȸƤ֤٤ [grammatology][kanji][alphabet][word][writing][spelling]

(43) ˤɤǤơȤɽʸΰĤҤȤĤϡѸʤɤǤȤֻȤǡChinese character ǤϤʤ Chinese spelling ȸƤŬڤǤ롤ȤܤγФ褦ʻŦˤʤ餵줿

ȤΤϡΰİĤλܸΡ֤פȤ֤פȤ뤤ϱѸ a Ȥ b ȤλΤǤϤʤΰİĤλϡѸΰİĤΡ֤ĤŤסʥڥ󥰡ˤΤǤ롥פ sun ⤷ day ˡַפ moon ⤷ month 롥ѸΰİĤñ줬줾ȼΤĤŤĤ褦ˡΰİĤñϤ줾ȼʸĤΤǤ롥Ǥ뤫餷ơΤȤѸ Chinese characters ʥʸʸˤȸɡष Chinese spellings ʥʸΤĤŤˤȹͤۤ褤
ȤɤѸΥե٥åȤϤäϻǡDzǤ񤱤Τˡϲ⤢뤫ऺȸͤ뤬ȤͤϤʤ餺ХǤ롥Ρפ sun day ˤ롥ַפ moon month ˤ롥 sun moon ΤΤĤŤϡϤİĤܤۤʤΤ줭äȤǤ롥̾ϻ餫餯餤Ǥ롥ѸǤ̾ñοϻ餫餯餤Ǥ롥ʤ餤ʤΤǤ롥ǰİĤδ路ƤΤϰĤΰ̣İĤβǤꡤפˤַפˤ褽βϰĤʤΤ顤षѸΥڥ󥰤䤵⤷ʤ


Τˡθ¿ͥƤ롥ե٥åȤ <a>, <b>, <c> γʸϡǤиФ𴧤䤷ˤ礦ʤ뤤Ϥ꾮ʤˤ餬ŬڤˡȤ߹蘆뤳ȤˤäơƤθλѼԤˤȤäƺǤỤ̄ͭñ̤ȴָפȤʤ롥ָפȤñ̤ˤޤǤäƤμ³֤פȸƤ֤ȤСΤ <sun> <sunshine> <> <> ⤤֤פǤ롥ե٥åȤˤƤˤƤ⡤̤ɸϡָפȤñ̤ɽ魯ȤǤǶ̤ƤΤ顤ǰѸ줹뤳ȤǽǤ롥
ʸκǽפεǽ1Ĥɽ쵡ǽ (logographic function) Ǥ뤳ȤϡǤܥ֥¿βսǽҤ٤Ƥ㤨Сʲε򻲾ȡˡѸֻȴǽŪʴƱǤȤȯۤϡʸɽɽθ§򥵥ݡȤƤΤΤ褦˻פ롥

#284. Ѹֻȴζ ([2010-02-05-1])
#285. Ѹֻȴζ (2) ([2010-02-06-1])
#1332. ѸȶѸֻηϤܼŪʺ ([2012-12-19-1])
#1386. Ѹʹߤ˳ΩƤɸֻηϤħ ([2013-02-11-1])
#2043. Ѹֻɽַǡ ([2014-11-30-1])
#2344. ɽʸɽʸɽʸ ([2015-09-27-1])
#2389. ʸηϤεȯã (1) ([2015-11-11-1])
#2429. ե٥åȤȤ ([2015-12-21-1])

ˡشܿ͡١ʸ麽սҡ2001ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2018-09-30-1] [2017-04-19-1]

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2016-09-12 Mon

#2695. Ѹˤʬ񤭤ζ [punctuation][manuscript][writing][scribe][word][prosody][oe][inscription][distinctiones]

αѸν񵭤Ǥ뤵Ƥʬ (distinctiones) ŤˤǤϤʤष³ (scriptio continua) ̤äȤˤĤơ#1903. ʬ񤭤ˡ ([2014-07-13-1]) ǽҤ٤ºݡűѸʸʤɤǤϸζڤ꤬ʤΤ¿űѸѸμܤˤƤ⸽ΰӤʬ񤭤ϤޤãƤʤ
ʬ񤭤ȤݤΤΤʤä櫓ǤϤʤ#572. ¸ǸŤαʸ ([2010-11-20-1]) ǤߤǽΥ롼ʸʸǤ顤ȸδ֤˶ǤϤʤȤ⾮ݤ֤Ƥꡤʬ񤭤ԤʤƤȤ狼뤷7餤ޤǤˤϼܤ˵줿ѸˤƤ⡤֤ζϹԤʤƤݥȤϡֹԤʤƤפȤȡָ˰ӤƹԤʤƤפȤȤϰۤʤȤȤʬ񤭤ؤΰܹԤϡŤ³񤭤ξ˿ʬ񤭤ˡˤ֤äƤǤꡤξν¸ߤ֤ĹäΤǤ롥Ѹζˡ (punctuation) ˤˤĤư̤˸褦ˡֶεϤ뤳ȤϤʤޤǽ񤭼Ŀͤΰջ֤Ǽͳ˥ȥ뤷Ƥ褤ʪä
񤭼ˤ϶֤֤ʤμͳͿƤǤϤʤ֤ˡɤĹΥڡ뤫ȤͳͿƤ礦ɸѸʣˤơ2Ǵ֤Υʤ֤뤫 (flowerpot)ϥե뤫 (flower-pot)Υ֤뤫 (flower pot) 񤭼ȽǤ˰ѤͤƤΤȻ褦ʾǤ롥䡤ξˤϤ3Ĥ褷ʤξˤ϶̯̤ˤĴȤʥŪʼͳͿƤΤǤ롥㤨С礭Ūñ̤̣Ūñ̤ޤȤᤢ뤿Ĺζ֤줿ꡤǥ٥ξñ̤ζɽ魯Τ˶Ϥʶ֤ʤɡ񤭼θ촶Фܾ̯ȿǤ줿
Crystal (11-12) ϤξÆlfric ⶵ󤲤Ƥ롥

Very often, some spaces are larger than others, probably reflecting a scribe's sense of the way words relate in meaning to each other. A major sense-break might have a larger space. Words that belong closely together might have a small one. It's difficult to show this in modern print, where word-spaces tend to be the same width, but scribes often seemed to think like this:

     we bought   a cup of tea   in the cafe

The 'little' words, such as prepositions, pronouns, and the definite article, are felt to 'belong' to the following content words. Indeed, so close is this sense of binding that many scribes echo earlier practice and show them with no separation at all. Here's a transcription of two lines from one of Ælfric's sermons, dated around 990.

     þærwæronðagesewene twegenenglas onhwitumgẏrelū;
     þær wæron ða gesewene twegen englas on hwitum gẏrelū;
     
     'there were then seen two angels in white garments'
     
     
     Eacswilc onhisacennednẏsse wæronenglasgesewene'.
     Eacswilc on his acennednẏsse wæron englas gesewene'.
     
     'similarly at his birth were angels seen'

The word-strings, separated by spaces, reflect the grammatical structure and units of sense within the sentence.


äդǤϡٻ (pause) (intonation) ĴʤɤޤƼαΧŪʼʤǤȻ褦ʵǽ̤Ȥǽ񤭸դǤˡͿƤȤΤϡषˤϸʤħȤ٤Ǥ롥Ϣơ#1910. ٻߡ ([2014-07-20-1]) ⻲ȡ

Crystal, David. Making a Point: The Pernickety Story of English Punctuation. London: Profile Books, 2015.

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2015-05-24 Sun

#2218. concrete vs abstract word [word][morphology][inflection][terminology][generative_grammar]

Ullmann (43--44) ˡ (word) ߤȤơɸΩ󤲤Ƥ롥츫ȡΩϸΰ̣ŪŪ̾Ǥж̾줫̾줫ȤΩΤȤ뤬ºݤˤ Ullmann ϷŪʴ concrete abstract ȤƻѤƤ롥Ullmann (43--44) "the contrast between 'concrete' and 'abstract' word-structure" ˴ؤߤƤߤ褦

In Latin and other highly inflected languages it often happens that a word does not exist in an abstract state, as a pure designation of the thing it stands for: there is annus, nominative singular, annum, accusative singular, annorum, genitive plural, etc., but no single form denoting the idea of 'year' as such, without specifying its function in the sentence. In this sense, the Latin word is concrete, i.e. grammatically determined, whereas the French an or the English year are abstract, grammatically neutral until they are embedded in a specific utterance.


δ餹ȡƥӤͭűѸθϤƤ concrete ǤꡤФ븽ѸθϤƤ abstract ȤȤˤʤ롥Ѹ stone ϷŪŪˡСסܸθ⤿ƤŪʤΤǤΤޤޥѥƤ뤳ȤǤˤɽ魯ȤǤ뤬űѸ stān ϡСפɽ魯Τߤʤ餺Ūʾ󡤤ʤʡʤ뤤гʡˤǤ뤳ȤƱ˼Ƥ롥षŪʾ򼨤ȤʤñŪˡСפɽ魯ˡʤȸäƤ褤ˤŪ¿ξޤޤʤȤǡűѸ stān ʤꡤζ޷Ǥ stānes, stāne, stānas, stāna, stānum ʤϡŪʸǤȤ롥
Τ褦ʶŪʸϡŪ˻ȤȤ㤨м䥰å꡼ԻȤˤϡǺޤ󼨤롥ɤη򸫽ФȤ٤Ф褤ʤФʤʤ¿οͤˤȤäƼʤη֤֤Τ̾δФ⤷ʤϸسؽ̤Ƽʷ֤ɽǤȴ餵Ƥ⤷ʤΤŪˤʤ¾γʤ椷ۤƤ롤äɽȤФ٤Ǥ롤ȤȤϵǤΤ⤷ʤǤŬڤǤ뤫ɤϤɤΤ褦˷Ф褤Τ㤨СŪˤϺ뤫⤷ʤʸˡˤŪʴĤޤºݤȯäˤΤȤΤʤ֤򡤼θФΩƤȤȤϤꤦ롥ޤűѸưϡΥե󥹸ɥĸʤɤƱͤˡ򸫽ФΩƤΤ㤨ľˡ1;ñߤη֤ǷǤưͳϤʤ褦˻פ롥
ͤƤߤСѸθűѸӤŪǤȤǡ̾ˤʣޤ⤢뤷ưˤϳƼζ޷롥äơФηˤϡϤꤢٶŪʸ줬ФƤȤͤ롥㤨Сstone ϡñͭʤ򼨤Ƥ¤ˤơŪǤ롥ǤϡŪʸȤΤΤ⤷ʤʸˡȤǤСˤ餺 concrete word Ȥ surface form ΤȤǤꡤabstract word Ȥ underlying form ΤȤǤȰŪ򤹤Τ

Ullmann, Stephen. Semantics: An Introduction to the Science of Meaning. 1962. Barns & Noble, 1979.

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2014-07-20 Sun

#1910. ٻ [prosody][syntagma_marking][terminology][word]

ءΧˤٻ (pause) 뤤ϵٻ߸ (pausal phenomena) ȤϡüԤȯäˤ̵֤Ǥ롥ŪʴߤСٻߤȯ©ѤΤɬפʻ֤Ȥ뤷ȯäΤνλ֤ȤŪʴߤȡ첻ȯʤΤ鲿ⵡǽ̤ʤΤ褦˹ͤ줽ϸǤ롥̵Ūʸ̤褦ˡٻߤޤŪʵǽ̤
ƣ (57) ˤСٻߤȤϡäˤȤäơץߥͥ󥹤ϢưƸ̤򤢤뤿̵֤ǤꡤʹˤȤäơİ褷Ƥ򶯲뤿ɬפʻ֡פ롥ǤϡٻߤäλСʹ˽פ̤Ƥ뤳ȤƤ롥塤̣塤þΥץߥͥ󥹡ΩˤɸΤ夫饵ݡȤ뵡ǽȤ
ٻߤΤĤ⤦1ĤθŪǽϡʸˡŪʶɸ뤳ȤǤ (Crystal 355) üԤϡʸι¤ڤܤǵٻߤ뤳ȤˤꡤʹʬϤˤô򸺤餷Ƥ뤳ȤǤ롥Crystal Ϥεǽ juncture pause ȸƤǤ뤬ϺѸǤС#976. syntagma marking ([2011-12-29-1]) εǽ϶Ȥʤ¾αΧŪʼʤˤäƤ¸줦Τ顤ٻߤ⡤ϥǤȤϤμʤƱ˰֤ŤΤ
ޤ̾ȯäǤϰδ֤˵ٻߤƤ櫓ǤϤʤŪˤϤɤθ춭ʾˤäƤϷǶˤˤٻߤ֤ȤǤΤǡ (word) ƱꤹŪǽäƤȤ⤤롥 potential pause ȸƤФ롥γǰϡǵٻߤ֤ȤФˤǤʤȤȤްդΤǤϤʤϸζǵٻߤۤä̤Ǥ뤳Ȥϴְ㤤ʤʤζˤȤȤϸؾκ1ĤȤȤ#910. ʤ񤷤 (1) ([2011-10-24-1])#911. ʤ񤷤 (2) ([2011-10-25-1])#912. ʤ񤷤 (3) ([2011-10-26-1])#921. ʤ񤷤 (4) ([2011-11-04-1])#922. ʤ񤷤 (5) ([2011-11-05-1]) εǰäƤٻߤȤָ餷ʤ׸ݤ˸ͿƤȤΤ̣
ٻߤĹտŪ֤ȡŪŪʰ̣ӤӻϤᡤ̵Ȥƥ꡼ذܹԤǤϹͻ䰦뤬٤ٻߤΤ⤦1ĤθŪʵǽǤ롥
ʤ̣Ǥεٻߤϡʸ̵̤Τ (silent pause) Ǥʤah er ʤɤΤĤʤ (filler) ȤƼ¸ͭεٻ (filled pause) ޤߤ롥filled pause ϡҤι¤Ūʵǽ (juncture pause) ϾʤȤʬŪΩƤꡤäѤ򼨤Τǡ̤ hesitation pause ȸƤ֤Ȥ⤢롥

ƣ ˡŸ˾ܸ١ҡ1996ǯ
Crystal, David, ed. A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics. 6th ed. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2008. 295--96.

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2013-01-13 Sun

#1357. lexeme ʸǡˤȤϲ [lexeme][terminology][semantics][morphology][word][idiom][word][morpheme]

lexeme ʸǡˤϤΥ֥Ǥ⤿ޤ˽ФƤѸΤ褦Ȥ񤷤#22. ǥȱѸˡ ([2009-05-20-1]) ǤƤϡФȤޤǤϤʤĤαѸؼŵ򻲾ȤơɤΤ褦ʸñ̤Ǥ뤫lexeme ˤϤĤΥץ롥

(1) morpheme ʷǡˤ word ʸˤӤñ̤Ȥơmorpheme ϡ#886. ǤˤޤĤ̻Ū ([2011-09-30-1]) ǿ줿褦ˡǤϤʤBloomfield θŵŪˤ "a linguistic form which bears no partial phonetic-semantic resemblance to any other form" (Section 10.2) Ǥ롥word ϡ##910,911,912,921,922 Ǽ夲褦ˡ񤷤̣ͭŪñ̤Ǥ뤳Ȥˤϰ㤤ʤlexeme Ʊͤ˷ñ̤Ǥ롥ηˤϰ̣տ路Ƥ뤬lexeme ϤޤǤηỌ̇̄ͻΤǤ뵭ΤηʬؤǤϡmorpheme, word, lexeme Τΰ㤤ϤɤˤΤ㤨Сunderstand 12Ĥη under- -stand Ȥ롥θΰ̣2ĤηǤΰ̣¤ˤϤʤäƤ餺̣ΤȤ1ĤβȸʤʤǤϡñ̤Ọ̇̄ñ̤Ȥ줤бƤʤȤȤˤʤ롥Ʊͤˡput up with Ȥǥϡ3Ǥ3줫äƤ뤬̣ñ̤ȤƤϤϤ1ĤβǤ롥Ǥ⡤ñ̤Ọ̇̄ñ̤ȤäƤ롥ǡunderstand put up with ʬǤʤ1Ĥΰ̣ĤΤ顤Ūˤб1Ĥñ̤ꤹΤǤϤʤȤͤ롥줬 lexeme Ǥ롥 UNDERSTAND PUT UP WITH ϡ줾1Ĥ lexeme ȤƻȤ뤳ȤǤ褦ˤʤälexeme ʸɽΤˡ
(2) 1ĤθΤߤ°Ȥơwater ˤ̾ư줬롥ĤޤꡤƱǤϤ뤬ۤʤ2Ĥθ°Ƥ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥̾ȤƤ water ưȤƤ water ̰뤳ȤǤ褦ˡword Ȥϰۤʤ lexeme Ȥñ̤ΩƤǤ롥ñ water ʣ waters ̾ lexeme ȤƤ WATER μ¸Ǥꡤ waterñ waters watered-ing watering ʤɤư lexeme ȤƤ WATER μ¸Ǥ롥
(3) ¸ۤʤޤȤᤢ뤿ɽȤơgo, goes, went, going, going Ϥ줾֤ۤʤ뤬ˤ lexeme GO Ǥ롥δ lexeme ϡheadword, citation form, lemma ʤɤȸƤؤ뤳ȤǽǤ롥

ľŪˤСˤơФ뤤ɤ߸ФȤϿƤꡤ̣ͿƤȻפ褦ʷñ̤ȤäƤФ褵̩񤷤ؼԡʳɡˤˤä͡󵯤ƤȤǤϡmorpheme, word, lexeme Τ褦ʸñ̤ɽ魯ѸΰǤ롥ʤlexeme Ȥñ̤ռԻ줿ŪʳؽѱѱѼȤơCambridge International Dictionary of English (1995) 󤲤Ƥ

Bloomfield, Leonard. Language. 1933. Chicago and London: U of Chicago P, 1984.
Pearce, Michael. The Routledge Dictionary of English Language Studies. Abingdon: Routledge, 2007.

Referrer (Inside): [2022-09-05-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2013-01-13 Sun

#1357. lexeme ʸǡˤȤϲ [lexeme][terminology][semantics][morphology][word][idiom][word][morpheme]

lexeme ʸǡˤϤΥ֥Ǥ⤿ޤ˽ФƤѸΤ褦Ȥ񤷤#22. ǥȱѸˡ ([2009-05-20-1]) ǤƤϡФȤޤǤϤʤĤαѸؼŵ򻲾ȤơɤΤ褦ʸñ̤Ǥ뤫lexeme ˤϤĤΥץ롥

(1) morpheme ʷǡˤ word ʸˤӤñ̤Ȥơmorpheme ϡ#886. ǤˤޤĤ̻Ū ([2011-09-30-1]) ǿ줿褦ˡǤϤʤBloomfield θŵŪˤ "a linguistic form which bears no partial phonetic-semantic resemblance to any other form" (Section 10.2) Ǥ롥word ϡ##910,911,912,921,922 Ǽ夲褦ˡ񤷤̣ͭŪñ̤Ǥ뤳Ȥˤϰ㤤ʤlexeme Ʊͤ˷ñ̤Ǥ롥ηˤϰ̣տ路Ƥ뤬lexeme ϤޤǤηỌ̇̄ͻΤǤ뵭ΤηʬؤǤϡmorpheme, word, lexeme Τΰ㤤ϤɤˤΤ㤨Сunderstand 12Ĥη under- -stand Ȥ롥θΰ̣2ĤηǤΰ̣¤ˤϤʤäƤ餺̣ΤȤ1ĤβȸʤʤǤϡñ̤Ọ̇̄ñ̤Ȥ줤бƤʤȤȤˤʤ롥Ʊͤˡput up with Ȥǥϡ3Ǥ3줫äƤ뤬̣ñ̤ȤƤϤϤ1ĤβǤ롥Ǥ⡤ñ̤Ọ̇̄ñ̤ȤäƤ롥ǡunderstand put up with ʬǤʤ1Ĥΰ̣ĤΤ顤Ūˤб1Ĥñ̤ꤹΤǤϤʤȤͤ롥줬 lexeme Ǥ롥 UNDERSTAND PUT UP WITH ϡ줾1Ĥ lexeme ȤƻȤ뤳ȤǤ褦ˤʤälexeme ʸɽΤˡ
(2) 1ĤθΤߤ°Ȥơwater ˤ̾ư줬롥ĤޤꡤƱǤϤ뤬ۤʤ2Ĥθ°Ƥ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥̾ȤƤ water ưȤƤ water ̰뤳ȤǤ褦ˡword Ȥϰۤʤ lexeme Ȥñ̤ΩƤǤ롥ñ water ʣ waters ̾ lexeme ȤƤ WATER μ¸Ǥꡤ waterñ waters watered-ing watering ʤɤư lexeme ȤƤ WATER μ¸Ǥ롥
(3) ¸ۤʤޤȤᤢ뤿ɽȤơgo, goes, went, going, going Ϥ줾֤ۤʤ뤬ˤ lexeme GO Ǥ롥δ lexeme ϡheadword, citation form, lemma ʤɤȸƤؤ뤳ȤǽǤ롥

ľŪˤСˤơФ뤤ɤ߸ФȤϿƤꡤ̣ͿƤȻפ褦ʷñ̤ȤäƤФ褵̩񤷤ؼԡʳɡˤˤä͡󵯤ƤȤǤϡmorpheme, word, lexeme Τ褦ʸñ̤ɽ魯ѸΰǤ롥ʤlexeme Ȥñ̤ռԻ줿ŪʳؽѱѱѼȤơCambridge International Dictionary of English (1995) 󤲤Ƥ

Bloomfield, Leonard. Language. 1933. Chicago and London: U of Chicago P, 1984.
Pearce, Michael. The Routledge Dictionary of English Language Studies. Abingdon: Routledge, 2007.

Referrer (Inside): [2022-09-05-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2011-11-05 Sat

#922. ʤ񤷤 (5) [word][dictionary][lexicography][mental_lexicon]

ɸˤĤơ##910,911,912,921 ε³ԡؤθԤ㳰ʤ񹥤ʹ֤ŪǤϤʤȤȤ褯ΤäƤ롥ʬȤϲȤˤ䤤ФΤʤˤ⤫餺Ի˴ؤǽ餢뤫
Τμ (dictionary) ϡȸ¤ŶλʪǤꡤǾθϿ (lexicon) ȿǤƤ櫓ǤϤʤԤϡޤǸŪʽȿǤصŪʸåꥹȤǤ롥ȤΤϡԻԤϡԽ˺ݤưʲξ뤫Ǥ롥Lieber (27) ꡤԻԤθʤФʤʤѤ褦

the size of the dictionary, which determines the number of words it can hold;
the intended audience of the dictionary (adults, children, language learners, etc.);
whether a word has a sufficiently broad base of usage;
whether it's likely to last;
whether it's too specialized or technical for the intended audience;
for a word borrowed from another language, whether it's assimilated enough to be considered part of English.


ǯ online dictionary ζδˤꡤԹȤμεϹĤĤ롥online ȤϤɤ⡤ȤƤɼԤоݤȤʾ塤¾ξʤ
Τμ¿쾯ʤʣθѼԤ򥿡åȤˤ뤬mental lexicon ϸѼ԰ͤĤ¸ߤΤǤ롥ξԤĴ¤ȤȼΤ̵ʸʤΤ⤷ʤdictionary (mental) lexicon ȤѸδ֤˲ͤΰ㤤ǧ뤳ȤפǤ롥

Lieber, Rochelle. Introducing Morphology. Cambridge: CUP, 2010.

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2011-11-04 Fri

#921. ʤ񤷤 (4) [word][dictionary][lexicography][oed][mental_lexicon]

[2011-10-26-1]ε#912. ʤ񤷤 (3)פ (2) ǿ줿ˤϰ̣ԾܤǤˤ⤫餺ФȤƷǤƤΤꤦ롥ΰ̣ԾܤǤȤȤϼԻԤξǤȤǽӽǤʤˤ衤θ줬ŪΤƤʤǤȤȤ϶餯ְ㤤ʤ
OED ǤϡΤ褦ʸ줬ʤȤ77ĤϿƤ롥ʲϡOED "meaning obscure" 뤤 "obscure meaning" ȤɤˤФ줿Ǥ롥Lieber (26) ǤϡOED ǤƱθˤ87줬Ф줿ȤƤ뤬ˤϸ1ĤΤߤ̣ȤΤޤޤƤ롥Ȥӽ̤77

cremitoried (ppl. a.), †emporture (v.), †gestyll (v.), †leary (a.), †leg-saw, †minority waiter, notchet, †rag (v.4), †reordi (a.), †reprobitant (a.), †resaille, †residence (v.), †rok, †romb (v.), †rompering, †rownfol(d, †rubell, †rum (n.3), †ruvell, †ryne2, scuncheon anglers, -crest, †sheer-point, short-coat vicarage, †shreake, shuffle-breeches, †sidder (v.), †sithy-coat, †skyvald, †slampamb, †slope (v.3), †smazky (a.), †spanner2, †sparth2, †spen (n.), †spencer (v.), †spene (n.), †sperring (vbl. n.), †sperware, †splet (n.), †splete, †spleyer, †spyccard, †squaleote (v.), †squalm, †squirgliting (a.), †start-rope, †strothe (a.), †threte (n.), †thwerl (v.), †traythly (adv.), †trice (n.3), umbershoot, †unbrede (v.), †uncape (v.), †underdrawn (ppl. a.), †uniable (a.), †unthwyuond (pres. pple.), †untwitten (ppl. a.), †val-dunk, †ver (n.2), †verge-salt, †verling-line, †versing box, †very(e), †vezon, †viridary (a.), †vitremyte, †vounde (a.), †vowgard, †vrycloth, †wandclot, †way-flax, Welsh brief, †werder, †wesel, †wranchevel, †wrast (? n.)


71줬ѸȤΤ¤ϤΤ褦ʸ줬˥ȥ꡼ƤȤ¤뤳ȤǤ롥dictionary θФ mental lexicon ϿɬפʤȤȤϡ㤫餫ȤϲȤ䤤ؤ򼭽ԽԤǤ櫓ˤϤʤȤȤ򼨤

Lieber, Rochelle. Introducing Morphology. Cambridge: CUP, 2010.

Referrer (Inside): [2022-08-12-1] [2014-07-20-1]

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2011-10-26 Wed

#912. ʤ񤷤 (3) [morphology][terminology][word_formation][word][dictionary][lexicology][hapax_legomenon][ghost_word]

[2011-10-24-1], [2011-10-25-1]˰³񤷤ָ뵭3ơǤñˡϰϤꤹǤľŪˡϡ򻲾Ȥ뤳ȤȻפ뤫⤷ʤθФϤ٤ơָפΤϤǤꡤ緿򻲾ȤθϿ (lexicon) 뤳ȤǤ롤ȡϰϤꤹݤˡäƤϤʤʤĤͳ롥Lieber (13--15) ˵äơ󤷤褦

(1) ϡԽԤˤäƤˤ˴ŤԤޤƤ롥ԽԤꤹˤäƤϼϿäϰϤ˺ǽꡤºݤˡФͤϼ֤ǰۤʤäƤ뤳Ȥ̤Ǥ롥ѸѸǺܤ뤫ɤ¯ŸϤɤϤɤټҲ˿ƩƤмϿĤȤߤʤ뤫ܼϸ˴ޤޤ뤫ʣϤɤޤǼ뤫ηˤơƼԽԤȼˤäƤ롥αѸ켭 OED ǤäƤ⡤ѤʤޤȼԤˤƤɤμ֤ȤŪǤ롥˸Ѥͤ뤳ȤϡʳΤܤ餻ˤβˤʤäƤʤ
(2) ˤϡ٤ʸڤʤ׻졤nonce word, hapax legomenonˤϿƤ礬롥㤨СOED Ǥ umbershoot Ȥ줬ФȤƵ󤲤ƤꡤJames Joyce Ulysses ͣ㤬Ƥ뤬 "a word of obscure meaning" Ȥ롥̤ơºŪʰ̣ˤƸȤߤʤƤ褤Τʸ Joyce Τ̤üԤȯ׻ϤɤʤΤ
(3) 㤤ָ̱츻ʤɤˤꡤְ㤨ƼǦӹǤޤäͩ (ghost word) ʤ줬롥OED ˤϡambassady ʤ hapax legomenon ϿƤ뤬 ambassade ñְ֤㤤뤤ϸǤϤʤȹͤƤ롥տȡºߤʤ⤷ʤȤƤߤʤ꤬롥üǰտŪͩȤơ"mountweazel" ȸƤФΤ롥ϡԻԤ¾μԻԤˤ뼭ˤ뤿ˡտŪ̩ͩǤꡤºߤθǤϤʤΤ褦 mountweazel ¸ߤϡŪʸϿȤѤ뤳ȤδʪäƤ롥
䤽¾θҤϡ"Is xyz a word?" Ȥ䤤ɬͿƤȤϸ¤ʤȤʬ

Lieber, Rochelle. Introducing Morphology. Cambridge: CUP, 2010.

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2011-10-25 Tue

#911. ʤ񤷤 (2) [morphology][terminology][word_formation][word]

ε[2011-10-24-1]˰³񤷤ָ뵭2ơѸˡˤϡȸδ֤˶뽬ΤǡϼΤ褦˻פ뤫⤷ʤѸ˸¤餺̤ˤĤƸŤ褦ȤΤǤСƸˡν˰¸ŬڤǤˡǤ顤flower pot ~ flower-pot ~ flowerpot ʤɤɤ줬ȤꡤζڤΤǤˡ⤽񤭸դ⤿ʤ¿Τ顤äդˤʤʤФʤʤʸؤˤäդͥˤĤƤϡ[2011-05-15-1]ε#748. ä񤭸פ򻲾ȡˡ
Crystal (240--41) ϡäդǸʬȤơޤǤƤƤΤҲ𤷤Ƥ롥ʲˡäʤ󤷤褦

(1) äդǹͤȡѸˡζΤȯþεٻ (pause) ȯäǤϸȸδ֤ή褦Ϣ³뤳Ȥ¿ʬ뤿δȤƵٻߤˡϸܤۤɤޤ椫ʤʸ򡤰ռŪ˵ٻߤʤäɤ߾夲褦ˤüԤ˻ؼƥȤˤƤϡ͸ζڤǵٻߤ뤬ɬ⤽ǤϤʤ礬롥㤨СThe three little pigs went to the market. ˤơmar/ket ȸ˵ٻߤǽ롥
(2) ŬɲáִȤƥȤˤƤϡ㤨 The big pig once went straight to the market. ʤɤ졤ɲáִ֤˸ȸζڤ꤬Ǥ뤫⤷ʤϡμ礿ħȤƤФиڤԲǽ (uninterruptibility) ˴ؤƥȤabso-blooming-lutely Τ褦㳰Τ뤳ȤϤ褯ΤƤ롥
(3) ꥫ¤ؤˤָȤ "minimal free form" ǤפȤ뤬the of ϼºݤˤΩƸ뤳ȤϤۤȤɤʤ¾θȤȤ˸ȤǤϡ« (bound morpheme) ˶ᤤ
(4) ǤΤߺѤ벻§ꡤε§ŬѤϰϤ⳰ʬ붭ȸζڤȰפǤϤʤζΰ֤˴ؤ뵬§첻Ĵ¤ε§ϸˤΤŬѤ뤳Ȥ¿ΤǡѤȤˡºݤˤ㳰¿
(5) ̣ñ̤ζڤ꤬ȸζڤ˰פΤǤϤʤε[2011-10-24-1]ǿ줿Ȥꡤidiom ʣθ줫äƽ1Ĥΰ̣ñ̤б롥̣ñ̤ȸñ̤ɬϢưƤʤڵǤ롥

ï⤬ľŪΤäƤΤϳΤʤʳŪͿȤȤϡ񤷤

Crystal, David. How Language Works. London: Penguin, 2007.

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2011-10-24 Mon

#910. ʤ񤷤 (1) [morphology][terminology][word_formation][idiom][word][proverb]

(word) 򤤤뤫Ȥϡؤκ1ĤȤäƤ褤ϡޤΤͿƤʤ (morpheme) ˤĤƤƱǤ롥ϢϡʲεǤ⿨ƤΤǻȤ줿

#886. ǤˤޤĤ̻Ū: [2011-09-30-1]
#700. 졤ǡܼ캬촴ʣ졤: [2011-03-28-1]
#554. cranberry morpheme: [2010-11-02-1]

ơŪʴФǸˤˤϡ2ĤξͿƤиȤƽʬȻפ (Carstairs-McCarthy 5)

(a) ͽ¬Բǽ (unpredictable) ̣ͭ󤵤ɬפ뤳
(b) ʸ뤿ι (building-block) Ǥ뤳

2ĤξƤиȸƤǤ褤Ȥȡ̩ˤϳ줬롥
dioecious ˤȤŪʴФǤϤϤäȤǤ롥ޤThe plant is dioecious.a dioecious plant ʤɤȻȤʸǤǤ뤫顤(b) ξƤ롥ޤۤȤɤɼԤθΰ̣ʪؤѸǡֻͺΤΡפΰ̣ˤΤʤäȻפ뤬ΤȤϰ̣ͽ¬ԲǽǤȤ (a) ξƤ뤳Ȥɽ路Ƥ롥ä󤳤θΤäƤޤСdioeciously dioeciousness Ȥΰ̣ͽ¬ǽ (a) ξ郎ʤʤ櫓dioeciously dioeciousness diocious ƱʤǸȤƤߤʤΤ̾δФȤˤ󤵤ʤȤƤ⡤Ǥ롥
̤Ȥơkeep tabs on ϡ?˵ĤפȤ idiom ꤢ褦ɽϡ̾δФǤ3Ĥθ줫鹽Ƥª졤Ūˤϸ줽ΤΤǤϤʤ礭ñ̤ȤߤʤƤ롥Ĥޤꡤ(b) ξƤʤȤȤʤäƤ뤬idiom ξȤựͽ¬ԲǽǤꡤ(a) ξƤ롥idiom 礭ʸñ̤Ǥʤ顤ΰ̣ͽ¬ԲǽȤ虜 (proverb) ƱͤǤ롥
2Ĥϡɽ (a), (b) ξ ȤƤƽƸȤߤʤΤɤ餫ƤФ褤Τ뤤ϾꤽΤΤ񤬤ΤȤ롥Carstairs-McCarthy ϡ(a) Ƥñ̤ lexical item(b) Ƥñ̤Ūʰ̣Ǥ word ȤѤ̤ɬפĥƤ (12--13)
ʾ塤񤷤ָ뵭1ơ

Carstairs-McCarthy, Andrew. An Introduction to English Morphology. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2002.

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